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Evolution
Darwin’s Journey and Observations
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Who was Charles Darwin?
• English naturalist • Took a 5 year voyage
on the HMS Beagle • Voyage’s intent was to
explore the coast of South America
• Darwin took many specimens and made many important scientific observations
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Where did the HMS Beagle go?
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The Galapagos Islands
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Galapagos Tortoises
• Much larger than tortoises found elsewhere • Tortoise sizes and shell shapes vary on different
islands • Islands with a lot of food à large tortoises with
dome-shaped shells • Islands with less food à smaller tortoises with
saddle-shaped shells • Why are there different shapes?
– Height, size, food, and weather!
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Saddlebacked tortoise
Domed tortoise
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Blue-footed BoobySea gull with bright blue feet
The foot color comes from pigments in their diet – the more well-nourished, the bluer they are.
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Mating Dance
• Male parades feet in front of female, do a crazy dance, and then give the female one last look at his feet
• Females continuously evaluate male foot color in mate
• Evidence for sexual selection
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Marine Iguana
• The only aquatic iguana found anywhere in the world!
• Hypothesized that the marine iguana and land iguana came from a common ancestor
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What ideas influenced Darwin?
• Jean Baptiste Lamarck’s Theory of Acquired Characteristics
• Use & Disuse theory • Ex: Giraffes
– Believed that giraffes stretched necks to reach food, then passed that on to offspring
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What does Lamarck’s theory mean?
• If I dye my hair red, will my babies have red hair?
• If I work out and pump iron all day, every day, will my future children be more muscular?
• If I spend hours in a tanning bed, will my children inherit darker skin?
NOPE.You can’t change your genes!
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The Theory : Natural Selection
• The most fit organism survives and reproduces
• There is a struggle for existence known as competition – for food, shelter, and mates
• Living things reproduce in greater numbers than will survive
• All members of a population show variation- we are all unique!
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Common Descent
• Different species share a common ancestor • If you go back far enough, all life might have a
common ancestor • Divergent evolution • What do you think the process of the creation of
new species from a common ancestor might look like?
LEOPARD MOUNTAIN LION JAGUAR HOUSECAT
CAT ANCESTOR
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Steps to a new species from a common ancestor
• 1. Environmental changes • 2. Some individuals survive and some die • 3. Those that live move and inhabit a new
area • 4. Those that live become reproductively
isolated from the common ancestor • 5. New species!
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What EVIDENCE do we have to support evolution?
• Fossil record – Remains of organisms – Fill in the gaps!
• Comparative anatomy – Similarities in body structure – Homology and vestigial structures
• Comparative biochemistry – DNA sequencing – Amino acid sequences
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Fossils• What are fossils? • How does a jellyfish
leave a fossil? • Fossils: a remnant of
a dead organism • These can take many
forms – bones, imprints, footprints, etc.
• Paleontology – the study of fossils
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Homologous Structures
• Different organisms show a unity in body plan • Inside: bone structure similar • Outside: really different uses! • Indicate common ancestry
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Vestigial structures
• Remnants of an organism’s evolutionary past
• Something an ancestor would have used, but the current animal no longer needs
Do humans have tails?
Human tailbone!
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Whale legs!
Snake legs!
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Comparative Embryology
• Um…yikes. • Embryology – the study of the formation
and early growth of organisms. • Embryo development • Think early pregnancy / in-egg
development
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Comparative Embryology
• Organisms with a common ancestor will share similar embryo development
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Where’s the human?
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Molecular homology
• A fancy way of saying that evolutionary relationships can be seen by looking at similarities in DNA
• All living things have a genetic code based on DNA
• DNA structure : sequences of base pairs • Closely related organisms will have
similar DNA sequences
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Biogeography• Two organisms that are NOT closely related
can develop similar characteristics due to their niche
• Structures are similar, but there’s little/no evolutionary relationship
• These are called analogous structures – Example: a bird and a bat
• Both have wings for flight, but little or no evolutionary relationship
• Convergent evolution
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Homology or Analogy?
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Endemic Species
• Located in only one area of the world and found nowhere else!
• The Galapagos tortoises, blue footed booby, and marine iguana are all examples
• Madagascar lemur – Madagascar split from
Africa 165 million years ago!