7.roman

Roman Republic

Connect to Modern life

• Name 10 specific concepts that are fundamentally flawed with our current system of government.

• Name 3 solutions to 3 of the 10 problems.

Founding of Rome –The Roman Race

• The tale of Aeneas (The Aeneid)

– Dido at Carthage and other travels (like The Odyssey)

• Historical evidence– Settlements from 11th Century BC

Founding of Rome –The City (Kingdom) of

Rome• Romulus and Remus

– Latin princess was Vestal virgin– Raped by Mars, bore twin boys – Ordered killed by non-Latin king – Suckled by a wolf– Grew and founded a city (753BC)– Romulus killed Remus

• Historic Evidence– The Etruscans conquered the

Romans (non-Latin king)– Romans eventually overthrew

Etruscans and established kingdom

– Ruins of home of king (Romulus?) date from 8th Century BC

Founding of Rome –The Roman Race

• Wars against the Latins (like The Illiad)• Rape of the Sabine Women (Jacques Louis David)

Regal Period• Began with war of

independence from Etruscans (500 BC)– War heroes exhibit desired

qualities of Romans– Horatio at the bridge (Oath of

the Horatii by Jacques Louis David)

– Stories became legends for Romans throughout their history

– Compare to American War of Independence

• Regal period– Ruled by 7 kings– Revolted against last king to

found the republic

Republican Government• Ruled by a senate and the people

– SPQR= Senate and the People of RomeSenātus Populusque Rōmānus

– Senate (patricians) appointed consuls (1 year)

• Foreign affairs and the military• Direct access by the people to the

consul– People (plebs) organized by tribes,

electing10 tribunes• Governed local affairs• Had veto power (individually)

Roman Republic

• Rome conquered Greece 150 BC

• Romans took on much Greek culture– Gods and goddesses

parallel each other– Gods had Indo-

European roots

GovernmentComparisons with US

government– Balance of power– Senate and House of

Representatives– Consul (= president)– Tribune (veto power)– Courts (independent)– Military power (?)– Censor (?)

Military Organization• Centuries — 100 armed men

– Headed by Centurion (from the ranks)• Maniples—3 Centuries

– Could move quickly through difficult terrain (better than phalanx)

– Independent decisions (tribunes)• Legions—groups of Maniples

– 6000 men– Supported by light cavalry

• Discipline– Death for individual insubordination– Decimation for cowardice

Temple of “Fortuna Virilis”

from Rome, Italy

ca. 75 B.C.E.

CharacteristicsCharacteristicsCharacteristicsCharacteristics

1.1. During the Republic – During the Republic – TempleTemple ArchitectureArchitecture::

K blended Etruscan & Greek blended Etruscan & Greek features.features.

K emphasis on the front of emphasis on the front of the building.the building.

K example: Temple of example: Temple of Fortuna VirilisFortuna Virilis..

CharacteristicsCharacteristics

2. CONCRETE:

created a revolution in architectural design.

create larger, heavier buildings. * example: - The Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia.

Sanctuaryof Fortuna Primigenia, Praeneste. Early 1st

cent. BCE

Sanctuaryof Fortuna Primigenia, Praeneste. Early 1st

cent. BCE

Warm-Up: Timed Write, 10/1/12

• 10 minutes:– Identify and fully attribute the

following artwork. Discuss the characteristics that place the sculpture in this period and how it differs from the sculpture of the preceding period.

CharacteristicsCharacteristicsof Roman Sculptureof Roman Sculpture

CharacteristicsCharacteristicsof Roman Sculptureof Roman Sculpture

1.1. Collectors and copiers of Greek Collectors and copiers of Greek works [more idealistic]. works [more idealistic].

2.2. More realism [show the wrinkles, More realism [show the wrinkles, the bulges, and ageing!] the bulges, and ageing!]

3.3. Focus on Roman political heirarchyFocus on Roman political heirarchy

4.4. Emphasis on Military history and might. Emphasis on Military history and might. More propagandistic and pragmatic than More propagandistic and pragmatic than the isolated classicism of Greecethe isolated classicism of Greece

Head of a Roman patrician

ca. 75-50 B.C.E.marbleapproximately 1 ft. 2 in. high

Portrait of a Roman General

Tivoli, Italy

ca. 75 - 50 B.C.E.marble6 ft. 2 in. high

The sculptor basedthis life-size portraitof a general onidealized Greekstatues of heroesand athletes, butthe man’s head isa veristic likeness.The eclectic combinationis typical of Republican art.

Republican CoupleRepublican CoupleRepublican CoupleRepublican Couple

Realistic portraits – like Hellenistic Greek style.Realistic portraits – like Hellenistic Greek style.

Mosaics on a Mosaics on a Roman Villa FloorRoman Villa Floor

Mosaics on a Mosaics on a Roman Villa FloorRoman Villa Floor

Dinarius with Portrait of Julius Caesar

44 B.C.E.silver3/4 in.

Amphitheater

Pompeii, Italy

ca. 80 B.C.E.

First Style wall painting

fauces of the Samnite House, Herculaneum, Italy

late 2nd century B.C.E.fresco

Dionysiac mystery frieze

Room 5, Pompeii, Italy

ca. 60-50 B.C.E.frescofrieze approximately 64 in. high

Cubiculum (bedroom)

from the villa of P. Fannius SynistorBoscoreale, Italy

ca. 40-30 B.C.E.fresco

Gardenscape

from the Villa of Livia, Primaporta, Italy

ca. 30-20 B.C.E.fresco approximately 79 in. high

still life with peaches

Detail of 4th style wall paintingfrom Herculaneum, Italy

ca. 62-79 C.E.fresco approximately 1 ft. 2 in. x 1 ft. 1 1/2 in.

Roman Expansion (in Italy)• Conquest of Italy

– Took 200 years– Granted full or partial citizenship

• Tax and legal benefits• Developed loyalty in conquered

Italian areas– Invasion by King Pyrrhus (pyrrhic

victory)• Roman colonies

– Established in strategic locations– Established by treaty– Troops sent when needed– Customs of the area left intact– Colonies were mostly for trade,

with some military purposes

Roman Expansion (outside Italy)

• Punic Wars (246-146 BCE)– Rome had conquered

Carthage's empire and completely destroyed the city

– Rome is the most powerful state of the

Western Mediterranean.

Roman Expansion (outside Italy)

• Conquest of the East and West– Allies rather than servants or

slaves– Toleration– Corruption in the Greek

kingdoms– Some states given to the

Romans– Fast, direct attacks with

strong determination and discipline

– Outnumbered in most battles – Victory over Parthia (parthian

shot)

Building an Empire• Structure of the "empire"

– Still a republican form of government– Checks and balances– Two parties emerged

• Optimares (conservatives, Cato and Cicero)• Populares (power to people)

• Family• Values (according to the Romans)

– Piety– Discipline– Frugality– Not greedy– Righteous wars– Never quit

Building an Empire

• Status of Women– Absence of men at war– Women gained economic

power– Ability to divorce and retain

property– Morals eventually eroded,

in part because home-life eroded

Building an Empire

• Slavery– Conquests increased

the number of slaves– Constituted 40% of the

population– Conditions were poor– Romans feared slave uprising– Slaves took jobs from the plebs so plebs

were given food and other benefits

Collapse of the Republic

• Gracchus brothers (163-133 BCE)– Attempts to reform agrarian society, promote general welfare and stop

abuse of landowners sent to war– Response: Violence used to create political turmoil and destroy

populace uprisings.• Marius (157-86 BCE)

– Re-election to consulate, career politician (7 times)– Standing army, recruiting landless citizens– Began the motions towards consolidation of miltiary power under

a general (above senate)

• Sulla (138-78 BCE)– Assumption of dictator powers– Use of the army to override councils– Rivaled Marius and Marched on Rome twice.

Julius Caesar100-44 BC

• Early Life– Born to aristocratic family

• Caesarian section• Legend that he descended from the gods

– Known for partying and sexual appetite– Captured by pirates and held for ransom

• Returned to area and killed pirates

– Appointed to a series of government jobs• Statue of Alexander

Julius Caesar

• Triumvirate– Praised for his work in Spain– Appointed governor in Gaul (conquest)– Alliance with Crassus and Pompey to form the

triumvirate (not initially, but later elected)– Rivalry with Pompey after death of Crassus

• Crossing the Rubicon

– Defeated Pompey, returned to Rome• Veni, vidi, vici—I came, I saw, I conquered

– Conquest of Egypt• Cleopatra

Julius Caesar

• Returned to Rome as a conquering hero– Procession for each territory on a different day

(Gaul, Africa, Spain, Asia) and games for many additional days

– Offered crown (as emperor) twice and refused it when people didn't respond favorably

• Dictator (rule by one man)– Appointed for 10 years and then for life– Caesar’s plans for Rome

• Calendar (July)• Libraries, theaters, other public works• Gave citizenship to people in Spain and Gaul• Giving grain to the poor

Julius Caesar

• Murder of Caesar– Killed by senatorial

opponents– Instigated by his

usurpation of power and their fear that he would become emperor

– Died March 15, 44 BC• Stabbed by 20 senators• Brutus—illegitimate son

– Mark Anthony and Octavian

• Rallied against the conspirators

Collapse of the Republic

• Violence used to eliminate enemies and impose one’s will– Gracchus

• Re-election to consulate (many times) and standing army– Marius

• Assumption of dictator powers, use of the army to override councils, proscription list– Sulla

Building an Empire

• Economics– Not enough land to support the

people– Farmers were needed and respected– Acquisition of wheat and other foods

became a priority– Victory over Carthage provided

more land– Rome was a consumer– Trading profits made many Romans

rich– Extremes of wealth and poverty– Citizens did not have to pay taxes

Caesar Augustus

• 63 BC-14 AD• Octavian was winner of 18

years civil war• Designated heir of Julius

Caesar• Was of the family of Caesar

(adopted) so he took the name Caesar

• Given the name Augustus by the Senate

Caesar Augustus

• Beginning the Empire– Marked by the reign of Octavian– Returned to principles of the republic (in

theory)– But, created important changes to make it

work• Senate received power of nominal governing• Allowed free elections• Accepted title “princeps civitatis” or first citizen

("prince")– Initially offered to retire to private life

• Held a variety of jobs but ruled effectively regardless of position

– Auctoritas = prestige, power from trust, influence– Who else has had this kind of power?– How does a leader get this kind of power?

Portrait of Augustus as general

from Primaporta, Italy

ca. 20 B.C.E.marble80 in. high

Head of Caesar Augustus

ca. 100 C.E.marble with traces of polychrome

Caesar Augustus

– Augustinian Code• Roman Law was rewritten and

solidified• Basis of western laws today• Equity

– Honest government– Added to the road system

• 53,000 miles of paved roads

– Postal system and other city infrastructure

– Standard currency system– Improved harbors

Caesar Augustus

• Military– Reduced the size but

created a permanent army– Territorial expansion

• Purpose: to consolidate boundaries, ensure peace

• Generalship given to loyalists—Agrippa and Tiberius• German defeat/consolidation (Herman the German)• Central Europe and the Balkans expansion• Spain consolidation• Africa, annexation of Egypt

– Pax Romana• 60 million people in peace for more than 200 years

Caesar Augustus

• Worship of “Roma et Augustus”

– Allowed the east and west unity of worship (each in their own way)

– Didn’t push worship so as to not alienate local worship

Warm-Up 10/5/12

• Take your voussoirs (chinese take-out box) and attempt to construct a Roman Arch in teams

• Determine how many people you need.

• Write: Determine what obstacles you face, and how to overcome

• Write: Hypothesize on how the arch works. What forces are at work?

Barrel or Barrel or “Tunnel” Vault“Tunnel” Vault

Barrel or Barrel or “Tunnel” Vault“Tunnel” Vault

• Windows can be Windows can be placed at any point.placed at any point.

• These vaults requireThese vaults requirebuttressing to buttressing to counter-act thecounter-act thedownward thrust ofdownward thrust ofweight.weight.

arch-physics.swf

Types of Vaults and Domes

Roman concrete construction. (a) barrel vault,(b) groin vault, (c) fenestrated sequence of groin vaults,(d) hemispherical dome with oculus (John Burge).

A

B

CD

Groin VaultGroin VaultGroin VaultGroin Vault

• Also called a cross Also called a cross vault.vault.

• Needs less Needs less buttressing.buttressing.

Multi Groin VaultsMulti Groin VaultsMulti Groin VaultsMulti Groin Vaults• A series of groin vaultsA series of groin vaults

can have open lateral can have open lateral arches that form arches that form Clerestories. Clerestories.

• Windows that allowWindows that allow light into the interior light into the interior of churches. of churches.

• These concrete windowsThese concrete windows are fireproof [an are fireproof [an important consideration important consideration since many early since many early churches burned!] churches burned!]

Ara Pacis Augustae

Rome, Italy

ca. 13-9 B.C.E.marble63 in. high

Caesar Augustus

• Succession – No male heir– Adopted nephew, Tiberius– Smooth transition of leadership– Stable leadership despite inept

emperors• Tiberius took the title "emperor" and

all successors did the same• Succession was a problem for the

entire time of the empire

The Roman Empire

Julio-Claudians

• Emperors who succeeded Caesar for 50 years

• Tiberius (14-37 CE)– Ruled well if somewhat ineffective– Retired due to opposition

• Caligula (37-41 CE)– Insane– Killed by troops

• Claudius (41-54)– Good administrator– Uncomfortable around people (lame and

stuttered)• Nero (54-68 CE)

– Mother killed Claudius for Nero– Nero killed his mother– Seneca and Burrus (advisors, died from

Nero pressure)– Revolt and burning of the city– Committed suicide

Theater of Pompey, Region IX Circus Flaminius. 55 BCE

Roman TheaterRoman TheaterRoman TheaterRoman Theater

Vatican Obelisk, 37 CE

Circus Maximus, 326 BCE

End of Julio-Claudians

• Four Claimants (69 AD)– Galba, Otho, Vitellius,

Vespasian• All generals• Vespasian defeated

the others and became emperor

• Vespasian founded the Flavian Dynasty

Flavians

• 69-96 AD• Vespasian, Titus,

Domitian– Reasonably good

administrators– First non-Patrician Caesar

• Suppression of the Jewish revolt– Destruction of Jerusalem– Masada– Timing—70 AD

Roman Coliseum (70 CE)Roman Coliseum (70 CE)Roman Coliseum (70 CE)Roman Coliseum (70 CE)

"the emperor Vespasian ordered this new amphitheatre to be erected from his general's share of the booty

Interior of the ColiseumInterior of the ColiseumInterior of the ColiseumInterior of the Coliseum

ArenaArena is Latin for the sand, coating the floor is Latin for the sand, coating the floor that soaks up the blood of the combatants. that soaks up the blood of the combatants.

Colosseum

Rome, Italy

ca. 70-80 C.E.

Spartacus(Kirk Douglas)

Gladiator(Russell Crowe)

Arch of Titus

Rome, Italy

81 C.E.

Roman BathRoman Bathin England (60 CE)in England (60 CE)Roman BathRoman Bathin England (60 CE)in England (60 CE)

Via Appia, 312 BCEVia Appia, 312 BCEVia Appia, 312 BCEVia Appia, 312 BCE

All roads lead to Rome!All roads lead to Rome!

It has to end somewhere…

Pont-du-Gard

Nimes, France

ca. 16 B.C.E.

Aqueduct in SegoviaAqueduct in SegoviaAqueduct in SegoviaAqueduct in Segovia

Portrait bust of a Flavian woman

from Rome, Italy

ca. 90 C.E.marble25 in. high

Atrium of the House of the Vettii, Pompeii, Italy, rebuilt 62–79 ce.

Roman townhouses had a central atrium with an impluvium to collectrainwater. Cubicula (bedrooms) opened onto the atrium, and in Hellenized houses such as this one, builders added a peristyle garden at the rear.

(1) fauces, (2) atrium, (3) impluvium, (4) cubiculum, (5) ala, (6) tablinum, (7) triclinium, (8) peristyle

Age of the Adoptive Emperors

• 96-193 AD• The Golden Age of Rome• 5 good and 1 bad emperor

– Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pous, Marcus Aurelius, Commodus

– None were power hungry except Commodus

• Façade of constitutionality• Hadrian separated the civil services

from the army

– Army changed from greater mobility to maintenance

The Golden Age (100-180AD)

• Life in the Golden Age– Rome was largest city in the

ancient world– Extravagant entertainment– Prosperity through trade

and population expansion

• After the Golden Age– Good and bad emperors

• Unsuited for governance• Many boy emperors

Gla

dia

tor

Arch of Trajan, Benevento, Italy, ca. 114–118 ce.

Unlike Titus’s arch, Trajan’s has relief panels covering bothfacades,transforming it into a kind of advertising billboard featuring the emperor’s many achievements on and off the battlefield.

Pantheon

Rome, Italy

ca. 118-125 C.E.

The Pantheon PlansThe Pantheon PlansThe Pantheon PlansThe Pantheon Plans

Pantheon

Rome, Italy

ca. 118-125 C.E.

The Pantheon InteriorThe Pantheon InteriorThe Pantheon InteriorThe Pantheon Interior

Painting byPainting by

Giovanni Giovanni Paolo PanniniPaolo Pannini

(18c)(18c)

Equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius

from Rome, Italy

ca. 175 C.E.bronze11 ft. 6 in. high

Al-Khazneh

Petra, Jordan

2nd century C.E.

ColumnColumn

OfOf

TrajanTrajan

113 CE113 CE

ColumnColumn

OfOf

TrajanTrajan

113 CE113 CE

Base Relief Legionnaires Base Relief Legionnaires on Trajan’s Columnon Trajan’s Column

Base Relief Legionnaires Base Relief Legionnaires on Trajan’s Columnon Trajan’s Column

Portrait Bust of Trajan Decius

Capitolino, Rome

249-251 C.E.marble2 ft. 7 in. high

Portrait of Carcalla

ca. 211-217 C.E.marble14 in. high

Asiatic Sarcophagus with kline portrait of a woman

165-170 C.E.marbleapproximately 5 ft. 7 in. high

Sarcophagus of a Philosopher

270-280 C.E.marble4 ft. 11 in. high

Third Century Disaster

• Near collapse of the empire– Military-oriented emperors– Threat from consolidated

Germans– 24 emperors and 24

claimants/usurpers• 45 killed by assassination

(usually by their own troops)• 1 died in battle• 1 died in captivity• 1 died of plague

– Name of a Caesar reflects self-importance

Diocletian

• 284-305 AD• Ruled by decree

– Stabilized the empire– Strong general with army

support– Imposed will on

governmental agencies– Unity

• Worship of emperor as a mark of loyalty

• Persecution of the Christians– About non-participation and

separateness – Not about beliefs

Diocletian • Divided the empire for better administration

– Tetrarchy (2 Augusti, 2 Caesars)– Diocletian retired, forced Maximiam to retire– Chaos followed

Portraits of the four tetrarchs

St. Mark’s, Venice

ca. 305 C.E.porphyry51 in. high

Palace of Diocletian (model)

Split, Croatia

ca. 300 - 305 C.E.

Constantine

• 306-337 AD• Constantine’s father succeeded

Maximian as Augustus• Succeeded his father as Caesar• Became 1 of 7 claimants for control• Fought wars to decide emperor

– Vision of a burning Christian symbol (chi-rho)

– United the troops and gave them courage that "a god" wanted them to win (most were pagans and accepted the protection of any god)

Constantine• Constantinople

– Built on Byzantium site

• Acceptance of Christianity– Edict of Milan

• Eliminated religious contention• Supported Christian religions

– St. Helena, churches• Supported pagan religions

– Coins, inscriptions, built temples

– Nicaean council (325 AD)• Sought to unify doctrine• Used imperial troops to suppress

dissent among Christians (Donatists)

• Conversion or unity?

Portrait of Constantine

from the Basilica Nova, Rome, Italy

ca. 315-330 C.E.marblehead approximately 8 ft. 6 in. high

Arch of Constantine

Rome, Italy

ca. 312-315 C.E.

Aula Palatina (Basilica)

Trier, Germany

early 4th century C.E.

Aula Palatina (exterior), Trier, Germany, early fourth century ce.

Aula Palatina (Basilica)

Trier, Germany

early 4th century C.E.

Arch of Constantine

Rome, Italy

ca. 312-315 C.E.

Restored cutaway view of the Basilica Nova, Rome, Italy,ca. 306–312 ce (John Burge).

The lessons learned in the construction of baths and market halls wereapplied to the Basilica Nova, where fenestrated concrete groin vaultsreplaced the clerestory of a traditional stone-and-timber basilica.

Post-Constantine Period

• Theodocius I– Strongest post-Constantine emperor– Instituted Christianity as state religion– Goths joined army to fight against Huns– Revolt in Thessalonica (7000 killed)

• This was the first confrontation between the church and the state

• Theodocius I forced to beg forgiveness (St. Ambrose)


• Ravenna– Rome full of crime, decayed morals– Capital moved to Ravenna

• Persians (Parthians)– Attacked eastern providence– Overran the local Roman

army– Reinforcement moved to

defend the east which weakened the west


• Huns– Central base in

Hungary– Warriors feared by

Romans and Germans– Attila—last leader

• Invaded Gaul

– Defeated in 451 AD by a combined army– Moved into Italy and defeated again– Withdrew to Hungary


• Barbarians (illiterate and non-urban)– Settled in Roman territory after pressure from

the Huns– Goths split into two groups

• Ostrogoths—eastern Europe• Visigoths—moved to Dacia (Romania)

– Allowed to live on Roman land• Barbarians compatible with Romans• Visigoths revolted after unfair taxing• Theodosius the Great bought off the Visigoths


• Theodoric the Great– Chief over the Ostrogoths– Conquered Odoacer and

declared himself king of Rome

• Bothius– Writer who summarized Euclid,

Archimedes, Ptolemy, and Aristotle into Latin

• The Ostrogoths’ reign– Ended shortly after Theodoric’s death

• The eastern part of the empire lasted 1000 years

Fall of the Roman Empire• West had longer barbarian frontier• Persians civilized and signed treaties• East had money to pay off invaders• Eastern boundaries easier to defend• Constantinople a fortress city

Barbarian Invasions

The End of Antiquity

• The fall of the Roman empire traditionally marks the end of the period of Antiquity

• Upcoming time periods– Middle Ages/Renaissance– Byzantine empire– Moslem empire

“A close study of each of these dead civilizations indicates that they usually started on their road to glory because of fortuitous circumstances exploited by a strong, inspiring leader. The nation then carried on for a period under its own momentum. Finally, creeping vanity led the people to become enamored of their undisputed superiority; they became so impressed with their past achievements that they lost interest in working for further change. Soon their sons, coddled in the use of all the great things their fathers and grandfathers had pioneered, became as helpless as new-born babes when faced with the harsh reality of an aggressive and changing world.”

—Eugene K. Von Fange, Professional Creativity

UNDERSTANDING THE FORUMInteractive Map Activity

Tour of the Forum

The Forum: Ariel View

Basilica Nova reconstruction drawing

Rome, Italy

306-312 C.E.

7.roman

Art & Photos

Transcript of 7.roman