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HomeopathyFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Homeopathy: coined in German from Greek hómoios-ὅ  μοιος- "like-" + páthos πάθος  "suffering"

Oxford nglish !ictionary

Alternative medical systems

Acupuncture ·Anthroposophic

medicine ·Herbalism · Homeopathy · Naturopathy · Orthopathy ·Osteopathy/Chiropractic

Traditional medicine

Chinese · Mongolian ·Tibetan · Unani · Siddha ·Ayurveda

NCCAM classifications

Whole medical systems ·Mindbody interventions ·!iologically based

therapies ·Manipulative therapy ·"nergy therapies

See also

Alternative medicine ·#lossary · $eople

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e

Homeopathy  i /ˌh o ʊ m iˈɒ p ə θ i/ also spelled homoeopathy#$% or homœopathy& is a form

of  alternati'e medicine in (hich practitioners claim to treat patients using highly diluted#)%#*% preparations

that are elie'ed to cause healthy people to exhiit symptoms that are similar to those exhiited y the

patient he collecti'e (eight of  scientifice'idence has found homeopathy to e no more effecti'e than

a placeo#)%#*%#.%#/%#0%

1n the context of homeopathy, the term remedy  is used to refer to a sustance (hich has een

prepared (ith a particular procedure and intended for  patient use2 it is not to e confused (ith the

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generally accepted use of the (ord, (hich means "a medicine or therapy that cures disease or relie'es

pain"#3%

he asic principle of homeopathy, kno(n as the "la( of similars", is "let like e cured y like" his

(as first stated y German physician 4amuel Hahnemann in $350, and is not a true la( of nature

#6% Homeopathic remedies are prepared y serial dilution (ith shaking y forceful striking on an elastic

ody, (hich homeopaths term succussion ach dilution follo(ed y succussion is assumed to

increase the effecti'eness Homeopaths call this process potentization !ilution often continues until

none of the original sustance remains #5% 7part from the symptoms, homeopaths examine aspects of

the patient8s physical and psychological state,#$9% then homeopathic reference ooks kno(n

as repertories are consulted, and a remedy is selected ased on the totality of symptoms

While some indi'idual studies ha'e positi'e results, systematic re'ie(s of pulished trials fail to

demonstrate efficacy#$$%#$)%#$*%#$.%#$/% Furthermore, higher uality trials tend to report results that are less

positi'e,#$*%#$0% and most positi'e studies ha'e not een replicated or sho( methodological prolems that

pre'ent them from eing considered unamiguous e'idence of homeopathy8s efficacy#)%#/%#$3%#$6%

!epending on the dilution, homeopathic remedies may not contain any pharmacologically

acti'e molecules,#$5%and for such remedies to ha'e pharmacological effect (ould 'iolate fundamental

principles of science#0%#)9%;odern homeopaths ha'e proposed that (ater has a memory that allo(s

homeopathic preparations to (ork (ithout any of the original sustance2 ho(e'er, there are no 'erified

oser'ations nor scientifically plausile physical mechanisms for such a phenomenon #)9%#)$% he lack of

con'incing scientific e'idence to support homeopathy8s efficacy#))% and its use of remedies lacking

acti'e ingredients ha'e caused homeopathy to e descried as pseudoscience, uackery,#)*%#).%#)/%#)0%

#)3% and a "cruel deception"#)6%

Oral homeopathic remedies are safe at the high dilutions recommended y Hahnemann, since they

likely contain no molecules of the original sustance, ut they may not e safe at lo(er dilutions

#)5% Homeopathy has een critici<ed for putting patients at risk due to ad'ice againstcon'entional

medicine such as 'accinations,#*9% anti-malarial drugs,#*$% and antiiotics

he regulation and pre'alence of homeopathy is highly 'ariale from country to country here are no

specific legal regulations concerning its use in some countries, (hile in others, licenses or degrees in

con'entional medicine from accredited uni'ersities are reuired 1n se'eral countries, homeopathy is

co'ered y the national insurance to different extents, (hile in some it is fully integrated into the

national healthcare system 1n many countries, the la(s that go'ern the regulation and testing of

con'entional drugs do not apply to homeopathic remedies#*)%

Contents

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• % $hilosophy

o %&% 'a( o) similars

o %&* Miasms and disease

• * +emedies

o *&% $reparation

o *&* ,ilutions

o *&- $rovings

o *&. $hysical mental and emotional state e0amination1 +epertories

o *&2 Homeopathic pills

o *&3 4Active4 ingredients

• - +elated practices

o -&% 5sopathy

o -&* 6lo(er remedies

o -&- 7eterinary use

o -&. "lectrohomeopathy

• . "vidence

o .&% High dilutions

o .&* "))ectiveness

o .&- Metaanalyses

o .&. "))ects in other biological systems

o .&2 Methodological and publication issues

o .&3 "thics and sa)ety

• 2 +egulation and prevalence

• 3 History

o 3&% Historical conte0t

o 3&* Hahnemann8s concept

o 3&- %9th century: rise to popularity and early criticism

o 3&. +evival in the late *;th century

• < 6ootnotes

• = +e)erences

• 9 "0ternal lin>s

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o 9&% 7ideos

o 9&* Associations

Philosophy

 7 homeopathic remedy prepared from marsh tea he "$/=" dilution sho(n here exceeds the 7'ogadro

constant so contains no trace of the original her

Homeopathy is a 'italist philosophy that interprets diseases and sickness as caused y disturances

in a hypothetical 'ital force or life force 1t sees these disturances as manifesting themsel'es as

uniue symptoms Homeopathy maintains that the 'ital force has the aility to react and adapt to

internal and external causes, (hich homeopaths refer to as the law of susceptibility  he la( of

susceptiility implies that a negati'e state of mind can attract hypothetical disease entities

called miasms to in'ade the ody and produce symptoms of diseases#**% Ho(e'er, Hahnemann

re>ected the notion of a disease as a separate thing or in'ading entity and insisted that it (as al(ays

part of the "li'ing (hole"#*.%Hahnemann proposed homeopathy in reaction to the state of  traditional

(estern medicine at that time, (hich often (as rutal and more harmful than helpful Hahnemann

coined the expression "allopathic medicine," (hich (as used to pe>orati'ely refer to traditional (estern

medicine#*/%

Law of similars

Hahnemann oser'ed from his experiments (ith cinchona ark, used as a treatment for  malaria, that

the effects he experienced from ingesting the ark (ere similar to the symptoms of malaria He

therefore decided that cure proceeds through similarity, and that treatments must e ale to produce

symptoms in healthy indi'iduals similar to those of the disease eing treated#*0% hrough further

experiments (ith other sustances, Hahnemann concei'ed of the law of similars, other(ise kno(n as

"let like e cured y like" ?atin: similia similibus curentur &#*3%#*6% as a fundamental healing principle He

elie'ed that y using drugs to induce symptoms, the artificial symptoms (ould stimulate the 'italforce, causing it to neutralise and expel the original disease and that this artificial disturance (ould

naturally suside (hen the dosing ceased #*0% 1t is ased on the elief that a sustance that in large

doses (ill produce symptoms of a specific disease (ill, in extremely small doses, cure it

Hahnemann8s la( of similars is an ipse diit  axiom,#*5% in other (ords an unpro'en assertion made y

Hahnemann, and not a true la( of nature#6%

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Miasms and disease

1n $6)6, Hahnemann introduced the concept of miasms2 underlying causes for many kno(n diseases

#.9% 7 miasm is often defined y homeopaths as an imputed "peculiar morid derangement of #the% 'ital

force"#.$% Hahnemann associated each miasm (ith specific diseases, (ith each miasm seen as the

root cause of se'eral diseases 7ccording to Hahnemann, initial exposure to miasms causes local

symptoms, such as skin or 'enereal diseases, ut if these symptoms are suppressed y medication,

the cause goes deeper and egins to manifest itself as diseases of the internal organs#.)% Homeopathy

maintains that treating diseases y directly opposing their symptoms, as is sometimes done in

con'entional medicine, is ineffecti'e ecause all "disease can generally e traced to some latent,

deep-seated, underlying chronic, or inherited tendency"#.*% he underlying imputed miasm still

remains, and deep-seated ailments can e corrected only y remo'ing the deeper disturance of the

'ital force#..%

Hahnemann originally presented only three miasms, of (hich the most important (as "psora" Greek

for itch&, descried as eing related to any itching diseases of the skin, supposed to e deri'ed from

suppressed scaies, and claimed to e the foundation of many further disease conditions Hahnemann

elie'ed psora to e the cause of such diseases as epilepsy, cancer , >aundice, deafness, 

and cataracts#.9% 4ince Hahnemann8s time, other miasms ha'e een proposed, some replacing one or

more of psora8s proposed functions, including tuercular miasms and cancer  miasms#.)%

Hahnemann8s miasm theory remains disputed and contro'ersial (ithin homeopathy e'en in modern

times 1n $536, 7nthony =ampell, then a consultant physician at he @oyal ?ondon Homeopathic

Hospital, criticised statements y George Aithoulkas claiming that syphilis, (hen treated (ith

antiiotics, (ould de'elop into secondary and tertiary syphilis (ith in'ol'ement of the central ner'ous

system his conflicts (ith scientific studies, (hich indicate that penicillin treatment produces a

complete cure of syphilis in more than 59B of cases#./% =ampell descried this as "a thoroughly

irresponsile statement that could mislead an unfortunate layman into refusing orthodox treatment"

he theory of miasms has een critici<ed as an explanation de'eloped y Hahnemann to preser'e the

system of homeopathy in the face of treatment failures, and for eing inadeuate to co'er the many

hundreds of sorts of diseases, as (ell as for failing to explain disease predispositions as (ell

as genetics, en'ironmental factors and the uniue disease history of each patient#.0%

Remedies

!ee also" #ist of homeopathic preparations

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Homeopathic remedy $hus toicodendron, deri'ed from poison i'y

C@emedyD is a technical term in homeopathy that refers to a sustance (hich has een prepared (ith

a particular procedure and intended for patient use2 it is not to e confused (ith the generally accepted

use of the (ord, (hich means "a medicine or therapy that cures disease or relie'es pain"

#.3% Homeopathic practitioners rely on t(o types of reference (hen prescriing remedies:;ateria

medica and repertories 7 homeopathic %ateria medica is a collection of "drug pictures", organised

alphaetically y Cremedy,D that descries the symptom patterns associated (ith indi'idual remedies

 7 homeopathic repertory is an index of disease symptoms that lists remedies associated (ith specificsymptoms#.6%

Homeopathy uses many animal, plant, mineral, and synthetic sustances in its remedies xamples

include &rsenicum album arsenic oxide&, 'atrum muriaticum sodium chloride or tale salt&, #achesis

muta the 'enom of the ushmaster snake&, (pium, and )hyroidinum thyroid hormone& Homeopaths

also use treatments called nosodes from the Greek nosos, disease& made from diseased or

pathological products such as fecal, urinary, and respiratory discharges, lood, and tissue

#.5% Homeopathic remedies prepared from healthy specimens are calledsarcodes

4ome modern homeopaths ha'e considered more esoteric ases for remedies, kno(n

asimponderables ecause they do not originate from a material ut from electromagnetic

energypresumed to ha'e een "captured" y alcohol or lactose xamples include E-

rays#/9% andsunlight#/$% oday there are aout *,999 different remedies commonly used in homeopathy

#citation needed % 4ome homeopaths also use techniues that are regarded y other practitioners as

contro'ersial hese include paper remedies, (here the sustance and dilution are (ritten on a piece

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of paper and either pinned to the patient8s clothing, put in their pocket, or placed under a glass of (ater

that is then gi'en to the patient, as (ell as the use of  radionics to prepare remedies 4uch practices

ha'e een strongly criticised y classical homeopaths as unfounded, speculati'e, and 'erging upon

magic and superstition#/)%#/*%

Preparation

;ortar and pestle used for grinding insolule solids, including uart< and oyster shells, into homeopathic remedies

1n producing remedies for diseases, homeopaths use a process

called dynamisation or  potentisation (herey a sustance is diluted (ith alcohol or distilled (ater  and

then 'igorously shaken y ten hard strikes against an elastic ody in a process called succussion

#/.%Hahnemann ad'ocated using sustances that produce symptoms like those of the disease eing

treated, ut found that material doses intensified the symptoms and exacerated the condition,

sometimes causing dangerous toxic reactions He therefore specified that the sustances e diluted

Hahnemann elie'ed that the succussion acti'ated the *ital ener+y  of the diluted sustance#//% and

made it stronger o facilitate succussion, Hahnemann had a saddle-maker construct a special

(ooden striking oard co'ered in leather on one side and stuffed (ith horsehair #/0%#/3% 1nsolule solids,

such as uart< and oyster  shell, are diluted y grinding them (ith lactose trituration&

Dilutions

%ain article" ,omeopathic dilutions

hree logarithmic potency scales are in regular use in homeopathy Hahnemann created

thecentesimal  or scale, diluting a sustance y a factor of $99 at each stage he centesimal scale

(as fa'ored y Hahnemann for most of his life 7 )= dilution reuires a sustance to e diluted to one

part in one hundred, and then some of that diluted solution diluted y a further factor of one hundred

his (orks out to one part of the original sustance in $9,999 parts of the solution#/6% 7 0= dilution

repeats this process six times, ending up (ith the original material diluted y a factor of

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$990$9$) one part in one trillion or $$,999,999,999,999& Higher dilutions follo( the same pattern

1n homeopathy, a solution that is more dilute is descried as ha'ing a higher potency, and more dilute

sustances are considered y homeopaths to e stronger and deeper-acting remedies#/5% he end

product is often so diluted that it is indistinguishale from the dilutant pure (ater, sugar or alcohol&#5%#09%

#0$%

Hahnemann ad'ocated *9= dilutions for most purposes that is, dilution y a factor of $909&#0)% 1n

Hahnemann8s time it (as reasonale to assume that remedies could e diluted indefinitely, as the

concept of the atom or molecule as the smallest possile unit of a chemical sustance (as >ust

eginning to e recogni<ed he greatest dilution that is reasonaly likely to contain e'en one

molecule of the original sustance is $)=

his ottle contains arnica montana(olf8s ane& !0, ie the nominal dilution is one part in a million $9-6

&

4ome homeopaths de'eloped a decimal scale ! or E&, diluting the sustance to ten times its original

'olume each stage he ! or E scale dilution is therefore half that of the same 'alue of the = scale2 for

example, "$)E" is the same le'el of dilution as "0=" Hahnemann ne'er used this scale ut it (as 'ery

popular throughout the $5th century and still is in urope his potency scale appears to ha'e een

introduced in the $6*9s y the 7merican homeopath, =onstantine Hering#0*% 1n the last ten years of his

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life, Hahnemann also de'eloped a uintamillesimal I& or ?; scale diluting the drug $ part in /9,999

parts of diluent#0.% 7 gi'en dilution on the I scale is roughly )*/ times its designation on the = scale

For example a remedy descried as ")9I" has aout the same concentration as a ".3=" remedy#0/%

XScale,

D Scale

C

Scale  Ratio Note

? ? %:% mother tincture@33 Bundiluted

%D ,% E %:%; described as lo( potency

*D ,* %C %:%;; called higher  potency than %D by homeopaths

3D ,3 -C %;F3

=D ,= .C %;F= allo(able concentration o) arsenic in U&S& drin>ing (ater @3<

%*D,%*

3C %;F%*

*.D,*.

%*C %;F*. Has a 3;G probability o) containing one molecule o) original material i) one mole o)the original substance (as used&

3;D

,3;-;C %;F3;

,ilution advocated by Hahnemann )or most purposes1@3* patient (ould need to

consume %;.% pills Ba billion times the mass o) the "arth or %;-. gallons o) liuid

remedy B%; billion times the volume o) the "arth to consume a single molecule o)

the original substance@3= Moreover since even in a %2C solution there (ould very

li>ely be no molecules o) the original substance le)t the -;C solution (ould

 probably contain no molecules o) (ater that had come into contact (ith the original

substance&

.;;D

,.;;*;;C %;F.;; ,ilution o) popular homeopathic )lu remedy Oscillococcinum

 Note: the 4D scale4 is also called 4, scale4& %D I ,% *D I ,* etc&

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=ritics and ad'ocates of homeopathy alike commonly attempt to illustrate the dilutions in'ol'ed in

homeopathy (ith analogies#05%Hahnemann is reported to ha'e >oked that a suitale procedure to deal

(ith an epidemic (ould e to empty a ottle of poison into ?ake Gene'a, if it could e succussed 09

times#39%#3$% 7nother example gi'en y a critic of homeopathy states that a $)= solution is eui'alent to

a "pinch of salt in oth the Jorth and 4outh 7tlantic Oceans",#39%#3$% (hich is approximately correct#3)% One third of a drop of some original sustance diluted into all the (ater on earth (ould produce a

remedy (ith a concentration of aout $*=#3*%#05%#3.% 7 popular homeopathic treatment for the flu is a

)99= dilution of duck li'er, marketed under the name (scillococcinum 7s there are only aout

$969 atoms in the entire oser'ale uni'erse, a dilution of one molecule in the oser'ale uni'erse

(ould e aout .9= Oscillococcinum (ould thus reuire $9*)9 more uni'erses to simply ha'e one

molecule in the final sustance#3/% he high dilutions characteristically used are often considered to e

the most contro'ersial and implausile aspect of homeopathy#30%

Dilution debate

Jot all homeopaths ad'ocate extremely high dilutions ;any of the early homeopaths (ere originally

doctors and generally used lo(er dilutions such as "*E" or "0E", rarely going eyond "$)E" he split

et(een lo(er and higher dilutions follo(ed ideological lines hose fa'oring lo( dilutions

stressed pathology and a strong link to con'entional medicine, (hile those fa'oring high dilutions

emphasised 'ital force, miasms and a spiritual interpretation of disease#33%#36% 4ome products (ith such

relati'ely lo(er dilutions continue to e sold, ut like their counterparts, they ha'e not een

conclusi'ely demonstrated to ha'e any effect eyond that of a placeo#35%#69%

Provings

Hahnemann experimented on himself and others for se'eral years efore using remedies on patients

His experiments did not initially consist of gi'ing remedies to the sick, ecause he thought that the

most similar remedy, y 'irtue of its aility to induce symptoms similar to the disease itself, (ould

make it impossile to determine (hich symptoms came from the remedy and (hich from the disease

itself herefore, sick people (ere excluded from these experiments he method used for determining

(hich remedies (ere suitale for specific diseases (as called pro*in+ , after the original German

(ord .r/fun+ , meaning "test" 7 homeopathic pro'ing is the method y (hich the profile of a

homeopathic remedy is determined#6$%

 7t first Hahnemann used material doses for pro'ings, ut he later ad'ocated pro'ing (ith remedies at

a *9= dilution,#0)% and most modern pro'ings are carried out using ultradilute remedies in (hich it is

highly unlikely that any of the original molecules remain#6)% !uring the pro'ing process, Hahnemann

administered remedies to healthy 'olunteers, and the resulting symptoms (ere compiled y oser'ers

into a dru+ picture he 'olunteers (ere oser'ed for months at a time and made to keep extensi'e

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 >ournals detailing all of their symptoms at specific times throughout the day hey (ere foridden from

consuming coffee, tea, spices, or (ine for the duration of the experiment2 playing chess (as also

prohiited ecause Hahnemann considered it to e "too exciting", though they (ere allo(ed to drink

eer and encouraged to exercise in moderation 7fter the experiments (ere o'er, Hahnemann made

the 'olunteers take an oath s(earing that (hat they reported in their >ournals (as the truth, at (hich

time he (ould interrogate them extensi'ely concerning their symptoms

Kro'ings ha'e een descried as important in the de'elopment of the clinical trial, due to their early

use of simple control groups, systematic and uantitati'e procedures, and some of the first application

of  statistics in medicine#6*% he lengthy records of self-experimentation y homeopaths ha'e

occasionally pro'en useful in the de'elopment of modern drugs: For example, e'idence

that nitroglycerin might e useful as a treatment for  angina (as disco'ered y looking through

homeopathic pro'ings, though homeopaths themsel'es ne'er used it for that purpose at that time

#6.% he first recorded pro'ings (ere pulished y Hahnemann in his $350 0ssay on a 'ew .rinciple#6/% His 1ra+menta de 2iribus $69/&#60% contained the results of )3 pro'ings, and his $6$9 %ateria

%edica .ura contained 0/#63% For Lames yler Ment8s $59/#ectures on ,omoeopathic %ateria %edica,

)$3 remedies under(ent pro'ings and ne(er sustances are continually added to contemporary

'ersions

Physical mental and emotional state e!amination" Repertories

Homeopathic repertory y Lames yler Ment

Homeopaths generally egin (ith detailed examinations of their patients8 histories, including uestions

regarding their physical, mental and emotional states, their life circumstances and any physical or

emotional illnesses he homeopath then attempts to translate this information into a complex formula

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of mental and physical symptoms, including likes, dislikes, innate predispositions and e'en ody type

#66%

From these symptoms, the homeopath chooses ho( to treat the patient 7 compilation of reports of

many homeopathic pro'ings, supplemented (ith clinical data, is kno(n as a homeopathic materia

medica Nut ecause a practitioner first needs to explore the remedies for a particular symptom rather

than looking up the symptoms for a particular remedy, the homeopathic repertory , (hich is an index of

symptoms, lists after each symptom those remedies that are associated (ith it @epertories are often

'ery extensi'e and may include data extracted from multiple sources of materia medica here is often

li'ely deate among compilers of repertories and practitioners o'er the 'eracity of a particular

inclusion

he first symptomatic index of the homeopathic materia medica (as arranged y Hahnemann 4oon

after, one of his students =lemens 'on Nnninghausen, created the )herapeutic .oc3et 4oo3 , another

homeopathic repertory#65% he first such homeopathic repertory (as Georg Lahr8s!ymptomen3ode ,

pulished in German $6*/&, (hich (as then first translated to nglish $6*6& y =onstantine Hering

as the $epertory to the more haracteristic !ymptoms of %ateria %edica his 'ersion (as less

focused on disease categories and (ould e the forerunner to Ment8s later (orks#.5%#59% 1t consisted of

three large 'olumes 4uch repertories increased in si<e and detail as time progressed

4ome di'ersity in approaches to treatments exists among homeopaths lassical

homeopathy  generally in'ol'es detailed examinations of a patient8s history and infreuent doses of a

single remedy as the patient is monitored for impro'ements in symptoms, (hile clinical

homeopathy  in'ol'es cominations of remedies to address the 'arious symptoms of an illness#5$%

Homeopathic pills

Homeopathic pills, homeopathic remedy(scillococcinum

Homeopathic pills are made from an inert sustance often sugars, typically lactose&, upon (hich a

drop of liuid homeopathic preparation is placed #$5%#5)%

#$ctive# ingredients

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he list of ingredients seen on remedies may confuse consumers into elie'ing that the product

actually contains those ingredients 7ccording to normal homeopathic practice, remedies are prepared

starting (ithacti'e ingredients that are often serially diluted to the point (here the finished product no

longer contains any iologically "acti*e ingredients" as that term is normally defined he list of

ingredients normally refers to the ingredients ori+inally  used in their preparation Follo(ing is a

demonstrati'e example:

5icam old $emedy  is marketed as an "unappro'ed homeopathic" product#5*% 1t contains a numer of

highly diluted ingredients that are listed as "inacti'e ingredients" on the lael 4ome of the

homeopathic ingredients used in the preparation of 5icam are galphimia glauca,#5.% histamine

dihydrochloride homeopathic name, histaminum hydrochloricum&,#5/%luffa operculata,#50% and sulfur 

 7lthough the product is marked "homeopathic" it does contain t(o ingredients that are only "slightly"

diluted:<inc acetate )E $$99 dilution& and <inc gluconate $E $$9 dilution&,#5*% (hich means that

oth are present in a concentration that contains iologically acti'e ingredients 1n fact, they are strong

enough to ha'e caused some people to lose their sense of smell,#53% a condition termed anosmia his

illustrates (hy taking a product marked "homeopathic", especially an o'erdose,#56% can still e

dangerous ecause it may contain iologically acti'e ingredients

4cientific skeptics highlight the lack of acti'e ingredients in homeopathic products y taking large

o'erdoses - examples include Lames @andiand the $9:)* campaign groups#56% Jone of the hundreds

of demonstrators in the PM, 7ustralia, Je( Qealand, =anada and the P4 (ere in>ured and "no one

(as cured of anything, either"#55% 4ome marketers of remedies state that one "cannot o'erdose on

homeopathic medicines"#$99%

Related practices

%sopathy

1sopathy is a therapy deri'ed from homeopathy and (as in'ented y Lohann Loseph Wilhelm ?ux in

the $6*9s 1sopathy differs from homeopathy in general in that the remedies, kno(n as "nosodes", are

made up either from things that cause the disease or from products of the disease, such as pus#.5%

#$9$% ;any so-called "homeopathic 'accines" are a form of isopathy#$9)%

&lower remediesFlo(er remedies can e produced y placing flo(ers in (ater and exposing them to sunlight he most

famous of these are the Nach flo(er remedies, (hich (ere de'eloped y the physician and

homeopath d(ard Nach 7lthough the proponents of these remedies share homeopathy8s 'italist

(orld-'ie( and the remedies are claimed to act through the same hypothetical "'ital force" as

homeopathy, the method of preparation is different Nach flo(er remedies are prepared in "gentler"

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(ays such as placing flo(ers in o(ls of sunlit (ater, and the remedies are not succussed#$9*% here is

no con'incing scientific or clinical e'idence for flo(er remedies eing effecti'e #$9.%

'eterinary use

he idea of using homeopathy as a treatment for other animals, termed *eterinary homeopathy , datesack to the inception of homeopathy2 Hahnemann himself (rote and spoke of the use of homeopathy

in animals other than humans#$9/% he F!7 has not appro'ed homeopathic products as 'eterinary

medicine in the P4 1n the PM, 'eterinary surgeons (ho use homeopathy elong to the Faculty of

Homeopathy andor to the Nritish 7ssociation of Homeopathic Aeterinary 4urgeons 7nimals may e

treated only y ualified 'eterinary surgeons in the PM and some other countries 1nternationally, the

ody that supports and represents homeopathic 'eterinarians is the 1nternational 7ssociation for

Aeterinary Homeopathy he use of homeopathy in 'eterinary medicine is contro'ersial, as there has

een little scientific in'estigation and current research in the field is not of a high enough standard to

pro'ide reliale data#$90% Other studies ha'e also found that gi'ing animals placeos can play acti'e

roles in influencing pet o(ners to elie'e in the effecti'eness of the treatment (hen none exists#$90%

(lectrohomeopathy

lectrohomeopathy (as a $5th century practice comining homeopathy (ith electric treatment

(vidence

Homeopathy

Claims $roponents claim that illnesses can be treated (ith

specially prepared e0treme dilutions o) a substance that

 produces symptoms similar to the illness& Homeopathic

remedies rarely contain any atom or molecule o) the

substance in the remedy&

Related

scientific

disciplines

Chemistry Medicine

Year proposed %=;<

ri!inal

proponents

Samuel Hahnemann

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Homeopathy is a contro'ersial area of =7; ecause a numer of its key concepts are not consistent

(ith estalished la(s of science particularly chemistry and physics& =ritics think it is implausile that

a remedy containing a miniscule amount of an acti'e ingredient sometimes not a single molecule of

the original compound& can ha'e any iological effectTeneficial or other(ise For these reasons,

critics argue that continuing the scientific study of homeopathy is not (orth(hile Others point to

oser'ational and anecdotal e'idence that homeopathy does (ork and argue that it should not e

re>ected >ust ecause science has not een ale to explain it#$$.%

High dilutions

he extremely high dilutions in homeopathy ha'e een a main point of criticism Homeopathic

remedies are usually diluted to the point (here there are no molecules from the original solution left in

a dose of the final remedy#$96% Homeopaths contend that the methodical dilution of a sustance,

eginning (ith a $9B or lo(er solution and (orking do(n(ards, (ith shaking after each dilution,

produces a therapeutically acti'e remedy, in contrast to therapeutically inert (ater 4ince e'en thelongest-li'ed nonco'alent structures in liuid (ater at room temperature are stale for only a

fe( picoseconds,#$$/% critics ha'e concluded that any effect that might ha'e een present from the

original sustance can no longer exist#$$0% Jo e'idence of stale clusters of (ater molecules (as found

(hen homeopathic remedies (ere studied using J;@#$$3%

Furthermore, since (ater (ill ha'e een in contact (ith millions of different sustances throughout its

history, critics point out that (ater is therefore an extreme dilution of almost any concei'ale

sustance Ny drinking (ater one (ould, according to this interpretation, recei'e treatment for e'ery

imaginale condition#$$6%

Kractitioners of homeopathy contend that higher dilutions produce stronger medicinal effects his idea

is inconsistent (ith the oser'eddose-response relationships of con'entional drugs, (here the effects

are dependent on the concentration of the acti'e ingredient in the ody#$95% his dose-response

relationship has een confirmed in myriad experiments on organisms as di'erse as nematodes,

#$$5% rats,#$)9%and humans#$)$%

Khysicist @oert ? Kark, former executi'e director of the  7merican Khysical 4ociety, has noted that:

since the least amount of a sustance in a solution is one molecule, a *9= solution (ould ha'e to

ha'e at least one molecule of the original sustance dissol'ed in a minimum of

$,999,999,999,999,999,999,999,999,999,999,999,999,999,999,999,999,999,999,999,999 #or $909%

molecules of (ater his (ould reuire a container more than *9,999,999,999 times the si<e of the

arth#$$9%

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Kark has also noted that, "to expect to get e'en one molecule of the 8medicinal8 sustance allegedly

present in *9E pills, it (ould e necessary to take some t(o illion of them, (hich (ould total aout a

thousand tons of lactose plus (hate'er impurities the lactose contained"#cite this 6uote%

he la(s of chemistry state that there is a limit to the dilution that can e made (ithout losing the

original sustance altogether#$5% his limit, (hich is related to  7'ogadro8s numer , is roughly eual to

homeopathic potencies of $)= or ).E $ part in $9).&#05%#$$9%#$))%

4cientific tests run y oth the NN=8s ,orizon and 7N=8s 78978  programs (ere unale to differentiate

homeopathic dilutions from (ater , e'en (hen using tests suggested y homeopaths themsel'es#/3%#$)*%

(ffectiveness

Old ottle of ,epar sulph made fromcalcium sulfide

he effecti'eness of homeopathy has een in dispute since its inception One of the earliest doule

lind studies concerning homeopathy (as sponsored y the Nritish go'ernment during World War 11 in

(hich 'olunteers tested the effecti'eness of homeopathic remedies against diluted mustard gas urns

#$).% he methodological uality of the research ase is generally lo(, (ith such prolems as

(eaknesses in design or reporting, small sample si<e, and selection ias Jo indi'idual preparation

has een unamiguously demonstrated to e different from a placeo#)%#$)/%Further, as the uality of the

trials ecome etter, the e'idence for homeopathy preparations eing effecti'e diminishes, and the

highest-uality trials sho( that the remedies themsel'es ha'e no effect#$*%#$0%#$)0% 7stract concepts

(ithin theoretical physics ha'e een in'oked to suggest explanations of ho( or (hy remedies might

(ork, including uantum entanglement,#$)3% the theory of relati'ity and chaos theory Ho(e'er, the

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explanations are offered y nonspecialists (ithin the field, and often include speculations that are

incorrect in their application of the concepts and not supported y actual experiments#$)6% 7 )9$9

inuiry into the e'idence ase for homeopathy conducted y the Pnited Mingdom8s House of

=ommons 4cience and echnology =ommitteeconcluded that homeopathy is no more effecti'e than

placeo#*%

Meta-analyses

;eta-analyses, in (hich large groups of studies are analysed and conclusions dra(n ased on the

results as a (hole, ha'e een used to e'aluate the effecti'eness of homeopathy arly meta-analyses

in'estigating homeopathic remedies sho(ed slightly positi'e results among the studies examined, ut

such studies ha'e (arned that it (as impossile to dra( firm conclusions due to lo( methodological

uality and difficulty in controlling for  pulication ias in the studies re'ie(ed#$$%#$)%#$6% One of the

positi'e meta-analyses, y ?inde, et al,#$)% (as later ualified y the authors, (ho (rote:

he e'idence of ias #in homeopathic trials% (eakens the findings of our original meta-analysis 4ince

(e completed our literature search in $55/, a considerale numer of ne( homeopathy trials ha'e

een pulished he fact that a numer of the ne( high-uality trialsha'e negati'e results, and a

recent update of our re'ie( for the most "original" sutype of homeopathy classical or indi'iduali<ed

homeopathy&, seem to confirm the finding that more rigorous trials ha'e less-promising results 1t

seems, therefore, likely that our meta-analysis at least o'erestimated the effects of homeopathic

treatments#$*%

1n )99$, a meta-analysis of clinical trials on the effecti'eness of homeopathy concluded that earlier

clinical trials sho(ed signs of ma>or (eakness in methodology and reporting, and that homeopathy

trials (ere less randomi<ed and reported less on dropouts than other types of trials#$6%

1n )99), a re'ie( of systematic re'ie(s found that higher-uality trials tended to ha'e less positi'e

results, to the point that those results (ere clinically irrele'ant 7lso, (hen taking collecti'ely all the

systematic re'ie(s, there (as no con'incing e'idence that any homeopathic remedy had etter effects

than placeo, and current e'idence did not allo( to recommend its usage in clinical treatment#)%

1n )99/, a systematic re'ie( of the representation of homeopathy in the medical literature suggested

that mainstream >ournals had apulication ias against clinical trials of homeopathy that sho(ed

positi'e results, and the opposite (as the case for complementary and alternati'e medicine  >ournals

he authors suggested that this could e due to an in'oluntary ias, or other(ise a sumission ias, in

(hich positi'e trials tend to e sent to =7; >ournals and negati'es ones to mainstream >ournals

#$0% @e'ie(s in all >ournals approached the su>ect in an apparently impartial manner, though most of

the re'ie(s pulished in =7; >ournals made no mention of the plausiility of homeopathy, (hereas 5

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out of $9 re'ie(s in mainstream >ournals mentioned a lack of plausiility of homeopathy in the

introduction#$0%

1n )99/, )he #ancet  medical >ournal pulished a meta-analysis of $$9 placeo-controlled homeopathy

trials and $$9 matched medical trials ased upon the 4(iss go'ernment8s Krogram for 'aluating

=omplementary ;edicine, or KM he study concluded that its findings (ere compatile (ith the

notion that the clinical effects of homeopathy are nothing more than placeo effects#0%

 7 )990 meta-analysis of six trials e'aluating homeopathic treatments to reduce cancer therapy side-

effects follo(ing radiotherapy andchemotherapy found "encouraging ut not con'incing" e'idence in

support of homeopathic treatment heir analysis concluded that there (as "insufficient e'idence to

support clinical efficacy of homeopathic therapy in cancer care" #$)5%

 7 )993 systematic re'ie( of homeopathy for children and adolescents found that the e'idence for

attention-deficit hyperacti'ity disorder and childhood diarrhea (as mixed Jo difference from placeo(as found for adenoid 'egetation, asthma, or upper respiratory tract infection 'idence (as not

sufficient to recommend any therapeutic or pre'entati'e inter'ention#/%

he =ochrane ?irary found insufficient clinical e'idence to e'aluate the efficacy of homeopathic

treatments for asthma#$*9% dementia,#$*$% or for the use of homeopathy in induction of laor #$*)% Other

researchers found no e'idence that homeopathy is eneficial for  osteoarthritis,#$**%migraines #$*.%#$*/%

#$*0% or delayed-onset muscle soreness#5$%

Health organisations such as the PM8s Jational Health 4er'ice,#$*3% the  7merican ;edical 7ssociation,

#$*6%

 and the F74N#$$0%

 ha'e issued statements of their conclusion that there is no con'incing scientifice'idence to support the use of homeopathic treatments in medicine

=linical studies of the medical efficacy of homeopathy ha'e een criticised y some homeopaths as

eing irrele'ant ecause they do not test "classical homeopathy"#$*5% here ha'e, ho(e'er, een a

numer of clinical trials that ha'e tested indi'iduali<ed homeopathy 7 $556 re'ie( #$.9% found *) trials

that met their inclusion criteria, $5 of (hich (ere placeo-controlled and pro'ided enough data for

meta-analysis hese $5 studies sho(ed a pooled odds ratio of $$3 to ))* in fa'or of indi'iduali<ed

homeopathy o'er the placeo, ut no difference (as seen (hen the analysis (as restricted to the

methodologically est trials he authors concluded "that the results of the a'ailale randomi<ed trialssuggest that indi'iduali<ed homeopathy has an effect o'er placeo he e'idence, ho(e'er, is not

con'incing ecause of methodological shortcomings and inconsistencies" Lay 4helton, author of a

ook on homeopathy, has stated that the claim assumes (ithout e'idence that classical, indi'iduali<ed

homeopathy (orks etter than nonclassical 'ariations#$.$%

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Lack Millen, acting deputy director of the Jational =enter for =omplementary and 7lternati'e ;edicine,

says homeopathy "goes eyond current understanding of chemistry and physics" He adds: "here is,

to my kno(ledge, no condition for (hich homeopathy has een pro'en to e an effecti'e treatment"#))%

(!planations of effects

1urther information" !tatistical hypothesis testin+ : .-*alue: and  .ublication bias

;ainstream science offers a 'ariety of explanations for ho( homeopathy, if the preparations

themsel'es are ineffecti'e, may appear to cure diseases or alle'iate symptoms:#$.)%

Pnassisted natural healing T time and the ody8s aility to heal (ithout assistance can

eliminate many diseases of their o(n accord

Pnrecogni<ed treatments T an unrelated food, exercise, en'ironmental agent or treatment for

a different ailment, may ha'e occurred

@egression to(ard the mean T since many diseases or conditions are cyclical, symptoms

'ary o'er time and patients tend to seek care (hen discomfort is greatest, they may feel etter

any(ay ut ecause the timing of the 'isit to the homeopath they attriute impro'ement to the

remedy taken

Jon-homeopathic treatment T patients may also recei'e non-homeopathic care simultaneous

(ith homeopathic treatment, and this is responsile for impro'ement though a portion or all of the

impro'ement may e attriuted to the remedy

=essation of unpleasant treatment T often homeopaths recommend patients stop getting

con'entional treatment such as surgery or drugs, (hich can cause unpleasant side-effects2

impro'ements are attriuted to homeopathy (hen the actual cause is the cessation of the

treatment causing side-effects in the first place

?ifestyle changes T homeopaths often recommend diet and exercise, as (ell as limitations in

alcohol or coffee consumption and stressreduction, all of (hich can increase health and decrease

symptoms

he placeo effect T the intensi'e consultation process and expectations for the

homeopathic preparations can result in the release of endorphins or other ody-effecting

chemicals that alle'iate pain or other symptoms, or other(ise affect an indi'idual8s iology herapeutic effect of the consultation T the care, concern and reassurance a patient

experiences (hen opening up to a compassionate caregi'er can ha'e a positi'e effect on the

patient8s (ell-eing

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Kulishing standards, p-'alue - y definition, a positi'e outcome is seen as significant, if the

proaility of eing due to chance rather than a real effect is less than /B#$.*% 7s a result, aout $

in )9 tests can e expected to sho( an effect e'en though there is none#$..%

Kulication ias - researchers are more likely to sumit positi'e trials for pulication, and

pulishers are more likely to accept articles that report a positi'e finding#$./%#$.0%#$.3%#$.6%

(ffects in other biological systems

Old homeopathic elladonnar emedy

While some articles ha'e suggested that homeopathic solutions of high dilution can ha'e statistically

significant effects on organic processes including the gro(th of  grain,#$.5% histamine release

yleukocytes,#$/9% and en<yme reactions, such e'idence is disputed since attempts to replicate them

ha'e failed#$/$%#$/)%#$/*%#$/.%#$//%

1n $563, French immunologist Lacues Nen'eniste sumitted a paper to the >ournal 'ature (hile

(orking at 1J4@; he paper purported to ha'e disco'ered that asophils, a type of (hite lood cell,

released histamine (hen exposed to a homeopathic dilution of anti-immunogloulin antiody he

 >ournal editors, sceptical of the results, reuested that the study e replicated in a separate laoratory

Ppon replication in four separate laoratories the study (as pulished 4till sceptical of the

findings,'ature assemled an independent in'estigati'e team to determine the accuracy of the

research, consisting of 'ature editor and physicist 4ir Lohn ;addox, 7merican scientific fraud

in'estigator and chemist Walter 4te(art, and sceptic and magician Lames @andi 7fter in'estigating

the findings and methodology of the experiment, the team found that the experiments (ere

"statistically ill-controlled", "interpretation has een clouded y the exclusion of measurements in

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conflict (ith the claim", and concluded, "We elie'e that experimental data ha'e een uncritically

assessed and their imperfections inadeuately reported"#)$%#$/0%#$/3% Lames @andi stated that he douted

that there had een any conscious fraud, ut that the researchers had allo(ed "(ishful thinking" to

influence their interpretation of the data#$/0%

Methodological and publication issues

Nen Goldacre pulished an article on homeopathy in )he #ancet , stating the research on homeopathy

is prolematic for a 'ariety of reasons hese included the high pulication iases of alternati'e

therapy >ournals, (ith 'ery fe( articles reporting null results2 ignoring meta-analyticstudies in fa'our

of  cherry picked positi'e results2 and the promotion of an oser'ational study that Goldacre descried

as "little more than a customer-satisfaction sur'ey"& as if it (ere more informati'e than a series

of  randomi<ed trials Goldacre also states that homeopaths (ho misrepresent scientific e'idence to

a scientifically illiterate pulic, ha'e "(alled themsel'es off from academic medicine, and critiue has

een all too often met (ith a'oidance rather than argument"#$/6%

(thics and safety

 7s homeopathic remedies usually contain only (ater andor alcohol, they are thought to e generally

safe Only in rare cases are the original ingredients present at detectale le'els his may e due to

improper preparation or intentional lo( dilution 1nstances of arsenic poisoningha'e occurred after use

of arsenic-containing homeopathic preparations#)5% Qicam =old remedy Jasal Gel, (hich contains )E

$:$99& <inc gluconate, reportedly caused a small percentage of users to lose their sense of smell2

#$/5% *.9 cases (ere settled out of court in )990 for$) million P4 dollars#$09% 1n )995, the F!7 ad'ised

consumers to stop using three discontinued cold remedy products manufactured y Qicam ecause it

could cause permanent damage to users8 sense of smell#$0$% Qicam (as launched (ithout a Je( !rug

 7pplication J!7& under a pro'ision in the F!7Ss =ompliance Kolicy Guide called "=onditions Pnder

Which Homeopathic !rugs ;ay e ;arketed" =KG 3$*)$/&, ut the F!7 (arned Qicam 'ia

a Warning ?etter  that this policy does not apply (hen there is a health risk to consumers #$0)%

=ritics of homeopathy ha'e cited other concerns o'er homeopathic medicine, most seriously cases of

patients of homeopathy failing to recei'e proper treatment for diseases that could ha'e een easily

diagnosed and managed (ith con'entional medicine and (ho ha'e died as a result #$0*% and the

"marketing practice" of critici<ing and do(nplaying the effecti'eness of mainstream medicine

#$/6% Homeopaths claim that use of con'entional medicines (ill "push the disease deeper" and cause

more serious conditions, a process referred to as "suppression"#$0.% 4ome homeopaths particularly

those (ho are non-physicians& ad'ise their patients against immunisation#*9%#$0/%#$00%4ome homeopaths

suggest that 'accines e replaced (ith homeopathic "nosodes", created from iological material such

as pus, diseased tissue, acilli from sputum or in the case of "o(el nosodes"& feces#$03% While

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Hahnemann (as opposed to such preparations, modern homeopaths often use them although there is

no e'idence to indicate they ha'e any eneficial effects#$06%#$05% =ases of homeopaths ad'ising against

the use of anti-malarial drugs ha'e een identified#*$%#$39%#$3$% his puts 'isitors to the tropics (ho take

this ad'ice in se'ere danger, since homeopathic remedies are completely ineffecti'e against the

malaria parasite#*$%#$39%#$3$% 7lso, in one case in )99., a homeopath instructed one of her patients to stop

taking con'entional medication for a heart condition, ad'ising her on )) Lune )99. to "4top 7??

medications including homeopathic", ad'ising her on or around )9 7ugust that she no longer needed

to take her heart medication, and adding on )* 7ugust, "4he >ust cannot take 7JU drugs R 1 ha'e

suggested some homeopathic remedies 1 feel confident that if she follo(s the ad'ice she (ill regain

her health" he patient (as admitted to hospital the next day, and died eight days later, the final

diagnosis eing "acute heart failure due to treatment discontinuation"#$3)%#$3*%

1n $536, 7nthony =ampell, then a consultant physician at he @oyal ?ondon Homeopathic Hospital,

criticised statements made y George Aithoulkas to promote his homeopathic treatments Aithoulkas

stated that syphilis, (hen treated (ith antiiotics, (ould de'elop into secondary and tertiary syphilis

(ith in'ol'ement of the central ner'ous system =ampell descried this as a thoroughly irresponsile

statement that could mislead an unfortunate layperson into refusing con'entional medical treatment

his claim echoes the idea that treating a disease (ith external medication used to treat the symptoms

(ould only dri'e it deeper into the ody and conflicts (ith scientific studies, (hich indicate that

penicillin treatment produces a complete cure of syphilis in more than 59B of cases#./%

 7 )990 re'ie( y W 4te'en Kray of the =ollege of Kharmacy at 4outh(estern Oklahoma 4tate

Pni'ersity recommends that pharmacy colleges include a reuired course in unpro'en medicationsand therapies, that ethical dilemmas inherent in recommending products lacking pro'en safety and

efficacy data e discussed, and that students should e taught (here unpro'en systems such as

homeopathy depart from e'idence-ased medicine#$3.%

d<ard rnst, the first .rofessor of omplementary %edicine in the Pnited Mingdom and a former

homeopathic practitioner,#$3/%#$30%#$33% has expressed his concerns aout pharmacists (ho 'iolate their

ethical code y failing to pro'ide customers (ith "necessary and rele'ant information" aout the true

nature of the homeopathic products they ad'ertise and sell:

";y plea is simply for honesty ?et people uy (hat they (ant, ut tell them the truth aout

(hat they are uying hese treatments are iologically implausile and the clinical tests ha'e

sho(n they don8t do anything at all in human eings he argument that this information is not

rele'ant or important for customers is uite simply ridiculous"#$36%

;ichael Naum, Krofessor meritus of 4urgery and 'isiting Krofessor of ;edical Humanities

at Pni'ersity =ollege ?ondon P=?&, has descried homoeopathy as a Ccruel deceptionD#)6%

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1n an article entitled "4hould We ;aintain an Open ;ind aout HomeopathyV"#$35% pulished in

the &merican ;ournal of %edicine, ;ichael Naum and d<ard rnstT(riting to other physiciansT

(rote that "Homeopathy is among the (orst examples of faith-ased medicine hese axioms #of

homeopathy% are not only out of line (ith scientific facts ut also directly opposed to them 1f

homeopathy is correct, much of physics, chemistry, and pharmacology must e incorrect"

Regulation and prevalence

%ain article" $e+ulation and pre*alence of homeopathy 

Hampton House, the former site of  NristolHomeopathic Hospital, one of t(o homeopathic hospitals run y

the JH4#*%

Homeopathy is fairly common in some countries (hile eing uncommon in others2 is highly

regulated in some countries and mostly unregulated in others 1t is practised (orld(ide andprofessional ualifications and licences are needed in most countries#*)% @egulations 'ary in

urope depending on the country 1n some countries, there are no specific legal regulations

concerning the use of homeopathy, (hile in others, licences or degrees in con'entional medicine

from accredited uni'ersities are reuired 1n Germany, no specific regulations exist, (hile France,

 7ustria and !enmark mandate licences to diagnose any illness or dispense of any product (hose

purpose is to treat any illness#*)% 4ome homeopathic treatment is co'ered y the pulic health

ser'ice of se'eral uropean countries, including France, the Pnited Mingdom, !enmark,

and?uxemourg 1n other countries, such as Nelgium, homeopathy is not co'ered 1n 7ustria, the

pulic health ser'ice reuires scientific proof of effecti'eness in order to reimurse medical

treatments and homeopathy is listed as not reimursale#$69% ut exceptions can e made2

#$6$%pri'ate health insurance policies sometimes include homeopathic treatment

#*)% he 4(issgo'ernment, after a /-year trial, (ithdre( homeopathy and four other complementary

treatments in )99/, stating that they did not meet efficacy and cost-effecti'eness criteria,#$6)% ut

follo(ing a referendum in )995 the fi'e therapies are to e reinstated for a further 0-year trial

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period from )9$)#$6*% he 1ndian go'ernment recognises homeopathy as one of its national

systems of medicine,#$6.% and a minimum of a recognised diploma in homeopathy and registration

on a state register or the =entral @egister of Homoeopathy is reuired to practice homeopathy in

1ndia#$6/%

1n the Pnited Mingdom, ;Ks inuired into homeopathy to assess the Go'ernment8s policy on the

issue, including funding of homeopathy under the Jational Health 4er'ice and go'ernment policy

for licensing homeopathic products he decision y the House of =ommons4cience and

echnology =ommittee follo(s a (ritten explanation from the Go'ernment in (hich it told the

select committee that the licensing regime (as not formulated on the asis of scientific e'idence

"he three elements of the licensing regime for homeopathic products& proaly lie outside the

scope of the select committee inuiry, ecause go'ernment consideration of scientific e'idence

(as not the asis for their estalishment," the =ommittee said he inuiry sought (ritten

e'idence and sumissions from concerned parties#$60%#$63%

1n Feruary )9$9 the House of =ommons 4cience and echnology =ommittee concluded that:

the JH4 should cease funding homeopathy 1t also concludes that the ;edicines and

Healthcare products @egulatory 7gency ;H@7& should not allo( homeopathic product laels to

make medical claims (ithout e'idence of efficacy 7s they are not medicines, homeopathic

products should no longer e licensed y the ;H@7

he =ommittee concurred (ith the Go'ernment that the e'idence ase sho(s that homeopathy is

not efficacious that is, it does not (ork eyond the placeo effect& and that explanations for (hy

homeopathy (ould (ork are scientifically implausile

he =ommittee concluded - gi'en that the existing scientific literature sho(ed no good e'idence

of efficacy - that further clinical trials of homeopathy could not e >ustified

1n the =ommitteeSs 'ie(, homeopathy is a placeo treatment and the Go'ernment should ha'e a

policy on prescriing placeos he Go'ernment is reluctant to address the appropriateness and

ethics of prescriing placeos to patients, (hich usually relies on some degree of patient

deception Krescriing of placeos is not consistent (ith informed patient choice - (hich the

Go'ernment claims is 'ery important - as it means patients do not ha'e all the information neededto make choice meaningful

Neyond ethical issues and the integrity of the doctor-patient relationship, prescriing pure

placeos is ad medicine heir effect is unreliale and unpredictale and cannot form the sole

asis of any treatment on the JH4 #*%

he =ommittee also stated:

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immaterial, 'italistic 'ie( of ho( li'ing organisms function, elie'ing that diseases ha'e spiritual,

as (ell as physical causes#*.%#$55% 7t the time, 'italism (as part of mainstream science2 it (asn8t

completely discarded until the )9th century, (ith the de'elopment of  microiology, the germ

theory of disease,#)99% and ad'ances in chemistry#)9$%#)9)%& Hahnemann also ad'ocated 'arious

lifestyle impro'ements to his patients, including exercise, diet, and cleanliness#$56%#)9*% #)9.%

Hahnemann)s concept

!ee also" !amuel ,ahnemann

4amuel Hahnemann, considered to e the father of homeopathy

Hahnemann concei'ed of homeopathy (hile translating a medical treatise y 4cottish physician

and chemist William =ullen into German#*0% Neing skeptical of =ullen8s theory

concerningcinchona8s action in intermittent fe'er, Hahnemann ingested some of the ark

specifically to see if it cured fe'er "y 'irtue of its effect of strengthening the stomach"#)9/% Ppon

ingesting the ark, he noticed fe( stomach symptoms, ut did

experience fe'er , shi'ering and >oint pain, symptoms similar to some of the early symptoms of

intermittent fe'er, the disease that the ark (as ordinarily used to treat From this, Hahnemann

came to elie'e that all effecti'e drugs produce symptoms in healthy indi'iduals similar to those of

the diseases that they treat his later ecame kno(n as the "la( of similars", the most important

concept of homeopathy#*0% he term "homeopathy" (as coined y Hahnemann and first appeared

in print in $693, although he egan outlining his theories of "medical similars" or the "doctrine of

specifics" in a series of articles and monographs in $350#)90%#)93%

Hahnemann egan to test (hat effects sustances produced in humans, a procedure that (ould

later ecome kno(n as "homeopathic pro'ing"#)96% hese time-consuming tests reuired su>ects

to clearly record all of their symptoms as (ell as the ancillary conditions under (hich they

appeared Hahnemann sa( these data as a (ay of identifying sustances suitale for the

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treatment of particular diseases#)96% he first collection of pro'ings (as pulished in $69/ and a

second collection of 0/ remedies appeared in his ook, %ateria %edica .ura, in $6$9

#)95%Hahnemann elie'ed that large doses of drugs that caused similar symptoms (ould only

aggra'ate illness, so he ad'ocated extreme dilutions of the sustances2 he de'ised a techniue

for making dilutions that he elie'ed (ould preser'e a sustance8s therapeutic properties (hile

remo'ing its harmful effects,#5% proposing that this process aroused and enhanced "the spirit-like

medicinal po(ers of the crude sustances" #)$9% He gathered and pulished a complete o'er'ie( of

his ne( medical system in his $6$9 ook, )he (r+anon of the ,ealin+ &rt , (hose 0th edition,

pulished in $5)$, is still used y homeopaths today#*0%

*+th century, rise to popularity and early criticism

Homeopathy achie'ed its greatest popularity in the $5th century !r Lohn Franklin Gray $69.R

$66)& (as the first practitioner of Homeopathy in the Pnited 4tates, eginning in $6)6 in Je(

Uork =ity he first homeopathic schools opened in $6*9, and throughout the $5th century do<ens

of homeopathic institutions appeared in urope and the Pnited 4tates#)$$% Ny $599, there (ere ))

homeopathic colleges and $/,999 practitioners in the Pnited 4tates#$3% Necause medical practice

of the time relied on ineffecti'e and often dangerous treatments, patients of homeopaths often had

etter outcomes than those of the doctors of the time#)$)% Homeopathic remedies, e'en if

ineffecti'e, (ould almost surely cause no harm, making the users of homeopathic remedies less

likely to e killed y the treatment that (as supposed to e helping them#*0% he relati'e success

of homeopathy in the $5th century may ha'e led to the aandonment of the ineffecti'e and

harmful treatments of loodletting and purging and to ha'e egun the mo'e to(ards moreeffecti'e, science-ased medicine#$50% One reason for the gro(ing popularity of homeopathy (as

its apparent success in treating people suffering from infectious disease epidemics#)$*% !uring

$5th century epidemics of diseases such as cholera, death rates in homeopathic hospitals (ere

often lo(er than in con'entional hospitals, (here the treatments used at the time (ere often

harmful and did little or nothing to comat the diseases #)$.%

From its inception, ho(e'er, homeopathy (as critici<ed y mainstream science 4ir Lohn Fores, 

physician to Iueen Aictoria, said in $6.* that the extremely small doses of homeopathy (ere

regularly derided as useless, "an outrage to human reason"#)$/% Lames Uoung 4impsonsaid in

$6/* of the highly diluted drugs: "Jo poison, ho(e'er strong or po(erful, the illionth or decillionth

of (hich (ould in the least degree affect a man or harm a fly" #)$0% $5th century 7merican physician

and author  Oli'er Wendell Holmes, 4r (as also a 'ocal critic of homeopathy and pulished an

essay in $6.) entitled ,om<opathy: and its 3indred delusions#)$3% he memers of the French

Homeopathic 4ociety oser'ed in $603 that some of the leading homeopathists of urope not

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only (ere aandoning the practice of administering infinitesimal doses ut (ere also no longer

defending it#)$6% he last school in the P4 exclusi'ely teaching homeopathy closed in $5)9#*0%

Revival in the late .th century

%ain article" $e+ulation and pre*alence of homeopathy 

he 1ood: =ru+: and osmetic &ct  of $5*6 sponsored y Je( Uork 4enator and Homeopathic

Khysician @oyal =opeland& recogni<ed homeopathic remedies as drugs Ny the $5/9s, there (ere

only 3/ pure homeopaths practicing in the P4#)$5% Ho(e'er, in the mid to late $539s, homeopathy

made a significant comeack and sales of some homeopathic companies increased tenfold

#))9% Greek homeopathGeorge Aithoulkas performed a "great deal of research to update the

scenarios and refine the theories and practice of homeopathy" eginning in the $539s, and it (as

re'i'ed (orld(ide2#5$%#))$% in Nra<il during the $539s and in Germany during the $569s #)))% he

medical profession started to integrate such ideas in the $559s#))*% and mainstream pharmacy

chains recogni<ed the usiness potential of selling homeopathic remedies#)).%

&ootnotes

%&   / )he ,utchinson 0ncyclopedia le'enth ed&, Helicon Kulishing, $556, p /90, 14NJ $-

6/560-)9)-9

*& Y a b c  d  e rnst, )99)&, "7 systematic re'ie( of systematic re'ie(s of

homeopathy", 4ritish ;ournal of linical .harmacolo+y 01 0&: /33R6), doi:$9$9.0>$*0/-

)$)/)99)9$055x,K;= $63./9*, K;1! $).5)09*

-& Y a b c  d  e f  PM Karliamentary =ommittee 4cience and echnology =ommittee - "'idence

=heck ): Homeopathy"

.& Y a b "1ssues surrounding homeopathy", Jational Health 4er'ice, retrie'ed )9$$-95-$$

2& Y a b c  d   7ltunc, P2 Kittler, ; H2 rnst, )993&, "Homeopathy for =hildhood and

 7dolescence 7ilments: 4ystematic @e'ie( of @andomi<ed =linical rials", %ayo linic

.roceedin+s 2 $&: 05R3/, doi:$9.90/6)$05, K;1! $3)6/366, "Ho(e'er, homeopathy is

not totally de'oid of risks it may delay effecti'e treatment or diagnosis"

3& Y a b c  4hang, 7i>ing2 Hu(iler-;Zntener, Marin2 Jartey, ?inda2 LZni, Keter2 !rig, 4tephan2

4terne, Lonathan 7=2 Ke(sner, !aniel2 gger, ;atthias )99/&, "7re the clinical effects of

homoeopathy placeo effectsV =omparati'e study of placeo-controlled trials of

homoeopathy and allopathy", )he #ancet  366 5.63&: 3)0R3*),doi:$9$9$049$.9-

03*09/&03$33-), K;1! $0$)//65

<&   / !efinition of "remedy" at Krinceton Pni'ersity8s Wordnet(e

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=& Y a b he !ental =osmos: 7 ;onthly @ecord of !ental 4cience, ditor d(ard = Mirk,

!!4, Aol EEEA1, p $9*$-$9*)

9& Y a b c  "!ynami<ation and !ilution", omplementary and &lternati*e %edicine, =reighton

Pni'ersity !epartment of Kharmacology, retrie'ed )995-9*-).

%;&   / Hahnemann 4 $6**&, )he (r+anon of the ,ealin+ &rt  /th ed&, aphorisms /

and )$3, 14NJ 96356*))6)

%%& Y a b Mlei>nen, L2 Mnipschild, K2 er @iet, G $55$&, "=linical trials of

homoeopathy", 4%;  3. 033)&: *$0R

)*,doi:$9$$*0m>*9)033)*$0, K;= $006569,K;1! $6)/699

%*& Y a b c  ?inde, M2 =lausius, J2 @amire<, G2 ;elchart, !2 itel, F2 Hedges, ?2 Lonas,

W $553&, "7re the clinical effects of homoeopathy placeo effectsV 7 meta-analysis of

placeo-controlled trials", )he #ancet  30. 596$&: 6*.R.*,doi:$9$9$049$.9-

03*053&9))5*-5, K;1! 5*$909$

%-& Y a b c  d  ?inde, M2 4chol<, ;2 @amire<, G2 =lausius, J2 ;elchart, !2 Lonas, WN

$555&, "1mpact of 4tudy Iuality on Outcome in Klaceo-=ontrolled rials of

Homeopathy", ;ournal of linical 0pidemiolo+y  0 3&: 0*$R0, doi:$9$9$04965/-

.*/055&999.6-3, K;1! $9*5$0/0

%.&   / =ucherat, ;2 Haugh, ;=2 Gooch, ;2 Noissel, LK )999&, "'idence of clinical

efficacy of homeopathy 7 meta-analysis of clinical trials H;@7G Homeopathic ;edicines

@esearch 7d'isory Group", 0uropean >ournal of clinical pharmacolo+y  06 $&: )3R

**,K;1! $96/*63.

%2&   / ;athie, @ )99*&, "he research e'idence ase for homeopathy: a fresh

assessment of the literature", ,omeopathy  + )&: 6.R5$,doi:$9$9$04$.3/-.5$09*&99990-

3, K;1! $)3)/)/9

%3& Y a b c  d  =aulfield, imothy2 !eo(, 4u<anne )99/&, "7 systematic re'ie( of ho(

homeopathy is represented in con'entional and =7; peer re'ie(ed >ournals", 4%

omplementary and &lternati*e %edicine 0: $), doi:$9$$60$.3)-066)-/-

$), K;= $$335).,K;1! $/5//)/.

%<& Y a b oufexis 7, =ole W, Hallanan !N )/ 4eptemer $55/&, "1s homeopathy

good medicineV", )ime

%=& Y a b c  ?inde, M2 Lonas, WN2 ;elchart, !2 Willich, 4 )99$&, "he methodological

uality of randomi<ed controlled trials of homeopathy, heral medicines and

acupuncture", ?nternational ;ournal of 0pidemiolo+y  3. *&: /)0R

*$,doi:$9$95*i>e*9*/)0, K;1! $$.$0930

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--&   / "=ause of disease", =reighton Pni'ersity 4chool of ;edicine, retrie'ed )995-

93-*$

-.& Y a b Hahnemann 4 $6**$5)$&, )he (r+anon of the ,ealin+ &rt /th0th

ed&, 14NJ 96356*))6)# pa+e needed %

-2&   / Whorton L= )99.&, 'ature ures" )he ,istory of &lternati*e %edicine in

 &merica, Je( Uork: Oxford Pni'ersity Kress, pp $6, /), 14NJ 9-$5-/$3$0)-.

-3& Y a b c  d  e f  g  "History of Homeopathy", =reighton Pni'ersity !epartment of

Kharmacology, retrie'ed )993-93-)*

-<&   / With "curentur" the phrase is in the su>uncti'e, and is the form gi'en y

Hahnemann and officially used in homeopathy he similar phrase ?atin: similia similibus

curantur  is in the indicati'e, translated as "like cures like", and (as used y Karacelsus in the

$0th century

-=&   / $5$$ Nritannica

-9&   / @enouard KA, =omegys =G, Le(ell W, Friederg 47 $6/0&,,istory of

%edicine: 1rom ?ts (ri+ins to the 'ineteenth entury , =incinnati: ;oore, Wilstach, Meys \

=o, p /69,O=?= $.6.0$*.

.;& Y a b Hahnemann 4 $6)6&, =ie chronischen Aran3heiten: ihre ei+enth/mliche

'atur und homEopathische ,eilun+ F)he chronic diseases: their specific nature and

homoeopathic treatment %,!resden and ?eip<ig: 7rnoldische

Nuchhandlung,http:ooksgooglecomVidEfk*7777;77L# pa+e needed %

.%&   / Hahnemann 4 $6**&, )he (r+anon of the ,ealin+ &rt  /th ed&, aphorism)5, 14NJ 96356*))6)# pa+e needed %

.*& Y a b Ming 4, ";iasms in homeopathy", lassical homeopathy , retrie'ed )995-9*-

)/

.-&   / Ward LW, "aking the History of the =ase", Kacific =oast Lnl of Homeopathy,

Luly $5*3, retrie'ed )993-$9-))

..&   / "=ause of !isease in homeopathy", =reighton Pni'ersity !epartment of

Kharmacology, retrie'ed )993-93-)*

.2& Y a b Nirnaum J@, Goldschmidt @H, Nuffett WO $555&, "@esol'ing the common

clinical dilemmas of syphilis", &m 1am .hysician0+ 6&: ))**R.9, ))./R0, K;1! $9))$*96

.3&   / 4helton, )99., p $.6-5

.<&   / !efinition of "remedy at Krinceton Pni'ersity8s Wordnet(e

.=&   / Lones M, ";ateria medica: remedy information", retrie'ed )993-93-).

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32&   / 1f a dilution is designated as on the I scale, and c on the = scale,

clog$9/9,999&))*.5.6/

33&   / 1an Watson )99.&, & Iuide to the %ethdolo+ies of ,omeopathy , =utting dge

Kulications, p xi, 14NJ 9 5/$30/3 0 9

3<&   / "7rsenic in drinking (ater", Pnited 4tates n'ironmental Krotection 7gency

3=&   / 4helton, )99., p )3)

39& Y a b c  For further discussion of homeopathic dilutions and the mathematics

in'ol'ed, see Homeopathic dilutions

<;& Y a b Namridge 7! $565&, ,omeopathy in*esti+ated , Ment, ngland: !iaso<o

rust, 14NJ 9-5.6$3$)9-9

<%& Y a b  7ndre(s K $559&, "Homeopathy and Hinduism", )he Datchman

0positor  Watchman Fello(ship& 4 *&

<*&   /  7 $)= solution produced using sodium chloride also callednatrum

muriaticum in homeopathy& is the eui'alent of dissol'ing 9*0 m? of tale salt, (eighing

aout 933 g, into a 'olume of (ater the si<e of the 7tlantic Ocean, since the 'olume of the

 7tlantic Ocean and its ad>acent seas is *//]$96 km* or *//]$9)9 ? :mery MO, Pchupi

$56.&, )he +eolo+y of the &tlantic (cean, 4pringer, 14NJ 9-*63509*)-/

<-&   / he 'olume of all (ater on earth is aout $*0]$95 km*: "arth8s (ater

distriution", Dater !cience for !chools, Pnited 4tates Geological 4ur'ey, )6 7ugust

)990, 14NJ 9936)/.9)3

<.&   / Gleick KH, Dater resources, 1n 4chneider 4H, ed $550&,0ncyclopedia of

climate and weather , , Je( Uork: Oxford Pni'ersity Kress, pp 6$3R6)*&

<2&   / @oert ? Kark )996&, !uperstition" 4elief in the &+e of !cience, Krinceton

Pni'ersity Kress, pp $./R$.0, 14NJ 905$$**//3

<3&   / Fisher, K )993&, "he ;emory of Water: a scientific

heresyV",,omeopathy  +6 *&: $.$R), doi:$9$9$0>homp)9939/996,K;1! $3036696

<<&   / Wheeler = $5.$&, =rC ,u+hes" $ecollections of some masters of

homeopathy , Health through homeopathy

<=&   / Nodman F $539&, )he $ichard ,u+hes memorial lecture, NHL, pp $35R$5*

<9&   / "HeadOn: Headache drug lacks clinical

data",onsumer$eports,ealthCor+ , =onsumers Pnion, retrie'ed )995-9*-)/

=;&   / "7nalysis of Head On", ;ames $andiJs !wift , retrie'ed )990-93-)3

=%&   / !antas, F2 Fisher, K2 Walach, H2 Wieland, F2 @astogi, !2 eixeira, H2 Moster, !2

Lansen, L et al )993&, "7 systematic re'ie( of the uality of homeopathic pathogenetic trials

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pulished from $5./ to $55/", ,omeopathy  +6 $&: .R

$0,doi:$9$9$0>homp)990$$99/, K;1! $3))33.)

=*&   / Mayne 4N )990&, ,omeopathic pharmacy" theory and practice) ed&, lse'ier

Health 4ciences, p /), 14NJ 5369..*$9$09$

=-&   / =assedy LH $555&, &merican %edicine and !tatistical )hin3in+: KL88MKLN8 ,

iPni'erse, 14NJ 536-$-/6*.6.)6-5# pa+e needed %

=.&   / Fye WN $560&, "Jitroglycerin: a homeopathic

remedy" K!F&,irculation 43 $&: )$R5, doi:$9$$0$9$=1@3*$)$,K;1! )6006/$

=2&   / Hahnemann 4 $350&, "Aersuch Zer ein neues Krin<ip <ur 7uffindung der

Heilkr^fte der 7r<neisustan<en, nest einigen Nlicken auf die isherigen" in

German&, ,ufelands ;ournal  %% *&

=3&   / Hahnemann 4 $69/& in ?atin&, 1ra+menta de 2iribus medicamentorum

.ositi*is, ?eip<ig

=<&   / Hahnemann 4, 4tapf , Gross G, de Nrunno( G $6)0R$6)6& in

?atin&, %ateria medica puraO si*e: =octrina de medicamentorum *iribus in corpore humano

sano obser*atisO e Iermanico sermone in #atinum con*ersa, !resden:

 7rnold, O=?= $.6.90/5

==&   / 4tehlin 1 $550&, "Homeopathy: @eal medicine or empty promisesV", P4 Food

and !rug 7dministration, retrie'ed )993-$9-9$

=9&   / Noger =;, 'on Nnninghausen =;F, Nradford ? $555&,4oennin+hausenJs

characteristics: materia medica B repertory " with word inde  reprint ed&, Je( !elhi: NLain, 14NJ 6$39)$)93*,O=?= .036/5$0

9;&   / ;athur MJ )99*& in German&, .rinzipien der homEopathischen

2erschreibun+" !ynopsis weltweiter 3linischer 0rfahrun+en, Georg hieme Aerlag, pp $))R

$)*, 14NJ *6*9.59)$0,O=?= 30/$69*/

9%& Y a b c  Harris, ? F2 Lackson, @2 Nreslin Lr, L72 7lford, @H $536&, "7naeroic

septicemia after transrectal prostatic iopsy", &rchi*es of ?nternal %edicine *32 *&: *5*R

5,doi:$9$99$archinte$*6**5*, K;1! )9.)0.

9*&   / 4agar, 4; )993&, "Homeopathy: !oes a teaspoon of honey help the medicine

go do(nV", urrent oncolo+y G)oronto: (ntCH *1 .&: $)0R3, K;= $5.660/, K;1! $33$9)9*

9-& Y a b ?ael data

9.&   / eut, ;ichael2 !ahler, L_rn2 4chnegg, =hristoph )996&, "7 Homoeopathic

Kro'ing of Galphimia glauca", 1orschende AomplementPrmedizin 9 $esearch in

omplementary %edicine *0.&: )$$R3, doi:$9$$/5999$.66)/

92&   / !escription of Histaminum Hydrochloricum

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93&   / ?uffa operculata ? =OGJ 4ponge =ucumer 

9<&   / Harris, Gardinier Lune $0, )995& "F!7 Warns 7gainst Pse of Qicam" Je(

Uork imes

9=& Y a b 4am Lones, "Homeopathy protesters to take 8mass o'erdose8 outside

Noots", )he Iuardian, )5 Lanuary )9$9`

99&   /  7ndy =oghlan, ";ass drug o'erdose R none dead", 'ew !cientist , 9* Feruary

)9$9

%;;&   / "Homeopathy: Freuent 7sked uestions"

%;%&   / Hoff !, "1sopathy", lassical homeopathy information, homeoinfocom,

retrie'ed )995-9*-)0

%;*&   / Mayne 4N )990&, ,omeopathic pharmacy" theory and practice) ed&, lse'ier

Health 4ciences, p $3$, 14NJ 5369..*$9$09$

%;-&   / Aanhaselen, @ $555&, "he relationship et(een homeopathy and the !r Nach

system of flo(er remedies: 7 critical appraisal",4ritish ,omoeopathic >ournal  22 *&: $)$R

3,doi:$9$9/.homp$5559*96, K;1! $9..59/)

%;.&   / rnst, )99)&, ""Flo(er remedies": a systematic re'ie( of the clinical

e'idence", Diener 3linische Dochenschrift  **1 )*R).&: 50*R0, K;1! $)0*/.0)

%;2&   / 4axton, L )993&, "he di'ersity of 'eterinary homeopathy",,omeopathy  +6 $&:

*, doi:$9$9$0>homp)990$$9$9,K;1! $3))33.$

%;3& Y a b Hektoen, ? )99/&, "@e'ie( of the current in'ol'ement of homeopathy in

'eterinary practice and research", )he 2eterinary record  *04 6&: )).R5, K;1! $0$$*$03%;<& Y a b eixeira, L )993&, "=an (ater possily ha'e a memoryV 7 sceptical

'ie(", ,omeopathy  +6 *&: $/6R0),doi:$9$9$0>homp)9939/99$, K;1! $30366$$

%;=& Y a b ;ilgrom, ? )993&, "=onspicuous y its asence: the ;emory of Water,

macro-entanglement, and the possiility of homeopathy",,omeopathy  +6 *&: )95R

$5, doi:$9$9$0>homp)9939/99),K;1! $30366$5

%;9& Y a b ?e'y, G $560&, "Minetics of drug action: 7n o'er'ie(", ;ournal of &ller+y

and linical ?mmunolo+y  42 . Kt )&: 3/.R0$,doi:$9$9$0995$-03.560&599/3-

0, K;1! */*.9/0

%%;& Y a b c  Narrett 4 )6 !ecemer )99.&, "Homeopathy: the ultimate

fake", Quac3watch, Iuack(atch, retrie'ed )993-93-)/

%%%&   / rnst, )993&, "Klaceo: ne( insights into an old enigma", =ru+ =isco*ery

)oday  * 5R$9&: .$*R6,doi:$9$9$0>drudis)9939*993, K;1! $3.03/36

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%-<&   / "Health encyclopaedia -- Homeopathy -- @esults" Jational Health 4er'ice

@etrie'ed )993-93-)/

%-=&   /  7;7 =ouncil on 4cientific 7ffairs $553& "7lternati'e ;edicine: @eport $) of

the =ouncil on 4cientific 7ffairs 7R53&"  7merican ;edical 7ssociation @etrie'ed )995-9*-

)/

%-9&   / "Homoeopathy8s enefit uestioned" 44 'ews )99/-96-)0 @etrie'ed )995-

9$-95

%.;&   / ?inde, Mlaus2 ;elchart, !ieter $556&, "@andomi<ed =ontrolled rials of

1ndi'iduali<ed Homeopathy: 7 4tate-of-the-7rt @e'ie(", )he ;ournal of &lternati*e and

omplementary %edicine 1 .&: *3$R66,doi:$9$965acm$556.*3$, K;1! 566.$3/

%.%&   / 4helton, )99., p )95

%.*&   / 4helton, )99., p $//-$03

%.-&   / =ramer, !uncan2 !ennis Ho(itt )99.&, )he !a+e =ictionary of !tatistics,

p $/$, 14NJ 930$5.$*6E

%..&   / 4terne, L 7 =2 !a'ey 4mith, G )99$&, "4ifting the e'idence---(hat8s (rong

(ith significance testsV 7nother comment on the role of statistical methods", 4%;  3 3)69&:

))0R*$,doi:$9$$*0m>*))3)69))0, K;= $$$5.36,K;1! $$$/50)0

%.2&   / 4ackett, !a'id ? $535&, "Nias in analytic research", ;ournal of hronic

=iseases 3 $R)&: /$R0*, doi:$9$9$099)$-506$35&599$)-), K;1! ..3335

%.3&   / @osenthal, @oert $535&, "he file dra(er prolem and tolerance for null

results", .sycholo+ical 4ulletin 26 *&: 0*6R.$,doi:$9$9*399**-)59560*0*6%.<&   / Leffrey ! 4cargle )999&, "Kulication Nias: he "File-!ra(er Krolem" in

4cientific 1nference", ;ournal of !cientific 0ploration *1 )&: 5.R$90

%.=&   / 1oannidis, Lohn K 7 )99/&, "Why ;ost Kulished @esearch Findings 7re

False", .#o! %edicine  6&:

e$).,doi:$9$*3$>ournalpmed99)9$)., K;= $$6)*)3,K;1! $09093))

%.9&   / Molisko ? $5/5& in German&, .hysiolo+ischer und physi3alischer 'achweis

der Dir3sam3eit 3leinster 0ntitPten F.hysiolo+ical and physical e*idence of the effecti*eness

of the smallest entitiesR , 4tuttgart

%2;&   / Walchli, =hantal2 Naumgartner, 4tephan2 Nastide, ;adeleine )990&, "ffect of

?o( !oses and High Homeopathic Kotencies in Jormal and =ancerous Human

?ymphocytes: 7n 1n Aitro 1sopathic 4tudy", ;ournal of &lternati*e and omplementary

%edicine * /&: .)$R3, doi:$9$965acm)990$).)$

%2%&   / Walach, H2 Mster, H2 Hennig, 2 Haag, G )99$&, "he effects of homeopathic

elladonna *9=H in healthy 'olunteers T a randomi<ed, doule-lind experiment", ;ournal of

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.sychosomatic $esearch 0. *&: $//R09, doi:$9$9$0499))-*55599&99)).-

/,K;1! $$*$0/96

%2*&   / Hirst, 4 L2 Hayes, J 72 Nurridge, L2 Kearce, F ?2 Foreman, L = $55*&,

"Human asophil degranulation is not triggered y 'ery dilute antiserum against human

1g", 'ature 366 0.//&: /)/R3,doi:$9$9*6*00/)/a9, K;1! 6)//)59

%2-&   / O'elgnne, L H2 Nol, 7 W L ;2 Hop, W = L2 Wi>k, @ $55)&, ";echanical

agitation of 'ery dilute antiserum against 1g has no effect on asophil staining

properties", 0perientia 12 /&: /9.R6,doi:$9$993NF9$5)6$3/, K;1! $*30)6)

%2.&   / Witt, =laudia ;2 Nluth, ;ichael2 Hinderlich, 4tephan2 7lrecht, Henning2

?udtke, @ainer2 Weisshuhn, horolf @2 Willich, 4tefan J )990&, "!oes Kotenti<ed Hg=l)

;ercurius corrosi'us& 7ffect the 7cti'ity of !iastase and -7mylaseV", ;ournal of &lternati*e

and omplementary %edicine * .&: */5R0/,doi:$9$965acm)990$)*/5

%22&   / Guggiserg, 72 Naumgartner, 42 schopp, =2 Heusser, K )99/&, "@eplication

study concerning the effects of homeopathic dilutions of histamine on human asophil

degranulation in 'itro",omplementary )herapies in %edicine *3 )&: 5$R

$99,doi:$9$9$0>ctim)99/9.99*, K;1! $09*0$00

%23& Y a b 4ulli'an W $566-93-)3&, "Water hat Has a ;emoryV 4keptics Win 4econd

@ound", 'ew Sor3 )imes, retrie'ed )993-$9-9*

%2<&   / Nene'eniste defended his results, ho(e'er, comparing the inuiry to the 4alem

(itch hunts and asserting that "1t may e that all of us are (rong in good faith his is no

crime ut science as usual and only the future kno(s"

%2=& Y a b Goldacre, Nen )993&, "Nenefits and risks of homoeopathy",)he

#ancet  34. 5099&: $03)R*, doi:$9$9$049$.9-03*093&0$390-$, K;1! $69))9).

%29&   / Narrett 4 . Jo'emer )99*&, "Qicam marketers sued", Homeo(atchorg,

retrie'ed )993-$9-)/

%3;&   / Noodman 4 *$ Lanuary )990&, "Kaying through the nose",)his Dee3 in ,ealth

B !cience, Washington Kost, retrie'ed )993-$9-)/

%3%&   / 4ources:

Lulianne Kepitone )995-90-$0&, "Qicam may damage sense of smell -

F!7", ''%oneyCcom

?nformation on 5icam old remedy 'asal Iel: 5icam old remedy 'asal !wabs:

and 5icam old remedy !wabs: Aids !ize, F!7, )995-90-$0

%3*&   / %atri ?nitiati*es: ?ncC &A& 5icam ## N9KN98TC Darnin+ letter ,F!7, )995-90-

$0

%3-&   / =ase of Nay Gloria, (ho died in )99):

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"Homeopath homas 4am guilty of daughter Gloria8s death",)he =aily

)ele+raph, Lune /, )995

"Karents guilty of manslaughter o'er daughter8s ec<ema death", )he anberra

)imes, Lune /, )995

%3.&   / 4chmukler 7A )990&, ,omeopathy" &n & to 5 ,ome ,andboo3 , ?le(ellyn

World(ide, p $0, 14NJ 53693*63963*3

%32&   / rnst, $553&, "he attitude against immunisation (ithin some ranches of

complementary medicine", 0uropean ;ournal of .ediatrics *06 3&: /$*R

/, doi:$9$993s99.*$99/90/9,K;1! 5).*))5

%33&   / rnst, )99$&, "@ise in popularity of complementary and alternati'e medicine:

reasons and conseuences for 'accination",2accine .: 459R*2 discussion

465, doi:$9$9$049)0.-.$9E9$&99)59-9, K;1! $$/636))

%3<&   / Kray W4 $550&, "he =hallenge to Krofessionalism Kresented y

Homeopathy", &merican ;ournal of .harmaceutical 0ducation6.: $56R)9.

%3=&   / Kray W4 $55)&, "7 challenge to the crediility of homeopathy", &m ; .ain

%ana+ement  )&: 0*R3$

%39&   / nglish, L $55)&, "he issue of immuni<ation", 4ritish ,omoeopathic

 >ournal  2* .&: $0$R*, doi:$9$9$049993-936/9/&69$3$-$

%<;& Y a b Lha 7 $. Luly )990&, "Homeopaths 8endangering li'es8 y offering malaria

remedies", )he Iuardian ?ondon&

%<%& Ya

 b

 4tarr, ; )999&, ";alaria affects children and pregnant (omenmost", 4%;  3* 3)3$&: $)66, doi:$9$$*0m>*)$3)3$$)66

%<*&   / Nunyan J )993-9*-))&, .atient died after bein+ told to stop heart medicine, 

"!aily elegraph", )he =aily )ele+raph ?ondon&, retrie'ed )993-$9-$/

%<-&   / "Fitness o Kractise panel hearing on !r ;arisa Aiegas", General ;edical

=ouncil 'ia archi'eorg&, Lune )993, archi'ed from the original on )993-$)-)), retrie'ed

)995-9$-)/

%<.&   / Kray W4 )990&, "thical, scientific, and educational concerns (ith unpro'en

medications", &m ; .harm 0duc  4. 0&: $.$,K;= $69*055, K;1! $3**)603

%<2&   / ;emorandum sumitted y d<ard rnst HO $0 to the House of ?ords

%<3&   / Noseley 4 )$ Luly )996&, "he alternati'e professor", )he Iuardian ?ondon&

%<<&   / "=omplementary therapies: he ig conV", )he ?ndependent ?ondon&, )996-

9.-)), retrie'ed )9$9-9/-9.#dead lin3 %

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%<=&   / 4ample 1 )$ Luly )996&, "Kharmacists urged to 8tell the truth8 aout

homeopathic remedies", )he Iuardian ?ondon&

%<9&   / Naum, ;ichael2 rnst, d<ard )995&, "4hould We ;aintain an Open ;ind

aout HomeopathyV", )he &merican ;ournal of %edicine * $$&: 53*R

., doi:$9$9$0>am>med)9959*9*6,K;1! $56/.*$5, "Homeopathy is among the (orst

examples of faith-ased medicine hese axioms #of homeopathy% are not only out of line

(ith scientific facts ut also directly opposed to them 1f homeopathy is correct, much of

physics, chemistry, and pharmacology must e incorrect o ha'e an open mind aout

homeopathy or similarly implausile forms of alternati'e medicine eg, Nach Flo(er

remedies, spiritual healing, crystal therapy& is, therefore, not an option"

%=;&   / Haupt'erand der sterreichischen 4o<ial'ersicherungstr^ger *$ ;arch

)99.&, "?iste nicht erstattungsf^higer 7r<neimittelkategorien gem^ */$c 7s ) 74AG ?ist

of treatments not reimursale y social ser'ice pro'iders in 7ustria&5erman7"%=%&   / $echtssatz Gle+al ruleH, @4996*350 5erman7  Oerster Gerichtshof OGH -

 7ustrian supreme court )6 Feruary $55.&

%=*&   / he ?ancet )99/&, "he end of homoeopathy", )he #ancet  3665.63&:

059, doi:$9$9$049$.9-03*09/&03$.5-6

%=-&   / !acey L $. Lanuary )9$$&, &lternati*e therapies are put to the test , 

s(issinfoch, retrie'ed )9$$-9$-$3

%=.&   / "7lternati'e 4ystem of Health =are", Go'ernment of 1ndia, retrie'ed )9$9-9$-

$/

%=2&   / "he Homoeopathy =entral =ouncil 7ct, $53*, s $/ and 4ch 11", =entral

=ouncil of Homeopathy, retrie'ed )9$9-9$-$6

%=3&   / 'ews in brief" ,omeopathic assessment , imes Higher ducation, )5 Octoer

)995, timeshighereducationcouk

%=<&   / 'idence check: Homeopathy, House of =ommons 4cience and echnology

=ommittee, )9 Octoer )995, parliamentuk

%==&   / 'idence =heck ): Homeopathy, Fourth @eport of 4ession )995R$9, House of

=ommons 4cience and echnology =ommittee, )9 Octoer )995, parliamentuk

%=9&   / 4ecretary of 4tate for Health Go'ernment @esponse to the 4cience and

echnology =ommittee report 8'idence =heck ): HomeopathyS, Luly )9$9 14NJ 536-9-$9-

$35$.)-3

%9;&   / "hird of JH4 trusts fund homeopathy" 44 'ews $5 Fe, )9$$ @etrie'ed

4eptemer 3, )9$$

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%9%&   / “Modern Homeopathy And Medical Science”  in the Lournal of the 7merican

;edical 7ssociation, ;arch $3, *2+1, #$%

%9*&   / "Karacelsus German-4(iss physician&", 4ritannica (nline 0ncyclopedia,

ncyclopdia Nritannica, retrie'ed )995-9*-).

%9-&   / Hodgson N )99$&, ?n the &rms of %orpheus" )he )ra+ic ,istory of %orphine:

#audanum and .atent %edicines, Firefly Nooks, p $6,14NJ $//)53/.9$

%9.&   / Griffin, L K )99.&, "Aenetian treacle and the foundation of medicines

regulation", 4ritish ;ournal of linical .harmacolo+y  02*&: *$3R)/, doi:$9$$$$>$*0/-

)$)/)99.9)$.3x,K;= $66./00, K;1! $/*)3/5)

%92&   / "Nritish ;edical Lournal", 4%;  * /**&: )6*R., $63$,doi:$9$$*0m>$/**)6*

%93& Y a b Maufman ; $53$&, ,omeopathy in &merica" )he rise and fall of a medical

heresy , he Lohns Hopkins Pni'ersity Kress,14NJ 536969$6$)*6/# pa+e needed %

%9<&   / d<ard rnst2 4ingh, 4imon )996&, )ric3 or )reatment" )he @ndeniable 1acts

about &lternati*e %edicine, Je( Uork: W W Jorton, 14NJ 9-*5*-9000$-.

%9=& Y a b ?asagna ? $539& #$50)%, )he doctorsJ dilemmas, Je( Uork: =ollier Nooks,

p **, 14NJ 53696*05$0059

%99&   / Jicholls K7 $566&, ,omeopathy and the %edical .rofession, =room

Helm, 14NJ 53693955$6*0*

*;;&   / Naxter, 7lan G )99$&, "4=1J= 7J! 4O=1U: ?ouis Kasteur8s eer of

re'enge", 'ature $e*iews ?mmunolo+y  * *&: ))5R

*), doi:$9$9*6*/$9/96*, K;1! $$59/6*)*;%&   / =oley, J G )99.&, ";edical =hemists and the Origins of =linical =hemistry in

Nritain circa $3/9-$6/9&", linical hemistry 0. /&: 50$R

3), doi:$9$*3*clinchem)99*9)50./,K;1! $/$9/*0)

*;*&   / @amerg, KL )999&, "he death of 'italism and the irth of organic chemistry:

Wohler8s urea synthesis and the disciplinary identity of organic chemistry", &mbi  14 *&: $39R

5/,K;1! $$0.9))*

*;-&   / Nradford ? $65/&, "*/", )he #ife and #etters of =rC !amuel ,ahnemann,

Khiladelphia: Noericke \ afel,O=?= $.655//# pa+e needed %

*;.&   / @othstein, William G $55)& #$53)%, &merican .hysicians in the 'ineteenth

entury" from !ects to !cience, Naltimore: Lohns Hopkins Pni'ersity Kress,

p $/6, 14NJ 536-969$6..)39

*;2&   / "History of Homoeopathy", 1nternational 7ssociation for Aeterinary

Homoeopathy, retrie'ed )995-9*-)/

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*;3&   / !ean ; )99$&, "Homeopathy and "the progress of science""K!F&, ,ist

!ci  3+ $)/ Kt *&: )//R6*, K;1! $$3$)/39, archi'ed from the original on 7pril 3, )996,

retrie'ed )995-9*-*$

*;<&   / !udgeon @ $6/*&, #ectures on the )heory and .ractice of ,omoeopathy , 

;anchester: Henry urner, p /$

*;=& Y a b "Homeopathic Kro'ings", =reighton Pni'ersity 4chool of ;edicine, retrie'ed

)993-$9-9)

*;9&   / Mirschmann 7 )99*&, & 2ital 1orce" Domen in &merican ,omeopathy ,

@utgers Pni'ersity Kress, 14NJ 53696$*/**)95

*%;&   / Hahnemann 4 $6**&, )he (r+anon of the ,ealin+ &rt  /th ed&, aphorism

)05, 14NJ 96356*))6) Hahnemann 4 $6.)&, )he (r+anon of the ,ealin+ &rt  0th ed&

pulished $5)$&, aphorism )39, 14NJ 96356*))6)

*%%&   / Winston L )990&, "Homeopathy imeline", )he 1aces of ,omoeopathy , Whole

Health Jo(, 14NJ 9.3*9/0939, retrie'ed )993-93-)*

*%*&   / rnst, 2 Maptchuk, L $550&, "Homeopathy re'isited", &rchi*es of ?nternal

%edicine *06 $5&: )$0)R.,doi:$9$99$archinte$/0$5)$0), K;1! 666/6$*

*%-&   / =oulter H? $53*&, =i*ided #e+acy , Nerkeley: Jorth 7tlantic, pp 11:/..R02

111:)03R39, )56R*9/, O=?= 5/*6..)

*%.&   / !eath rates in con'entional hospitals (ere typically t(o- to eight-fold higher

than in homeopathic hospitals for patients (ith these infectious diseases2 see Nradford ?

)993& #$599%, )he lo+ic of fi+ures or comparati*e results of homeopathic and other

treatments, Messinger, 14NJ $.*9.665)$# pa+e needed %

*%2&   / Fores L $6.0&, ,omeopathy: allopathy and youn+ physic , ?ondon

*%3&   / 4impson LU $6/*&, ,omoeopathy: its tenets and tendencies: theoretical:

theolo+ical and therapeutical , dinurgh: 4utherland \ Mnox, p $$

*%<&   / Holmes OW $6.)&, ,om<opathy: and its 3indred delusionsO two lectures

deli*ered before the 4oston society for the diffusion of useful 3nowled+e, Noston: William !

icknor, O=?= $00099630

*%=&   /  7llen L7, ed $603&, "Homopathists 's homopathy", hic %ed ;  7N

=ase& 1: )06R)05

*%9&   / "Homeopathic Hassle", )ime, $5/0-96-)9

**;&   / @ader W; $56/-9*-9$&, $idin+ the coattails of homeopathyJs re*i*al , F!7

=onsumer ;aga<ine

**%&   / ?ockie 7 )999&, 0ncyclopedia of ,omeopathy  $st ed&, Je( Uork =ity,

JU: !orling Mindersley, p $5, 14NJ 536-9-3/00-$63$-$

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***&   / @eis(it<, Felix 'on2 !inges, ;artin )996&, "Homeopathy and Hospitals in

History", ,omoeopathic #in3s *: /9,doi:$9$9//s-)993-565)$)

**-&   / Winnick, erri 7 )99/&, "From Iuackery to "=omplementary" ;edicine: he

 7merican ;edical Krofession =onfronts 7lternati'e herapies", !ocial .roblems 0: *6R

0$,doi:$9$/)/sp)99//)$*6

**.&   / O8Hara ; )99)-9$-9/&, "7 uestion of health or (ealthV", )he

Iuardian ?ondon&

References

4helton, Lay W )99.&, ,omeopathy" ,ow it $eally Dor3s, 7mherst, Je( Uork:

Krometheus Nooks, 14NJ 536-$/5$9)$95.

(!ternal lin8s

Wi>ine(s has related

ne(s: Parents prosecuted

after homeopathic treatment

leads to daughter's death

Wi>isource has the te0t o)

the%9%% "ncyclopdia

!ritannicaarticle  Homoeopathy&

Opposing 'ie(s on homeopathy at the Open !irectory Kro>ect

4tehlin, 1sadora $550&, "Homeopathy: real medicine or empty promisesV", 1=&

onsumer P4F!7&

@amey !W, )he scientific e*idence on homeopathy ,  7merican =ouncil on 4cience

and Health

"Homeopathy: here8s nothing in it", ;erseyside 4keptics 4ociety

 gert Guernsey $635& "Homopathy" )he &merican yclopUdia

'ideos

@andi L, "Homeopathy xplained: $. minute portion of )99$ lecture at Krinceton

Pni'ersity" =omplete lecture&

Fisher, K, Goldacre, N, "!oes homeopathy (orkV 7 deate on the e'idence on oth

sides"

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$ssociations

Homeopathy organi<ations at the Open !irectory Kro>ect

v

 

d

 

e

Topics in Homeopathy

Reference material 6ragmenta de viribus  · The Organon o) the Healing Art  · Homeopathic Materia Medica  · Homeopathic dilu

Homeopaths

S& Hahnemann  · L&T& ent  · C& von !nninghausen  · L&H&Clar>e  · "& !& Nash  · '& ,e Schepper   · #&7ithou#ray  · Melanie Hahnemann  · Charles Lulius Hempel  · Constantine Hering  · $aul Herscu  · "liPabeth WrigLahr   · 6rederic Hervey 6oster Quin  · +aKan San>aran  · Lan Scholten  · Leremy Sherr   · #uy !ec>ley Stearns

r!ani%ations !oiron  · Heel  · Miralus Healthcare  ·  Nelsons BHomeopathy

Related $reparations Blist  · +egulation and prevalence · Homeopathy and allopathy  · Quac>ery

See also Alternative medicine · !ach )lo(er remedies · Lacues !enveniste · Medicine · Serial dilution · Water memo

v

 

d

 

e(se"doscience

Terminolo!y Cargo cult science

 

Charlatan

 

Cran> 

 

6ringe science

 

Lun> science

 

$aranormal

 

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$athological science

 

Quac>ery

 

Sna>e oil

Superseded scienti)ic theories

 

Truebeliever syndrome

)*amples A5,S denialism

 

Astrology

 

!ody memory

 

!ogdanov A))air 

 

Creation Science

 

,ianetics

 

6aith healing

 

  Homeopathy

 

5ntelligent design

Laphetic theory

 

'unar e))ect

 

'ysen>oism

 

Melanin theory

 

Moon landing conspiracy theories

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