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Chapter 6: Religion

(Part 1: Universalizing Religions)

The Cultural Landscape:

An Introduction to Human Geography



Terms• branch: a large and fundamental division within

a religion• denomination: is a division of a branch that

unites a number of local congregations in a

single legal and administrative body• sect: a relative small group that has broken

away from an established branch/denomination

– heretic: one who disagrees with church doctrine• sectarianism: conflict arising from perceived

differences between subdivisions of a group

• adherents: a believer or supporter



Universalizing vs.

• Seeks to appeal to all

• proselytic = to attempt

to convert, recruit

• tied to life of founder

Ethnic Religions

• Appeals to a single group

living in one place

• tied to phys. environment

• In general

• Holy Places

• Calendar

• Cosmogony

Beliefs about

origin of the

universe

• Diffusion

• Both involve pilgrimages = religious journeys to

sacred places

• Celebration of thefounder’s life

• God creates

nature/physical

environment

• precise origins/hearth,

tied to a specific founder

• usually widespread

• Celebration of theseasons

• God = nature

• incorporates events from

phys. environment

• unclear or unknown origins,

not tied to a specific founder,

• Ltd. diffusion, usually tied to

geography of a location. Candiffuse thru relocation



World Religions

Universalizing

• Major

– Christianity (1)

– Islam (2) – Buddhism

• Minor

– Sikhism

– Bahá’í

Ethnic

• Hinduism (3)

• Chinese “folk” religions

• Confucianism• Daoism

• Shinto

• Judaism• Ethnic African religions

– Animism



Christianity • largest world religion

– about 2 billion adherents

– Many adherents in Europe, the Americas

• Three major branches – Roman Catholicism (51% of all Christians)

– Protestant Christianity (24%)• Denominations include Lutheran, Baptist, Methodist,

Anglican, Presbyterian, Episcopal etc.

– Eastern Orthodox (11%)

– Other (14%)• Coptic (Egypt), Ethiopians, Mormons (Church of

Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints), Jehovah’s

Witnesses



Christianity • largest world religion

– about 2 billion adherents

– Many adherents in Europe, the Americas

• Three major branches – Roman Catholicism (51% of all Christians)

– Protestant Christianity (24%)• Denominations include Lutheran, Baptist, Methodist,

Anglican, Presbyterian, Episcopal etc.

– Eastern Orthodox (11%)

– Other (14%)• Coptic (Egypt), Ethiopians, Mormons (Church of

Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints), Jehovah’s

Witnesses

• Distribution of branches matches colonial patterns



World Distribution of Religions

Figure 6-3



Distribution of Christians in the

United States

Figure 6-2



American Religious Concentrations. Why?• Baptist → Southeastern U.S.

– Largely indigenous religion = “American Calvinism” – At first, welcomed African-Americans who were rejected

by mainline Protestantism

– Later during Civil War Era

• Appeals to southern whites as manifestation of regional pride

(supports slavery, white supremacism, etc.)

• Blacks leave to form breakaway churches but still self-identify

as “baptist”

– Therefore,

• Strong regional clustering of black and white southerners

• Lack of in-migration (due to little industrialization) maintains

homogeneity of “baptists”




United States

Figure 6-2



American Religious Concentrations. Why?• Catholics

– Northeast, Rust Belt

• Germans (some Southern Catholic) & Irish Catholics (mid-1800s) – Pushed by industrialization, stage 2 → overpop., lack of econ. opp.

– Potato famine, British abuse/eviction from land

• Early 1900s immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe

– Poles, Italians, other Catholics (+ Russian Jews)

– Pushed by industrialization, stage 2 → overpop., lack of econ. opp.

– Other cultural factors (see migration notes)

• Why Northern cities = Industrial jobs

– Southwestern US/US-Mexican border• Proximity to Latin American source area of origin since WWII

– Latin America in stage 2

• Farm laborers, illegal immigration

• How does this reflect Gravity model and Ravenstein’s laws?




United States

Figure 6-2



American Religious Concentrations. Why?

• Lutherans → Upper Midwest/Northern Great Plains

– Northern Germans and Scandinavians bring Lutheranism

• Cultural preadaptation attracted Northern Europeans to a climate and

farmland similar to their homeland.

– RRs and state govts. recruited farmers (mid-to-late 1800s)

• Chain migration occurred as relatives continued to arrive.

– Remained dominant because of a lack of in-migration

• During the next great wave of European immigration (early 1900s),

few new immigrants with different religions came to Northern Great

Plains – lack of industrialization, urbanization and/or economic opportunity.

– Physical environment is arid (lack of water) discouraged the in-migration of other

religions (non-Lutherans)




United States

Figure 6-2



American Religious Concentrations. Why?• Mormons → Great Basin, Desert West, Utah

– Internal migration for religious freedom, avoidpersecution

– Remained dominant because of a lack of in-migration

• Not industrialized/urbanized

• Inhospitable climate = very dry/arid desert.



Revised Christianity Map for

North America

O i i f Ch i ti it



Origin of Christianity• Hearth

– “Holy Land”,Israel/Palestine,

Jerusalem

– Founder: Jesus

– Jewish sect

• Diaspora spreads Jews

• Roman Empire

– Eventually transformsinto separate religion

• St. Paul → “Gentiles”

– sect of Ethnic Judaism →

Universalizing

To Europe



Diffusion of

Christianity

• To Europe

– Roman Empire

– relocation

• missionaries – contagious to “pagans”

– Hierarchical

• Conversion of those in

authority• Global

– Secondary hearths

• Roman Catholicism =

Rome/Vatican City• Orthodox =

Constantinople/Istanbul

• Protestantism = Germany

– Relocation

• Imperialism/migration



Christian Holy

Places• Relate to life of Christ

– Jerusalem

• Golgotha (Calvary)

• Holy Sepulchre

• Via Dolorosa

• Gethsemane – Bethlehem (birth)

– Nazareth (childhood)

• Later sites associated

with saints and “miracles”

– Examples

• Lourdes, France

• Fatima, Portugal



Christian

Churches

• more critical than in other religions

• affects landscape

– Tall, centrally located

– Style reflects• cultural influences

– Orthodox = pointed domes

• Beliefs

– Protestant = simple• Availability of building materials



ChristianityCalendar

• Relate to life of Jesus – Easter

– Christmas

• Connected to Jewish/pagan

seasonal holidays – Jesus was a Jew

– Syncretic appeal to win pagan

converts

• Differences between branches

– Catholic use “Gregorian”

– Orthodox use “Julian”

Disposal of the Dead

• Burial – Church yard

– Feet toward Jerusalem

• Cemeteries reflect religion on

the cultural landscape

• Serve as green space in

newly industrializing cities



Administration of space

Oth ff t l d



Other effects on landscapetoponyms

• 2nd largest world religion



Islam• 2nd largest world religion

– about 1.3 billion adherents

– Fastest growing

• Two significant branches

– Sunnis (83%)

• Widely dispersed across the Middle East, North Africa,

South and Southeast Asia

– Shias or Shiites (16%)

• Primarily clustered in Iran and southern Iraq,

Azerbaijan and others

– Split based on who should succeed Muhammad

• Later has ethnic dimensions

• Core of Islamic belief = the five pillars

Good map for overall spread read worksheet



Good map for overall spread, read worksheet

post on website to fully understand methods of

diffusion and explain on guided reading



Origin and Diffusion of Islam



Origin and Diffusion of Islam• Muhammad

– b. 570 AD in Mecca/Makkah

– ministry 610 AD

– hijra 622 AD

• to Yathrib/Medina

– 632 AD Reconquered Mecca (dies shortly afterward)• Muhammad and early successors (caliphs) diffuse

Islam through conquest

• Later spread through trade and other cultural

interactions (see reading posted on website)

– Example: diffused to Indonesia in 1200s through trade

• Physically separated from Islamic core area

• Today has the world’s largest Muslim population (know this fact)



Muslim Holy Places



Muslim Holy Places• life of Muhammad

– Kaaba in Mecca

• 5th pillar = hajj

– Pilgrimage to Mecca

– What type of affects does

the hajj have on the

environment?

– Medina

• Muhammad’s tomb

– Dome of the Rock

• Muhammad’s night journey

• on Temple Mount

I l



IslamCalendar

• Strict lunar calendar• 30 year cycle

– 19 years = 354 days

– 11 years = 355 days

• Holidays shift annually

Places of Worship

• Mosque

– Community centers

– Courtyard surrounded

by buildings for

different functions

– Pulpit faces Mecca

– Minarets

• muezzin calls to

prayer• Other distinctive traits

– Calligraphy

– arabesques

Buddhism



Buddhism• About 400 million adherents

– difficult to quantify due to syncretism• the combination of different beliefs

• Three branches

– Mahayana (56%) (China, Japan, Korea) – Theravada/Hinayana (38%) (Southeast Asia)

– Tantrayana/Vajrayana (6%) (Tibet, Mongolia)

• The Four Noble Truths – “karmic/dharmic” religion

– Goal is “nirvana” = release from cycle of rebirth



Origin and Diffusion of Buddhism



Origin and Diffusion of Buddhism• Founder:

– Siddhartha Gautama

– NE India/Nepal

– 500s BCE

– Becomes the Buddha

• The “awakened one”

• Emperor Asoka

– converts to Buddhism

– sends missionaries (mid 200s BCE)

– Traveled along silk road to China• Becomes “Chinese”

• Diffuses further (bodhisattvas)

– Disappears from India

• Absorbed by Hinduism (syncretism)



H l Pl f B ddhi



Holy Places of Buddhism

• Buddha’s life – b. Lumbini

– Bodh Gaya

• reaches perfect wisdom

– “nirvana”

– Deer Park

• 1st sermon

– d. Kusinagara

– 4 other miracle sites

Buddhist Places of Worship



Buddhist Places of Worship

pagodas and stupas

• stupas

– Mark location of relics

collected by Buddha’sfollowers in South Asia

• pagodas

– Evolved from concept of

stupa – Mostly found in China

and Japan

Other Universalizing Religions



Other Universalizing Religions

Sikhism Bahá’í

Adherents 23 million 7 million

Origin Lahore, Pakistan Shiraz, Iran

Distribution

/DiffusionClustered in the Punjab, India Spread to every continent

Calendar Holidays are births and deaths

of the ten gurus (historical)

19 months of 19 days

Holy

Places/

Houses of

Worship

Golden Temple at Amritsar

On all continents to show

universalizing nature. Open

to adherents of all religions

with scriptural recitals from

various faiths

Main idea

(incl.

prophet/fou

nder etc.)

Guru Nanak (ca. 1500 AD)

Monotheistic, mixes Islamic

egalitarianism with Hindu

karmic traditions

The Bab (1844 AD)

Establish a universal faith

Gods of other faiths =

different manifestations of

one true God

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