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Fvt­hb­reRjy­cnb­ne­wèz Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö

Inf­nèd Fvt­hb­rb­ p rjvt­y­nf­hzvb­

P v è c n

È. Dcne­g ............................................................. 3

Yf­q­db­ob­q­ pf­rjy­ rhf­ÿ­y­b­ ............................... 4

Gjnht­åf­ d Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­ .................................. 6

Rjy­cnb­ne­wèq­y­b­q­ Rjy­dt­y­n .............................. 8

Hf­nb­aèrf­wèz Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­ ............................. �3

Åèkkm ghj ghf­df­ ........................................... �4

Hjpdb­njr Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­ .................................. �5

ÈÈ. Rjy­cnb­ne­wèz Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö

Inf­nèd Fvt­hb­rb­ ...................................... �9

Gjghf­drb­ lj Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö

Inf­nèd Fvt­hb­rb­ ..................................... 33

ÈÈÈ. Rjy­cnb­ne­wèz Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö

Inf­nèd Fvt­hb­rb­ p rjvt­y­nf­hzvb­ ........... 45

Gjghf­drb­ lj Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö

Inf­nèd Fvt­hb­rb­ p rjvt­y­nf­hzvb­ ........... 70

Ghj

≤Jl­yf rhfÿ­yf, jl­yf Rjycnb­ne­ wèz,

jl­yf l­jkz≥.Ct­yf­njh CIF Lt­yè­t­k Dt­å­cnt­h

15 å­t­ht­p­yz 1837 hjre

3

Rjy­cnb­ne­wèz Cgjke­xt­­y­b­ö Inf­nèd Fvt­hb­rb­ dcnf­y­jdkñæ ujkjdy­è pf­rjy­b­ rhf­ÿ­y­b­. Djy­f­ pf­cy­jde­æ ajhve­ y­f­wèjy­f­kmy­juj e­hzle­, db­py­f­xf­æ ghf­df­ è cdjåjlb­ f­vt­hb­rf­y­cmrjuj y­f­hjle­. Rjy­cnb­ne­wèz nf­rjé db­py­f­xf­æ wèkè y­f­wèjy­f­kmy­juj e­hzle­ nf­ cgjcj­åb­ ljczuy­t­y­y­z ÿ­ö. Cgjxf­nre­ rt­hèdy­b­rb­ lt­héf­db­ cndjhb­kb­ Cjñp Inf­nèd dèlgjdèly­j lj Cnf­nt­q­ Rjy­at­lt­hf­wèÿ­. Ghjnt­ Rjy­uht­c, cndjht­y­b­q­ dèlgjdèly­j lj wb­ö Cnf­nt­q­, y­t­ vf­d ljcnf­ny­èö gjdy­jdf­ét­y­m lkz njuj, ojå cgjy­e­rf­nb­ inf­nb­ lj cgèdhjåèny­b­wndf­ gèl xf­c db­hèie­df­y­y­z pf­uf­kmy­jy­f­wèjy­f­kmy­b­ö

ghjåkt­v.Gèckz njuj, zr inf­nb­ pf­djñdf­kb­ y­t­pf­kt­é­

y­ècnm e­ öjlè Dèq­y­b­ pf­ y­t­pf­kt­éy­ècnm (�775–�783), gjcnf­kb­ ghjåkt­vb­ lt­héf­dy­juj e­ghf­d­kèy­y­z d vb­hy­b­q­ xf­c. Inf­nb­ gjdb­y­y­è åe­kb­ pf­åt­pgt­xb­nb­ pf­rjy­y­ècnm è gjhzljr, påb­hf­nb­ gjlf­nrb­, db­gkf­xe­df­nb­ dt­kb­rb­q­ lt­héf­dy­b­q­ åjhu nf­ dht­ue­kñdf­nb­ ghf­db­kf­ njhuèdkè vèé cjåjñ. Djy­b­ vf­kb­ db­hèie­df­nb­ è ghjåkt­vb­ p èy­lèf­y­cmrb­vb­ gkt­vt­y­f­vb­, dt­cnb­ gt­ht­ujdjhb­ p e­hzlf­vb­ èy­ib­ö rhf­ÿ­y­. Ghjdèly­è lt­héf­dy­è lèzxè, nf­rè zr Léjhlé Df­ib­y­unjy­ nf­ Fkt­r­cf­y­lt­h Uf­vèkmnjy­, gjxf­kb­ y­f­ujkjie­df­nb­ y­f­ y­t­jåöèly­jcnè cndjht­y­y­z cb­kmy­juj pf­uf­kmy­j­y­f­wèjy­f­kmy­juj e­hzle­ dèlgjdèly­j lj y­jdjÿ­ Rjy­­cnb­ne­wèÿ­.

Uf­vèkmnjy­ dcèkzrj cghb­zd crkb­rf­y­y­ñ Rjy­cnb­ne­wèq­y­juj Rjy­dt­y­ne­, zrb­q­ pèåhf­dcz e­ �èkf­lt­kmaèÿ­, Gt­y­cèkmdf­y­èz, e­ �787 hjwè lkz gt­ht­ukzle­ Cnf­nt­q­ Rjy­at­lt­hf­wèÿ­. Ghjnt­ pf­­vècnm wmjuj åèkmiècnm lt­kt­uf­nèd Rjy­dt­y­ne­ db­hèib­kf­ hjphjåb­nb­ y­jdb­q­ gkf­y­ lt­héf­dy­j­uj e­ghf­dkèy­y­z – Rjy­cnb­ne­wèñ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd Fvt­hb­rb­. Rjy­cnb­ne­wèz pf­cy­jde­df­kf­ y­t­ kb­it­ Cjñp inf­nèd, f­ q­ e­hzl, oj vf­d åt­p­gjct­ht­ly­mj plèq­cy­ñdf­nb­ gjdy­jdf­ét­y­y­z cnj­cjdy­j dcèö uhjvf­lzy­. Rjy­cnb­ne­wèz db­py­f­xf­æ gjdy­jdf­ét­y­y­z, oj lt­kt­ue­ñnmcz y­f­wèjy­f­kmy­j­ve­ e­hzljdè. Rhèv njuj, djy­f­ pf­öb­of­æ gjdy­j­df­ét­y­y­z, pf­rhègkt­y­è pf­ inf­nf­vb­, f­ nf­rjé ghf­df­ rjéy­jÿ­ kñlb­y­b­.

Vf­kñ­yjr Åt­yléf­vè­yf­ Ahf­yrkè­yf­ 1754 hjre: hjp­heå­f­yf­ yf­ xf­cnb­yb­ p­vè­z p­f­rkb­rf­æ rjkjyè­ÿ lj ælyjcnè­, ojå­ djyb­ hf­p­jv p­ å­hb­nf­ywzvb­ ghjnb­cnjzkb­ Ahf­ywè­ÿ e Ahf­ywep­m­rè­q nf­ Èylè­f­ycmrè­q dè­qyf­ö.

Gè­p­yè­ib­q p­f­rkb­r lj ælyf­yyz dè­­ljå­hf­ét­yj yf­ wmjve vf­kñ­yre (kb­gt­ym 1776 hjre). Yf­ vf­kñ­yre p­jå­hf­ét­yj nhb­yf­lwznm her, oj cb­vdjkè­p­eñ­nm ghb­qyzne rjkjyè­zvb­ Lt­rkf­hf­wè­ñ­ yt­p­f­kt­éyjcnè­ dè­l Dt­­kb­rjå­hb­nf­yè­ÿ.

4

Yf­q­db­ob­q­ pf­rjy­ rhf­ÿ­y­b­

Rjy­cnb­ne­wèz crkf­lf­ænmcz p ght­f­v­åe­kb­, ct­vb­ cnf­nt­q­ nf­ ldf­lwznb­ ct­vb­ gjghf­djr. Djy­f­ gt­ht­låf­xf­æ cndjht­y­y­z at­lt­hfkm­yjÿ cbcnt­vb, pf­cy­jdf­y­jÿ­ y­f­ hjpgjlèkè gjdy­jdf­ét­y­m vèé y­f­wèjy­f­km­y­b­v e­hzljv nf­ e­hzlf­vb­ inf­nèd. Dj­y­f­ nf­rjé dcnf­y­jdkñæ påf­kf­y­cjdf­y­b­q­ y­f­wèjy­f­kmy­b­q­ e­hzl, oj cgb­hf­ænmcz y­f­ hjpgjlèk gjdy­jdf­ét­y­m vèé nhmjvf­ y­t­pf­kt­éy­b­vb­ uèkrf­vb­ dkf­lb­ – db­rj­y­f­dxjÿ­, pf­rjy­jlf­dxjÿ­ nf­ ce­ljdjÿ­. Db­rj­y­f­dxf­ dkf­lf­, Ght­pb­lt­y­n, pf­åt­pgt­xe­æ db­rjy­f­y­y­z pf­uf­kmy­jy­f­wèjy­f­kmy­b­ö pf­­rjy­èd; pf­rjy­jlf­dxf­ dkf­lf­, Rjy­uht­c, ghb­q­vf­æ y­f­wèjy­f­kmy­è pf­rjy­b­; f­ ce­ljdf­ dkf­lf­ – Dt­höjdy­b­q­ Ce­l nf­ èy­iè at­lt­­hf­kmy­è ce­lb­ – pf­cnjcjde­æ è nke­vf­xb­nm pf­rjy­b­ ghb­ db­hèit­y­y­è pf­rjy­jlf­dxb­ö cgjhèd e­ at­lt­hf­kmy­b­ö ce­lf­ö.

�t­lt­hf­kmy­è gjdy­jdf­ét­y­y­z, gt­ht­­kèxt­y­è e­ Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­, vècnznm e­ cjåè ghf­dj påb­hf­nb­ gjlf­nrb­, jujkjie­df­nb­ dèq­y­e­ è ht­ue­kñdf­nb­ njhuèdkñ vèé inf­­nf­vb­ q­ pjdy­èiy­ñ njhuèdkñ. Jrhèv drf­pf­y­b­ö lt­kt­ujdfybö xb­ pe­vjdkt­ybö gjdyjdfét­ym­ (nb­ö, oj vècnznmcz e­ Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­), y­f­wèjy­f­kmy­b­q­ e­hzl vf­æ yt­ pe­vjdkt­yè gjdyjdfét­yyz (nf­rè, oj jåuhe­y­njdf­y­j db­gkb­df­ñnm p lt­kt­ujdf­­y­b­ö gjdy­jdf­ét­y­m). Yt­ pe­vjdkt­y­è gjdy­j­df­ét­y­y­z lf­ñnm e­hzle­ pvjue­ dxf­cy­j ht­f­ue­df­nb­ y­f­ y­jdè gjnht­åb­ lt­héf­db­. Yf­ghb­rkf­l, Rjy­uht­c y­t­ vf­æ åt­pgjct­­ht­ly­mjÿ­ lt­kt­ujdf­y­jÿ­ dkf­lb­, ojå lhe­re­­df­nb­ gf­gt­hjdè uhjiè. Ghjnt­ wt­ ghf­dj, gj ce­nè, ghb­öjdf­y­t­ e­ lt­kt­ujdf­y­jve­ ghf­­dè hjåb­nb­ gjpb­rb­ è rf­håe­df­nb­ uhjiè.

Æ db­gf­lrb­, rjkb­ y­f­wèjy­f­kmy­b­q­ e­hzl nf­ e­hzlb­ inf­nèd vf­ñnm jlyfrjdè gj­dyjdfét­yyz, njånj djly­jxf­c vjée­nm lèznb­ e­hzlb­ jåjö hèdy­èd. E nf­rb­ö db­­gf­lrf­ö pf­uf­kmy­jy­f­wèjy­f­kmy­è pf­rjy­b­ vf­ñnm gt­ht­df­éy­e­ cb­ke­. Gjdy­jdf­ét­y­­y­z, zrè Rjy­cnb­ne­wèz y­t­ gt­ht­låf­xf­æ zr gjdy­jdf­ét­y­y­z y­f­wèjy­f­kmy­juj e­hzle­ è y­t­ pf­åjhjy­zæ vf­nb­ e­hzlf­v inf­nèd, – påt­ht­ét­yè gjdyjdfét­yyz, djy­b­ y­f­kt­­éf­nm f­åj åt­pgjct­ht­ly­mj y­f­hjljdè, f­åj inf­nf­v. Lj gjdy­jdf­ét­y­m inf­nèd y­f­­kt­éf­nm ghf­df­ ghb­q­vf­nb­ pf­rjy­b­ ojlj ikñåe­, hjpke­xt­y­y­z nf­ ve­y­èwb­gf­kmy­j­uj irèkmy­b­wndf­. Lj gjdy­jdf­ét­y­m, oj påt­hèuf­ñnmcz pf­ y­f­hjljv, y­f­kt­éf­nm ghf­dj y­f­ djkjlèy­y­z dkf­cy­ècnñ è y­f­ ce­­ljxb­y­cndj d ce­lè ghb­czéy­b­ö.

Dt­höjdy­b­q­ Ce­l vf­æ jcnf­njxy­è gjdy­j­df­ét­y­y­z p nke­vf­xt­y­y­z Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­. Dèy­ vjét­ dèlvèy­b­nb­ lèñ åe­lm­zrjuj pf­rjy­e­ – at­lt­hf­kmy­juj, inf­ne­ xb­ vèc­wt­djuj, zroj wt­q­ pf­rjy­, y­f­ le­vre­ åèkm­ijcnè xkt­y­èd Dt­höjdy­juj Ce­le­, ce­gt­ht­­xb­nm zrèq­­y­t­åe­lm cnf­nnè Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­.

Léjy Vf­hif­kk ghjnzujv yt­nhb­df­kjuj xf­ce å­ed Lt­héf­dyb­v ct­rht­nf­ht­v CIF, gjnè­v å­ed ghb­­p­yf­xt­yb­q xt­ndt­hnb­v Ujkjdjñ­ Dt­höjdyjuj Cele. Vf­hif­kk, zrb­q gt­ht­å­edf­d yf­ gjcf­lè­ ujkjdb­ Dt­h­öjdyjuj Cele ghjnzujv 34 hjrè­d, p­f­cyedf­d ghb­­ywb­g celjdjuj yf­ukzle.

5

Yf­ uhf­dñ­hè­ p­jå­hf­ét­yj At­lt­hf­k­öjk e Ymñ­­Qjhre, e zrjve Léjhlé Df­ib­yunjy, gt­hib­q Ght­p­b­lt­yn rhf­ÿyb­, p­f­qyzd gjcf­le gè­l xf­c wt­ht­vjyè­ÿ yf­ å­f­krjyè­ e rdè­nyè­ 1789 hjre. Yjdb­q Rjyuht­c ghjdjlb­d cdjÿ p­f­cè­­lf­yyz e At­lt­hf­k­öjkè­ lj njuj, zr nb­vxf­cj­dj gt­ht­ÿöf­d e Aè­kf­lt­kmaè­ñ­, inf­n Gt­ycè­km­df­yè­z, f­ p­ujljv, e 1800 hjwè­, – e cnjkb­wñ­, Df­ib­yunjy, jrheu Rjkevå­è­z, zrb­q yf­ njq xf­c eét­ å­ekj p­å­eljdf­yj.

Gt­hiè­ yf­wè­jyf­kmyè­ vjyt­nb­ db­rf­hå­jdf­yj yt­p­f­kt­éyb­vb­

Cgjkext­yb­vb­ Inf­nf­vb­ e 1787 hjwè­. Yf­ vjyt­nè­ p­jå­hf­­ét­yj 13 p­’ælyf­yb­ö rè­kt­wm è­ d wt­ynhè­ yf­gb­cf­yj ckjdf­: ≤Vb­ – jlyt­ wè­kt­≥. P lheujuj å­jre vjyt­nb­ p­jå­hf­ét­yj cjyzxyb­q

ujlb­yyb­r è­ ckjdj kf­nb­yjñ­ “Fugio”, oj p­yf­xb­nm ≤xf­c

cgkb­df­æ≥.

6

Ehzl, cndjht­y­b­q­ dèlgjdèly­j lj Cnf­­nt­q­ Rjy­at­lt­hf­wèÿ­, db­zdb­dcz y­t­ljcnf­n­y­mj cb­kmy­b­v lkz njuj, ojå rt­he­df­nb­ y­jdjñ lt­héf­djñ. Yf­ghb­rkf­l, e­ y­mjuj y­t­ åe­kj db­rjy­f­dxjÿ­ uèkrb­ dkf­lb­ è cb­c­nt­vb­ pf­uf­kmy­jy­f­wèjy­f­kmy­b­ö ce­lèd. Dèy­ y­t­ vèu dht­ue­kñdf­nb­ njhuèdkñ vèé inf­nf­vb­, f­ nf­rjé påb­hf­nb­ gjlf­nrb­ pè inf­nèd nf­ ÿ­öy­èö uhjvf­lzy­. Dèy­ db­zdb­d­cz ghf­rnb­xy­j ghjcnj pèåhf­y­y­zv ght­l­cnf­dy­b­rèd dèl �3 y­t­pf­kt­éy­b­ö inf­nèd.

E �783 hjwè, gèckz pf­dt­hit­y­y­z dèq­­y­b­ pf­ y­t­pf­kt­éy­ècnm, rhf­ÿ­y­f­ jgb­y­b­kf­­cz e­ ljcb­nm y­t­cnf­åèkmy­èq­ njhujdt­kmy­èq­ è gjkènb­xy­èq­ cb­ne­f­wèÿ­. È Fkt­rcf­y­lt­h Uf­­vèkmnjy­ nf­ q­juj ghb­åèxy­b­rb­, vf­åe­nm, y­t­ vf­kb­ å dt­kb­rjuj e­cgèöe­, ghjdf­lzxb­ rf­vgf­y­èñ pf­ y­jde­ Rjy­cnb­ne­wèñ, zråb­ pf­uf­kmy­f­ cb­ne­f­wèz d rhf­ÿ­y­è y­t­ åe­kf­ nf­rf­ crkf­ly­f­. Lt­zrè ècnjhb­rb­ pvf­kmj­de­df­kb­ crkf­ly­joè ècy­e­df­y­y­z y­jdjÿ­ ht­c­ge­åkèrb­, vjékb­dj, y­f­lnj dét­ gjy­e­hj. Ghjnt­ y­èönj y­t­ pf­gt­ht­xe­æ njuj, oj gèc­kz �783 hjre­ cb­ne­f­wèz gjcnèq­y­j gjuèh­ie­df­kf­cz. Rjét­y­ inf­n åe­d, gj ce­nè, zr y­t­pf­kt­éy­f­ lt­héf­df­. Rjét­y­ èp y­b­ö dèd cdjÿ­ cghf­db­ y­f­ dkf­cy­b­q­ hjpce­l è y­t­ le­ét­ gt­ht­q­vf­dcz pf­uf­kmy­jht­cge­åkè­rf­y­cmrb­vb­ ghjåkt­vf­vb­. Ghf­rnb­xy­j

rjét­y­ inf­n vf­d d jåèue­ cdjñ df­kñ­ne­, ÿ­ö åe­kf­ wèkf­ lñéb­y­f­, è åèkmiècnm èp y­b­ö y­f­ njq­ xf­c e­ét­ ghf­rnb­xy­j py­t­­wèy­b­kf­cz. Ce­cèly­è inf­nb­ jårkf­lf­kb­ vb­njv èvgjhn dèl jly­juj lj lhe­ujuj. Dt­kb­rjåhb­nf­y­èz dèlvjdkzkf­cz py­jde­ dèly­jdb­nb­ njhujdt­kmy­è pd’zprb­, y­f­ zrè rjkjy­èÿ­ cgb­hf­kb­cz e­ cndjht­y­y­è dkf­cy­j­uj ljåhjåe­ne­. Pf­rjy­jlf­dxè påjhb­ inf­­nèd dèlvjdkzkb­cz db­gkf­xe­df­nb­ åjhub­, oj p’zdb­kb­cz e­ y­b­ö gèl xf­c Dèq­y­b­ pf­ y­t­pf­kt­éy­ècnm. Lt­zrè inf­nb­ ghb­q­y­zkb­ pf­rjy­b­, zrè lf­df­kb­ pvjue­ åjhéy­b­rf­v e­y­b­rf­nb­ db­rjy­f­y­y­z cdjÿ­ö aèy­f­y­cjdb­ö pjåjd’zpf­y­m.

Yf­q­uèhit­ åe­kj nt­, oj lt­önj py­jde­ gjxf­d kf­ine­df­nb­ påhjñ, ojå cghjåe­­df­nb­ db­hèib­nb­ dkf­cy­è ghjåkt­vb­. Nf­r, e­ �786 hjwè d pf­öèly­jve­ Vf­ccf­xe­ct­ncè rèkmrf­ cjnt­y­m at­hvt­hèd gèl rt­hèdy­b­wn­djv rf­gènf­y­f­ Lt­y­èt­kf­ It­q­cf­ gjdcnf­­kb­ ghjnb­ e­hzle­ inf­ne­. Pht­injñ, gj­dcnf­y­y­z ghb­le­ib­kb­ dèq­cmrf­. Yf­dènm e­ Léjhléf­ Df­ib­y­unjy­f­ nf­ èy­ib­ö rt­hèdy­b­rèd lt­héf­db­ p’zdb­dcz ce­vy­èd, xb­ ljåht­ wt­, oj rjkjy­èÿ­ gjdcnf­kb­ ghj­nb­ Dt­kb­rjåhb­nf­y­èÿ­. Djy­b­ hjpe­vèkb­, oj y­f­cnf­d xf­c ghb­gb­y­b­nb­ åt­pkf­l è ce­gt­ht­xrb­, dcnf­y­jdb­nb­ vb­h è gjhzljr pf­ ljgjvjujñ cndjht­y­y­z y­jdjuj y­f­wèj­y­f­kmy­juj e­hzle­. Wt­q­ y­jdb­q­ e­hzl vf­d djkjlènb­ ljcnf­ny­èvb­ gjdy­jdf­ét­y­y­z­vb­, ojå ljczunb­ gjrjhb­ dct­ht­lb­y­è rhf­ÿ­y­b­ è gjdf­ub­ pf­ ÿ­ÿ­ vt­éf­vb­.

E �786 hjwè ght­lcnf­dy­b­rb­ g’znb­ inf­nèd pèåhf­kb­cz d Fy­y­f­gjkècè, inf­n Vt­hèkt­y­l. Djy­b­ pf­ghjgjy­e­df­kb­ inf­­nf­v ghb­py­f­xb­nb­ rjvècf­hèd, zrè vf­kb­ å pèåhf­nb­cz e­ �èkf­lt­kmaèÿ­ nf­ jåujdjhb­nb­ vjékb­dècnm gt­ht­ukzle­ Cnf­nt­q­ Rjy­at­­lt­hf­wèÿ­. Rjy­uht­c gjujlb­dcz p wèæñ ghj­gjpb­wèæñ è pf­ghjgjy­e­df­d, ojå rjét­y­ inf­n jåhf­d cdjÿ­ö ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd y­f­ Rjy­cnb­ne­wèq­y­b­q­ Rjy­dt­y­n.

Gjnht­åf­ e­ Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­

Yf­ wè­q uhf­dñ­hè­ p­ Åjcnjycmrjuj f­kmvf­yf­öe Åè­­rt­hcnf­aaf­ p­f­ 1787 hè­r p­jå­hf­ét­yè­ Lt­yè­t­k It­qc (p­kè­df­) nf­ Léjå­ It­nnf­r. Djyb­ jxjkb­kb­ gjdcnf­yyz at­hvt­hè­d­å­jhéyb­rè­d ghjnb­ ehzle inf­ne Vf­ccf­­xect­nc. Wt­ gjdcnf­yyz gè­lndt­hlb­kj yt­jå­öè­lyè­cnm cndjht­yyz cb­kmyjuj wt­ynhf­kmyjuj ehzle.

7

Cghf­df­ – p­jå­hf­ét­yyz Léjhléf­ Df­ib­yunjyf­, Ujkjdyjrjvf­yledf­xf­ Rjy­nb­yt­ynf­kmyjñ­ f­hvè­æñ­ gè­l xf­c Dè­qyb­ p­f­ yt­p­f­kt­éyè­cnm. Qjuj å­ekj jå­hf­yj gt­hib­v Ght­p­b­lt­ynjv Cgjkext­yb­ö Inf­nè­d.

Db­ot­ hjp­vè­ot­yj p­hf­p­rb­ uhjit­q xf­cè­d dè­qyb­ p­f­ yt­p­f­­kt­éyè­cnm, zrè­ xf­cnj p­yt­wè­yñ­­df­kb­cz. Yjdf­ Rjycnb­newè­z yf­lf­kf­ at­lt­hf­kmyjve ehzljdè­ gjdyjdf­ét­yyz rf­h­å­edf­nb­ uhjiè­ è­ ht­uekñ­df­nb­ uhjijdb­q jå­è­u.

8

Rjy­dt­y­n vf­d gjxf­nb­ cdjñ hjåjne­ �4 nhf­dy­z �787 hjre­. Ghjnt­ y­f­ wt­q­ lt­y­m e­ �èkf­lt­kmaèñ ghb­ÿ­öf­kj y­t­åf­uf­nj p 55 lt­kt­uf­nèd. Yf­ht­inè, 25 nhf­dy­z dèlåe­­kjcz jaèwèq­y­t­ dèlrhb­nnz Rjy­dt­y­ne­ d Èy­lt­gt­y­lt­y­n­öjkè. Yf­ pf­rkb­r Rjy­dt­y­­ne­ dèlue­ry­e­kjcz �2 inf­nèd. Hjl­Fq­­kt­y­l dèlvjdb­dcz y­f­lèckf­nb­ lt­kt­uf­nèd, åj y­t­ öjnèd, ojå y­f­wèjy­f­kmy­b­q­ e­hzl dnhe­xf­dcz e­ cghf­db­ inf­ne­.

�7 dt­ht­cy­z �787 hjre­ Rjy­cnb­ne­wèñ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd gèlgb­cf­kb­ 39 p 55 lt­kt­uf­nèd. Jly­b­v èp lt­kt­uf­nèd, oj ÿ­ÿ­ gèlgb­cf­d, åe­d Léjy­ Lèrèy­cjy­ p Lt­kf­df­­hf­, dèy­ hf­y­èit­ gjÿ­öf­d p Rjy­dt­y­ne­, f­kt­ gjghjcb­d èy­ijuj lt­kt­uf­nf­ – Léjy­f­ Hè­lf­ – gjcnf­db­nb­ pf­ y­mjuj gèlgb­c. Gèlgb­­cb­ åe­kj pf­dèht­y­j Dèkmzvjv Lét­rcjy­jv, ct­rht­nf­ht­v Rjy­dt­y­ne­. Ct­ht­l ghb­ce­ny­èö

lt­kt­uf­nèd åe­kb­ y­f­q­ljcdèlxt­y­èiè è y­f­q­­gf­nhèjnb­xy­èiè uhjvf­lzy­b­ y­jdjÿ­ ht­cge­å­kèrb­. Léjhlé Df­ib­y­unjy­ db­rjy­e­df­d jåjd’zprb­ ujkjdb­ Rjy­dt­y­ne­. Åt­y­léf­­vèy­ �hf­y­rkèy­, zrjve­ y­f­ njq­ xf­c åe­d 8� hèr, åhf­d e­xf­cnm zr ght­lcnf­dy­b­r dèl Gt­y­cèkmdf­y­èÿ­. Åkb­cre­xb­q­ Fkt­rcf­y­lt­h Uf­vèkmnjy­ ht­ght­pt­y­ne­df­d Ymñ­Qjhr. Lét­q­vc Vt­lècjy­ jlt­héf­d nb­ne­k ≤åf­nm­rf­ Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­≥ pf­ nt­, oj nf­r gf­krj db­cne­gf­d, dèd gt­ht­ujdjhb­ è y­f­vf­uf­dcz ljczunb­ rjvghjvèce­. Vt­lècjy­ rf­pf­d lt­­ge­nf­nf­v, oj djy­b­ hjpukzlf­ñnm gkf­y­, zrb­q­ lf­cnm pvjue­ ≤y­f­pf­délb­ db­hèib­­nb­ ljkñ ht­cge­åkèrf­y­cmrjuj e­hzle­≥. Dèy­ dèd ghjnjrjkb­ jåujdjht­y­m, aèrce­­df­d hèit­y­y­z, ghb­q­y­znè lt­ge­nf­nf­vb­.

Ct­ht­l èy­ib­ö e­xf­cy­b­rèd, zrè åhf­kb­ f­rnb­dy­e­ e­xf­cnm e­ y­f­gb­cf­y­y­è Rjy­cnb­­ne­wèÿ­, ckèl puf­lf­nb­ Léjy­f­ Lèrèy­cjy­f­, Ujdt­hy­t­hf­ Vjhhècf­, Tve­y­lf­ Ht­y­ljkaf­, Hjlét­y­f­ It­hvf­y­f­, Lét­q­vcf­ Dèkcjy­f­ nf­ Léjhléf­ Dènf­. Ddf­éf­ænmcz, oj y­f­q­dgkb­djdèib­q­ lt­kt­uf­n gèckz Tlè­cjy­f­ nf­ Df­ib­y­unjy­f­ – Vjhhèc. Qjve­ åe­kj ljhe­xt­y­j cnb­kècnb­xy­j jajhvb­nb­ dcè hèit­y­y­z è gjcnf­y­jdb­ Rjy­dt­y­ne­. Vjhhèc af­rnb­xy­j ≤y­f­gb­cf­d≥ Rjy­cnb­ne­­wèñ. Jly­f­ p gt­hib­ö rjgèq­ ljre­vt­y­nf­ påt­hèuf­ænmcz e­ Yf­wèjy­f­kmy­jve­ e­ghf­d­kèy­y­è f­höèdf­vb­ e­ Df­ib­y­unjy­è, jrhe­u Rjke­våèz.

Rèkmrf­ dèljvb­ö lèzxèd y­t­ åhf­kb­ e­xf­cnè d Rjy­dt­y­nè. Léjy­ Flf­vc è Njvf­c Lét­aat­hcjy­ gt­ht­åe­df­kb­ pf­ rjhljy­jv pf­ ljhe­xt­y­y­zv e­hzle­. Ct­vñt­k Flf­vc è Léjy­ Lét­q­ y­t­ åe­kb­ dgjdy­jdf­ét­y­è cdjÿ­­vb­ inf­nf­vb­. Gf­nhèr Ut­y­hè dèlvjdb­dcz db­rjy­e­df­nb­ cdjÿ­ jåjd’zprb­ gèckz ghb­­py­f­xt­y­y­z, åj åe­d ghjnb­ y­f­lf­y­y­z y­f­wèj­y­f­kmy­jve­ e­hzljdè zrb­öjcm ljlf­nrjdb­ö gjdy­jdf­ét­y­m. Nhb­ ghjdèly­è e­xf­cy­b­rb­ Rjy­dt­y­ne­ – Tkåhèlé Lét­hhè, Léjhlé Vt­q­cjy­ è Tlve­y­l Ht­y­ljka – dèlvjdb­kb­­cz gèlgb­ce­df­nb­ Rjy­cnb­ne­wèñ xt­ht­p y­t­­pujle­ p lt­zrb­vb­ ÿ­ÿ­ xf­cnb­y­f­vb­.

Rjy­cnb­ne­wèq­y­b­q­ Rjy­dt­y­n

Lét­qvc Vt­lè­cjy. Pujljv dè­y cnf­d xt­ndt­hnb­v Ght­p­b­lt­ynjv CIF. Dè­y dè­lè­uhf­d jcjå­kb­de hjkm e Rjycnb­newè­qyjve Rjydt­ynè­, lt­ qjuj yf­p­df­kb­ ≤å­f­nmrjv Rjycnb­newè­ÿ≥.

9

OJ GTHTLEDFKJ CNDJHTYYÑ RJYCN�NEWÈŸ. Ghf­wññxb­ y­f­l cndjht­y­­y­zv y­jdjuj e­hzle­, lt­kt­uf­nb­ Rjy­cnb­­ne­wèq­y­juj Rjy­dt­y­ne­ py­f­xy­jñ vèhjñ cgb­hf­kb­cz y­f­ cdèq­ gjgt­ht­ly­èq­ ljcdèl. Djy­b­ åhf­kb­ lj e­df­ub­ df­ékb­dè gjlèÿ­ e­ hjpdb­nre­ rjy­cnb­ne­wèq­y­juj ghf­dkèy­­y­z. Pjrht­vf­, y­f­lf­y­y­z Dt­kb­rjÿ­ öf­hnèÿ­

dèkmy­jcnt­q­, f­y­ukèq­cmrjuj rjy­cnb­ne­wèq­­y­juj ljre­vt­y­nf­ �2�5 hjre­, f­ nf­rjé Påj­hb­ Lét­q­vcnf­e­y­cmrjÿ­ e­hzljdjÿ­ f­cf­våkt­ÿ­ �6�9 hjre­. Lt­zrè rjkjy­èÿ­ nf­rjé vf­kb­, gj ce­nè, rjy­cnb­ne­wèq­y­e­ ajhve­ dhzle­­df­y­y­z. E rjkjy­èf­kmy­b­ö e­hzlèd åe­kb­ cdjÿ­ df­lb­, ghjnt­ djy­b­ phjåb­kb­ py­f­x­y­b­q­ gjcne­g gjhèdy­zy­j p èy­ib­vb­ e­hzlf­­vb­ njuj xf­ce­ d uf­hf­y­ne­df­y­y­è cdjåjlb­ e­ vt­éf­ö pf­rjy­e­.

Cf­vt­ gèl xf­c Dèq­y­b­ pf­ y­t­pf­kt­éy­ècnm rèkmrf­ f­vt­hb­rf­y­cmrb­ö inf­nèd cndjhb­­kb­ rjy­cnb­ne­wèq­y­è e­hzlb­. E �777 hjwè

Ghf­gjh ≤Uhf­yl ñ­yè­jy≥ egt­hit­ p­’zdb­dcz 2 cè­xyz 1776 hjre e Rt­vå­hè­léè­, inf­n Vf­ccf­­xect­nc. Nf­v è­p­ jp­å­hjæyjÿ vè­kè­wè­ÿ, oj p­è­å­hf­kf­­cz gè­l rjvf­yledf­yyzv Léjhléf­ Df­ib­yunj­yf­, å­ekj cndjht­yj Rjynb­yt­ynf­kmye f­hvè­ñ­.

Db­ot­ – uhf­dñ­hf­ yf­ lt­ht­dè­ è­p­ p­jå­hf­ét­yyzv Ut­yt­hf­kmyjÿ f­cf­vå­kt­ÿ, oj dè­lå­ekf­cz 1619 hj­re e Lét­qvcnf­eyè­, Dè­huè­yè­z. Yf­ yè­q p­jå­hf­ét­yj p­ecnhè­x ght­lcnf­dyb­rè­d xb­ ujkjdyb­ö xb­yjdyb­rè­d è­p­ ueå­t­hyf­njhjv nf­ qjuj hf­ljñ­. Fcf­vå­kt­z cajh­vedf­kf­ gt­hiè­ rjkjyè­f­kmyè­ p­f­rjyjlf­dxè­ p­å­jhb­ e Yjdjve Cdè­nè­.

Pkè­df­ – p­jå­hf­ét­yyz yf­ å­f­yryjnè­ crf­hå­yb­wè­ Vf­c­cf­xect­ncf­ 1775 hjre, zrt­ lt­vjycnheæ p­d’zp­jr vè­é f­vt­hb­rf­ycmrjñ­ å­jhjnmå­jñ­ p­f­ yt­p­f­kt­é­yè­cnm nf­ f­yukè­qcmrjñ­ Dt­kb­rjñ­ öf­hnè­æñ­ 1215 hjre.

�0

Léjy­ Lét­q­ p Ymñ­Qjhrf­, gj ce­nè, cndj­hb­d rjy­cnb­ne­wèñ lkz cdjuj inf­ne­. Léjy­ Flf­vc p Vf­ccf­xe­ct­ncf­ ljgjvèu crkf­cnb­ rjy­cnb­ne­wèñ cdjuj inf­ne­ d �780 hjwè. Lt­kt­uf­nb­ Rjy­cnb­ne­wèq­y­juj Rjy­dt­y­ne­ e­ �èkf­lt­kmaèÿ­ db­rjhb­cnf­kb­ èlt­ÿ­ nf­ ajhve­kñdf­y­y­z p wb­ö rjy­cnb­ne­­wèq­ è p rjy­cnb­ne­wèq­ èy­ib­ö inf­nèd.

Rhèv njuj, lt­kt­uf­nb­ cgb­hf­kb­cz y­f­ dkf­cy­b­q­ ljcdèl. Yf­ghb­rkf­l, Åt­y­léf­­vèy­ �hf­y­rkèy­ y­f­ rjy­uht­cè d Jkåf­y­è e­ �754 hjwè pf­ghjgjy­e­df­d gkf­y­ jå’æl­y­f­y­y­z rjkjy­èq­ gèl rt­hèdy­b­wndjv wt­y­­

nhf­kmy­juj e­hzle­. Df­ib­y­unjy­ nf­rjé cgb­hf­dcz y­f­ cdèq­ ljcdèl xf­cèd dèq­y­b­, rjkb­ q­jve­ zr Ujkjdy­jrjvf­y­le­df­xt­dè ljdjlb­kjcz cgèdghf­wñdf­nb­ pè ckf­årb­v e­hzljv Rjy­at­lt­hf­wèÿ­. Vf­q­ét­ dcè lt­kt­­uf­nb­ Rjy­dt­y­ne­ åe­kb­ xb­ dèq­cmrjdb­vb­ xb­ e­hzljdwzvb­. Lt­kt­uf­nb­ xf­cnj vf­kb­ hèpy­è le­vrb­ ojlj lt­nf­kt­q­, f­kt­ djy­b­ åe­kb­ cjkèlf­hy­è d åf­éf­y­y­è vf­nb­ y­jdb­q­ e­hzl, ljcnf­ny­mj cb­kmy­b­q­, ojå rt­he­df­­nb­ lt­héf­djñ, f­kt­ y­t­ y­f­cnèkmrb­ cb­km­y­b­q­, ojå pf­uhjée­df­nb­ cdjåjlè inf­nèd è y­f­hjle­.

RJVGHJVÈC�. Cndjhb­nb­ y­jdb­q­ e­hzl åe­kj y­t­kt­urj. Ce­gt­ht­xrb­ lt­kt­uf­­nèd p lt­zrb­ö ge­y­rnèd vf­kj y­t­ cghb­xb­­y­b­kb­ hjpdf­k Rjy­dt­y­ne­. Yf­ghb­rkf­l, lt­ge­nf­nb­ p dt­kb­rb­ö è ue­cnjy­f­ct­kt­y­b­ö inf­nèd nf­ ght­lcnf­dy­b­rb­ y­t­dt­kb­rb­ö vf­kjy­f­ct­kt­y­b­ö inf­nèd vf­kb­ hèpy­è gj­ukzlb­ y­f­ ght­lcnf­dy­b­wndj e­ pf­uf­kmy­j­y­f­wèjy­f­kmy­b­ö pf­rjy­jlf­dxb­ö påjhf­ö. Åèkmiè inf­nb­ åe­kb­ ghb­åèxy­b­rf­vb­ ≤Dèhuèycm­rjuj gkfye­≥, puèly­j p zrb­v rèkmrècnm ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd, oj ÿ­ö inf­n lt­kt­ue­df­d e­ pf­rjy­jlf­dxè påjhb­, cgèd­dèly­jcb­kf­cz p rèkmrècnñ y­f­ct­kt­y­y­z inf­ne­. Vt­y­iè inf­nb­ åe­kb­ ghb­åèxy­b­­rf­vb­ ≤Gkfye­ Ym­ñ­Lét­hcè≥, dèlgjdèl­y­j lj zrjuj dcè inf­nb­ gjdb­y­y­è vf­nb­ hèdy­t­ ght­lcnf­dy­b­wndj. Lt­kt­uf­nb­ dèl Rjy­y­t­rnb­re­ne­ pf­ghjgjy­e­df­kb­ rjvghj­vèc, zrb­q­ è db­hèib­d ghjåkt­ve­. Puèly­j p ÿ­öy­èv gkf­y­jv, gt­ht­låf­xf­kjcz hèdy­t­ ght­lcnf­dy­b­wndj e­ Ct­y­f­nè q­ ghjgjhwèq­­y­t­ ght­lcnf­dy­b­wndj e­ Gf­kf­nè ght­lcnf­d­y­b­rèd. Wz ghjgjpb­wèz cnf­kf­ pujljv dèljvf­ zr ≤Rjyyt­rnbre­ncm­rbq rjv­ghjvèc≥, xb­ ≤Dt­kbrbq rjvghjvèc≥. Rjy­­akèrn p ghb­djle­ ghjåkt­vb­ hf­åcndf­ åe­­kj dht­ue­kmjdf­y­j pf­dlzrb­ rjvghjvèce­. Lt­kt­uf­nb­ p gèdy­èxy­b­ö inf­nèd öjnèkb­ y­f­lèkb­nb­ Rjy­uht­c dkf­ljñ ojlj pf­åj­hjy­b­ pf­rjhljy­y­jÿ­ hf­åjnjhuèdkè è, pht­i­njñ, crf­ce­df­nb­ hf­åcndj. Åèkmiècnm lt­­kt­uf­nèd p Gèdly­z y­t­ öjnèkb­ y­f­lf­df­nb­ Rjy­uht­cjdè nf­rb­ö gjdy­jdf­ét­y­m. Åe­kj py­f­q­lt­y­j rjvghjvèc: Rjy­uht­c y­t­ vf­nb­­

Åt­yléf­vè­y Ahf­yrkè­y, zrb­q ght­lcnf­dkzd inf­n Gt­ycè­kmdf­yè­z e Rjycnb­newè­qyjve Rjydt­ynè­, cghb­­zd hjp­hjå­wè­ nf­r p­df­yjuj Dt­kb­rjuj rjvghjvè­ce, dè­lgjdè­lyj lj zrjuj å­ekj cndjht­yj Rjyuht­c, oj crkf­lf­dcz p­ ldjö gf­kf­n.

��

vt­ gjdy­jdf­ét­y­m e­ dht­ue­kñdf­y­y­è pf­­rjhljy­y­jÿ­ hf­åjnjhuèdkè lj �808 hjre­. Èy­ib­q­ rjvghjvèc cnjce­df­dcz njuj, zr hf­öe­df­nb­ hf­åèd ghb­ db­py­f­xt­y­y­è ght­l­cnf­dy­b­wndf­ rèkmrjcnè rjy­uht­cvt­y­èd dèl gt­dy­juj inf­ne­. Hf­åb­ y­t­ åe­kb­ uhj­vf­lzy­f­vb­, è njve­ Rjy­dt­y­n gjujlb­dcz, oj vjéy­f­ åhf­nb­ lj e­df­ub­ ghb­ gèlhf­­öe­y­rf­ö kb­it­ nhb­ g’znb­ö dèl pf­uf­km­y­jÿ­ ÿ­ö rèkmrjcnè.

Lt­kt­uf­nb­ ljvjdb­kb­cz ghj nt­, oj rjét­y­ inf­n ghjdt­lt­ cgt­wèf­kmy­b­q­ rjy­­dt­y­n lkz jåujdjht­y­y­z q­ ujkjce­df­y­y­z Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­. Djy­b­ e­ödf­kb­kb­ è hèit­y­­y­z ghj nt­, oj, zr nèkmrb­ Rjy­cnb­ne­wèz åe­lt­ hfnbaèrjdfyf (pf­ndt­hlét­y­f­) lt­­d’znmvf­ inf­nf­vb­, djy­f­ cnf­æ xb­y­y­jñ, è njlè djy­b­ pvjée­nm gjxf­nb­ hjåjne­ p jhuf­y­èpf­wèÿ­ y­jdjuj e­hzle­.

Dujhè­ – ghjdt­lt­yyz rf­vgf­yè­ÿ yf­ rjhb­cnm Rjycnb­newè­ÿ: e 1788 hjwè­ ≤Vf­ccf­xect­nc Ct­ynè­yt­k≥ yf­lhere­df­d vf­kñ­yjr, yf­ zrjve p­jå­hf­ét­yj ghjwt­c hf­nb­aè­rf­wè­ÿ Rjycnb­newè­ÿ inf­nf­vb­. Yf­ vf­kñ­yre – ldè­ gjöb­kt­­yè­ rjkjyb­, wt­ Gè­dyè­xyf­ Rf­hjkè­yf­ nf­ Hjl­Fqkt­yl, zrè­ yf­ njq xf­c è­ot­ yt­ hf­nb­aè­redf­kb­ ljrevt­yn. Nhjöb­ yb­éxt­ – cdznredf­yyz e Gf­dè­kmqjyè­ at­lt­hf­kmyb­ö å­f­yrt­nè­d e Ymñ­­Qjhre yf­ xt­cnm nb­ö, önj gè­lnhb­vedf­d yjde Rjycnb­newè­ñ­.

�2

≤T­ct­ at­lt­hf­kè­cnf­≥ db­qikb­ lherjv 1788 hjre è­ cnf­kb­ jlyb­v è­p­ yf­qdf­ujvè­ib­ö dyt­crè­d Fvt­hb­rb­ e rjycnb­newè­qye nt­jhè­ñ­.

Wt­q vf­kñ­yjr dvè­ot­yj e db­lf­yyè­ Åjcnjycmrjuj f­kmvf­yf­öe Åt­rt­hcnf­a­af­ p­f­ 1788 hè­r. Yf­ ymj­ve p­jå­hf­ét­yj lt­héf­d­yb­ö lè­zxè­d cnf­hijuj dè­re – Léjhléf­ Df­ib­yunjyf­ è­ Åt­yléf­vè­yf­ Ahf­yrkè­­yf­, oj cb­lznm yf­ ≤At­lt­­hf­kmyè­q rjkè­cyb­wè­≥ zre nzuyenm 13 inf­nè­d, ghz­veñ­xb­ lj hf­nb­aè­rf­wè­ÿ Rjycnb­newè­ÿ.

�3

Vb­y­e­kj åkb­pmrj nhmjö vèczwèd gèckz gèlgb­cf­y­y­z Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­, rjkb­ inf­n Lt­kf­dt­h gt­hib­v ÿ­ÿ­ hf­nb­aère­df­d 7 uhe­ly­z �787 hjre­. Inf­n Ymñ­Ut­v­gib­h hf­nb­aère­df­d ÿ­ÿ­ 2� xt­hdy­z �788 hj­re­ è cnf­d lt­d’znb­v inf­njv, zrb­q­ wt­ phjåb­d. Ghjnt­ ≤åf­nmrb­­pf­cy­jdy­b­rb­≥ y­t­ vf­kb­ dgt­dy­t­y­jcnè e­ njve­, oj Rjy­cnb­ne­­wèz cghf­dlè y­f­åe­lt­ xb­y­y­jcnè, ljrb­ ÿ­ÿ­ y­t­ hf­nb­aère­ñnm nf­rè df­ékb­dè inf­nb­, zr Ymñ­Qjhr è Dèhuèy­èz. E wb­ö ldjö inf­­nf­ö, zr è d lt­zrb­ö èy­ib­ö, åe­kf­ gjne­é­y­f­ jgjpb­wèz Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­. Nf­rè dèljvè lèzxè, zr Tkåhèlé Lét­hhè, Gf­nhèr Ut­y­­hè, Hèxf­hl Ut­y­hè Kè nf­ Léjhlé Vt­q­cjy­, db­ckjdb­kb­cz ghjnb­ hf­nb­aèrf­wèÿ­.

Pf­cnt­ht­ét­y­y­z rhb­nb­rèd pf­uf­kjv pdjlb­kb­cz lj njuj, oj d Rjy­cnb­ne­wèñ y­t­ åe­kj drkñxt­y­j Åèkkm ghj ghf­df­, oj Ght­pb­lt­y­n jlt­hée­df­d y­f­lnj dt­kb­re­ cdjåjle­ e­ cdjÿ­ö lèzö, oj Ct­y­f­n db­zdb­d­cz y­f­lnj f­hb­cnjrhf­nb­xy­b­v. Djy­b­ ddf­­éf­kb­, oj Rjy­uht­c jlt­héf­d y­f­lvèhe­ dt­­kb­rè gjdy­jdf­ét­y­y­z è oj y­f­wèjy­f­kmy­b­q­ e­hzl vf­æ pf­åf­uf­nj dkf­lb­. Ghb­åèxy­b­rb­ Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­ jhuf­y­èpe­df­kb­ gèlnhb­vre­ hf­nb­aèrf­wèÿ­. Djy­b­ cnf­kb­ dèljvb­vb­ zr at­lt­hfkècnb. Ÿöy­èö jgjy­t­y­nèd gjxf­kb­ y­f­pb­df­nb­ fynbat­lt­hfkècnfvb. Wè ldè uhjvf­lb­ pf­öb­of­kb­ cdjÿ­ gjukzlb­ e­ uf­­pt­nf­ö, gf­vakt­nf­ö è gèl xf­c ge­åkèxy­b­ö lb­cre­cèq­ e­ rjy­dt­y­nf­ö p hf­nb­aèrf­wèÿ­ Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­. Wè ldè uhe­gb­ gt­ht­ndjhb­­kb­cz y­f­ gt­hiè f­vt­hb­rf­y­cmrè gjkènb­xy­è gf­hnèÿ­. Dèhuèy­èz hf­nb­aère­df­kf­ Rjy­cnb­­ne­wèñ 25 xt­hdy­z �788 hjre­, f­ Ymñ­Qjhr – 26 xt­hdy­z. Yf­ gjxf­nre­ cèxy­z �789 hjre­ dcè inf­nb­, oj hf­nb­aère­df­kb­ Rjy­cnb­ne­wèñ, pf­ db­y­znrjv Ymñ­Qjh­rf­ (zrb­q­ y­t­ ghb­py­f­xb­d db­åèhy­b­rèd y­f­ pf­py­f­xt­y­b­q­ xf­c), jåhf­kb­ db­åèhy­b­rèd Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ y­f­ cdjÿ­ö pf­rjy­jlf­dxb­ö påj­hf­ö f­åj ikzöjv ghzvjuj djkt­db­zdkt­y­­y­z y­f­hjle­. 4 kñnjuj db­åèhy­b­rb­ jujkj­cb­kb­ Léjhléf­ Df­ib­y­unjy­f­ gt­hib­v Ght­pb­lt­y­njv Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd. Dèl­gjdèly­j lj Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­, gt­hib­q­ Rjy­­uht­c pèåhf­dcz e­ Ymñ­Qjhre­ 4 åt­ht­py­z.

Èy­f­due­hf­wèz Df­ib­y­unjy­f­ dèlåe­kf­cz 30 rdèny­z. Ghjnt­ Gèdy­èxy­f­ Rf­hjkèy­f­ è Hjl­Fq­kt­y­l dèlvjdb­kb­cm e­ödf­kb­nb­ Rjy­cnb­ne­wèñ nf­ åhf­nb­ e­xf­cnm e­ y­jdj­ve­ e­hzlè ljnb­, ljrb­ Rjy­uht­c y­t­ gjuj­lb­nmcz ljlf­nb­ Åèkkm ghj ghf­df­.

Hf­nb­aèrf­wèz Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­

Fkt­rcf­ylt­h Uf­vè­kmnjy, rjnhb­q p­ujljv cnf­d gt­h­ib­v vè­yè­cnhjv aè­yf­ycè­d, yf­gb­cf­d 51 p­ 85 yf­hb­cè­d ≤T­ct­ at­lt­hf­kè­cnf­≥, e zrb­ö gè­lnhb­vedf­d yjde ht­­lf­rwè­ñ­ Rjycnb­newè­ÿ è­ p­f­rkb­rf­d ÿÿ hf­nb­aè­redf­nb­.

�4

�t­lt­hf­kècnb­ y­èrjkb­ å y­t­ ljvjukb­­cz hf­nb­aèrf­wèÿ­ Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­ e­ rèkmrjö jcjåkb­dj df­ékb­db­ö inf­nf­ö, zråb­ dj­y­b­ y­t­ gjjåèwzkb­ dy­t­cnb­ e­ Rjy­cnb­ne­­wèñ Åèkkm ghj ghf­df­. Åèkmiècnm rjy­­cnb­ne­wèq­ inf­nèd, ghb­q­y­znb­ö gèl xf­c ht­djkñwèÿ­, vècnb­kb­ xènre­ lt­rkf­hf­wèñ ghf­d e­cmjuj y­f­hjle­. Åèkmiècnm f­vt­hb­­rf­y­wèd ddf­éf­kb­, oj éjly­f­ rjy­cnb­ne­­wèz y­t­ vjét­ åe­nb­ ljrjy­t­xy­j xb­y­y­jñ åt­p nf­rjÿ­ lt­rkf­hf­wèÿ­. Léjhlé Vt­q­cjy­ p Dèhléb­y­èÿ­ hjphjåb­d gt­hib­q­ è y­f­q­dè­ljvèib­q­ Åèkkm ghj ghf­df­ – Dèhuèy­cmre­ lt­rkf­hf­wèñ ghf­d �776 hjre­. Dèy­ nf­ Gf­n­hèr Ut­y­hè vjukb­ å pf­gjåèunb­ hf­nb­aèrf­­wèÿ­ Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­ e­ Dèhuèy­èÿ­, zråb­ at­lt­­hf­kècnb­ y­t­ gjujlb­kb­cz y­f­ ÿ­öy­è db­vjub­ ojlj ddt­lt­y­y­z gjghf­djr. Lét­q­vc Vt­q­­cjy­ åe­d èy­èwèf­njhjv dy­t­ct­y­y­z gjghf­djr

e­ y­jdjve­ Rjy­uht­cè. Dèy­ pf­ghjgjy­e­df­d �5 gjghf­djr, è Rjy­uht­c pf­ndt­hlb­d �2 p y­b­ö, zrè y­t­jåöèly­j åe­kj gt­ht­lf­nb­ y­f­ hf­nb­aèrf­wèñ pf­rjy­jlf­dxb­v påjhf­v inf­nèd dèlgjdèly­j lj ghjwt­le­hb­ dy­t­­ct­y­y­z gjghf­djr, gt­ht­låf­xt­y­jÿ­ e­ Cnf­nnè ª Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­. Yf­ �5 uhe­ly­z �79� hjre­ y­t­jåöèly­f­ rèkmrècnm pf­rjy­jlf­dxb­ö påj­hèd e­ nhmjö xdt­hnzö inf­nèd cödf­kb­kf­ �0 p �2 gjghf­djr. Wè �0 gjghf­djr dèljvè zr Åèkkm­ ghj ghfdf. Jly­f­ p ldjö dèlöb­­kt­y­b­ö gjghf­djr cnjce­df­kf­cz rèkmrèc­y­juj crkf­le­ Gf­kf­nb­ ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd. Zråb­ ÿ­ÿ­ åe­kj ghb­q­y­znj, nj pvèy­b­kjcz å ght­lcnf­dy­b­wndj: dèl y­t­ åèkmit­ jly­j­uj ght­lcnf­dy­b­rf­ dèl 30 000 xjkjdèr lj y­t­ åèkmit­ jly­juj ght­lcnf­dy­b­rf­ dèl 50 000 xjkjdèr. E lhe­uèq­ dèlöb­kt­y­èq­ gjghf­dwè q­ikjcz ghj nt­, oj Rjy­uht­c y­t­ vèu pvèy­ñdf­nb­ pf­hjåèny­e­ gkf­ne­ xkt­­y­èd Rjy­uht­ce­ ljnb­, gjrb­ y­t­ dèlåe­lt­nm­cz jåhf­y­y­z y­jdb­ö ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd. Wñ gjghf­dre­ åe­kj hf­nb­aèrjdf­y­j xt­ht­p 202 hjrb­, è djy­f­ åe­kf­ Ldf­lwznm cmjvjñ gj­ghf­drjñ.

Fy­nb­at­lt­hf­kècnb­ db­py­f­kb­ cdjñ gj­hf­pre­, rjkb­ Rjy­cnb­ne­wèñ åe­kj ghb­q­­y­znj, è dèlhf­pe­ é gjxf­kb­ ljvf­uf­nb­cz dkf­lb­ puèly­j p ÿ­ÿ­ cnf­nnzvb­. Ÿöy­è lèÿ­ cndjhb­kb­ dèlgjdèly­b­q­ cnb­km f­vt­hb­­rf­y­cmrjÿ­ gjkènb­rb­, zrb­q­ gjnèv e­ét­ y­t­ pvèy­ñdf­dcz. Fvt­hb­rf­y­wè èy­rjkb­ y­t­pf­­ljdjkt­y­è q­ gjkènb­rjñ, è gjkènb­rf­vb­, ghjnt­ y­t­ nf­r e­ét­ q­ åf­uf­nj f­vt­hb­rf­y­­wèd pf­ce­lée­ñnm cdjñ rjy­cnb­ne­wèq­y­e­ cb­cnt­ve­ f­åj ddf­éf­ñnm, oj lhe­ub­q­ Rjy­­cnb­ne­wèq­y­b­q­ Rjy­dt­y­n vèu åb­ cndjhb­nb­ rhf­oe­.

Åèkkm ghj ghf­df­

Léjhlé Vt­qcjy, f­dnjh Dè­huè­ycmrjÿ lt­rkf­hf­wè­ÿ ghf­d, dè­lvjdb­dcz gè­lgb­cedf­nb­ Rjycnb­newè­ñ­, å­j djyf­ yt­ vè­cnb­kf­ Åè­kkz ghj ghf­df­, oj uf­hf­ynedf­d å­b­ jcyjdyè­ cdjå­jlb­ rjéyjve uhjvf­lzyb­yjdè­.

�5

Lét­q­vc Vt­lècjy­ rf­pf­d: ≤Hjphjåkzñ­xb­ cb­cnt­ve­, oj, zr vb­ öjxt­vj, ècy­e­df­­kf­ å cnjkènnzvb­, vb­ y­t­ gjdb­y­y­è pf­åe­df­­nb­ ghj nè pvèy­b­, zrè dèlåe­le­nmcz pf­ wè cnjkènnz≥. Rjy­cnb­ne­wèz vf­kf­ cke­éb­nb­ dcèv uhjvf­lzy­f­v – åf­uf­nb­v è åèly­b­v, p Gèdy­jxè è p Gèdly­z, at­hvt­hf­v, hjåèn­y­b­rf­v è åèpy­t­cvt­y­f­v. Vb­y­f­kb­ hjrb­, è Rjy­cnb­ne­wèñ nke­vf­xb­kb­ nf­r, ojå dèl­gjdèlf­nb­ y­f­ y­jdè db­rkb­rb­, zrè gjcnf­df­­kb­ gt­ht­l Cgjke­xt­y­b­vb­ Inf­nf­vb­.

Lt­kt­uf­nb­ Rjy­cnb­ne­wèq­y­juj Rjy­dt­y­­ne­ åe­kb­ ndt­hlj gt­ht­rjy­f­y­è e­ ghf­dè åèkmijcnè, f­kt­ djy­b­ öjnèkb­ pf­öb­cnb­nb­ è vt­y­iècnm dèl åe­lm­zrb­ö pkjdéb­df­y­m p åjre­ åèkmijcnè. Djy­b­ ljczukb­ wèæÿ­ vt­­nb­, pf­åt­pgt­xb­dib­ hjpgjlèk è åf­kf­y­c gjdy­jdf­ét­y­m pf­uf­kmy­jy­f­wèjy­f­kmy­juj e­hzle­. Ct­ht­l èy­ib­ö ujkjdy­b­ö rjy­cnb­­ne­wèq­y­b­ö wèkt­q­ åe­kb­ gjdf­uf­ lj kñlt­q­ è inf­nèd, ghf­dkèy­y­z y­f­hjle­, dèllèkt­y­­y­z wt­hrdb­ dèl lt­héf­db­, dt­höjdt­y­cndj pf­uf­kmy­jy­f­wèjy­f­kmy­juj e­hzle­.

Gjghf­drb­ lj Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­ dy­jcb­kb­­cz 27 hf­pèd, hf­pjv èp Åèkkt­v ghj ghf­­df­. Gjghf­drb­ vjée­nm åe­nb­ dy­t­ct­y­è ldjvf­ nht­nb­y­f­vb­ crkf­le­ rjéy­jÿ­ gf­­

kf­nb­ Rjy­uht­ce­ xb­ Yf­wèjy­f­kmy­b­v Rjy­­dt­y­njv, Rjy­uht­c vf­æ crkb­rf­nb­cz y­f­ ghjöf­y­y­z pf­rjy­jlf­dxb­ö påjhèd ldjö nht­nb­y­ inf­nèd. Gjghf­drf­ cnf­æ xf­cnb­­y­jñ Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­ gèckz ÿ­ÿ­ hf­nb­aèrf­wèÿ­ pf­­rjy­jlf­dxb­vb­ påjhf­vb­ nhmjö xdt­hnt­q­ inf­nèd xb­ rjy­dt­y­nf­vb­ e­ nhmjö xdt­h­nzö inf­nèd. Rjy­uht­c db­py­f­xf­æ ajhve­ hf­nb­aèrf­wèÿ­ è nt­hvèy­, ghjnzujv zrjuj inf­nb­ gjdb­y­y­è hjpukzy­e­nb­ rjéy­e­ gj­ghf­dre­. E åf­uf­nmjö db­gf­lrf­ö Rjy­uht­c ghb­py­f­xf­æ ct­vb­hèxy­b­q­ nt­hvèy­ lkz nf­­rjuj hjpukzle­.

Lt­kt­uf­nb­ Rjy­cnb­ne­wèq­y­juj Rjy­­dt­y­ne­ e­cdèljvkñdf­kb­, oj y­t­ vjée­nm hjpgb­cf­nb­ pf­rjy­b­, zrè å dhf­öjde­df­kb­ åe­lm­zre­ p vjékb­db­ö cb­ne­f­wèq­. Njve­ djy­b­ y­f­lf­kb­ Rjy­uht­cjdè ghf­dj e­ödf­kñ­df­nb­ dcè pf­rjy­b­, zrè æ ≤y­t­jåöèly­b­vb­ è y­f­kt­éy­b­vb­≥ lkz plèq­cy­t­y­y­z gjdy­jdf­­ét­y­m, gt­ht­låf­xt­y­b­ö Rjy­cnb­ne­wèæñ oj­lj Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­, Rjy­uht­ce­ è at­lt­hf­km­y­b­ö ce­lèd. Rjy­uht­c e­ödf­kb­d pf­rjy­b­ ghj cndjht­y­y­z nf­rb­ö f­lvèy­ècnhf­nb­d­y­b­ö e­cnf­y­jd, zr �t­lt­hf­kmy­t­ e­ghf­dkèy­­y­z wb­dèkmy­jñ f­dèf­wèæñ nf­ Gjinjdf­ cke­éåf­. Rjy­uht­c nf­rjé ghb­q­y­zd pf­rj­y­b­, zrè ht­ue­kññnm njhuèdkñ vèé inf­­nf­vb­, è nf­rb­v xb­y­jv rjy­nhjkñæ xb­vf­­kj cat­h lèzkmy­jcnè t­rjy­jvèrb­ CIF.

CELJDÈ HÈITYYZ. Ce­llè at­lt­hf­km­y­juj hèdy­z è inf­nèd pf­cnjcjde­ñnm Rjy­­cnb­ne­wèñ gèl xf­c hjpukzle­ åf­uf­nmjö ce­ljdb­ö cghf­d. Dt­höjdy­b­q­ Ce­l vf­æ db­y­znrjdt­ gjdy­jdf­ét­y­y­z nke­vf­xb­nb­ Rjy­cnb­ne­wèñ ojlj åe­lm­zrjÿ­ rjy­rht­n­y­jÿ­ cghf­db­. Ce­l vf­æ gjdy­jdf­ét­y­y­z ce­ljdjuj yfukzle­, njånj dèy­ vjét­ juj­kjcb­nb­ åe­lm­zrb­q­ pf­rjy­ y­t­rjy­cnb­ne­­wèq­y­b­v. Nf­rè gjdy­jdf­ét­y­y­z Dt­höjdy­b­q­ Ce­l vf­æ y­f­cf­vgt­ht­l pf­dlzrb­ hèit­y­y­ñ Ujkjdb­ Dt­höjdy­juj Ce­le­ Léjy­f­ Vf­h­if­kkf­ e­ cghf­dè ≤Vfhåt­hè ghjnb Tlècj­yf≥ dèl �803 hjre­. Dèlnjlè ce­l e­ödf­kb­d gjcnf­y­jdb­ ghj y­t­dèlgjdèly­ècnm Rjy­cnb­­ne­wèÿ­ �25 at­lt­hf­kmy­b­ö pf­rjy­èd è rèkm­rjö cjnt­y­m pf­rjy­èd, e­ödf­kt­y­b­ö e­ hèp­y­b­ö inf­nf­ö.

Hjpdb­njr Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­

Xf­cnb­yf­ gkf­ye (1792 hjre) Df­ib­yunjyf­, jrheu Rjkevå­è­z, zrb­q å­ekj cndjht­yj zr cnjkb­wñ­ Cgj­kext­yb­ö Inf­nè­d.

�6

Uhf­dñ­hf­ Njvf­cf­ Rkf­rcjyf­ lj ≤Èc­njhè­ÿ db­yb­ryt­yyz, hjp­db­nre è­ ghb­gb­yt­y­yz f­ahb­rf­ycmrjÿ hf­å­jnjhuè­dkè­≥, njv 1, 1808 hè­r.

Gjhnht­n Fdhf­f­vf­ Kè­yrjkmyf­ xf­cè­d Uhjvf­lzycmrjÿ dè­qyb­; nkjv lkz gj­hnht­nf­ æ ghjrkf­vf­wè­z 1863 hjre, oj yf­lf­kf­ cdjå­jle hf­å­f­v e inf­nf­ö, zrè­ njlè­ gjdcnf­kb­ ghjnb­ Cjñ­p­e. Hf­å­­cndj å­ekj jcnf­njxyj crf­cjdf­yj gè­c­kz ghb­qyznnz Nhb­yf­lwznjÿ gjghf­drb­ lj Rjycnb­newè­ÿ e 1865 hjwè­.

�7

LÈŸ GHTP�LTYNF. Cb­kmy­è ght­pb­­lt­y­nb­ rjhb­cne­df­kb­cz cdjæñ dkf­ljñ lkz njuj, ojå hjpib­hb­nb­ nke­vf­xt­y­­y­z ghjcnb­ö ckèd Cnf­nnè ÈÈ Rjy­cnb­ne­­wèÿ­ è gt­ht­ndjhb­nb­ ÿ­ÿ­ y­f­ lét­ht­kj ht­f­km­y­jÿ­ ght­pb­lt­y­ncmrjÿ­ dkf­lb­. Ct­ht­l y­b­ö jcjåkb­dj gjvèny­b­vb­ åe­kb­ Léjhlé Df­­ib­y­unjy­, Njvf­c Lét­aat­hcjy­, Ty­lhñ Lét­rcjy­, Fdhf­f­v Kèy­rjkmy­, Nt­jljh He­pdt­kmn, De­lhj Dèkcjy­, �hf­y­rkèy­ Lt­­kf­y­j He­pdt­kmn è Léjhlé Djrt­h Åe­i. Nf­r, Df­ib­y­unjy­ phjåb­d Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ ujkjdy­b­v e­ ghjdf­lét­y­y­è pf­rjhljy­y­b­ö cghf­d. Kèy­rjkmy­ db­rjhb­cnf­d gjdy­jdf­­ét­y­y­z, gt­ht­låf­xt­y­è e­ wèq­ cnf­nnè, lkz njuj, ojå pdèkmy­b­nb­ hf­åèd gèdlt­y­y­b­ö inf­nèd, zrè gjdcnf­kb­ gèl xf­c Uhjvf­­lzy­cmrjÿ­ dèq­y­b­ (�86�–�865 hjre­).

PD�XFŸ phjåb­kb­ Rjy­cnb­ne­wèñ uy­e­xrjñ è hjpib­hb­kb­ gjdy­jdf­ét­y­y­z pf­uf­kmy­jy­f­wèjy­f­kmy­juj e­hzle­. Yf­ghb­­rkf­l, rf­åèy­t­n Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ y­f­ jcy­jdè ajhve­kñdf­y­y­z Cnf­nnè 2 db­dèd ghf­­dj Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ ≤db­vf­uf­nb­ gjlf­y­y­z e­

gb­cmvjdèq­ ajhvè le­vrb­ ujkjdy­juj gj­cf­ljdwz e­ rjéy­jve­ p lt­gf­hnf­vt­y­nèd db­rjy­f­dxjÿ­ dkf­lb­ p åe­lm­zrjuj gb­nf­y­­y­z, zrt­ y­f­kt­éb­nm lj gjdy­jdf­ét­y­m ÿ­ö­y­èö e­cnf­y­jd≥.

LÈŸ INFNÈD È GFHNÈQ. Rjy­cnb­ne­­wèæñ gt­ht­låf­xt­y­j pf­uf­kmy­b­q­ ghjwt­c jå­hf­y­y­z Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­. E y­èq­ y­t­vf­æ puf­l­rb­ ghj gjkènb­xy­è gf­hnèÿ­. Ghjnt­ pf­rjy­b­ inf­nèd è lèzkmy­ècnm gjkènb­xy­b­ö gf­h­nèq­ pvèy­b­kb­ rjy­cnb­ne­wèq­y­e­ cb­cnt­ve­ ujkjce­df­y­y­z, gt­ht­ndjhb­dib­ db­åjhxè rf­vgf­y­èÿ­ q­ cf­vè db­åjhb­ y­f­ pf­öjgkññxè lèq­cndf­.

Nf­rb­v xb­y­jv, Rjy­cnb­ne­wèz ghjljd­ée­æ hjpdb­df­nb­cz, ojå y­f­kt­éy­b­v xb­­y­jv dèlgjdèlf­nb­ gjnht­åf­v cmjujlt­y­y­z. Ghjnt­ le­ö è ajhve­kñdf­y­y­z Rjy­cnb­ne­­wèÿ­ pf­kb­ib­kb­cz y­t­pvèy­y­b­vb­. Uhjvf­­lzy­b­ rjéy­juj y­f­cne­gy­juj gjrjkèy­y­z pf­cnjcjde­df­kb­ ÿ­ÿ­ gjkjét­y­y­z lkz db­hè­it­y­y­z y­f­uf­kmy­b­ö ghjåkt­v cgjcjåf­vb­, zrè plf­df­kb­cz ÿ­v y­f­q­ljwèkmy­èib­vb­.

Åhb­nf­y­cmrb­q­ gjkènb­xy­b­q­ lèzx Dè­kmzv T. Ukf­lcnjy­ db­py­f­xb­d Rjy­cnb­ne­wèñ zr ≤y­f­q­db­p­y­f­xy­èie­ hjåjne­, åe­lm­rjkb­ ghjhjåkt­y­e­ èy­nt­kt­rnjv è wè­kt­cghzvjdf­y­ècnñ kñlb­y­b­≥. E cdènè, cgjdy­t­y­jve­ pvèy­ è åjhjnmåb­, f­vt­hb­rf­y­cmrb­q­ y­f­hjl y­t­ vf­æ ljhjujwèy­y­èij­uj pf­djñdf­y­y­z, y­èé wt­q­ db­­py­f­xy­b­q­ ljre­vt­y­n. Gjdy­b­q­ nt­rcn Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­ Cgjke­xt­­y­b­ö Inf­nèd è gjghf­djr xb­­nf­x py­f­q­lt­ y­f­ y­f­cne­gy­b­ö cnjhèy­rf­ö. Lf­kè dvèot­y­j gj­dy­b­q­ nt­rcn rjvt­y­nf­hèd. 4

3 å­t­ht­p­yz 1913 hjre ceahf­éb­cnrb­ ghjqikb­ vf­hit­v gj Gt­y­cè­kmdf­yè­z­f­dt­yñ­ e Df­ib­yunjyè­, jrheu Rjkevå­è­z, gè­l xf­c jlyè­æÿ p­ xb­ckt­yyb­ö lt­vjycnhf­wè­q, oj dè­lå­edf­kb­cz e nè­ hjrb­ p­ vt­njñ­ ljvjunb­cz db­å­jhxb­ö ghf­d lkz éè­yjr. Gjp­f­le lt­vjycnhf­ynjr db­lyj å­elè­dkñ­ Rf­gè­njkè­z.

�8

Rf­hnb­yf­ Ujdf­hlf­ Xt­ylkt­hf­ Rhè­cnè­ 1940 hjre. Lt­kt­uf­nb­ Aè­kf­lt­kmaè­qcmrjuj Rjydt­yne 1787 hjre gè­lgb­ceñ­nm yjde Rjycnb­newè­ñ­. Wb­ö kñ­lt­q xf­cnj yf­p­b­df­kb­ ≤å­f­nmrf­vb­­p­f­cyjdyb­­rf­vb­≥.

Gt­xf­nrb­ 13 inf­nè­d (rjkf­) gt­ht­­gkt­nt­yè­ hf­p­jv p­ dt­kb­rjñ­ gt­xf­n­rjñ­ Cgjkext­yb­ö Inf­nè­d Fvt­hb­rb­ (dujhè­). D ct­ht­lb­yè­ – gjuhellz Léjhléf­ Df­ib­yunjyf­. Ñdè­kt­qyf­ uhf­dñ­hf­ Fvjcf­ Lekè­nnkf­.

�9

E leérf­ö [ ] dvè­ot­yj hzlrb­, zrè­ å­ekj p­vè­yt­yj xb­ crf­cjdf­yj dyf­ckè­ljr ghb­qyznnz gjghf­djr.

Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd, p vt­njñ cndjht­y­y­z ljcrjy­f­kèijuj cjñpe­, dcnf­y­jdkt­y­y­z ghf­dj­

ce­llz, uf­hf­y­ne­df­y­y­z dy­e­nhèiy­mjuj cgjrjñ lkz pf­åt­pgt­xt­y­y­z cgèkmy­jÿ­ jåjhj­y­b­, cghb­zy­y­z pf­uf­kmy­jve­ ljåhjåe­ne­ q­ pf­rhègkt­y­y­ñ åkf­uf­ cdjåjlb­ lkz y­f­c è y­f­ib­ö y­f­of­lrèd e­hjxb­cnj ghjujkjie­ævj è dcnf­y­jdkñævj wñ Rjy­cnb­ne­wèñ lkz Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd Fvt­hb­rb­.

Cnf­nnz È

Hjplèk �

Ecè pf­rjy­jlf­dxè gjdy­jdf­ét­y­y­z, y­f­lf­y­è Rjy­cnb­ne­wèæñ, y­f­kt­éf­nm Rjy­uht­cjdè Cgj­ke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd, zrb­q­ crkf­lf­ænmcz p Ct­y­f­ne­ è Gf­kf­nb­ ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd.

Hjplèk 2

Gf­kf­nf­ ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd crkf­lf­ænmcz p xkt­y­èd, zrb­ö rjéy­è ldf­ hjrb­ kñlb­ jåb­­hf­nb­ve­nm d jrht­vb­ö inf­nf­ö; db­åèhy­b­rb­ rjéy­juj inf­ne­ vf­ñnm dèlgjdèlf­nb­ db­vjuf­v, dcnf­y­jdkt­y­b­v lkz db­åèhy­b­rèd y­f­q­xb­ckt­y­y­èijÿ­ uèkrb­ pf­rjy­jlf­dxjuj jhuf­y­e­ inf­ne­.

Ght­lcnf­dy­b­rjv y­t­ vjéy­f­ jåb­hf­nb­ jcjåe­, zrf­ y­t­ ljczukf­ dère­ 25 hjrèd è y­t­ åe­kf­ uhjvf­lzy­b­y­jv Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd ghjnzujv 7 hjrèd, f­ y­f­ vjvt­y­n jåhf­y­y­z y­t­ æ éb­nt­kt­v njuj inf­ne­, lt­ ÿ­ÿ­ jåb­hf­ñnm.

Rèkmrècnm ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd è ghzvè gjlf­nrb­ hjpgjlèkzñnm vèé inf­nf­vb­ [zrè vjée­nm e­dèq­nb­ e­ wt­q­ cjñp, dèlgjdèly­j lj rèkmrjcnè y­f­ct­kt­y­y­z e­ y­b­ö; wñ rèkm­rècnm db­py­f­xf­ñnm ljlf­df­y­y­zv lj pf­uf­kmy­jÿ­ rèkmrjcnè dèkmy­b­ö kñlt­q­, e­ njve­ xb­ckè è nb­ö, önj gt­ht­åe­df­æ y­f­ cke­éåè ghjnzujv rèkmrjö hjrèd, jrhèv èy­lèf­y­wèd, zrb­ö y­t­ jgjlf­nrjde­ñnm, nhmjö g’znb­ö dèl e­cèö èy­ib­ö jcèå]. Pf­uf­kmy­b­q­ gèlhf­öe­­y­jr ghjdjlznm ghjnzujv nhmjö hjrèd gèckz gt­hijÿ­ ct­cèÿ­ Rjy­uht­ce­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd, f­ gjnèv – xt­ht­p rjéy­è lt­cznm y­f­cne­gy­b­ö hjrèd, zr dcnf­y­jdkt­y­j pf­rj­y­jv. Rèkmrècnm ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd y­t­ vjét­ gt­ht­db­oe­df­nb­ jly­juj ght­lcnf­dy­b­rf­ y­f­ 30 nb­czx éb­nt­kèd, f­kt­ rjét­y­ inf­n ve­cb­nm vf­nb­ ghb­y­f­q­vy­è jly­juj ght­lcnf­dy­b­­rf­; è lj xf­ce­, rjkb­ åe­lt­ plèq­cy­t­y­j gèlhf­öe­y­jr y­f­ct­kt­y­y­z, inf­n Ymñ­Ut­vgib­h vf­æ ghf­dj jåb­hf­nb­ nhmjö ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd, Vf­ccf­xe­ct­nc – dècmvjö, Hjl­Fq­kt­y­l è Gkf­y­nf­wèÿ­ Ghjdèlt­y­c – jly­juj, Rjy­y­t­rnb­re­n – g’znmjö, Ymñ­Qjhr – iècnmjö, Ymñ­Lét­hcè – xjnb­hmjö, Gt­y­cèkmdf­y­èz – dècmvjö, Lt­kf­dt­h – jly­juj, Vt­hèkt­y­l – iècnmjö, Dèhuèy­èz – lt­cznmjö, Gèdy­èxy­f­ Rf­hjkèy­f­ – g’znmjö, Gèdlt­y­y­f­ Rf­hjkè­y­f­ – g’znmjö è Léjhléèz – nhmjö.

RJYCN�NEWÈZ CGJKEXTY�Ö INFNÈD FVTH�R�

Vb­, yfhjl­

20

Zroj e­ ght­lcnf­dy­b­wndè zrjujcm inf­ne­ p’zdkzñnmcz df­rf­y­cèÿ­, jhuf­y­b­ db­rjy­f­d­xjÿ­ dkf­lb­ wmjuj inf­ne­ db­lf­ñnm hjpgjhzlét­y­y­z ghj db­åjhb­ lkz pf­gjdy­t­y­y­z wb­ö df­rf­y­cèq­.

Gf­kf­nf­ ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd jåb­hf­æ cdjuj cgèrt­hf­ nf­ èy­ib­ö gjcf­ljdwèd, è nèkmrb­ djy­f­ vf­æ db­y­znrjdt­ ghf­dj èvgèxvt­y­ne­.

Hjplèk 3

Ct­y­f­n Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd crkf­lf­ænmcz p ldjö ct­y­f­njhèd dèl rjéy­juj inf­ne­, [jåhf­y­b­ö pf­rjy­jlf­dxb­vb­ jhuf­y­f­vb­ inf­ne­] nt­hvèy­jv y­f­ iècnm hjrèd; rjét­y­ ct­y­f­­njh vf­æ jlb­y­ ujkjc.

Rjkb­ ct­y­f­njhb­ påt­he­nmcz gèckz gt­hib­ö db­åjhèd, djy­b­ åe­le­nm y­t­uf­q­y­j gjlèkt­­y­è gj pvjpè y­f­ nhb­ hèdy­è uhe­gb­. Ct­y­f­njhb­ gt­hijÿ­ uhe­gb­ pdèkmy­zñnm cdjÿ­ vècwz gèckz pf­rèy­xt­y­y­z ldjö hjrèd, ct­y­f­njhb­ lhe­ujÿ­ uhe­gb­ – gèckz xjnb­hmjö hjrèd, è ct­y­f­njhb­ nht­nmjÿ­ uhe­gb­ – gèckz it­cnb­ hjrèd. Nf­rb­v xb­y­jv, jly­e­ nht­nb­y­e­ ct­­y­f­njhèd gt­ht­jåb­hf­ñnm rjéy­è ldf­ hjrb­; [f­ zroj e­ Ct­y­f­nè dèlrhb­ænmcz df­rf­y­cèz dy­f­ckèljr dèlcnf­drb­ f­åj p åe­lm­zrb­ö èy­ib­ö ghb­xb­y­ gèl xf­c gt­ht­hdb­ e­ hjåjnè pf­­rjy­jlf­dxb­ö jhuf­y­èd zrjujcm inf­ne­, nj db­rjy­f­dxè jhuf­y­b­ wmjuj inf­ne­ vjée­nm ghb­py­f­xb­nb­ rjujcm nb­vxf­cjdj lj y­f­cne­gy­jÿ­ ct­cèÿ­ pf­rjy­jlf­dxjuj jhuf­y­e­, zrb­q­ njlè pf­gjdy­b­nm wñ df­rf­y­cèñ].

Ct­y­f­njhjv y­t­ vjét­ åe­nb­ njq­, önj y­t­ ljczu dère­ 30 hjrèd è y­t­ åe­d 9 hjrèd uhjvf­­lzy­b­y­jv Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd, f­ nf­rjé njq­, önj y­f­ xf­c jåhf­y­y­z y­t­ æ éb­nt­kt­v njuj inf­ne­, lt­ q­juj jåb­hf­nb­ve­nm.

Dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­n Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd æ Ujkjdjñ Ct­y­f­ne­, f­kt­ ghf­dj ujkjce­ dèy­ vf­æ nèkmrb­ e­ njve­ db­gf­lre­, rjkb­ ujkjcb­ ghb­ce­ny­èö gjlèkzñnmcz gjhèdy­e­.

Ct­y­f­n jåb­hf­æ èy­ib­ö gjcf­ljdb­ö jcèå, f­ nf­rjé cdjuj nb­vxf­cjdjuj Ujkjde­ y­f­ xf­c dèlce­ny­jcnè dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ f­åj rjkb­ dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­n db­rjy­e­æ jåjd’zprb­ Ght­pb­­lt­y­nf­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd.

Nèkmrb­ Ct­y­f­n vf­æ db­y­znrjdt­ ghf­dj èvgèxvt­y­ne­. Rjkb­ Ct­y­f­n pf­cèlf­æ p wèæñ vt­njñ, ct­y­f­njhb­ gjdb­y­y­è crkf­cnb­ ghb­czue­ f­åj db­ujkjcb­nb­ jåèwzy­re­. Rjkb­ hjp­ukzlf­ñnm cghf­de­ Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd, ujkjde­æ Ujkjdf­ Dt­höjdy­juj Ce­le­. Éjly­f­ jcjåf­ y­t­ vjét­ åe­nb­ pf­ce­lét­y­jñ, zroj pf­ wt­ y­t­ ghjujkjce­ñnm ldè nht­nb­y­b­ ghb­ce­ny­èö ct­y­f­njhèd.

E cghf­df­ö ghj èvgèxvt­y­n ghb­ce­l y­t­ vjét­ gt­ht­db­oe­df­nb­ e­ce­y­t­y­y­z p gjcf­lb­ è gjpåf­dkt­y­y­z ghf­df­ pf­q­vf­nb­ åe­lm­zre­ gjxt­cy­e­, jaèwèq­y­e­ xb­ ghb­åe­nrjde­ gjcf­le­ y­f­ cke­éåè Cgjke­xt­y­b­v Inf­nf­v. Ghjnt­ jcjåf­, gèllf­y­f­ èvgèxvt­y­ne­, nb­v y­t­ vt­y­­it­ gèlkzuf­æ rhb­vèy­f­kmy­èq­ dèlgjdèlf­kmy­jcnè, ce­ljdjve­ hjpukzle­ è gjrf­hf­y­y­ñ dèlgjdèly­j lj pf­rjy­e­.

2�

Hjplèk 4

Xf­c, vècwt­ è gjhzljr ghjdt­lt­y­y­z db­åjhèd ct­y­f­njhèd è ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd e­ rjéy­jve­ inf­nè db­py­f­xf­ñnm q­juj pf­rjy­jlf­dxè jhuf­y­b­, f­kt­ Rjy­uht­c vjét­ d åe­lm­zrb­q­ xf­c dy­f­ckèljr ghb­q­y­znnz pf­rjy­e­ dcnf­y­jdkñdf­nb­ f­åj pvèy­ñdf­nb­ nf­rè ghf­db­kf­ [jr­hèv nb­ö, zrè cnjce­ñnmcz vècwz ghjdt­lt­y­y­z db­åjhèd ct­y­f­njhèd].

Rjy­uht­c gjdb­y­t­y­ påb­hf­nb­cz ghb­y­f­q­vy­è jlb­y­ hf­p y­f­ hèr [nf­rè pèåhf­y­y­z vf­ñnm dèlåe­df­nb­cz e­ gt­hib­q­ gjy­t­lèkjr uhe­ly­z], zroj Rjy­uht­c cgt­wèf­kmy­b­v pf­rjy­jv y­t­ ghb­py­f­xb­nm ÿ­ö y­f­ èy­ib­q­ lt­y­m.

Hjplèk 5

Rjéy­f­ gf­kf­nf­ cf­vf­ æ ce­llt­ñ ojlj ghf­djvèhy­jcnè db­åjhèd, dèlgjdèly­jcnè gjcf­lè q­ hèdy­t­dè rdf­kèaèrf­wèÿ­ cdjÿ­ö xkt­y­èd, åèkmiècnm e­ rjéy­èq­ gf­kf­nè e­ndjhñæ rdjhe­v lkz dt­lt­y­y­z cghf­d, f­kt­ è vt­y­iècnm vf­æ ghf­dj gt­ht­y­jcb­nb­ pf­cèlf­y­y­z p jly­juj ly­z y­f­ èy­ib­q­ è dgjdy­jdf­ét­y­f­, nf­rb­v xb­y­jv, ljvf­uf­nb­cz ghb­ce­ny­jcnè dèlce­ny­èö xkt­y­èd, f­ nf­rjé gèl pf­uhjpjñ nf­rb­ö gjrf­hf­y­m, zrè db­py­f­xb­nm rjéy­f­ gf­kf­nf­.

Rjéy­f­ gf­kf­nf­ cf­vjcnèq­y­j dcnf­y­jdkñæ ghf­db­kf­ ghjwt­le­h è vf­æ ghf­dj rf­hf­nb­ cdjÿ­ö xkt­y­èd pf­ gjhe­it­y­y­z dcnf­y­jdkt­y­b­ö ghf­db­k gjdt­lèy­rb­, f­ nf­rjé e­ödf­kjñ åèkmijcnè d ldè nht­nb­y­b­ ujkjcèd db­rkñxf­nb­ ÿ­ö pè cdjuj crkf­le­.

Rjéy­f­ gf­kf­nf­ dt­lt­ ée­hy­f­k cdjÿ­ö pf­cèlf­y­m q­ èy­jlè jghb­kñly­ñæ q­juj, jrhèv nb­ö hjplèkèd, zrè, y­f­ ÿ­ÿ­ le­vre­, db­vf­uf­ñnm påt­ht­ét­y­y­z nf­ævy­b­wè; ≤nf­r≥ è ≤y­è≥ rjéy­j­uj xkt­y­f­ gf­kf­nb­ d ujkjce­df­y­y­è p åe­lm­zrjuj gb­nf­y­y­z nht­åf­ pf­gb­ce­df­nb­ d ée­h­y­f­k y­f­ db­vjue­ jly­èæÿ­ g’znjÿ­ ghb­ce­ny­èö xkt­y­èd.

Gèl xf­c ct­cèÿ­ Rjy­uht­ce­ éjly­f­ gf­kf­nf­ åt­p pujlb­ èy­ijÿ­ gf­kf­nb­ y­t­ vf­æ ghf­df­ dèl­rkf­lf­nb­ cdjÿ­ pf­cèlf­y­y­z åèkmit­, zr y­f­ nhb­ ljåb­, xb­ gt­ht­y­jcb­nb­ vècwt­ cdjÿ­ö pf­cè­lf­y­m p njuj vècwz, lt­ vf­ñnm pf­cèlf­nb­ jåb­ldè gf­kf­nb­.

Hjplèk 6

Ct­y­f­njhb­ è ght­lcnf­dy­b­rb­ pf­ cdjñ cke­éåe­ vf­ñnm jlt­hée­df­nb­ db­y­f­ujhjle­, dcnf­y­jdkt­y­e­ pf­rjy­jv è cgkf­xe­df­y­e­ crf­håy­b­wt­ñ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd. E dcèö db­­gf­lrf­ö, jrhèv lt­héf­dy­jÿ­ phf­lb­, crjæy­y­z nzérjuj rhb­vèy­f­kmy­juj pkjxb­y­e­ è gjhe­it­y­y­z uhjvf­lcmrjuj cgjrjñ, djy­b­ vf­ñnm ghb­dèkt­q­ y­t­ljnjhrf­y­y­jcnè dèl f­ht­ine­ gèl xf­c gt­ht­åe­df­y­y­z y­f­ ct­cèzö, f­ nf­rjé gj ljhjpè ne­lb­ è y­f­pf­l; pf­ dct­, crf­pf­y­t­ y­b­vb­ e­ ghjvjdf­ö xb­ d lt­åf­nf­ö e­ rjéy­èq­ gf­kf­nè, y­èönj y­t­ vf­æ ghf­df­ lj­gb­ne­df­nb­ ÿ­ö e­ åe­lm­zrjve­ èy­ijve­ vècwè.

Éjlt­y­ ct­y­f­njh xb­ ght­lcnf­dy­b­r ghjnzujv xf­ce­, y­f­ zrb­q­ q­juj jåhf­y­j, y­t­ vf­æ ghf­df­ åe­nb­ ghb­py­f­xt­y­b­q­ y­f­ åe­lm­zre­ gjcf­le­ y­f­ cke­éåè Cgjke­xt­y­b­v Inf­nf­v, zre­ cndjht­y­j f­åj db­y­f­ujhjle­ pf­ zre­ åe­lt­ påèkmit­y­j ghjnzujv wmjuj xf­ce­; éjl­y­f­ jcjåf­, zrf­ pf­q­vf­æ åe­lm­zre­ gjcf­le­ y­f­ cke­éåè Cgjke­xt­y­b­v Inf­nf­v, y­t­ vjét­ åe­nb­ xkt­y­jv éjly­jÿ­ gf­kf­nb­, ljrb­ pf­q­vf­æ wñ gjcf­le­.

22

Hjplèk 7

Ecè pf­rjy­jghjt­rnb­ ghj lt­héf­dy­è ljöjlb­ db­öjlznm dèl Gf­kf­nb­ ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd; ghjnt­, zr è ojlj èy­ib­ö pf­rjy­jghjt­rnèd, Ct­y­f­n vjét­ f­åj gjujlée­df­nb­cz p y­b­­vb­, f­åj ghjgjy­e­df­nb­ dkf­cy­è gjghf­drb­.

Rjét­y­ pf­rjy­jghjt­rn, e­ödf­kt­y­b­q­ Gf­kf­njñ ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd è Ct­y­f­njv, gt­hi y­èé dèy­ cnf­y­t­ pf­rjy­jv, gjlf­ñnm y­f­ hjpukzl Ght­pb­lt­y­njdè Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd. Zr­oj dèy­ cödf­kñæ nf­rb­q­ pf­rjy­, nj gèlgb­ce­æ q­juj, f­ zroj y­è, gjdt­hnf­æ q­juj hf­pjv pè cdjÿ­vb­ pf­gt­ht­xt­y­y­zvb­ lj nèæÿ­ gf­kf­nb­, lt­ q­juj åe­kj cndjht­y­j; gf­kf­nf­ dy­jcb­nm lj cdjuj ée­hy­f­ke­ pf­gt­ht­xt­y­y­z d wèkjve­ è gjdnjhy­j hjpukzlf­æ q­juj. Zroj gèc­kz nf­rjuj hjpukzle­ ldè nht­nb­y­b­ ujkjcèd wèæÿ­ gf­kf­nb­ ghb­q­ve­nm pf­rjy­jghjt­rn, nj q­juj hf­pjv èp pf­gt­ht­xt­y­y­zvb­ Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ y­f­lcb­kf­ñnm lj lhe­ujÿ­ gf­kf­nb­, zrf­ nf­rjé e­lhe­ut­ hjpukzy­t­ q­juj. È zroj q­juj åe­lt­ cödf­kt­y­j ldjvf­ nht­nb­y­f­vb­ ujkjcèd wèæÿ­ gf­kf­nb­, dèy­ y­f­åb­hf­æ xb­y­y­jcnè pf­rjy­e­. Fkt­ d e­cèö nf­rb­ö db­gf­lrf­ö ujkjcb­ d jåjö gf­kf­nf­ö db­py­f­xf­ñnm ckjdf­vb­ ≤nf­r≥ xb­ ≤y­è≥, f­ èvt­y­f­ jcèå, zrè uj­kjce­ñnm pf­ xb­ ghjnb­ pf­rjy­jghjt­rne­, vf­ñnm, dèlgjdèly­j, åe­nb­ pf­gb­cf­y­b­vb­ d ée­hy­f­kf­ö jåjö gf­kf­n. Zroj zrb­q­cm pf­rjy­jghjt­rn Ght­pb­lt­y­n y­t­ gjdt­hnf­æ ghj­nzujv lt­cznb­ ly­èd (pf­ db­y­znrjv y­t­lèkm) gèckz njuj, zr q­juj q­jve­ y­f­lèckf­kb­, nj nf­rb­q­ pf­rjy­jghjt­rn cnf­æ pf­rjy­jv nf­r cf­vj, zr rjkb­ å dèy­ åe­d gèlgb­cf­y­b­q­ Ght­pb­lt­y­njv, jrhèv nb­ö db­gf­lrèd, rjkb­ pf­rjy­jghjt­rn y­t­ vjéy­f­ gjdt­hy­e­nb­ xt­­ht­p pf­rhb­nnz ct­cèÿ­ Rjy­uht­ce­; è d nf­rjve­ hf­pè dèy­ y­t­ cnf­æ pf­rjy­jv.

Hjpgjhzlét­y­y­z, ht­pjkñwèÿ­ nf­ e­ödf­kb­, zrè vjée­nm gjnht­åe­df­nb­ pujlb­ Ct­y­f­ne­ è Gf­kf­nb­ ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd (jrhèv gb­nf­y­y­z ghj pf­rhb­nnz ct­cèÿ­), vf­ñnm gjlf­df­nb­cz Ght­pb­lt­y­njdè Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd è åe­nb­ cödf­kt­y­è y­b­v lj y­f­åhf­y­y­z y­b­vb­ xb­y­­y­jcnè; f­ zroj dèy­ ÿ­ö y­t­ cödf­kb­nm, djy­b­ vjée­nm åe­nb­ gjdnjhy­j ghb­q­y­znè ldjvf­ nht­nb­y­f­vb­ ujkjcèd Ct­y­f­ne­ è Gf­kf­nb­ ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd, dèlgjdèly­j lj ghf­db­k nf­ jå­vt­ét­y­m, dcnf­y­jdkt­y­b­ö lkz pf­rjy­jghjt­rnèd.

Hjplèk 8

Rjy­uht­c vf­æ ghf­dj:

dcnf­y­jdkñdf­nb­ è påb­hf­nb­ gjlf­nrb­, vb­nj, påjhb­ q­ f­rwb­py­è påjhb­; cgkf­xe­df­nb­ åjhub­, pf­åt­pgt­xe­df­nb­ cgèkmy­e­ jåjhjy­e­ è ljåhjåe­n Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd; ghjnt­ dct­ vb­nj, påjhb­ è f­rwb­py­è påjhb­ vf­ñnm åe­nb­ jly­f­rjdb­vb­ y­f­ dcèq­ nt­hb­njhèÿ­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd;

åhf­nb­ gjpb­rb­ dèl èvt­y­è Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd;

ht­ue­kñdf­nb­ njhuèdkñ p èy­ib­vb­ lt­héf­df­vb­, vèé jrht­vb­vb­ inf­nf­vb­, f­ nf­rjé p èy­lèf­y­cmrb­vb­ gkt­vt­y­f­vb­;

dcnf­y­jdkñdf­nb­ ælb­y­è ghf­db­kf­ y­f­ne­hf­kèpf­wèÿ­ nf­ ælb­y­è pf­rjy­b­ ghj åf­y­rhe­ncndj y­f­ dcèq­ nt­hb­njhèÿ­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd;

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rf­håe­df­nb­ uhjiè, ht­ue­kñdf­nb­ uhjijdb­q­ jåèu nf­ df­hnècnm èy­jpt­vy­jÿ­ df­kñnb­, f­ nf­rjé dcnf­y­jdkñdf­nb­ cnf­y­lf­hnb­ df­ub­ è vèh;

dcnf­y­jdkñdf­nb­ gjrf­hf­y­y­z pf­ gèlhjåre­ lt­héf­dy­b­ö wèy­y­b­ö gf­gt­hèd è uhjit­q­ d jåèue­ d Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nf­ö;

cndjhñdf­nb­ gjinjdè dèllèkt­y­y­z è gjinjdè ikzöb­;

cghb­znb­ hjpdb­nrjdè y­f­e­rb­ è rjhb­cy­b­ö ht­vt­ct­k, pf­åt­pgt­xe­ñxb­ y­f­ gt­dy­b­q­ xf­c f­dnjhf­v è db­y­f­öèly­b­rf­v db­y­znrjdt­ ghf­dj y­f­ ÿ­öy­è ndjhb­ è db­y­f­öjlb­;

cndjhñdf­nb­ ce­lb­, gèlgjhzlrjdf­y­è Dt­höjdy­jve­ Ce­le­;

db­py­f­xf­nb­ gjrf­hf­y­y­z è rf­hf­nb­ pf­ gèhf­ncndj è pkjxb­y­b­, crjæy­è e­ dèlrhb­njve­ vj­hè, f­ nf­rjé pkjxb­y­b­ ghjnb­ vèéy­f­hjly­juj ghf­df­;

jujkjie­df­nb­ dèq­y­e­, db­lf­df­nb­ rf­gt­hcmrè cdèljwndf­ è ht­ght­cf­kèÿ­, dcnf­y­jdkñdf­nb­ ghf­db­kf­ ojlj dèq­cmrjdjÿ­ pljåb­xè y­f­ ce­öjljkè q­ y­f­ vjhè;

y­f­åb­hf­nb­ q­ e­nhb­ve­df­nb­ dèq­cmrj; ghjnt­ f­cb­uy­e­df­y­y­z rjinèd y­f­ wt­ y­t­ gjdb­y­y­j gt­ht­låf­xf­nb­cz åèkmit­ zr y­f­ ldf­ hjrb­;

cgjhzléf­nb­ q­ e­nhb­ve­df­nb­ akjn;

dcnf­y­jdkñdf­nb­ ghf­db­kf­ jhuf­y­èpf­wèÿ­ dèq­cmrjdb­ö ce­öjge­ny­b­ö è vjhcmrb­ö cb­k è rt­he­df­y­y­z y­b­vb­;

pf­åt­pgt­xe­df­nb­ crkb­rf­y­y­z y­f­hjly­jÿ­ vèkèwèÿ­ lkz db­rjy­f­y­y­z pf­rjy­èd Cjñpe­, ghb­­le­ie­df­y­y­z pf­rjkjnèd è dèlåb­nnz dnjhuy­t­y­m;

pf­åt­pgt­xe­df­nb­ cndjht­y­y­z, jpåhjæy­y­z è db­irèk vèkèwèÿ­, f­ nf­rjé e­ghf­dkznb­ nèæñ ÿ­ÿ­ xf­cnb­y­jñ, zrf­ vjét­ db­rjhb­cnjde­df­nb­cz y­f­ cke­éåè Cgjke­xt­y­b­v Inf­nf­v, påt­hèuf­ñxb­ pf­ dèlgjdèly­b­vb­ inf­nf­vb­ ghf­dj ghb­py­f­xf­nb­ jaèwt­hèd è rt­hèdy­b­rèd lkz db­irjke­ vèkèwèÿ­, dèlgjdèly­j lj ghf­db­k lb­cwb­gkèy­b­, gt­ht­låf­xt­y­b­ö Rjy­uht­­cjv;

db­rjy­e­df­nb­ db­y­znrjdè pf­rjy­jlf­dxè gjdy­jdf­ét­y­y­z d e­cèö db­gf­lrf­ö d jrhe­pè (gkjot­ñ y­t­ åèkmit­ �0 rdf­lhf­ny­b­ö vb­km), zrb­q­ vjét­ åe­nb­ gt­ht­lf­y­b­q­ jrht­vb­vb­ inf­nf­vb­ è gt­ht­q­lt­ lj Rjy­uht­ce­ nf­ cnf­y­t­ vècwt­v gt­ht­åe­df­y­y­z e­hzle­ Cgjke­xt­­y­b­ö Inf­nèd; plèq­cy­ñdf­nb­ nf­re­ cf­ve­ dkf­le­ d e­cèö pt­vkzö, db­re­gkt­y­b­ö pf­ puj­ljñ pf­rjy­jlf­dxjÿ­ dkf­lb­ inf­ne­, e­ zrjve­ wè pt­vkè hjpnf­ijdf­y­j, lkz cndjht­y­y­z ajhnt­wm, crkf­lèd, f­hct­y­f­kèd, ljrèd nf­ èy­ib­ö gjnhèåy­b­ö cgjhe­l;

db­lf­df­nb­ dcè pf­rjy­b­, y­t­jåöèly­è q­ ljht­xy­è lkz plèq­cy­ñdf­y­y­z gt­ht­kèxt­y­b­ö db­ot­ gjdy­jdf­ét­y­m è dcèö èy­ib­ö gjdy­jdf­ét­y­m, y­f­lf­y­b­ö wèæñ Rjy­cnb­ne­wèæñ e­hzljdè Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd f­åj åe­lm­zrjve­ p q­juj lt­gf­hnf­vt­y­nèd xb­ gjcf­ljdèq­ jcjåè.

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Hjplèk 9

Rjy­uht­c y­t­ pf­åjhjy­znb­vt­ lj �808 hjre­ gt­ht­ct­kt­y­y­z è ddt­pt­y­y­z jcèå, zrb­ö rjét­y­ èp y­b­y­è ècy­e­ñxb­ö inf­nèd ddf­éf­nb­vt­ pf­ gjnhèåy­t­ ljge­cnb­nb­; f­kt­ nf­rt­ ddt­pt­y­y­z vjét­ jårkf­lf­nb­cz gjlf­nrjv xb­ vb­njv y­f­ ce­ve­, oj y­t­ gt­ht­db­oe­æ �0 ljkf­hèd pf­ rjéy­e­ jcjåe­.

Xb­y­y­ècnm ce­ljdjuj ghb­gb­ce­ y­t­ljnjhrf­y­y­jcnè y­t­ vjét­ åe­nb­ ghb­pe­gb­y­t­y­f­, zroj wmjuj y­t­ gjnht­åe­æ uhjvf­lcmrf­ åt­pgt­rf­ gèl xf­c gjdcnf­y­y­z f­åj dnjhuy­t­y­y­z.

Yt­ vjéy­f­ e­ödf­kñdf­nb­ åèkkè nf­ pf­rjy­b­ ghj pdb­y­e­df­xt­y­y­z e­ lt­héf­dy­èq­ phf­lè q­ gjpåf­dkt­y­y­z uhjvf­lzy­cmrb­ö ghf­d è pf­rjy­b­ pè pdjhjny­jñ lèæñ.

Gjle­iy­b­q­ gjlf­njr [xb­ èy­iè ghzvè gjlf­nrb­] y­t­ vjéy­f­ pf­ghjdf­lée­df­nb­ èy­f­rit­, zr kb­it­ puèly­j p gt­ht­gb­cjv xb­ jåkèrjv y­f­ct­kt­y­y­z, zrè ghjdjlznm, zr drf­pf­y­j db­ot­.

Yt­ gjdb­y­y­è jårkf­lf­nb­cz gjlf­nrjv f­åj vb­njv njdf­hb­, zrè db­djpznm p åe­lm­zrj­uj inf­ne­.

Yt­ ckèl y­f­lf­df­nb­ éjly­jÿ­ gt­ht­df­ub­ gjhnf­v jly­juj inf­ne­ pf­ hf­öe­y­jr gjhnèd èy­­ijuj inf­ne­ pf­ ljgjvjujñ rjvt­hwèq­y­b­ö xb­ aècrf­kmy­b­ö hjpgjhzlét­y­m; nf­r cf­vj éjly­t­ ce­ly­j, oj ghzve­æ lj åe­lm­zrjuj inf­ne­ f­åj p wmjuj inf­ne­, y­t­ vjéy­f­ gt­­ht­dèhznb­ xb­ cgkf­xe­df­nb­ vb­nj d èy­ijve­ inf­nè.

Db­gkf­ne­ uhjit­q­ pè crf­håy­b­wè plèq­cy­ññnm kb­it­ y­f­ gèlcnf­dè f­cb­uy­e­df­y­m dèlgj­dèly­j lj pf­rjy­e­, f­ pdèn ghj y­f­löjlét­y­y­z è db­nhf­nb­ dcèö lt­héf­dy­b­ö rjinèd gt­­hèjlb­xy­j jghb­kñly­ññnm.

Cgjke­xt­y­è Inf­nb­ y­t­ y­f­lf­ñnm éjly­b­ö f­hb­cnjrhf­nb­xy­b­ö nb­ne­kèd: éjly­f­ jcjåf­, zrf­ pf­q­vf­æ gkf­ny­e­ xb­ uhjvf­lcmre­ gjcf­le­ d Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nf­ö, y­t­ vf­æ ghf­df­ åt­p ljpdjke­ Rjy­uht­ce­ ghb­q­vf­nb­ éjly­juj lf­he­y­rf­, db­y­f­ujhjlb­, gjcf­lb­ f­åj nb­­ne­ke­ dèl åe­lm­zrjuj rjhjkz, ghb­y­wf­ f­åj èy­jpt­vy­jÿ­ lt­héf­db­.

Hjplèk �0

Éjlt­y­ inf­n y­t­ vf­æ ghf­df­ dcne­gf­nb­ e­ åe­lm­zre­ e­ujle­, cjñp xb­ rjy­at­lt­hf­wèñ, db­lf­df­nb­ rf­gt­hcmrè cdèljwndf­, rf­håe­df­nb­ uhjiè, db­ge­crf­nb­ rht­lb­ny­è gf­gt­hb­, cgkf­xe­df­nb­ åjhub­ åe­lm­xb­v, rhèv chèåy­b­ö è pjkjnb­ö vjy­t­n, e­ödf­kñdf­nb­ pf­rj­y­jghjt­rnb­ ghj gjrf­hf­y­y­z åt­p ce­le­, db­lf­df­nb­ pf­rjy­b­ pè pdjhjny­jñ lèæñ f­åj pf­rjy­b­, oj gjhe­ie­ñnm pjåjd’zpf­y­y­z pf­ rjy­nhf­rnf­vb­, xb­ y­f­lf­df­nb­ åe­lm­zrè f­hb­cnjrhf­nb­xy­è nb­ne­kb­.

Éjlt­y­ inf­n y­t­ vf­æ ghf­df­ åt­p ljpdjke­ Rjy­uht­ce­ y­f­rkf­lf­nb­ påjhb­ xb­ vb­nj y­f­ ddt­pt­y­y­z è db­dt­pt­y­y­z njdf­hèd, jrhèv nb­ö, zrè rjy­xt­ gjnhèåy­è lkz db­rjy­f­y­y­z q­juj èy­cgt­rwèq­y­b­ö pf­rjy­èd; f­ xb­cnb­q­ pb­cr p e­cmjuj vb­nf­ è påjhèd, y­f­rkf­lt­y­b­ö åe­lm­zrb­v inf­njv y­f­ ddt­pt­y­y­z è db­dt­pt­y­y­z, gt­ht­lf­ænmcz e­ crf­håy­b­wñ Cgjke­xt­­

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y­b­ö Inf­nèd, è dcè nf­rè pf­rjy­b­ gèlkzuf­ñnm rjy­nhjkñ p åjre­ Rjy­uht­ce­ è vjée­nm åe­nb­ y­b­v gt­ht­ukzy­e­nè.

Éjlt­y­ inf­n y­t­ vf­æ ghf­df­ åt­p pujlb­ Rjy­uht­ce­ y­f­rkf­lf­nb­ påjhb­ y­f­ njy­y­f­é, e­nhb­ve­df­nb­ dèq­cmrj xb­ dèq­cmrjdè ce­ly­f­ e­ vb­hy­b­q­ xf­c, e­rkf­lf­nb­ åe­lm­zrè e­uj­lb­ xb­ ljvjdkt­y­jcnè p èy­ib­v inf­njv f­åj p èy­jpt­vy­jñ lt­héf­djñ, dcne­gf­nb­ e­ dèq­y­e­, rhèv db­gf­lrèd af­rnb­xy­juj dnjhuy­t­y­y­z f­åj db­gf­lrèd nf­rjÿ­ jxt­db­ly­jÿ­ pf­uhjpb­, zrf­ y­t­ nt­hgb­nm pdjkèrf­y­y­z.

Cnf­nnz ÈÈ

Hjplèk �

Db­rjy­f­dxf­ dkf­lf­ gjrkf­lf­ænmcz y­f­ Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd Fvt­hb­rb­. Ght­pb­lt­y­n gt­ht­åe­df­æ y­f­ cdjÿ­q­ gjcf­lè dghjljdé xjnb­hmjö hjrèd; Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­, f­ nf­rjé dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­nf­, zrjuj jåb­hf­ñnm y­f­ njq­ cf­vb­q­ nt­hvèy­, jåb­hf­ñnm nf­­rb­v xb­y­jv:

Rjét­y­ inf­n e­ cgjcèå, dcnf­y­jdkt­y­b­q­ pf­rjy­jlf­dxb­v jhuf­y­jv inf­ne­, db­py­f­xf­æ rèkmrècnm db­åèhy­b­rèd, oj ljhèdy­ñæ rèkmrjcnè ct­y­f­njhèd è ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd, zre­ wt­q­ inf­n vf­æ ghf­dj gjcb­kf­nb­ d Rjy­uht­c; jly­f­r y­è ct­y­f­njhèd, y­è ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd, y­è åe­lm­zrb­ö èy­ib­ö jcèå, zrè pf­q­vf­ñnm gkf­ny­è xb­ uhjvf­lcmrè gjcf­lb­ d Cgjke­xt­­y­b­ö Inf­nf­ö, y­t­ ghb­py­f­xf­ñnm db­åèhy­b­rf­vb­.

[Db­åèhy­b­rb­ påb­hf­ñnmcz e­ cdjÿ­ö dèlgjdèly­b­ö inf­nf­ö è jåb­hf­ñnm ujkjce­df­y­y­zv ldjö jcèå, p zrb­ö ghb­y­f­q­vy­è jly­f­ y­t­ gjdb­y­y­f­ åe­nb­ éb­nt­kt­v jly­juj p y­b­vb­ inf­ne­. Djy­b­ crkf­lf­ñnm cgb­cjr e­cèö rf­y­lb­lf­nèd, pf­py­f­xf­ñxb­, crèkmrb­ ujkjcèd gjlf­y­j pf­ rjéy­juj; wt­q­ cgb­cjr djy­b­ gèlgb­ce­ñnm, pf­cdèlxe­ñnm è dèlcb­kf­ñnm pf­gt­xf­nf­y­b­v lj vècwz gt­ht­åe­df­y­y­z e­hzle­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd y­f­ èv’z Ujkjdb­ Ct­y­f­ne­. Ujkjdf­ Ct­y­f­ne­ dèlrhb­df­æ dcè ljre­vt­y­nb­ e­ ghb­ce­ny­jcnè Ct­y­f­ne­ è Gf­kf­­nb­ ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd, gèckz xjuj ujkjcb­ gèlhf­öjde­ñnm. Ght­pb­lt­y­njv cnf­æ jcjåf­, zrf­ y­f­åhf­kf­ y­f­q­åèkmit­ ujkjcèd, zroj rèkmrècnm ujkjcèd cnf­y­jdb­nm åèkmiècnm pf­uf­kmy­jÿ­ rèkmrjcnè ghb­py­f­xt­y­b­ö db­åèhy­b­rèd; zroj åèkmiècnm jlt­héb­nm rèkmrf­ ght­nt­y­lt­y­nèd è rèkmrècnm ujkjcèd pf­ rjéy­juj p y­b­ö åe­lt­ jly­f­rjdf­, nj Gf­kf­nf­ ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd y­t­uf­q­y­j ujkjce­df­y­y­zv jåb­hf­æ jly­juj p y­b­ö Ght­pb­lt­y­njv; f­ zr­oj y­èönj p y­b­ö y­t­ y­f­åt­ht­ åèkmijcnè ujkjcèd, njlè Gf­kf­nf­ ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd jåb­hf­æ Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ nf­r cf­vj p­gjvèé g’znmjö gt­hib­ö e­ cgb­cre­ jcèå. Yf­ db­åjhf­ö Ght­­pb­lt­y­nf­ ujkjcb­ gjlf­ñnm inf­nb­, ghb­xjve­ ght­lcnf­dy­b­wndj rjéy­juj inf­ne­ vf­æ jlb­y­ ujkjc; rdjhe­v e­ nf­rjve­ hf­pè crkf­lf­ñnm xkt­y­b­ Gf­kf­nb­ dèl ldjö nht­nb­y­ e­cèö inf­nèd; lkz jåhf­y­y­z Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ gjnhèåy­f­ f­åcjkñny­f­ åèkmiècnm ujkjcèd db­åèhy­b­rèd e­cèö inf­nèd. E rjéy­jve­ db­gf­lre­ gèckz jåhf­y­y­z Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ jcjåf­, zrf­ y­f­åhf­kf­ y­f­q­åèkmit­ ujkjcèd db­åèhy­b­rèd, cnf­æ dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­njv. Ghjnt­ zroj pf­kb­if­nmcz ldè jcjåb­ f­åj åèkmit­ p jly­f­rjdjñ rèkmrècnñ ujkjcèd, nj dèwt­­ght­pb­­lt­y­nf­ jåb­hf­æ p­gjvèé y­b­ö Ct­y­f­n, ujkjce­ñxb­ åñkt­nt­y­zvb­].

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Rjy­uht­c vjét­ db­py­f­xb­nb­ xf­c lkz jåhf­y­y­z db­åèhy­b­rèd è lt­y­m, rjkb­ djy­b­ gjdb­y­­y­è gjlf­nb­ cdjÿ­ ujkjcb­; wt­q­ lt­y­m vf­æ åe­nb­ ælb­y­b­v y­f­ dcèq­ nt­hb­njhèÿ­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd.

Ght­pb­lt­y­njv vjét­ åe­nb­ nèkmrb­ uhjvf­lzy­b­y­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd pf­ y­f­hjlét­y­­y­zv f­åj jcjåf­, zrf­ åe­kf­ uhjvf­lzy­b­y­jv Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd y­f­ xf­c e­ödf­kt­y­y­z wèæÿ­ Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­. Ght­pb­lt­y­njv y­t­ vjéy­f­ jåb­hf­nb­ njuj, önj y­t­ ljczuy­e­d dère­ 35 hjrèd è y­t­ ghjéb­df­d ghjnzujv �4 hjrèd e­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nf­ö.

E db­gf­lre­ e­ce­y­t­y­y­z Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ p gjcf­lb­ f­åj q­juj cvt­hnè, dèlcnf­drb­ xb­ y­t­cghj­vjéy­jcnè plèq­cy­ñdf­nb­ dkf­le­ è db­rjy­e­df­nb­ jåjd’zprb­, gjd’zpf­y­è p wèæñ gjcf­ljñ, jåjd’zprb­ Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ gt­ht­öjlznm lj dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­nf­. F e­ db­gf­lre­ e­ce­y­t­y­y­z, cvt­hnè, pht­xt­y­y­z xb­ y­t­cghjvjéy­jcnè db­rjy­e­df­nb­ jåjd’zprb­ è Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­, è dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ Rjy­uht­c vjét­ jrht­vb­v pf­rjy­jv ghb­py­f­xb­nb­ jly­e­ p db­ob­ö e­hzlj­db­ö jcèå db­rjy­e­df­nb­ dèlgjdèly­è jåjd’zprb­, gjrb­ y­t­ e­ce­y­t­y­j ghb­xb­y­e­ y­t­cghjvjé­y­jcnè Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ db­rjy­e­df­nb­ cdjÿ­ jåjd’zprb­ f­åj y­t­ jåhf­y­j y­jdjuj Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­.

Ght­pb­lt­y­n e­ dcnf­y­jdkt­y­è cnhjrb­ jlt­hée­æ pf­ cdjñ cke­éåe­ db­y­f­ujhjle­, zrf­ y­t­ gjdb­y­y­f­ y­è pvt­y­ie­df­nb­cz, y­è påèkmie­df­nb­cz ghjnzujv gt­hèjle­, y­f­ zrb­q­ q­juj jåhf­y­j, è dèy­ y­t­ gjdb­y­t­y­ ghjnzujv wmjuj gt­hèjle­ jlt­hée­df­nb­ éjly­b­ö èy­ib­ö db­­y­f­ujhjl dèl Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd xb­ jrht­vjuj inf­ne­.

Gt­ht­l dcne­gjv y­f­ gjcf­le­ Ght­pb­lt­y­n crkf­lf­æ nf­re­ ghb­czue­ f­åj lf­æ nf­re­ e­hjxb­c­ne­ jåèwzy­re­: ≤Z e­hjxb­cnj ghb­czuf­ñ, oj åe­le­ ljåhjcjdècy­j db­rjy­e­df­nb­ jåjd’zp­rb­ Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd è gjdy­jñ vèhjñ cdjÿ­ö cb­k gèlnhb­ve­df­nb­, pf­öb­of­nb­ è jåjhjy­znb­ Rjy­cnb­ne­wèñ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd≥.

Hjplèk 2

Ght­pb­lt­y­n æ Ujkjdy­jrjvf­y­le­df­xt­v påhjq­y­b­ö cb­k è akjne­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd, f­ nf­rjé vèkèwèÿ­ jrht­vb­ö inf­nèd gèl xf­c ÿ­ÿ­ lèq­cy­jÿ­ cke­éåb­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­v Inf­nf­v; dèy­ vjét­ db­vf­uf­nb­ dèl db­ob­ö gjcf­ljdb­ö jcèå rjéy­juj db­rjy­f­dxjuj dèljvcndf­ ÿ­öy­mjÿ­ le­vrb­ e­ gb­cmvjdjve­ db­rkf­lè p åe­lm­zrb­ö gb­nf­y­m cnjcjdy­j ÿ­öy­èö cke­éåj­db­ö jåjd’zprèd; dèy­ vf­æ ghf­dj dèlrkf­lf­nb­ db­rjy­f­y­y­z db­hjrèd è pdèkmy­znb­ dèl gjrf­hf­y­y­z pf­ pkjxb­y­b­ ghjnb­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd, rhèv db­gf­lrèd èvgèxvt­y­ne­.

Ght­pb­lt­y­n vf­æ ghf­dj pf­ gjhf­ljñ è pujljñ Ct­y­f­ne­ e­rkf­lf­nb­ vèélt­héf­dy­è ljuj­djhb­ e­ hf­pè gèlnhb­vrb­ ldjö nht­nb­y­ ghb­ce­ny­èö ct­y­f­njhèd; dèy­ ghjgjy­e­æ rf­y­lb­­lf­ne­hb­ è pf­ gjhf­ljñ nf­ pujljñ Ct­y­f­ne­ ghb­py­f­xf­æ gjckèd, èy­ib­ö gjdy­jdf­éy­b­ö ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd, rjy­ce­kèd, ce­llèd Dt­höjdy­juj Ce­le­ è dcèö èy­ib­ö db­ob­ö lt­héf­d­y­b­ö gjcf­ljdb­ö jcèå Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd, ghj zrb­ö y­t­ crf­pf­y­j èy­ijuj e­ wèq­ Rjy­­cnb­ne­wèÿ­ è xb­ÿ­ gjcf­lb­ dcnf­y­jdkñæ pf­rjy­; jly­f­r Rjy­uht­c vjét­ db­lf­nb­ pf­rjy­, pf­ zrb­v ghf­dj ghb­py­f­xf­nb­ y­f­ y­b­éxè lt­héf­dy­è gjcf­lb­, zroj dèy­ ddf­éf­æ wt­ pf­ gj­nhèåy­t­, vf­nb­vt­ cf­v Ght­pb­lt­y­n, f­åj ce­lb­, f­åj ukf­db­ lt­gf­hnf­vt­y­nèd.

Ght­pb­lt­y­n vf­æ ghf­dj ghb­py­f­xf­nb­ gjcf­ljdwèd y­f­ df­rf­y­ny­è gjcf­lb­, oj db­y­b­rkb­ d gt­hèjl vèé ct­cèzvb­ Ct­y­f­ne­, y­f­lf­ñxb­ ÿ­v gjdy­jdf­ét­y­y­z, nt­hvèy­ lèÿ­ zrb­ö pf­dt­h­ie­ænmcz èp pf­rèy­xt­y­y­zv q­juj y­f­cne­gy­jÿ­ ct­cèÿ­.

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Hjplèk 3

Ght­pb­lt­y­n gt­hèjlb­xy­j èy­ajhve­æ Rjy­uht­c ghj cnf­y­ Cjñpe­ è ghjgjy­e­æ y­f­ q­juj hjp­ukzl nf­rè pf­öjlb­, zrè dèy­ ddf­éf­æ gjnhèåy­b­vb­ è ljwèkmy­b­vb­; pf­ y­f­lpdb­xf­q­y­b­ö jåcnf­db­y­ dèy­ vjét­ crkb­rf­nb­ jåb­ldè gf­kf­nb­ f­åj jly­e­ p y­b­ö, f­ e­ db­gf­lre­ y­t­puj­lb­ vèé y­b­vb­ ojlj xf­ce­ pf­rèy­xt­y­y­z ct­cèÿ­ dèy­ vjét­ cf­v dèlrkf­cnb­ ct­cèñ y­f­ xf­c, zrb­q­ ddf­éf­nb­vt­ cke­iy­b­v; dèy­ ghb­q­vf­æ gjckèd nf­ èy­ib­ö gjdy­jdf­éy­b­ö ght­l­cnf­dy­b­rèd; dèy­ låf­æ ghj ljåhjcjdècy­t­ db­rjy­f­y­y­z pf­rjy­èd è gèlndt­hlée­æ jåjd’zp­rb­ dcèö gjcf­ljdb­ö jcèå Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd.

Hjplèk 4

Ght­pb­lt­y­n, dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­n è dcè wb­dèkmy­è gjcf­ljdè jcjåb­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd vj­ée­nm åe­nb­ e­ce­y­t­y­è p gjcf­lb­ d hf­pè pf­ce­lét­y­y­z ÿ­ö pf­ ghjwt­le­hjñ èvgèxvt­y­ne­ pf­ lt­héf­dy­e­ phf­le­, öf­åf­hy­b­wndj nf­ èy­iè nzérè pkjxb­y­b­ è ghjdb­y­b­.

Cnf­nnz ÈÈÈ

Hjplèk �

Ce­ljde­ dkf­le­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd y­f­lf­y­j ælb­y­jve­ Dt­höjdy­jve­ Ce­le­ è nf­rb­v y­b­éxb­v ce­lf­v, zrè èy­jlè dcnf­y­jdkñæ f­åj cndjhñæ Rjy­uht­c. Ce­llè Dt­höjdy­juj Ce­le­, f­ nf­rjé y­b­éxb­ö ce­lèd pf­kb­if­ñnmcz y­f­ cdjÿ­ö gjcf­lf­ö, ljrb­ gjdjlznmcz åt­pljuf­y­y­j, è vf­ñnm e­ db­py­f­xt­y­b­q­ xf­c jlt­hée­df­nb­ pf­ cke­éåe­ db­y­f­ujhjle­, zrf­ y­t­ gjdb­y­y­f­ pvt­y­ie­df­nb­cz ghjnzujv ÿ­öy­mjuj gt­ht­åe­df­y­y­z y­f­ gjcf­lè.

Hjplèk 2

Ce­ljdf­ dkf­lf­ gjib­hñænmcz pf­ ghb­y­wb­gjv pf­rjy­y­jcnè q­ hèdy­jcnè y­f­ dcè cghf­db­, zrè db­y­b­rf­ñnm y­f­ jcy­jdè wèæÿ­ Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­, pf­rjy­èd Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd è vèéy­f­­hjly­b­ö ljujdjhèd, e­rkf­lt­y­b­ö hf­y­èit­ è nb­ö, zrè Cgjke­xt­y­è Inf­nb­ e­rkf­le­nm e­ vf­q­åe­ny­mjve­; y­f­ dcè cghf­db­ cnjcjdy­j gjckèd, èy­ib­ö gjdy­jdf­éy­b­ö ght­lcnf­dy­b­­rèd è rjy­ce­kèd; y­f­ dcè cghf­db­ f­lvèhf­knt­q­cndf­ è vjhcmrjÿ­ ñhb­clb­rwèÿ­; y­f­ dcè cgj­hb­, jly­èæñ èp cnjhèy­ zrb­ö æ Cgjke­xt­y­è Inf­nb­, y­f­ dcè cgjhb­ vèé ldjvf­ xb­ rèkm­rjvf­ inf­nf­vb­ [vèé inf­njv è uhjvf­lzy­f­vb­ èy­ijuj inf­ne­], vèé uhjvf­lzy­f­vb­ hèpy­b­ö inf­nèd, vèé uhjvf­lzy­f­vb­ jly­juj inf­ne­ e­ db­gf­lrf­ö, rjkb­ djy­b­ pf­zdkz­ñnm ghf­df­ y­f­ pt­vkñ, y­f­lf­y­e­ èy­ib­vb­ inf­nf­vb­, f­ nf­rjé vèé inf­njv xb­ q­juj uhjvf­lzy­f­vb­ nf­ èy­jpt­vy­b­vb­ lt­héf­df­vb­ [uhjvf­lzy­f­vb­ xb­ gèllf­y­b­vb­].

D e­cèö cghf­df­ö cnjcjdy­j gjckèd, èy­ib­ö gjdy­jdf­éy­b­ö ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd è rjy­ce­kèd, f­ nf­rjé nb­ö, lt­ cnjhjy­jñ db­cne­gf­æ inf­n, Dt­höjdy­b­q­ Ce­l vf­æ gt­hijxt­hujde­ ñhb­clb­rwèñ. E db­gf­lre­ ht­inb­ puf­lf­y­b­ö db­ot­ cghf­d Dt­höjdy­b­q­ Ce­l æ f­gt­kz­wèq­y­jñ èy­cnf­y­wèæñ zr e­ gb­nf­y­y­zö ghf­df­, nf­r è af­rne­, p ljnhb­ve­df­y­y­zv db­y­zn­rèd è ghf­db­k, dcnf­y­jdkt­y­b­ö Rjy­uht­cjv.

Ce­ljdb­q­ hjpukzl e­cèö pkjxb­y­èd, jrhèv nb­ö, oj hjpukzlf­ñnmcz d gjhzlre­ èv­gèxvt­y­ne­, ghjdjlb­nm ce­l ghb­czéy­b­ö; è nf­rb­q­ ce­ljdb­q­ hjpukzl dèlåe­df­ænmcz

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e­ njve­ inf­nè, lt­ wt­q­ pkjxb­y­ crjæy­j; jly­f­r, rjkb­ pkjxb­y­ crjæy­j gjpf­ vt­éf­vb­ åe­lm­zrjuj inf­ne­, ce­ljdb­q­ hjpukzl dèlåe­df­ænmcz e­ njve­ vècwè xb­ vècwzö, zrè Rjy­uht­c vjét­ drf­pf­nb­ e­ pf­rjy­è.

Hjplèk 3

Lt­héf­dy­f­ phf­lf­ ghjnb­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd gjkzuf­æ nèkmrb­ e­ dt­lt­y­y­è dèq­y­b­ ghjnb­ y­b­ö, ghb­æly­f­y­y­è lj djhjuf­, y­f­lf­y­y­è djhjujdè ljgjvjub­ è gèlnhb­vrb­. Yèö­nj y­t­ vjét­ åe­nb­ pf­ce­lét­y­b­q­ pf­ phf­le­, ljrb­ nf­rb­q­ jxt­db­ly­b­q­ dxb­y­jr y­t­ pf­­cdèlxf­nm ldf­ cdèlrb­ f­åj pdb­y­e­df­xe­df­y­b­q­ y­t­ db­py­f­æ cdjñ db­y­e­ y­f­ dèlrhb­njve­ pf­cèlf­y­y­è ce­le­.

Rjy­uht­c vf­æ ghf­dj db­py­f­xf­nb­ gjrf­hf­y­y­z pf­ lt­héf­dy­e­ phf­le­, f­kt­ pf­ce­lét­y­y­z pf­ lt­héf­dy­e­ phf­le­ y­t­ nzuy­t­ pf­ cjåjñ gjpåf­dkt­y­y­z ghf­d y­f­of­lrèd, f­ rjy­aècrf­­wèz vf­q­y­f­ vjékb­df­ nèkmrb­ pf­ éb­nnz pf­ce­lét­y­juj.

Cnf­nnz Ȫ

Hjplèk �

Wèkrjdb­ne­ gjdf­ue­ è ljdèhe­ vf­æ db­zdkznb­ rjét­y­ inf­n jaèwèq­y­b­v f­rnf­v, ljre­­vt­y­nf­v è vf­nt­hèf­kf­v ce­ljxb­y­cndf­ dcèö èy­ib­ö inf­nèd. Rjy­uht­c vjét­ y­f­ gèlcnf­­dè pf­uf­kmy­b­ö pf­rjy­èd dcnf­y­jdkñdf­nb­ cgjcèå gèlndt­hlét­y­y­z jhb­uèy­f­kmy­jcnè nf­­rb­ö f­rnèd, ljre­vt­y­nèd è vf­nt­hèf­kèd ce­ljxb­y­cndf­, f­ nf­rjé dcnf­y­jdkt­y­y­z ÿ­öy­mjÿ­ ñhb­lb­xy­jÿ­ cb­kb­.

Hjplèk 2

Uhjvf­lzy­b­ rjéy­juj jrht­vjuj inf­ne­ vf­ñnm ghf­dj y­f­ nf­rè cf­vè ghb­dèkt­ÿ­ nf­ gèkmub­, oj q­ uhjvf­lzy­b­ èy­ib­ö inf­nèd.

Jcjåf­, pdb­y­e­df­xe­df­y­f­ e­ lt­héf­dy­èq­ phf­lè, crjæy­y­è nzérjuj xb­ èy­ijuj rhb­vè­y­f­kmy­juj pkjxb­y­e­ d zrjve­cm inf­nè, zrf­ cöjdf­kf­cz dèl ghf­djce­llz è åe­lt­ db­zd­kt­y­f­ d èy­ijve­ inf­nè, y­f­ db­vjue­ jhuf­y­èd db­rjy­f­dxjÿ­ dkf­lb­ inf­ne­, p zrjuj djy­f­ dnt­rkf­, vf­æ åe­nb­ db­lf­y­f­ inf­ne­, ñhb­clb­rwèÿ­ zrjuj djy­f­ gèlkzuf­æ pf­ crjæy­b­q­ pkjxb­y­.

[Éjly­f­ jcjåf­, zre­ e­nhb­ve­ñnm y­f­ cke­éåè xb­ ghb­ve­cjdèq­ ghf­wè d zrjve­cm inf­­nè puèly­j èp pf­rjy­f­vb­ wmjuj inf­ne­, zrf­ dnt­rkf­ lj èy­ijuj inf­ne­, y­t­ vjét­ y­f­ gèlcnf­dè pf­rjy­èd xb­ gjcnf­y­jd wmjuj inf­ne­ åe­nb­ pdèkmy­t­y­f­ dèl nf­rjÿ­ cke­éåb­ xb­ ghb­ve­cjdjÿ­ ghf­wè, f­ vf­æ åe­nb­ db­lf­y­f­ dèlgjdèly­j lj pf­zdb­ nèæÿ­ cnjhjy­b­, zrf­ vf­æ ghf­df­ y­f­ ÿ­ÿ­ cke­éåe­ xb­ ghf­wñ].

Hjplèk 3

Rjy­uht­c vjét­ ghb­q­vf­nb­ d Cjñp y­jdè inf­nb­; f­kt­ y­jdb­q­ inf­n y­t­ vjéy­f­ e­ndjhñ­df­nb­ xb­ pf­cy­jde­df­nb­ d vt­éf­ö ñhb­clb­rwèÿ­ èy­ijuj inf­ne­; y­t­ vjéy­f­ cndjhñdf­nb­

29

è y­jdb­q­ inf­n dy­f­ckèljr pkb­nnz ldjö xb­ åèkmit­ inf­nèd f­åj xf­cnb­y­ jrht­vb­ö inf­nèd åt­p pujlb­ y­f­ wt­ pf­rjy­jlf­dxb­ö jhuf­y­èd dèlgjdèly­b­ö inf­nèd, f­ nf­rjé åt­p pujlb­ y­f­ wt­ Rjy­uht­ce­.

Rjy­uht­c vf­æ ghf­dj hjpgjhzléf­nb­cz nt­hb­njhèæñ xb­ èy­ijñ dkf­cy­ècnñ Cgjke­xt­­y­b­ö Inf­nèd è db­lf­df­nb­ ojlj y­b­ö y­t­jåöèly­è gjcnf­y­jdb­ è ghb­gb­cb­. Yèoj d wèq­ Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­ y­t­ gjdb­y­y­j nke­vf­xb­nb­cz y­f­ irjle­ åe­lm­zrb­v ghf­df­v Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd xb­ jrht­vb­ö inf­nèd.

Hjplèk 4

Cgjke­xt­y­è Inf­nb­ uf­hf­y­ne­ñnm rjéy­jve­ inf­njdè wmjuj Cjñpe­ ht­cge­åkèrf­y­cmre­ ajhve­ ghf­dkèy­y­z è pf­öb­of­ñnm rjét­y­ inf­n dèl dnjhuy­t­y­y­z, f­ y­f­ ghjöf­y­y­z pf­­rjy­jlf­dxb­ö xb­ db­rjy­f­dxb­ö jhuf­y­èd (rjkb­ pf­rjy­jlf­dxè jhuf­y­b­ y­t­ vjéy­f­ crkb­rf­­nb­) – è dèl dy­e­nhèiy­mjuj y­f­cb­kmcndf­.

Cnf­nnz ª

Rjy­uht­c vjét­ ghjgjy­e­df­nb­ gjghf­drb­ lj Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­, rjkb­ wt­ ddf­éf­nb­ve­nm pf­ gjnhèåy­t­ ldè nht­nb­y­b­ jåjö gf­kf­n; f­åj é y­f­ rkjgjnf­y­y­z pf­rjy­jlf­dxb­ö jhuf­y­èd ldjö nht­nb­y­ e­cèö inf­nèd dèy­ crkb­rf­æ Rjy­dt­y­n p vt­njñ dy­t­ct­y­y­z gjghf­djr, zrè vf­nb­ve­nm ñhb­lb­xy­e­ cb­ke­ d e­cèö db­gf­lrf­ö zr xf­cnb­y­f­ wèæÿ­ Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­ gèckz hf­nb­aèrf­wèÿ­ pf­rjy­jlf­dxb­vb­ jhuf­y­f­vb­ nhmjö xdt­hnt­q­ e­cèö inf­nèd xb­ rjy­dt­y­nf­­vb­ e­ nhmjö xdt­hnzö e­cèö inf­nèd, pf­kt­éy­j dèl cgjcjåe­ hf­nb­aèrf­wèÿ­, pf­ghjgjy­jdf­­y­juj Rjy­uht­cjv; ghb­ wmjve­ éjly­f­ gjghf­drf­, oj åe­lt­ ghb­q­y­znf­ lj �808 hjre­, f­é y­èzr y­t­ gjdb­y­y­f­ njhrf­nb­cz gt­hijÿ­ è xt­ndt­hnjÿ­ xf­cnb­y­ 9 hjplèke­ Cnf­nnè È, éjlt­y­ inf­n åt­p pujlb­ Rjy­uht­ce­ y­t­ vjét­ åe­nb­ gjpåf­dkt­y­b­q­ cdjuj hèdy­juj p èy­­ib­vb­ inf­nf­vb­ ghf­df­ ujkjce­ d Ct­y­f­nè.

Cnf­nnz ªÈ

Dcè åjhub­ è pjåjd’zpf­y­y­z, oj db­y­b­rkb­ lj e­ödf­kt­y­y­z Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­, påt­hèuf­ñnm nf­re­ cf­ve­ cb­ke­ lkz Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd ghb­ wèq­ Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­, zr è ghb­ Rjy­at­­lt­hf­wèÿ­.

Wz Rjy­cnb­ne­wèz è pf­rjy­b­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd, oj åe­le­nm e­ödf­kt­y­è y­f­ ÿ­ÿ­ db­rj­y­f­y­y­z, zr è dcè e­ujlb­, e­rkf­lt­y­è hf­y­èit­, è nè, oj åe­le­nm e­rkf­lt­y­è dèl èvt­y­è Cgj­ke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd gèckz wmjuj, æ dt­höjdy­b­v ghf­djv rhf­ÿ­y­b­; è ce­llè dcèö inf­nèd pjåjd’zpf­y­è ljnhb­ve­df­nb­cz nf­rjuj ghf­df­, oj å y­t­ ce­gt­ht­xb­kj q­jve­ d Rjy­cnb­ne­­wèÿ­ xb­ d pf­rjy­f­ö åe­lm­zrjuj inf­ne­.

Ct­y­f­njhb­ è ght­lcnf­dy­b­rb­, puf­lf­y­è db­ot­, è xkt­y­b­ pf­rjy­jlf­dxb­ö jhuf­y­èd jrht­vb­ö inf­nèd, e­cè gjcf­ljdè jcjåb­ db­rjy­f­dxjÿ­ è ce­ljdjÿ­ dkf­lb­ zr Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd, nf­r è jrht­vb­ö inf­nèd, pjåjd’zpe­ñnmcz, db­ujkjie­ñxb­ ghb­czue­ f­åj e­hjxb­cne­ jåèwzy­re­, gèlnhb­ve­df­nb­ Rjy­cnb­ne­wèñ; ghjnt­ éjly­f­ gt­ht­dèhrf­ ht­kèuèq­y­jcnè y­t­

30

gjdb­y­y­f­ åe­nb­ e­vjdjñ ojlj pf­q­vf­y­y­z åe­lm­zrjÿ­ gjcf­lb­ f­åj jaèwèq­y­juj gjcnf­ y­f­ cke­éåè Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd.

Cnf­nnz ªÈÈ

Hf­nb­aèrf­wèz rjy­dt­y­nf­vb­ lt­d’znb­ inf­nèd ljcnf­ny­z lkz y­f­åe­nnz xb­y­y­jcnè wèæÿ­ Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­ d inf­nf­ö, zrè ÿ­ÿ­ hf­nb­aère­df­kb­.

Ghb­q­y­znj y­f­ Rjy­dt­y­nè pf­ jly­jcnf­q­y­jÿ­ pujlb­ ghb­ce­ny­èö inf­nèd �7 dt­ht­cy­z hjre­ Åjéjuj �787 è y­f­ �2 hjwè p xf­ce­ ghjujkjit­y­y­z y­t­pf­kt­éy­jcnè Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­­nèd Fvt­hb­rb­.

Yf­ gjcdèlxt­y­y­z xjuj vb­ cnf­db­vj ne­n y­f­iè gèlgb­cb­.

Léjhlé Df­ib­y­unjy­, Ght­pb­lt­y­n è lt­kt­uf­n dèl inf­ne­ Dèhuèy­èz

Lt­kf­dt­h:Léjhlé HèlUf­y­y­èy­u Åt­lajhl vjkjlib­q­Léjy­ Lèrèy­cjy­Hèxf­hl Åf­cct­nnLét­q­rjå Åhe­v

Vt­hèkt­y­l:Lét­q­vc Vf­rut­y­hèLt­y­èt­k ja Ct­y­n­Njvf­c Lét­y­èat­hLt­y­èt­k Rt­hhjkk

Dèhuèy­èz:Léjy­ Åkt­hLét­q­vc Vt­lècjy­ vjkjlib­q­

Gèdy­èxy­f­ Rf­hjkèy­f­:Dèkmzv Åkf­e­y­nHèxf­hl Ljåc Cgt­q­nU’ñ Dèkmzvcjy­

Gèdlt­y­y­f­ Rf­hjkèy­f­:Léjy­ He­nkt­léXf­hkp Rjncdjhn Gèy­ry­èXf­hkp Gèy­ry­èGèhc Åf­nkt­h

Léjhléèz:Dèkmzv �’ñFåhf­uf­v Åjkldèy­

Ymñ­Ut­vgib­h:Léjy­ Kt­y­uljy­Yèrjkf­c Uèkvt­y­

Vf­ccf­xe­ct­nc:Yf­nf­y­èt­k Ujht­vHe­ae­c Rèy­u

Rjy­y­t­rnère­n:Dèkmzv Ct­vñt­k Léjy­cjy­Hjlét­h It­hvf­y­

Ymñ­Qjhr:Fkt­rcf­y­lt­h Uf­vèkmnjy­

Ymñ­Lét­hcè:Dèkmzv Kèdèy­ucnjy­Lt­dèl Åht­hkèDèkmzv Gf­nt­hcjy­Léjy­f­nf­y­ Lt­q­njy­

Gt­y­cèkmdf­y­èz:Åt­y­léf­vèy­ �hf­y­rkèy­Njvf­c Vèaakèy­Hjåt­hn VjhhècLéjhlé Rkf­q­vt­hNjvf­c �ènwcèvjy­cLét­q­ht­l Èy­ut­hcjkkLét­q­vc Dèkcjy­Ujdt­hy­t­h Vjhhèc

3�

Zr db­lyj yf­ wè­q ajnjrjgè­ÿ, cgt­hie Åè­kkm ghj ghf­df­ crkf­lf­dcz p­ 12 cnf­nt­q, ghjnt­ kb­it­ 10 å­ekb­ p­ujljv hf­nb­aè­rjdf­yè­ inf­nf­vb­.

Åèkkm ghj ghf­df­

Gt­hiè­ lt­cznm gjghf­djr, dè­ljvè­ zr Åè­kkm ghj ghf­df­, å­ekb­ ght­lcnf­dkt­yè­ yf­ hjp­ukzl 25 dt­ht­cyz 1789 hjre è­ hf­nb­aè­rjdf­yè­ 15 uhelyz 1791 hjre. Cgjxf­nre gjghf­drb­

yf­rkf­lf­kb­ jå­vt­ét­yyz kb­it­ yf­ lè­zkmyè­cnm at­lt­hf­kmyjÿ dkf­lb­. Ghjnt­ e Xjnb­hyf­l­wznè­q gjghf­dwè­ qikjcz ghj nt­, oj éjlt­y inf­n yt­ vjét­ gjp­å­f­db­nb­ å­elm­zre jcjå­e éb­nnz, cdjå­jlb­ xb­ dkf­cyjcnè­ å­t­p­ ≤yf­kt­éyjÿ ghf­djdjÿ ghjwt­lehb­≥. Cgb­hf­ñ­xb­cm yf­ wt­, Dt­höjdyb­q Cel p­hjå­b­d db­cyjdjr, oj å­è­kmiè­cnm db­vju Åè­kkz ghj ghf­df­ nf­rjé

yf­rkf­lf­ñ­nm jå­vt­ét­yyz yf­ lè­zkmyè­cnm inf­nè­d è­ ÿöyè­ö jhuf­yè­d dkf­lb­.

32

(Åèkkm ghj ghf­df­: gjghf­drb­ �­�0)

GHTFVÅEKF LJ ÅÈKKZ GHJ GHFDF

Rjy­uht­c CIFDèlrhb­dcz è dèlåe­dcz e­ Ymñ­Qjhre­ d ct­ht­le­ 4 åt­ht­py­z �789 hjre­.

Rjy­dt­y­nb­ rèkmrjö inf­nèd, ghb­q­vf­ñxb­ Rjy­cnb­ne­wèñ, db­ckjdb­kb­ gjåf­éf­y­y­z p vt­njñ pf­gjåèuf­y­y­z y­t­ghf­db­kmy­juj nhf­rne­df­y­y­z f­åj db­rhb­dkt­y­y­z Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­ ljgjdy­b­nb­ ÿ­ÿ­ drf­pf­y­b­vb­ y­b­éxt­ cndt­hlée­df­kmy­b­vb­ è jåvt­ée­df­kmy­b­vb­ gjkj­ét­y­y­zvb­; wt­ nf­rjé hjpib­hb­nm ae­y­lf­vt­y­n uhjvf­lcmrjÿ­ ljdèhb­ lj e­hzle­ è zr­y­f­q­rhf­ot­ gjcke­éb­nm ljåhjxb­y­y­b­v wèkzv ghb­q­y­znnz Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­.

Ct­y­f­n è Gf­kf­nf­ ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd y­f­ pf­cèlf­y­y­è Rjy­uht­ce­ ldj­vf­ nht­nb­y­f­vb­ ujkjcèd jåjö gf­kf­n ghb­q­y­zkb­ hèit­y­y­z pf­ghjgjy­e­df­nb­ pf­rjy­jlf­d­xb­v jhuf­y­f­v hzle­ inf­nèd wè cnf­nnè zr gjghf­drb­ lj Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd, ojå e­ db­gf­lre­ hf­nb­aèrf­wèÿ­ dcèö f­åj lt­zrb­ö cnf­nt­q­ nhmjvf­ xdt­hnzvb­ drf­pf­y­b­ö pf­rjy­jlf­dxb­ö jhuf­y­èd djy­b­ dcne­gb­kb­ d cb­ke­ lkz e­cèö wèkt­q­ è d e­cèö dèly­jit­y­y­zö zr xf­cnb­y­f­ drf­pf­y­jÿ­ Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­.

Cnf­nnè, zrè ljlf­y­j zr gjghf­drb­ lj Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd Fvt­hb­rb­, ghjgjy­e­ñnmcz Rjy­uht­cjv è hf­nb­aère­ñnmcz pf­rjy­jlf­dxb­vb­ jhuf­y­f­vb­ hzle­ inf­­nèd dèlgjdèly­j lj G’znjÿ­ cnf­nnè gt­hdècy­jÿ­ Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­.

Gjghf­drf­ �

Rjy­uht­c y­t­ gjdb­y­t­y­ db­lf­df­nb­ éjly­juj pf­rjy­e­ ojlj dghjdf­lét­y­y­z åe­lm­zrjÿ­ ht­kèuèÿ­ xb­ pf­åjhjy­b­ dèkmy­j cgjdèle­df­nb­ ÿ­ÿ­, f­ nf­rjé y­t­ vf­æ ghf­df­ db­lf­df­nb­ pf­rj­y­b­, oj jåvt­ée­ñnm cdjåjle­ ckjdf­, cdjåjle­ lhe­re­ è ghf­df­ kñlt­q­ y­f­ vb­hy­è pèåhf­y­­y­z è pdt­hy­t­y­y­z lj e­hzle­ p gt­nb­wèzvb­ ghj pf­ljdjkt­y­y­z crf­hu.

Gjghf­drf­ 2

Jcrèkmrb­ lkz åt­pgt­rb­ dèkmy­jÿ­ lt­héf­db­ gjnhèåy­f­ ljåht­ jhuf­y­èpjdf­y­f­ vèkèwèz, ghf­dj y­f­hjle­ vf­nb­ è y­jcb­nb­ påhjñ y­t­ vjéy­f­ gjhe­ie­df­nb­.

Gjghf­drf­ 3

Éjlt­y­ dèq­cmrjdb­q­ y­t­ vjét­ rdf­hnb­he­df­nb­ d åe­lm­zrjve­ åe­lb­y­re­ åt­p pujlb­ y­f­ wt­ dkf­cy­b­rf­ d vb­hy­b­q­ xf­c è gèl xf­c dèq­y­b­, f­kt­ gèl xf­c dèq­y­b­ nf­rt­ hjprdf­hnb­he­­df­y­y­z vjét­ dèlåe­df­nb­cz kb­it­ puèly­j èp dcnf­y­jdkt­y­b­v pf­rjy­jv.

GJGHFDR� LJ RJYCN�NEWÈŸ CGJKEXTY�Ö INFNÈD FVTH�R�

33

Gjghf­drf­ 4

Ghf­dj y­f­hjle­ y­f­ y­t­ljnjhrf­y­y­ècnm jcjåb­, éb­nkf­, jcjåb­cnb­ö gf­gt­hèd è vf­q­y­f­ y­t­ vjéy­f­ gjhe­ie­df­nb­ åt­pgèlcnf­dy­b­vb­ jåie­rf­vb­ q­ f­ht­inf­vb­; jhlt­h nht­åf­ db­lf­­df­nb­ kb­it­ pf­ y­f­zdy­jcnè ljcnf­ny­èö gèlcnf­d, gjcdèlxt­y­b­ö ghb­czujñ f­åj pf­zdjñ. Ghb­ wmjve­ d jhlt­hè y­t­jåöèly­j ljrkf­ly­j jgb­cf­nb­ vècwt­ jåie­re­, jcjåe­ è ht­xè, zrè gèlkzuf­ñnm f­ht­ine­.

Gjghf­drf­ 5

Yèrjuj y­t­ vjéy­f­ ghb­nzue­df­nb­ lj y­f­q­db­ojÿ­ vèhb­ gjrf­hf­y­y­z xb­ e­d’zpy­t­y­y­z pf­ crjæy­y­z nzérjuj rhb­vèy­f­kmy­juj pkjxb­y­e­ xb­ èy­ijuj uf­y­t­åy­juj dxb­y­re­ èy­f­rit­, zr pf­ gjlf­y­y­zv f­åj pdb­y­e­df­xe­df­kmy­b­v db­cy­jdrjv Dt­kb­rjuj ée­hè ghb­czéy­b­ö, pf­ db­y­znrjv cghf­d, zrè db­y­b­rf­ñnm e­ ce­öjge­ny­b­ö f­åj vjhcmrb­ö påhjq­y­b­ö cb­­kf­ö, f­åj é e­ vèkèwèÿ­, rjkb­ jcjåf­ gt­ht­åe­df­æ y­f­ lèq­cy­èq­ cke­éåè, gèl xf­c dèq­y­b­ xb­ èy­ijuj y­t­åt­pgt­xy­juj lkz ce­cgèkmcndf­ cnf­y­e­; y­èrjuj y­t­ vjéy­f­ ghb­nzue­df­nb­ lj dèlgjdèlf­kmy­jcnè pf­ njq­ cf­vb­q­ pkjxb­y­ ldèxè; y­èrjuj y­t­ vjéy­f­ ghb­ve­ie­df­nb­ cdèlxb­nb­ e­ rhb­vèy­f­kmy­b­ö cghf­df­ö ghjnb­ cf­vjuj ct­åt­, f­ nf­rjé y­èrjuj y­t­ vjéy­f­ gjpåf­dkznb­ éb­nnz, cdjåjlb­ xb­ dkf­cy­jcnè åt­p y­f­kt­éy­jÿ­ ghf­djdjÿ­ ghjwt­le­hb­; ghb­df­ny­e­ dkf­cy­ècnm y­t­ vjéy­f­ db­ke­xf­nb­ lkz uhjvf­lcmrjuj db­rjhb­cnf­y­y­z åt­p cghf­dt­lkb­djuj dèlirjle­df­y­y­z.

Gjghf­drf­ 6

Ghb­ åe­lm­zrjve­ rhb­vèy­f­kmy­jve­ gt­ht­ckèle­df­y­y­è pdb­y­e­df­xe­df­y­b­q­ vf­æ ghf­dj y­f­ idb­lrb­q­ è dèlrhb­nb­q­ ce­l y­t­e­gt­ht­lét­y­b­ö ghb­czéy­b­ö njuj inf­ne­ xb­ jrhe­ue­, lt­ crjæy­j pkjxb­y­, f­ nf­rè jrhe­ub­ db­py­f­xt­y­è pf­rjy­jv. Pdb­y­e­df­xe­df­y­b­q­ vf­æ ghf­dj åe­nb­ gjèy­ajhvjdf­y­b­v ghj ce­nm è gèlcnf­db­ pdb­y­e­df­xt­y­m, dèy­ vf­æ ghf­dj y­f­ jxy­e­ cnf­dre­ pè cdèlrf­vb­, zrè cdèlxf­nm ghjnb­ y­mjuj, vf­æ ghf­dj y­f­ ghb­ve­cjdb­q­ db­­rkb­r cdèlrèd pè cdjuj åjre­ è y­f­ ljgjvjue­ f­ldjrf­nf­ lkz cdjuj pf­öb­cne­.

Gjghf­drf­ 7

Ce­ljdè cghf­db­, puèly­j pf­uf­kmy­juj ghf­df­, zroj hjpvèh db­vju gt­ht­db­oe­æ 20 lj­kf­hèd, y­f­kt­éf­nm lj ce­le­ ghb­czéy­b­ö, è éjly­f­ cghf­df­, hjpukzy­e­nf­ ce­ljv ghb­­czéy­b­ö, y­t­ gjdb­y­y­f­ hjpukzlf­nb­cz dlhe­ut­ e­ åe­lm­zrjve­ ce­lè Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­­nèd èy­f­rit­, zr dèlgjdèly­j lj y­jhv pf­uf­kmy­juj ghf­df­.

Gjghf­drf­ 8

Yt­ vjéy­f­ db­vf­uf­nb­ y­f­lvèhy­jÿ­ pf­cnf­db­, y­f­rkf­lf­nb­ y­f­lvèhy­è inhf­ab­ f­åj ghb­­py­f­xf­nb­ éjhcnjrè q­ y­t­pdb­xf­q­y­è gjrf­hf­y­y­z.

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Gjghf­drf­ 9

Gt­ht­kèxt­y­è e­ Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­ gt­dy­è ghf­df­ y­t­ vjéy­f­ nke­vf­xb­nb­ zr pf­gt­ht­xt­y­y­z xb­ jåvt­ét­y­y­z èy­ib­ö ghf­d, zrè y­f­kt­éf­nm y­f­hjljdè.

Gjghf­drf­ �0

Gjdy­jdf­ét­y­y­z, y­t­ gt­ht­lf­y­è wèæñ Rjy­cnb­ne­wèæñ Cgjke­xt­y­b­v Inf­nf­v è y­t­ pf­åjhj­y­t­y­è y­t­ñ jrht­vb­v inf­nf­v, y­f­kt­éf­nm, dèlgjdèly­j, inf­nf­v f­åj y­f­hjljdè.

Gjghf­drf­ �� (�795)

Ce­ljdf­ dkf­lf­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd y­t­ gjdb­y­y­f­ nke­vf­xb­nb­cz nf­r, ojå djy­f­ gj­ib­hñdf­kf­cz y­f­ zrècm gjpjdy­è cghf­db­, pf­cy­jdf­y­è y­f­ ghf­dè xb­ cghf­dt­lkb­djcnè nf­ gjhe­it­y­è f­åj ghjdf­lét­y­è ghjnb­ jly­juj pè inf­nèd uhjvf­lzy­f­vb­ èy­ijuj inf­ne­ xb­ uhjvf­lzy­f­vb­ f­åj gèllf­y­b­vb­ èy­jpt­vy­jÿ­ lt­héf­db­.

Gjghf­drf­ �2 (�804)

Db­åèhy­b­rb­ påb­hf­ñnmcz e­ dèlgjdèly­b­ö inf­nf­ö è nf­ævy­b­v ujkjce­df­y­y­zv gjlf­­ñnm cdjÿ­ ujkjcb­ pf­ Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ è dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­nf­, p zrb­ö ghb­y­f­q­vy­è jlb­y­ y­t­ æ éb­nt­kt­v jly­juj p y­b­vb­ inf­ne­. E cdjÿ­ö åñkt­nt­y­zö db­åèhy­b­rb­ drf­pe­ñnm jcjåe­, pf­ zre­ djy­b­ ujkjce­ñnm zr pf­ Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­, f­ d jrht­vb­ö åñkt­nt­y­zö – jcjåe­, pf­ zre­ djy­b­ ujkjce­ñnm zr pf­ dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­nf­. Djy­b­ vf­ñnm crkf­cnb­ jrht­vè cgb­crb­ y­f­ dcèö rf­y­lb­lf­nèd y­f­ gjcn Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ è y­f­ dcèö rf­y­lb­lf­nèd y­f­ gjcn dèwt­­ght­­pb­lt­y­nf­, èp pf­py­f­xt­y­y­zv rèkmrjcnè ujkjcèd, gjlf­y­b­ö pf­ rjéy­juj. Wè cgb­crb­ dj­y­b­ gèlgb­ce­ñnm, pf­cdèlxe­ñnm è jgt­xf­nf­y­b­vb­ y­f­lcb­kf­ñnm lj vècwz gt­ht­åe­df­y­y­z e­hzle­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd Ujkjdè Ct­y­f­ne­. Ujkjdf­ Ct­y­f­ne­ d ghb­ce­ny­jcnè Ct­y­f­ne­ è Gf­kf­nb­ ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd hjpgt­xf­ne­æ dcè jgt­xf­nf­y­è cgb­crb­, gèckz xjuj ujkjcb­ gèlhf­öjde­ñnm. Jcjåf­, zrf­ jlt­héf­kf­ y­f­q­åèkmie­ rèkmrècnm ujkjcèd pf­ Ght­pb­lt­y­­nf­, cnf­æ Ght­pb­lt­y­njv, zroj wz rèkmrècnm cnf­y­jdb­nm åèkmiècnm èp pf­uf­kmy­jÿ­ rèkmrjcnè ghb­py­f­xt­y­b­ö db­åèhy­b­rèd. Zroj éjly­f­ p db­ce­y­e­nb­ö rf­y­lb­lf­ne­h y­t­ jlt­héb­nm nf­rjÿ­ åèkmijcnè, njlè p jcèå, zrè y­f­åhf­kb­ y­f­q­åèkmie­ rèkmrècnm ujkjcèd e­ cgb­crf­ö rf­y­lb­lf­ne­h y­f­ gjcn Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­, f­kt­ y­t­ åèkmit­ nhmjö nf­rb­ö jcèå, Gf­­kf­nf­ ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd vf­æ y­t­uf­q­y­j jåhf­nb­ Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ nf­ævy­b­v ujkjce­df­y­y­zv. Gèl xf­c nf­rb­ö db­åjhèd ujkjce­ñnm inf­nb­, è ght­lcnf­dy­b­wndj rjéy­juj inf­ne­ vf­æ jlb­y­ ujkjc. E nf­rjve­ db­gf­lre­ rdjhe­v cnf­y­jdb­nm ldè nht­nb­y­b­ inf­nèd, ght­l­cnf­dkt­y­b­ö rjét­y­ jly­b­v xb­ rèkmrjvf­ xkt­y­f­vb­, è lkz jåhf­y­y­z gjnhèåy­f­ åèkm­iècnm p­gjvèé e­cèö inf­nèd. Zroj Gf­kf­nf­ ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd, zrèq­ y­f­kt­éb­nm ghf­dj jåb­hf­nb­, y­t­ jåt­ht­ Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ lj xt­ndt­hnjuj ly­z y­f­cne­gy­juj åt­ht­py­z, jåjd’zp­rb­ Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ vf­æ db­rjy­e­df­nb­ dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­n, nf­r cf­vj, zr e­ db­gf­lre­ cvt­hnè xb­ èy­ib­ö ghb­xb­y­, oj y­t­ lf­ñnm Ght­pb­lt­y­njdè pvjub­ db­rjy­e­df­nb­ cdjÿ­ jåjd’zprb­.

Jcjåf­, zrf­ jlt­héb­nm y­f­q­åèkmie­ rèkmrècnm ujkjcèd pf­ dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­nf­, cnf­æ dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­njv, zroj wz rèkmrècnm cnf­y­jdb­nm åèkmiècnm dèl pf­uf­kmy­jÿ­ rèkm­

35

rjcnè ghb­py­f­xt­y­b­ö db­åèhy­b­rèd. Zroj éjly­f­ jcjåf­ y­t­ vf­æ åèkmijcnè ujkjcèd, nj dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ jåb­hf­nb­vt­ Ct­y­f­n èp ldjö rf­y­lb­lf­ne­h, zrè pljåe­kb­ y­f­q­åèkmie­ rèkmrècnm ujkjcèd e­ cgb­crf­ö. E nf­rjve­ db­gf­lre­ rdjhe­v cnf­y­jdb­nm ldè nht­nb­y­b­ ct­y­f­njhèd, f­kt­ lkz jåhf­y­y­z gjnhèåy­f­ åèkmiècnm pf­uf­kmy­jÿ­ rèkmrjcnè ct­y­f­njhèd. Fkt­ éjly­f­ jcjåf­, zrf­ y­t­ pf­ljdjkmy­zæ db­vjub­ Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­ cnjcjdy­j gjcf­lb­ Ght­­pb­lt­y­nf­, y­t­ vjét­ åe­nb­ jåhf­y­f­ dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­njv Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd.

Gjghf­drf­ �3 (�865)

Hjplèk �

E Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nf­ö xb­ zrjve­cm èy­ijve­ vècwè, oj y­f­kt­éb­nm lj ÿ­öy­mjÿ­ ñhb­c­lb­rwèÿ­, y­t­ gjdb­y­y­è ècy­e­df­nb­ y­è hf­åcndj, y­è ghb­ve­cjdf­ ghf­wz, rhèv nb­ö db­gf­l­rèd, rjkb­ wt­ æ gjrf­hf­y­y­zv pf­ pkjxb­y­, pf­ zrb­q­ jcjåe­ åe­kj y­f­kt­éy­b­v xb­y­jv pf­ce­lét­y­j.

Hjplèk 2

Rjy­uht­c vf­æ ghf­dj db­rjy­e­df­nb­ wñ cnf­nnñ ikzöjv ghb­q­y­znnz dèlgjdèly­juj pf­­rjy­jlf­dcndf­.

Gjghf­drf­ �4 (�868)

Hjplèk �

Ecè jcjåb­, y­f­hjlét­y­è xb­ y­f­ne­hf­kèpjdf­y­è e­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nf­ö è zrè gèlkzuf­ñnm ÿ­öy­èq­ ñhb­clb­rwèÿ­, æ uhjvf­lzy­f­vb­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd è inf­ne­, lt­ djy­b­ éb­­de­nm. Éjlt­y­ inf­n y­t­ vjét­ db­lf­df­nb­ xb­ pf­cnjcjde­df­nb­ pf­rjy­b­, oj jåvt­ée­ñnm ghb­dèkt­ÿ­ nf­ gèkmub­ uhjvf­lzy­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd. Éjlt­y­ inf­n y­t­ vjét­ åt­p pf­­rjy­y­jÿ­ ghjwt­le­hb­ gjpåf­db­nb­ rjujcm éb­nnz, cdjåjlb­ xb­ dkf­cy­jcnè q­ dèlvjdb­nb­ zrèq­cm jcjåè d vt­éf­ö cdjæÿ­ ñhb­clb­rwèÿ­ d hèdy­èq­ jöjhjy­è pf­rjy­jv.

Hjplèk 2

Rèkmrècnm ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd dèl jrht­vb­ö inf­nèd db­py­f­xf­ñnm ghjgjhwèq­y­j lj rèkmrjcnè ÿ­öy­mjuj y­f­ct­kt­y­y­z, p e­hf­öe­df­y­y­zv e­cèö éb­nt­kèd rjéy­juj inf­ne­, pf­ db­y­znrjv èy­lèf­y­wèd, zrb­ö y­t­ jgjlf­nrjde­ñnm. Fkt­ zroj y­f­ åe­lm­zrb­ö db­åjhf­ö lkz jåhf­y­y­z db­åèhy­b­rèd Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ xb­ dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd, y­f­ db­åjhf­ö ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd e­ Rjy­uht­c, db­rjy­f­dxb­ö xb­ ce­ljdb­ö gjcf­ljdb­ö jcèå inf­ne­ f­åj xkt­y­èd pf­rjy­jlf­dxjuj jhuf­y­e­ wmjuj inf­ne­ ghf­df­ ujkjce­ åe­lt­ gjpåf­d­kt­y­j zrjujcm éb­nt­kz xjkjdèxjÿ­ cnf­nè, zrb­q­ ljczu 2� hjre­ è æ uhjvf­lzy­b­y­jv Cgj­ke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd, f­åj zroj wt­ ghf­dj åe­lt­ zrjcm jåvt­ét­y­j p èy­ib­ö ghb­xb­y­, y­èé e­xf­cnm e­ gjdcnf­y­y­è f­åj èy­ijve­ pkjxb­y­è, – nj y­jhvf­ ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd dèl wmjuj inf­ne­ vf­æ åe­nb­ pvt­y­it­y­f­ ghjgjhwèq­y­j lj rèkmrjcnè uhjvf­lzy­ xjkjdèxjÿ­ cnf­nè q­ rèkmrjcnè e­cèö uhjvf­lzy­ wmjuj inf­ne­, zrè ljczukb­ 2� hjre­.

36

Hjplèk 3

Éjly­f­ jcjåf­ y­t­ vjét­ åe­nb­ ct­y­f­njhjv xb­ ght­lcnf­dy­b­rjv e­ Rjy­uht­cè, db­åèhy­b­rjv Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ f­åj dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­nf­, pf­q­vf­nb­ zre­cm wb­dèkmy­e­ f­åj dèq­cmrjde­ gjcf­le­ d e­hzlè Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd xb­ d åe­lm­zrjve­ inf­nè, zroj djy­f­, crkf­dib­ hf­y­è­it­ ghb­czue­ zr xkt­y­ Rjy­uht­ce­, f­åj gjcf­ljdf­ jcjåf­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd, f­åj zr xkt­y­ pf­rjy­jlf­dxjuj xb­ db­rjy­f­dxjuj jhuf­y­e­ zrjujcm inf­ne­, f­åj ce­ljdf­ gjcf­lj­df­ÿ­ jcjåf­ zrjujcm inf­ne­ d njve­, oj gèlnhb­ve­df­nb­vt­ Rjy­cnb­ne­wèñ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd, gjnèv e­pzkf­ e­xf­cnm e­ gjdcnf­y­y­è xb­ pf­rjkjnè ghjnb­ Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­ Cgjke­­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd f­åj y­f­lf­kf­ ljgjvjue­ xb­ gèlnhb­vre­ ÿ­ÿ­ djhjuf­v. Ghjnt­ Rjy­uht­c vj­ét­ e­ce­y­e­nb­ nf­rè jåvt­ét­y­y­z ghf­d ldjvf­ nht­nb­y­f­vb­ ujkjcèd e­ rjéy­èq­ gf­kf­nè.

Hjplèk 4

Ghf­djvèhy­ècnm lt­héf­dy­juj åjhue­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd, cf­y­rwèjy­jdf­y­juj pf­rj­y­jv, e­ njve­ xb­ckè åjhuèd, phjåkt­y­b­ö lkz db­gkf­nb­ gt­y­cèq­ è db­y­f­ujhjl pf­ db­rj­y­f­y­y­z cke­éåjdb­ö jåjd’zprèd gèl xf­c ghb­le­it­y­y­z pf­rjkjne­ xb­ gjdcnf­y­y­z, ce­v­y­èdèd y­t­ db­rkb­rf­æ. Ghjnt­ y­è Cgjke­xt­y­è Inf­nb­, y­è åe­lm­zrb­q­ inf­n y­t­ gjdb­y­y­è åhf­nb­ y­f­ ct­åt­ éjly­b­ö pjåjd’zpf­y­m xb­ jgkf­ne­ åjhue­, gjd’zpf­y­b­ö p y­f­lf­y­y­zv ljgjvjub­ pf­rjkjne­ xb­ gjdcnf­y­y­ñ ghjnb­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd, f­åj db­py­f­df­nb­ åe­lm­zrè ght­nt­y­pèÿ­, gjd’zpf­y­è p dnhf­njñ xb­ pdèkmy­t­y­y­zv zrjujcm hf­åf­. Dcè nf­rè åjhub­, pjåjd’zpf­y­y­z è ght­nt­y­pèÿ­ ckèl ddf­éf­nb­ y­t­pf­rjy­y­b­vb­ è y­t­lèq­cy­b­vb­.

Hjplèk 5

Rjy­uht­c vf­æ ghf­dj db­rjy­e­df­nb­ wñ cnf­nnñ ikzöjv ghb­q­y­znnz dèlgjdèly­juj pf­­rjy­jlf­dcndf­.

Gjghf­drf­ �5 (�870)

Hjplèk �

Db­åjhxt­ ghf­dj uhjvf­lzy­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd y­t­ gjdb­y­y­j pf­gt­ht­xe­df­nb­cz xb­ jå­vt­ée­df­nb­cz Cgjke­xt­y­b­vb­ Inf­nf­vb­ f­åj jrht­vb­vb­ inf­nf­vb­ y­f­ gèlcnf­dè hf­cb­, rjkmjhe­ irèhb­ xb­ gjgt­ht­ly­mjuj gt­ht­åe­df­y­y­z e­ hf­åcndè.

Hjplèk 2

Rjy­uht­c vf­æ ghf­dj db­rjy­e­df­nb­ wñ cnf­nnñ d ht­pe­kmnf­nè ghb­q­y­znnz dèlgjdèly­j­uj pf­rjy­jlf­dcndf­.

Gjghf­drf­ �6 (�9�3)

Rjy­uht­c vf­æ ghf­dj y­f­rkf­lf­nb­ è cnzue­df­nb­ gjlf­nrb­ p ghb­åe­nrèd, jlt­hée­df­y­b­ö p åe­lm­zrjuj lét­ht­kf­, y­t­ hjpgjlèkzñxb­ wè gjlf­nrb­ vèé jrht­vb­vb­ inf­nf­vb­ è y­t­pf­kt­éy­j dèl gt­ht­gb­cèd xb­ jåkère­ ÿ­öy­mjuj y­f­ct­kt­y­y­z.

37

Gjghf­drf­ �7 (�9�3)

Lj crkf­le­ Ct­y­f­ne­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd döjlb­nm gj ldf­ ct­y­f­njhb­ dèl rjéy­juj inf­ne­, jåhf­y­è y­f­ct­kt­y­y­zv jcnf­y­y­mjuj y­f­ 6 hjrèd. Rjét­y­ ct­y­f­njh vf­æ jlb­y­ uj­kjc. Db­åjhwè e­ rjéy­jve­ inf­nè gjdb­y­y­è dèlgjdèlf­nb­ db­vjuf­v, dcnf­y­jdkt­y­b­v lkz db­åjhwèd lj y­f­q­xb­ckt­y­y­èijÿ­ gf­kf­nb­ pf­rjy­jlf­dxb­ö jhuf­y­èd inf­ne­.

Rjkb­ e­ ght­lcnf­dy­b­wndè zrjujcm inf­ne­ d Ct­y­f­nè db­y­b­rf­æ df­rf­y­cèz, jhuf­y­ db­rj­y­f­dxjÿ­ dkf­lb­ wmjuj inf­ne­ vf­æ db­lf­nb­ y­f­rf­p ghj db­åjhb­ y­f­ nf­re­ df­rf­y­ny­e­ gj­cf­le­. Pf­rjy­jlf­dxè jhuf­y­b­ inf­ne­ vjée­nm e­gjdy­jdf­éb­nb­ db­rjy­f­dxe­ dkf­le­ plèq­­cy­b­nb­ nb­vxf­cjdè ghb­py­f­xt­y­y­z, ljrb­ df­rf­y­cèñ y­t­ åe­lt­ pf­vèot­y­j pf­uf­kmy­b­vb­ db­åjhf­vb­ dèlgjdèly­j lj gjhzlre­, dcnf­y­jdkt­y­juj pf­rjy­jlf­dxb­v jhuf­y­jv.

Wñ gjghf­dre­ y­t­ ckèl nke­vf­xb­nb­ nf­rb­v xb­y­jv, ojå ÿ­ÿ­ lèz gjib­hñdf­kf­cz y­f­ jå­hf­y­y­z xb­ nt­hvèy­ gjdy­jdf­ét­y­m ct­y­f­njhèd, jåhf­y­b­ö lj y­f­åe­nnz xb­y­y­jcnè wèæñ gj­ghf­drjñ zr xf­cnb­y­jñ Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­.

Gjghf­drf­ �8 (�9�9, crf­cjdf­y­f­ Ldf­lwznm gt­hijñ gjghf­drjñ)

Hjplèk �

Xt­ht­p jlb­y­ hèr gèckz hf­nb­aèrf­wèÿ­ wèæÿ­ cnf­nnè åe­lt­ pf­åjhjy­t­y­j d Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­­nf­ö è y­f­ dcèö nt­hb­njhèzö, gèlgjhzlrjdf­y­b­ö ÿ­öy­èq­ ñhb­clb­rwèÿ­, db­hjåy­b­wndj, ghj­lf­é xb­ gt­ht­dt­pt­y­y­z cgb­hny­b­ö y­f­gjÿ­d e­ vt­éf­ö rhf­ÿ­y­b­ p vt­njñ cgjéb­df­y­y­z ÿ­ö; pf­åjhjy­t­y­j åe­lt­ è ddt­pt­y­y­z cgb­hny­b­ö y­f­gjÿ­d e­ Cgjke­xt­y­è Inf­nb­ è ÿ­öy­è nt­hb­njhèÿ­ p drf­pf­y­jñ vt­njñ nf­r cf­vj, zr è db­dt­pt­y­y­z p wèæñ cf­vjñ vt­njñ.

Hjplèk 2

Rjy­uht­c nf­ jrht­vè inf­nb­ vf­ñnm ghf­dj hf­pjv db­rjy­e­df­nb­ wñ cnf­nnñ dy­f­ckèljr ghb­q­y­znnz dèlgjdèly­juj pf­rjy­jlf­dcndf­.

Hjplèk 3

Wz cnf­nnz y­t­ y­f­åt­ht­ xb­y­y­jcnè, zroj ÿ­ÿ­ y­t­ åe­lt­ hf­nb­aèrjdf­y­j zr gjghf­dre­ lj Rjy­­cnb­ne­wèÿ­ pf­rjy­jlf­dxb­vb­ påjhf­vb­ jrht­vb­ö inf­nèd, zr wt­ gt­ht­låf­xt­y­j Rjy­cnb­ne­­wèæñ, ghjnzujv ct­vb­ hjrèd gèckz gjlf­y­y­z ÿ­ÿ­ y­f­ hjpukzl inf­nèd Rjy­uht­cjv.

Gjghf­drf­ �9 (�920)

Db­åjhxè ghf­df­ uhjvf­lzy­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd y­t­ gjdb­y­y­è pf­gt­ht­xe­df­nb­cz xb­ jåvt­­ée­df­nb­cz Cgjke­xt­y­b­vb­ Inf­nf­vb­ f­åj zrb­v­y­t­åe­lm inf­njv pf­ jpy­f­rjñ cnf­nè.

Rjy­uht­c vf­æ ghf­dj db­rjy­e­df­nb­ wñ cnf­nnñ pf­dlzrb­ ghb­q­y­znnñ dèlgjdèly­juj pf­rjy­jlf­dcndf­.

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Gjghf­drf­ 20 (�933)

Hjplèk �

Nt­hvèy­ gjdy­jdf­ét­y­m Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ è dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ pf­rèy­xe­ænmcz jgèdly­è 20 cèx­y­z, f­ nt­hvèy­ gjdy­jdf­ét­y­m ct­y­f­njhèd è ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd – jgèdly­è 3 cèxy­z d nè hjrb­, rjkb­ ÿ­öy­è nt­hvèy­b­ pf­rèy­xb­kb­cz å, zråb­ wñ gjghf­dre­ y­t­ åe­kj hf­nb­aèrjdf­y­j. Dèl­njlè gjxb­y­f­ñnmcz nt­hvèy­b­ gjdy­jdf­ét­y­m ÿ­öy­èö y­f­cne­gy­b­rèd.

Hjplèk 2

Rjy­uht­c påb­hf­ænmcz ghb­y­f­q­vy­è jlb­y­ hf­p y­f­ hèr, è gt­hif­ ct­cèz gjxb­y­f­ænmcz jgèd­ly­è 3 cèxy­z, zroj Rjy­uht­c y­t­ dcnf­y­jdb­nm pf­rjy­jv èy­ijuj ly­z.

Hjplèk 3

Zroj lj vjvt­y­ne­, db­py­f­xt­y­juj gjxf­nrjv gjdy­jdf­ét­y­m Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­, y­jdjjåhf­­y­b­q­ Ght­pb­lt­y­n gjvht­, Ght­pb­lt­y­njv cnf­y­t­ y­jdjjåhf­y­b­q­ dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­n. Zroj lj xf­ce­, db­py­f­xt­y­juj gjxf­nrjv gjdy­jdf­ét­y­m, Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ ot­ y­t­ åe­lt­ jåhf­y­j f­åj y­jdjjåhf­y­b­q­ Ght­pb­lt­y­n y­t­ dèlgjdèlf­nb­vt­ db­vjuf­v pf­rjy­e­, jåjd’zprb­ Ght­pb­lt­y­­nf­ db­rjy­e­df­nb­vt­ dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­n, ljrb­ Ght­pb­lt­y­n y­t­ dèlgjdèlf­nb­vt­ db­vjuf­v pf­rjy­e­. Rjy­uht­c vjét­ cgt­wèf­kmy­b­v pf­rjy­jv gt­ht­låf­xb­nb­ db­gf­ljr, rjkb­ y­è y­jdj­jåhf­y­b­q­ Ght­pb­lt­y­n, y­è y­jdjjåhf­y­b­q­ dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­n y­t­ dèlgjdèlf­ñnm db­vjuf­v pf­rjy­e­, drf­pf­dib­, önj d nf­rjve­ db­gf­lre­ vf­æ db­rjy­e­df­nb­ jåjd’zprb­ Ght­pb­lt­y­­nf­, f­åj cgjcèå, zrb­v vf­æ åe­nb­ jåhf­y­j jcjåe­ lkz db­rjy­f­y­y­z wb­ö jåjd’zprèd. Nf­rf­ jcjåf­ gjdb­y­y­f­ db­rjy­e­df­nb­ wè jåjd’zprb­, ljrb­ Ght­pb­lt­y­n f­åj dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­n y­t­ gjxy­e­nm dèlgjdèlf­nb­ db­vjuf­v pf­rjy­e­.

Hjplèk 4

Rjy­uht­c vjét­ gt­ht­låf­xb­nb­ cgt­wèf­kmy­b­v pf­rjy­jv pf­öjlb­ y­f­ db­gf­ljr cvt­hnè jcèå, p­gjvèé zrb­ö Gf­kf­nf­ ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd vjét­ jåb­hf­nb­ Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­, rjkb­ lj y­t­ÿ­ gt­ht­öjlb­nm ghf­dj db­åjhe­, f­ nf­rjé y­f­ db­gf­ljr cvt­hnè jcèå, p­gjvèé zrb­ö Ct­­y­f­n vjét­ jåb­hf­nb­ dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­nf­, rjkb­ lj y­mjuj gt­ht­öjlb­nm wt­ ghf­dj.

Hjplèk 5

Hjplèkb­ � è 2 wèæÿ­ cnf­nnè y­f­åb­hf­ñnm xb­y­y­jcnè y­f­ �5 lt­y­m éjdny­z y­f­cne­gy­juj hj­re­ gèckz hf­nb­aèrf­wèÿ­ wèæÿ­ gjghf­drb­.

Hjplèk 6

Wz cnf­nnz y­t­ y­f­åt­ht­ xb­y­y­jcnè, ljrb­ ÿ­ÿ­ y­t­ åe­lt­ hf­nb­aèrjdf­y­j zr gjghf­dre­ lj Rjy­­cnb­ne­wèÿ­ pf­rjy­jlf­dxb­vb­ jhuf­y­f­vb­ nhmjö xdt­hnt­q­ inf­nèd ghjnzujv ct­vb­ hjrèd gèckz ÿ­ÿ­ gjlf­y­y­z.

39

Gjghf­drf­ 2� (�933)

Hjplèk �

Wb­v crf­cjde­ænmcz Dècèvy­f­lwznf­ gjghf­drf­ lj Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd.

Hjplèk 2

Gt­ht­dt­pt­y­y­z xb­ ddt­pt­y­y­z e­ åe­lm­zrb­q­ inf­n, y­f­ nt­hb­njhèñ xb­ djkjlèy­y­z Cgj­ke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd cgb­hny­b­ö y­f­gjÿ­d lkz cgjéb­df­y­y­z, zroj wt­ gjhe­ie­æ vècwt­dè pf­rjy­b­, pf­åjhjy­zænmcz.

Hjplèk 3

Wz gjghf­drf­ y­t­ y­f­åt­ht­ xb­y­y­jcnè, ljrb­ ÿ­ÿ­ y­t­ åe­lt­ hf­nb­aèrjdf­y­j zr gjghf­dre­ lj Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­ rjy­dt­y­nf­vb­ jrht­vb­ö inf­nèd e­ gjhzlre­, gt­ht­låf­xt­y­jve­ Rjy­cnb­ne­­wèæñ, ghjnzujv ct­vb­ hjrèd p ly­z gjlf­y­y­z ÿ­ÿ­ Rjy­uht­cjv y­f­ cödf­kt­y­y­z inf­nèd.

Gjghf­drf­ 22 (�95�)

Hjplèk �

Éjly­f­ jcjåf­ y­t­ vjét­ åe­nb­ jåhf­y­f­ Ght­pb­lt­y­njv Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd åèkmit­, zr ldèxè, è éjly­f­ jcjåf­, zrf­ åe­kf­ Ght­pb­lt­y­njv xb­ db­rjy­e­df­kf­ jåjd’zprb­ Ght­pb­­lt­y­nf­ gjy­f­l 2 hjrb­ ghjnzujv nt­hvèy­e­, y­f­ zrb­q­ èy­ie­ jcjåe­ åe­kj jåhf­y­j Ght­pb­­lt­y­njv, y­t­ vjét­ åe­nb­ jåhf­y­f­ Ght­pb­lt­y­njv åèkmit­ jly­juj hf­pe­. Jly­f­r wz cnf­n­nz y­t­ gjib­hñænmcz y­f­ jcjåe­, zrf­ åe­kf­ Ght­pb­lt­y­njv e­ njq­ xf­c, rjkb­ Rjy­uht­c pf­ghjgjy­e­df­d wñ cnf­nnñ, è y­t­ gt­ht­irjléf­æ jcjåè, zrf­ åe­lt­ Ght­pb­lt­y­njv xb­ db­rjy­e­df­nb­vt­ jåjd’zprb­ Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ ghjnzujv nt­hvèy­e­, gèl xf­c zrjuj cnf­nnz y­f­åt­ht­ xb­y­y­jcnè, åe­nb­ Ght­pb­lt­y­njv xb­ db­rjy­e­df­nb­ jåjd’zprb­ Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ ghj­nzujv ht­inb­ wmjuj nt­hvèy­e­.

Hjplèk 2

Wz cnf­nnz y­t­ y­f­åt­ht­ xb­y­y­jcnè, ljrb­ ÿ­ÿ­ y­t­ åe­lt­ hf­nb­aèrjdf­y­j zr gjghf­dre­ lj Rjy­­cnb­ne­wèÿ­ pf­rjy­jlf­dxb­vb­ jhuf­y­f­vb­ nhmjö xdt­hnt­q­ inf­nèd ghjnzujv ct­vb­ hjrèd p ly­z ÿ­ÿ­ gjlf­y­y­z Rjy­uht­cjv y­f­ hjpukzl inf­nf­v.

Gjghf­drf­ 23 (�96�)

Hjplèk �

Jrhe­u, lt­ vècnb­nmcz e­hzl Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd, ghb­py­f­xf­æ e­ db­py­f­xt­y­b­q­ Rjy­­uht­cjv cgjcèå nf­re­ rèkmrècnm db­åèhy­b­rèd Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ è dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­nf­, oj lj­hèdy­ñæ pf­uf­kmy­èq­ rèkmrjcnè ct­y­f­njhèd è ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd e­ Rjy­uht­cè, zre­ vf­d åb­ ghf­dj vf­nb­ wt­q­ jrhe­u, zråb­ åe­d inf­njv, f­kt­ d éjly­jve­ db­gf­lre­ y­t­ åèkmie­, zr

40

inf­n èp y­f­q­vt­y­i xb­ckt­y­y­b­v y­f­ct­kt­y­y­zv; djy­b­ ljgjdy­ññnm db­åèhy­b­rèd, zrb­ö ghb­py­f­xb­kb­ inf­nb­; ÿ­ö hjpukzlf­ñnm zr db­åèhy­b­rèd, ghb­py­f­xt­y­b­ö inf­njv lkz jåhf­y­y­z Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ è dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­nf­; djy­b­ gjdb­y­y­è påb­hf­nb­cz y­f­ nt­hb­njhèÿ­ jrhe­ue­ è db­rjy­e­df­nb­ cdjÿ­ jåjd’zprb­ puèly­j p Ldf­y­f­lwznjñ gjghf­drjñ lj Rjy­­cnb­ne­wèÿ­.

Hjplèk 2

Rjy­uht­c vf­æ ghf­dj db­rjy­e­df­nb­ wñ cnf­nnñ e­ ht­pe­kmnf­nè ghb­q­y­znnz dèlgjdèly­j­uj pf­rjy­jlf­dcndf­.

Gjghf­drf­ 24 (�964)

Hjplèk �

Ghf­dj uhjvf­lzy­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd ujkjce­df­nb­ y­f­ åe­lm­zrb­ö gjgt­ht­ly­èö nf­ èy­ib­ö db­åjhf­ö Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ xb­ dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­nf­, db­åèhy­b­rèd Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ è dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­nf­, ct­y­f­njhf­ f­åj ght­lcnf­dy­b­rf­ d Rjy­uht­cè y­t­ gjdb­y­y­j pf­gt­ht­xe­df­nb­cz xb­ jåvt­ée­df­nb­cz Cgjke­xt­y­b­vb­ Inf­nf­vb­ f­åj jrht­vb­vb­ inf­nf­vb­ y­f­ gèlcnf­dè y­t­cghjvjéy­jcnè cgkf­nb­nb­ db­åjhxb­q­ f­åj åe­lm­zrb­q­ èy­ib­q­ gjlf­njr.

Hjplèk 2

Rjy­uht­c vf­æ ghf­dj db­rjy­e­df­nb­ wñ cnf­nnñ gèckz ghb­q­y­znnz dèlgjdèly­juj pf­rj­y­jlf­dcndf­.

Gjghf­drf­ 25 (�967)

Hjplèk �

E db­gf­lre­ e­ce­y­t­y­y­z Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ p gjcf­lb­, q­juj cvt­hnè f­åj dèlcnf­drb­ Ght­pb­lt­y­­njv cnf­æ dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­n.

Hjplèk 2

Rjkb­ gjcf­lf­ dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ cnf­æ df­rf­y­ny­jñ, Ght­pb­lt­y­n db­ce­df­æ rf­y­lb­lf­nf­ y­f­ dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­nf­, zrb­q­ pf­q­vf­æ gjcf­le­ gèckz pf­ndt­hlét­y­y­z åèkmiècnñ ujkj­cèd jåjö gf­kf­n Rjy­uht­ce­.

Hjplèk 3

Zroj Ght­pb­lt­y­n gjlf­æ nb­vxf­cjdjve­ Ujkjdè Ct­y­f­ne­ è cgèrt­he­ Gf­kf­nb­ ght­lcnf­d­y­b­rèd gb­cmvjde­ pf­zde­ ghj y­t­vjékb­dècnm db­rjy­e­df­nb­ cdjÿ­ gjcf­ljdè gjdy­jdf­­ét­y­y­z nf­ jåjd’zprb­ è ljrb­ dèy­ y­t­ gjlf­cnm ÿ­v pf­zde­ ghjnb­kt­éy­juj pvècne­, nf­rè gjdy­jdf­ét­y­y­z nf­ jåjd’zprb­ vf­æ db­rjy­e­df­nb­ dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­n zr db­rjy­e­ñxb­q­ jåjd’zprb­ Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­.

4�

Hjplèk 4

E db­gf­lre­ gjlf­y­y­z dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­njv è åèkmiècnñ db­ob­ö gjcf­ljdwèd db­rjy­f­d­xjÿ­ dkf­lb­ f­åj èy­ijuj nf­rjuj jhuf­y­e­, zrb­q­ dcnf­y­jdkt­y­j Rjy­uht­cjv puèly­j èp pf­­rjy­jv, nb­vxf­cjdjve­ Ujkjdè Ct­y­f­ne­ è cgèrt­he­ Gf­kf­nb­ ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd gb­cmvjdjÿ­ pf­zdb­ ghj y­t­vjékb­dècnm Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ db­rjy­e­df­nb­ gjcf­ljdè gjdy­jdf­ét­y­y­z nf­ jåjd’zprb­, dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ y­t­uf­q­y­j y­f­lèkzñnm e­cèvf­ gjcf­ljdb­vb­ gjdy­jdf­ét­y­­y­zvb­ nf­ jåjd’zprf­vb­ xb­y­y­juj Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­.

Pujljv, zroj Ght­pb­lt­y­n gjlf­æ nb­vxf­cjdjve­ Ujkjdè Ct­y­f­ne­ è cgèrt­he­ Gf­kf­nb­ ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd gb­cmvjde­ pf­zde­ ghj dèlce­ny­ècnm nf­rjÿ­ y­t­vjékb­djcnè, dèy­ gjdt­h­nf­æ cjåè gjcf­ljdè gjdy­jdf­ét­y­y­z nf­ jåjd’zprb­, öèåf­ oj dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­n è åèkm­iècnm db­ob­ö gjcf­ljdwèd db­rjy­f­dxjÿ­ dkf­lb­ f­åj èy­ijuj nf­rjuj jhuf­y­e­, zrb­q­ åe­lt­ dcnf­y­jdkt­y­j Rjy­uht­cjv puèly­j èp pf­rjy­jv, gjlf­le­nm ghjnzujv xjnb­hmjö lèå nb­vxf­cjdjve­ Ujkjdè Ct­y­f­ne­ è cgèrt­he­ Gf­kf­nb­ ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd gb­cmvjde­ pf­­zde­ ghj y­t­vjékb­dècnm Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ db­rjy­e­df­nb­ gjcf­ljdè jåjd’zprb­ è gjdy­jdf­­ét­y­y­z. Njlè Rjy­uht­c vf­æ db­hèib­nb­ wñ cghf­de­, pèåhf­dib­cm ghjnzujv cjhjrf­ djcmvb­ ujlb­y­, zroj wt­ cnf­kjcz e­ gt­ht­hdè vèé ct­cèzvb­. Zroj Rjy­uht­c ghjnzujv ldf­lwznb­ jly­juj ly­z gèckz jlt­héf­y­y­z jcnf­y­y­mjÿ­ gb­cmvjdjÿ­ pf­zdb­ f­åj, zroj wt­ cnf­kjcz e­ gt­ht­hdè vèé ct­cèzvb­, ghjnzujv ldf­lwznb­ jly­juj ly­z gèckz njuj, zr Rjy­uht­c vf­d pèåhf­nb­cz, åèkmiècnñ e­ ldè nht­nb­y­b­ jåjö gf­kf­n db­hèib­nm, oj Ght­pb­lt­y­n y­t­ vjét­ db­rjy­e­df­nb­ gjcf­ljdè jåjd’zprb­ è gjdy­jdf­ét­y­y­z, ÿ­ö vf­æ db­­rjy­e­df­nb­ dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­n zr lèñxb­q­ Ght­pb­lt­y­n. D èy­ib­ö db­gf­lrf­ö Ght­pb­lt­y­n dèly­jdkñæ db­rjy­f­y­y­z gjdy­jdf­ét­y­m nf­ jåjd’zprèd y­f­ cdjÿ­q­ gjcf­lè.

Gjghf­drf­ 26 (�97�)

Hjplèk �

Ghf­dj uhjvf­lzy­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd, zrè ljczukb­ �8 hjrèd, ujkjce­df­nb­ y­t­ gj­db­y­y­t­ pf­gt­ht­xe­df­nb­cz xb­ jåvt­ée­df­nb­cz Cgjke­xt­y­b­vb­ Inf­nf­vb­ f­åj jrht­vb­vb­ inf­nf­vb­ y­f­ gèlcnf­dè dère­.

Hjplèk 2

Rjy­uht­c vf­æ ghf­dj db­rjy­e­df­nb­ wñ cnf­nnñ d ht­pe­kmnf­nè ghb­q­y­znnz dèlgjdèly­j­uj pf­rjy­jlf­dcndf­.

Gjghf­drf­ 27 (�992)

Éjlt­y­ pf­rjy­, zrb­q­ gt­ht­låf­xf­æ pvèy­e­ jgkf­nb­ ghf­wè ct­y­f­njhèd è xkt­y­èd Gf­kf­nb­ ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd, y­t­ vjét­ y­f­åhf­nb­ xb­y­y­jcnè lj ghjdt­lt­y­y­z y­f­cne­gy­b­ö db­åjhèd Gf­­kf­nb­ ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd.

42

Jhb­uè­yf­k Rjycnb­newè­ÿ Cgjkext­yb­ö Inf­­nè­d Fvt­hb­rb­, oj p­å­t­hè­uf­ænmcz e Yf­wè­jyf­kmyjve f­höè­dè­ e Df­ib­yunjyè­, at­lt­hf­kmyb­q jrheu Rjkevå­è­z.

Åelè­dkz Rf­gè­njkè­ñ­ e Aè­kf­lt­kmaè­ÿ (inf­n Gt­ycè­kmdf­yè­z) p­uj­ljv cnf­kf­ dè­ljvjñ­ zr Èylt­gt­ylt­yc­öjk (e wt­ynhè­). D wmjve å­elb­yre e 1787 hjwè­ xkt­yb­ Rjycnb­­newè­qyjuj Rjydt­yne cndjhb­kb­ Rjycnb­­newè­ñ­ CIF.

43

P RJVT­YNFHZVb

Nt­rcn Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd Fvt­hb­rb­ y­f­lhe­rjdf­y­j åèkmib­v ihb­a­njv. E le­érf­ö [ ] dvèot­y­j hzlrb­, zrè åe­kj pvèy­t­y­j xb­ crf­cjdf­y­j dy­f­ckèljr gjghf­djr. Ljlf­nrjdè gf­hf­uhf­ab­, zrè vf­ñnm y­f­pde­ ≤Rjvt­y­nf­hè≥, y­f­lhe­rjdf­y­j lhèåy­èib­v ihb­anjv, jcrèkmrb­ djy­b­ y­t­ y­f­kt­éf­nm lj Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­. Djy­b­ gjzcy­ñ­ñnm py­f­xt­y­y­z lt­zrb­ö hjplèkèd Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­ xb­ jcjåkb­djcnè pf­cnjce­df­y­y­z ÿ­ö y­f­ ghf­rnb­wè.

GHTFVÅEKF

Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd, p vt­njñ cndjht­y­y­z ljcrjy­f­kèijuj cjñpe­, dcnf­y­jdkt­y­y­z ghf­dj­

ce­llz, uf­hf­y­ne­df­y­y­z dy­e­nhèiy­mjuj cgjrjñ lkz pf­åt­pgt­xt­y­y­z cgèkmy­jÿ­ jåjhj­y­b­, cghb­zy­y­z pf­uf­kmy­jve­ ljåhjåe­ne­ q­ pf­rhègkt­y­y­ñ åkf­uf­ cdjåjlb­ lkz y­f­c è y­f­ib­ö y­f­of­lrèd e­hjxb­cnj ghjujkjie­ævj è dcnf­y­jdkñævj wñ Rjy­cnb­ne­wèñ lkz Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd Fvt­hb­rb­.

Cnf­nnz È

Hjplèk �

PFRJYJLFDXF UÈKRF DKFLb

Ecè pf­rjy­jlf­dxè gjdy­jdf­ét­y­y­z, y­f­lf­y­è Rjy­cnb­ne­wèæñ, y­f­kt­éf­nm Rjy­uht­cjdè Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd, zrb­q­ crkf­lf­ænmcz p Ct­y­f­ne­ è Gf­kf­nb­ ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd.

RJVT­YNFH:

Gt­hiè­ nhb­ cnf­nnè­ Rjycnb­newè­ÿ db­p­yf­xf­ñ­nm gjdyjdf­ét­yyz ehzle Cgjkext­yb­ö Inf­nè­d vè­é nhmjvf­

uè­krf­vb­ dkf­lb­: (1) p­f­rjyjlf­dxe uè­kre dkf­lb­ ght­lcnf­dkzæ Rjyuht­c; (2) db­rjyf­dxe uè­kre dkf­lb­ – Ght­­

p­b­lt­yn nf­ (3) celjde uè­kre dkf­lb­ – Dt­höjdyb­q Cel. Wt­ rjycnb­newè­qyt­ db­p­yf­xt­yyz gjdyjdf­ét­ym, oj

yf­p­b­df­ænmcz hjp­gjlè­kjv dkf­lb­, vf­æ yf­ vt­nè­ gt­ht­irjléf­nb­ å­elm­zrè­q ehzljdè­q uè­kwè­ dkf­lb­ yf­å­enb­

yf­lvè­hyjÿ cb­kb­. Rhè­v njuj, Rjycnb­newè­z db­p­yf­xf­æ cb­cnt­ve cnhb­vedf­ym è­ ghjnb­df­u, cndjhñ­ñ­xb­ evjdb­,

rjkb­ dè­l rjéyjÿ uè­krb­ dkf­lb­ ckè­l db­vf­uf­nb­, ojå­ djyf­ p­lè­qcyñ­df­kf­ cdjÿ aeyrwè­ÿ è­ ghf­wñ­df­kf­ hf­p­jv

p­ è­yib­vb­ uè­krf­vb­ dkf­lb­. Yf­ghb­rkf­l, Ght­p­b­lt­yn ghb­p­yf­xf­æ at­lt­hf­kmyb­ö cellè­d, f­kt­ ghb­p­yf­xt­yyz

rjéyjuj p­ yb­ö vf­æ å­enb­ p­f­ndt­hlét­yt­ Ct­yf­njv.

RJYCN�NEWÈZ CGJKEXTY�Ö INFNÈD FVTH�R�

Vb­, yfhjl­

44

Ldjgf­kf­ny­b­q­ pf­rjy­jlf­dxb­q­ jhuf­y­ – Rjy­uht­c – åe­d jly­b­v èp y­f­q­df­ékb­dèib­ö rjvghjvècèd Rjy­cnb­ne­wèq­y­juj Rjy­dt­y­ne­. Yf­ Rjy­dt­y­nè y­t­dt­kb­rè inf­nb­ gèl­nhb­ve­df­kb­ ≤Gkf­y­ Ymñ­Lét­hcè≥, dèlgjdèly­j lj zrjuj rjét­y­ inf­n vf­æ hèdy­e­ rèkmrècnm xkt­y­èd Gf­kf­nb­ ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd. Dt­kb­rè inf­nb­ db­vf­uf­kb­ ghb­q­y­znnz ≤Dèhuèy­cmrjuj gkf­y­e­≥, oj gt­ht­låf­xf­d ght­lcnf­dy­b­wndj pf­kt­éy­j dèl rèkmrjcnè uhjvf­lzy­. Zr rjvghjvèc åe­kj ghb­q­y­znj, ojå db­åjhb­ e­ gf­kf­nb­ ghjöjlb­kb­ pf­ hèpy­b­vb­ gkf­y­f­vb­.

Cnf­nnz È

Hjplèk 2

GFKFNF GHT­LCNFDYbRÈD

(�) Gf­kf­nf­ ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd crkf­lf­ænmcz p xkt­y­èd, zrb­ö rjéy­è ldf­ hjrb­ kñlb­ jåb­hf­nb­ve­nm d jrht­vb­ö inf­nf­ö; db­åèhy­b­rb­ rjéy­juj inf­ne­ vf­ñnm dèlgjdèlf­nb­ db­vjuf­v, dcnf­y­jdkt­y­b­v lkz db­åèhy­b­rèd y­f­q­xb­ckt­y­y­èijÿ­ uèkrb­ pf­rjy­jlf­dxjuj jhuf­y­e­ inf­ne­.

RJVT­YNFH:

Xkt­yè­d Gf­kf­nb­ ght­lcnf­dyb­rè­d jå­b­hf­ñ­nm nt­hvè­yjv yf­ ldf­ hjrb­. Rjkb­ nf­ xb­ è­yif­ jcjå­f­ vf­æ ghf­dj

ujkjce p­f­ ≤xb­ckt­yyè­ie gf­kf­ne≥ p­f­rjyjlf­dxb­ö p­å­jhè­d cdjuj inf­ne, nj wz jcjå­f­ nf­rjé vf­æ ghf­dj uj­

kjcedf­nb­ p­f­ jå­hf­yyz xkt­yè­d Rjyuht­ce. (Dcè­ inf­nb­, p­f­ db­yznrjv Yt­å­hf­crb­, vf­ñ­nm ldjgf­kf­nyè­ p­f­rjyj­

lf­dxè­ p­å­jhb­). Gb­nf­yyz ghj nt­, önj vjét­ ujkjcedf­nb­ p­f­ jå­hf­yyz p­f­rjyjlf­dwè­d njuj xb­ è­yijuj inf­ne,

db­hè­ieæ cf­vjcnè­qyj wt­q inf­n p­ ehf­öedf­yyzv jå­vt­ét­ym, p­f­p­yf­xt­yb­ö e Rjycnb­newè­ÿ è­ at­lt­hf­kmyjve

Pf­rjyè­ ghj db­å­jhxè­ ghf­df­ dè­l 1965 hjre. G’znyf­lwznf­, Lt­d’znyf­lwznf­ è­ Ldf­lwznm ijcnf­ gjghf­drb­ lj

Rjycnb­newè­ÿ p­f­å­jhjyzñ­nm inf­nf­v gjp­å­f­dkznb­ ghf­df­ ujkjce å­elm­zrjuj uhjvf­lzyb­yf­ xb­ jå­vt­éedf­nb­

qjuj ghf­df­ p­f­ hf­cjñ­, xb­ cnf­nnñ­, f­å­j xt­ht­p­ yt­db­gkf­ne gjlf­nrè­d, xb­ xt­ht­p­ dè­r, zroj wè­q jcjå­è­ db­gj­

dyb­kjcz 18 hjrè­d.

(2) Ght­lcnf­dy­b­rjv y­t­ vjéy­f­ jåb­hf­nb­ jcjåe­, zrf­ y­t­ ljczukf­ dère­ 25 hjrèd è y­t­ åe­kf­ uhjvf­lzy­b­y­jv Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd ghjnzujv 7 hjrèd, f­ y­f­ vjvt­y­n jåhf­y­­y­z y­t­ æ éb­nt­kt­v njuj inf­ne­, lt­ ÿ­ÿ­ jåb­hf­ñnm.

RJVT­YNFH:

Rjét­y inf­n jrht­vj db­hè­ieæ db­vjub­, oj ht­uekñ­ñ­nm p­f­rjyyè­cnm ghjéb­df­yyz, p­ ehf­öedf­yyzv jå­­

vt­ét­ym, db­p­yf­xt­yb­ö Rjycnb­newè­æñ­. Åè­kmiè­cnm xkt­yè­d Gf­kf­nb­ ght­lcnf­dyb­rè­d éb­denm yt­ kb­it­ e njve

inf­nè­, f­kt­ è­ d njve jrhep­è­, dè­l zrjuj ÿö jå­b­hf­ñ­nm.

(3) Rèkmrècnm ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd è ghzvè gjlf­nrb­ hjpgjlèkzñnm vèé inf­nf­vb­ [zrè vjée­nm e­dèq­nb­ e­ wt­q­ cjñp, dèlgjdèly­j lj rèkmrjcnè y­f­ct­kt­y­y­z e­ y­b­ö; wñ rèkm­rècnm db­py­f­xf­ñnm ljlf­df­y­y­zv lj pf­uf­kmy­jÿ­ rèkmrjcnè dèkmy­b­ö kñlt­q­, e­ njve­ xb­ckè è nb­ö, önj gt­ht­åe­df­æ y­f­ cke­éåè ghjnzujv rèkmrjö hjrèd, jrhèv èy­lèf­y­wèd, zrb­ö y­t­ jgjlf­nrjde­ñnm, nhmjö g’znb­ö dèl e­cèö èy­ib­ö jcèå]. Pf­uf­kmy­b­q­ gèlhf­öe­­y­jr ghjdjlznm ghjnzujv nhmjö hjrèd gèckz gt­hijÿ­ ct­cèÿ­ Rjy­uht­ce­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd, f­ gjnèv – xt­ht­p rjéy­è lt­cznm y­f­cne­gy­b­ö hjrèd, zr dcnf­y­jdkt­y­j pf­rj­y­jv. Rèkmrècnm ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd y­t­ vjét­ gt­ht­db­oe­df­nb­ jly­juj ght­lcnf­dy­b­rf­ y­f­

45

30 nb­czx éb­nt­kèd, f­kt­ rjét­y­ inf­n ve­cb­nm vf­nb­ ghb­y­f­q­vy­è jly­juj ght­lcnf­dy­b­­rf­, è lj xf­ce­, rjkb­ åe­lt­ plèq­cy­t­y­j gèlhf­öe­y­jr y­f­ct­kt­y­y­z, inf­n Ymñ­Ut­vgib­h vf­æ ghf­dj jåb­hf­nb­ nhmjö ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd, Vf­ccf­xe­ct­nc – dècmvjö, Hjl­Fq­kt­y­l è Gkf­y­nf­wèÿ­ Ghjdèlt­y­c – jly­juj, Rjy­y­t­rnb­re­n – g’znmjö, Ymñ­Qjhr – iècnmjö, Ymñ­Lét­hcè – xjnb­hmjö, Gt­y­cèkmdf­y­èz – dècmvjö, Lt­kf­dt­h – jly­juj, Vt­hèkt­y­l – iècnmjö, Dèhuèy­èz – lt­cznmjö, Gèdy­èxy­f­ Rf­hjkèy­f­ – g’znmjö, Gèdlt­y­y­f­ Rf­hjkè­y­f­ – g’znmjö è Léjhléèz – nhmjö.

RJVT­YNFH:

Wt­q gf­hf­uhf­a p­f­p­yf­df­d p­yf­xyb­ö p­vè­y è­ xt­ht­p­ dyt­ct­yyz gjghf­djr, è­ xt­ht­p­ db­yb­ryt­yyz yjdb­ö

evjd. E nf­rjve db­ukzlè­ nen gt­ht­lå­f­xt­yj kb­it­ nhb­ p­f­cf­lb­: 1) rè­kmrè­cnm xkt­yè­d Gf­kf­nb­ ght­lcnf­dyb­rè­d

dè­l rjéyjuj inf­ne p­f­kt­éb­nm dè­l rè­kmrjcnè­ yf­ct­kt­yyz; 2) Rjyuht­c gjdb­yt­y cnt­éb­nb­, ojå­ gt­ht­gb­c yf­­

ct­kt­yyz Cgjkext­yb­ö Inf­nè­d dè­lå­edf­dcz rjéyè­ lt­cznm hjrè­d; 3) rjét­y inf­n vf­æ, zr vè­yè­vev, jlyjuj

xkt­yf­ Gf­kf­nb­ ght­lcnf­dyb­rè­d.

Ckjdf­ ≤è­ ghzvè­ gjlf­nrb­≥ jp­yf­xf­ñ­nm gjleiyb­q gjlf­njr. Iè­cnyf­lwznf­ gjghf­drf­ lj Rjycnb­newè­ÿ

yf­lf­æ Rjyuht­cjdè­ ghf­dj p­å­b­hf­nb­ gjlf­nrb­ p­ jcè­å­ dè­lgjdè­lyj lj ÿöymjuj jcjå­b­cnjuj ljöjle, f­ yt­ db­öj­

lzxb­ p­ rè­kmrjcnè­ éb­nt­kè­d inf­ne, zrè­ p­ nb­ö xb­ è­yib­ö ghb­xb­y e ymjve éb­denm.

E ajhvekñ­df­yyè­ ≤nhb­ g’znb­ö ecè­ö è­yib­ö jcè­å­≥ gè­l ckjdf­vb­ ≤dcè­ è­yiè­ jcjå­b­≥ vf­kb­cz yf­ edf­p­è­ hf­­

å­b­. Jcrè­kmrb­ yb­yè­ yt­vf­æ hf­å­è­d, wz xf­cnb­yf­ gf­hf­uhf­af­ dnhf­nb­kf­ ct­yc.

Db­vjuf­, ojå­ rè­kmrè­cnm ght­lcnf­dyb­rè­d yt­ gt­ht­db­oedf­kf­ jlyjuj yf­ rjéyè­ 30 nb­czx éb­nt­kè­d, yt­

vf­æ å­è­kmit­ ghf­rnb­xyjÿ cb­kb­. E 1929 hjwè­ Rjyuht­c eödf­kb­d hè­it­yyz ghj nt­, oj xkt­yè­d Gf­kf­nb­ ght­l­

cnf­dyb­rè­d vf­æ å­enb­ 435, dè­lnjlè­ wz wb­ahf­ yt­ p­vè­yñ­ænmcz.

(4) Zroj e­ ght­lcnf­dy­b­wndè zrjujcm inf­ne­ p’zdkzñnmcz df­rf­y­cèÿ­, jhuf­y­b­ db­rj­y­f­dxjÿ­ dkf­lb­ wmjuj inf­ne­ db­lf­ñnm hjpgjhzlét­y­y­z ghj db­åjhb­ lkz pf­gjdy­t­y­­y­z wb­ö df­rf­y­cèq­.

RJVT­YNFH:

Rjkb­ jlyt­ p­ vè­cwm e Gf­kf­nè­ ght­lcnf­dyb­rè­d df­rf­ynyt­, nj ueå­t­hyf­njh njuj inf­ne, dè­l zrjuj wt­ vè­c­

wt­ df­rf­ynyt­, p­jå­jd’zp­f­yb­q ghb­p­yf­xb­nb­ ghjdt­lt­yyz jrht­vb­ö db­å­jhè­d lkz njuj, ojå­ p­f­gjdyb­nb­ qjuj.

Ghjnt­, zroj yt­p­f­å­f­hjv vf­ñ­nm dè­lå­enb­cz xt­hujdè­ db­å­jhb­, nj wt­q ueå­t­hyf­njh, p­f­vè­cnm ghjdt­lt­yyz

jrht­vb­ö db­å­jhè­d, vf­æ ghf­dj p­f­kb­ib­nb­ wt­ vè­cwt­ df­rf­ynyb­v lj db­å­jhè­d.

(5) Gf­kf­nf­ ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd jåb­hf­æ cdjuj cgèrt­hf­ nf­ èy­ib­ö gjcf­ljdwèd, è nèkmrb­ djy­f­ vf­æ db­y­znrjdt­ ghf­dj èvgèxvt­y­ne­.

RJVT­YNFH:

Gf­kf­nf­ ght­lcnf­dyb­rè­d jå­b­hf­æ lkz dt­lt­yyz p­f­cè­lf­ym gjcf­ljde jcjå­e, zre yf­p­b­df­ñ­nm cgè­rt­hjv.

Kb­it­ Gf­kf­nf­ ght­lcnf­dyb­rè­d vf­æ gjdyjdf­ét­yyz yf­ db­ceyt­yyz p­db­yedf­xt­ym lkz ghjdt­lt­yyz ghjwt­­

lehb­ è­vgè­xvt­yne ghjnb­ nè­æÿ xb­ è­yijÿ at­lt­hf­kmyjÿ gjcf­ljdjÿ jcjå­b­. Djyf­ p­f­cnjcjdedf­kf­ ghjwt­lehe

è­vgè­xvt­yne lj iè­cnyf­lwznb­ at­lt­hf­kmyb­ö gjcf­ljdwè­d, hf­p­jv p­ ldjvf­ Ght­p­b­lt­ynf­vb­ – T­ylhñ­ Léjy­

cjyjv e 1868 hjwè­ nf­ Dè­kmzvjv Lét­aat­hcjyjv Rkè­ynjyjv e 1998 hjwè­. Cghf­db­ ojlj è­vgè­xvt­yne

ghjdjlb­nm Ct­yf­n.

46

Cnf­nnz È

Hjplèk 3

CT­YFN

(�) Ct­y­f­n Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd crkf­lf­ænmcz p ldjö ct­y­f­njhèd dèl rjéy­juj inf­­ne­, [jåhf­y­b­ö pf­rjy­jlf­dxb­vb­ jhuf­y­f­vb­ inf­ne­] nt­hvèy­jv y­f­ iècnm hjrèd; rjét­y­ ct­y­f­njh vf­æ jlb­y­ ujkjc.

RJVT­YNFH:

Cgjxf­nre e Rjycnb­newè­ÿ å­ekj gt­ht­lå­f­xt­yj, oj p­f­rjyjlf­dxè­ p­å­jhb­ rjéyjuj inf­ne vf­ñ­nm jå­b­hf­nb­

ldjö ct­yf­njhè­d dè­l wmjuj inf­ne. Cè­vyf­lwznf­ gjghf­drf­ lj Rjycnb­newè­ÿ p­vè­yb­kf­ wñ­ yjhve, gt­ht­lå­f­­

xf­ñ­xb­, oj ct­yf­njhè­d dè­l rjéyjuj inf­ne vf­ñ­nm jå­b­hf­nb­ dcè­ db­å­jhwè­.

(2) Rjkb­ ct­y­f­njhb­ påt­he­nmcz gèckz gt­hib­ö db­åjhèd, djy­b­ åe­le­nm y­t­uf­q­y­j gjlèkt­­y­è gj pvjpè y­f­ nhb­ hèdy­è uhe­gb­. Ct­y­f­njhb­ gt­hijÿ­ uhe­gb­ pdèkmy­zñnm cdjÿ­ vècwz gèckz pf­rèy­xt­y­y­z ldjö hjrèd, ct­y­f­njhb­ lhe­ujÿ­ uhe­gb­ – gèckz xjnb­hmjö hjrèd, è ct­y­f­njhb­ nht­nmjÿ­ uhe­gb­ – gèckz it­cnb­ hjrèd. Nf­rb­v xb­y­jv, jly­e­ nht­nb­y­e­ ct­­y­f­njhèd gt­ht­jåb­hf­ñnm rjéy­è ldf­ hjrb­; [f­ zroj e­ Ct­y­f­nè dèlrhb­ænmcz df­rf­y­cèz dy­f­ckèljr dèlcnf­drb­ f­åj p åe­lm­zrb­ö èy­ib­ö ghb­xb­y­ gèl xf­c gt­ht­hdb­ e­ hjåjnè pf­­rjy­jlf­dxb­ö jhuf­y­èd zrjujcm inf­ne­, nj db­rjy­f­dxè jhuf­y­b­ wmjuj inf­ne­ vjée­nm ghb­py­f­xb­nb­ rjujcm nb­vxf­cjdj lj y­f­cne­gy­jÿ­ ct­cèÿ­ pf­rjy­jlf­dxjuj jhuf­y­e­, zrb­q­ njlè pf­gjdy­b­nm wñ df­rf­y­cèñ].

RJVT­YNFH:

Ct­yf­njhè­d jå­b­hf­ñ­nm yf­ 6 hjrè­d. Rjéyè­ ldf­ hjrb­ jå­b­hf­ñ­nm jlye nht­nb­ye ct­yf­njhè­d, f­ ldè­ nht­nb­­

yb­ p­f­kb­if­ñ­nmcz yf­ cdjÿq gjcf­lè­ d jyjdkt­yjve crkf­lè­ wmjuj jhuf­ye dkf­lb­. Pf­dlzrb­ nf­rjve gjhzlre

Ct­yf­n æ gjcnè­qyj lè­ñ­xb­v jhuf­yjv, è­ d wmjve gjkzuf­æ qjuj dè­lvè­yyè­cnm dè­l Gf­kf­nb­ ght­lcnf­dyb­rè­d, re­

lb­ dcè­ö xkt­yè­d gt­ht­jå­b­hf­ñ­nm rjéyè­ ldf­ hjrb­. Cè­vyf­lwznf­ gjghf­drf­ p­vè­yb­kf­ gjhzljr p­f­gjdyñ­df­yyz

vè­cwm e Ct­yf­nè­. Ueå­t­hyf­njh ghjdjlb­nm db­å­jhb­ ct­yf­njhf­ ljnb­, ljrb­ qjuj yt­ jå­t­henm uhjvf­lzyb­.

(3) Ct­y­f­njhjv y­t­ vjét­ åe­nb­ njq­, önj y­t­ ljczu dère­ 30 hjrèd è y­t­ åe­d 9 hjrèd uhj­vf­lzy­b­y­jv Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd, f­ nf­rjé njq­, önj y­f­ xf­c jåhf­y­y­z y­t­ æ éb­nt­­kt­v njuj inf­ne­, lt­ q­juj jåb­hf­nb­ve­nm.

RJVT­YNFH:

E 1806 hjwè­ ct­yf­njhf­ dè­l inf­ne Rt­ynerrè­ Ut­yhè­ Rkt­z å­ekj ghb­p­yf­xt­yj d Ct­yf­n lkz p­f­gjdyt­yyz

df­rf­ynyjÿ gjcf­lb­. Rkt­ñ­ njlè­ db­gjdyb­kjcz 29 hjrè­d, yf­ rè­kmrf­ vè­czwè­d vt­yit­ dè­l vè­yè­vf­kmyjuj dè­re,

ghjnt­ yè­önj yt­ jghjnt­cnedf­d wt­ ghb­p­yf­xt­yyz. Djlyjxf­c, rjkb­ e 1793 hjwè­ dè­l inf­ne Gt­ycè­kmdf­yè­z

å­ekj db­ceyenj ct­yf­njhjv T­kå­t­hnf­ Uf­kkf­nb­yf­, qjve yt­ ljp­djkb­kb­ p­f­qyznb­ wñ­ gjcf­le, å­j dè­y yf­ njq

xf­c è­ot­ yt­ å­ed uhjvf­lzyb­yjv CIF ghjnzujv lt­d’znb­ hjrè­d.

(4) Dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­n Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd æ Ujkjdjñ Ct­y­f­ne­, f­kt­ ghf­dj ujkjce­ dèy­ vf­æ nèkmrb­ e­ njve­ db­gf­lre­, rjkb­ ujkjcb­ ghb­ce­ny­èö gjlèkzñnmcz gjhèdy­e­.

47

RJVT­YNFH:

Ujkjdjñ­ Ct­yf­ne æ dè­wt­­ght­p­b­lt­yn. Dè­y ujkjceæ kb­it­ njlè­, rjkb­ ujkjcb­ gjlè­kzñ­nmcz gjhè­dye.

Yf­kt­éyè­cnm dè­wt­­ght­p­b­lt­ynjdè­ ghf­df­ db­hè­if­kmyjuj ujkjce e hf­p­è­ hè­dyjuj ujkjcedf­yyz hjå­b­nm qjuj

leét­ df­ékb­db­v. Yf­ghb­rkf­l, e 1789 hjwè­ p­f­dlzrb­ ujkjce dè­wt­­ght­p­b­lt­ynf­ Léjyf­ Flf­vcf­ å­ekj ghb­q­

yznj hè­it­yyz ghj nt­, oj Ght­p­b­lt­yn vjét­ p­dè­kmyznb­ xkt­yè­d cdjuj Rf­å­è­yt­ne å­t­p­ jaè­wè­qyjuj ljp­djke

Ct­yf­ne.

(5) Ct­y­f­n jåb­hf­æ èy­ib­ö gjcf­ljdb­ö jcèå, f­ nf­rjé cdjuj nb­vxf­cjdjuj Ujkjde­ y­f­ xf­c dèlce­ny­jcnè dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ f­åj rjkb­ dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­n db­rjy­e­æ jåjd’zprb­ Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd.

RJVT­YNFH:

Ct­yf­n jå­b­hf­æ gjcf­ljde jcjå­e, zre yf­p­b­df­ñ­nm nb­vxf­cjdb­v Ujkjdjñ­, lkz ghjdt­lt­yyz p­f­cè­lf­ym e

hf­p­è­ dè­lcenyjcnè­ dè­wt­­ght­p­b­lt­ynf­.

(6) Nèkmrb­ Ct­y­f­n vf­æ db­y­znrjdt­ ghf­dj èvgèxvt­y­ne­. Rjkb­ Ct­y­f­n pf­cèlf­æ p wèæñ vt­njñ, ct­y­f­njhb­ gjdb­y­y­è crkf­cnb­ ghb­czue­ f­åj db­ujkjcb­nb­ jåèwzy­re­. Rjkb­ hjp­ukzlf­ñnm cghf­de­ Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd, ujkjde­æ Ujkjdf­ Dt­höjdy­juj Ce­le­. Éjly­f­ jcjåf­ y­t­ vjét­ åe­nb­ pf­ce­lét­y­jñ, zroj pf­ wt­ y­t­ ghjujkjce­ñnm ldè nht­nb­y­b­ ghb­ce­ny­èö ct­y­f­njhèd.

RJVT­YNFH:

Gjkjét­yyz ghj nt­, oj Ujkjdf­ Dt­höjdyjuj Cele, f­ yt­ dè­wt­­ght­p­b­lt­yn Ujkjdeæ e Ct­yf­nè­, rj­

kb­ cel hjp­ukzlf­æ cghf­de Ght­p­b­lt­ynf­, vjéyf­ gjzcyb­nb­, jxt­db­lyj, nb­v af­rnjv, oj rjkb­ Ct­yf­n

db­p­yf­æ Ght­p­b­lt­ynf­ db­yyb­v, nj dè­wt­­ght­p­b­lt­yn cnf­æ Ght­p­b­lt­ynjv. Ckjdf­ ≤crkf­cnb­ ghb­czue f­å­j

db­ujkjcb­nb­ jå­è­wzyre≥ jp­yf­xf­ñ­nm, oj ct­yf­njhb­ ghb­qvf­ñ­nm ghb­czue, rjkb­ hjp­ukzlf­ñ­nm cghf­de d gj­

hzlre è­vgè­xvt­yne, å­j djyb­ db­cnegf­ñ­nm e nè­q cf­vè­q hjkè­, oj q ghb­czéyè­ gè­l xf­c p­db­xf­qyjuj celjdjuj

p­f­cè­lf­yyz.

(7) E cghf­df­ö ghj èvgèxvt­y­n ghb­ce­l y­t­ vjét­ gt­ht­db­oe­df­nb­ e­ce­y­t­y­y­z p gjcf­lb­ è gjpåf­dkt­y­y­z ghf­df­ pf­q­vf­nb­ åe­lm­zre­ gjxt­cy­e­, jaèwèq­y­e­ xb­ ghb­åe­nrjde­ gjcf­­le­ y­f­ cke­éåè Cgjke­xt­y­b­v Inf­nf­v. Ghjnt­ jcjåf­, gèllf­y­f­ èvgèxvt­y­ne­, nb­v y­t­ vt­y­it­ gèlkzuf­æ rhb­vèy­f­kmy­èq­ dèlgjdèlf­kmy­jcnè, ce­ljdjve­ hjpukzljdè q­ gjrf­­hf­y­y­ñ dèlgjdèly­j lj pf­rjy­e­.

RJVT­YNFH:

Zroj jcjå­f­ ghjqikf­ ghjwt­lehe è­vgè­xvt­yne è­ db­p­yf­yf­ db­yyjñ­, ÿÿ vjéenm gjp­å­f­db­nb­ gjcf­lb­ è­ p­f­­

å­jhjyb­nb­ ÿq yf­lf­kè­ p­f­qvf­nb­ å­elm­zrè­ at­lt­hf­kmyè­ gjcf­lb­. Ct­yf­n yt­ vf­æ ghf­df­ eödf­kñ­df­nb­ éjlyjuj

è­yijuj gjrf­hf­yyz, f­kt­ jcjå­f­, zrf­ ghjqikf­ ghjwt­lehe è­vgè­xvt­yne è­ db­p­yf­yf­ db­yyjñ­, vjét­ å­enb­

gè­llf­yf­ celjdjve gt­ht­ckè­ledf­yyñ­ e celè­ p­f­uf­kmyjÿ ñ­hb­clb­rwè­ÿ. Ct­yf­n db­p­yf­d db­yyb­vb­ cè­v xjkjdè­r,

ghb­xjve dcè­ djyb­ å­ekb­ cellzvb­. Dcè­ö wb­ö kñ­lt­q dè­lcnjhjyt­yj dè­l gjcf­lb­, f­kt­ kb­it­ ldjö gjp­å­f­db­kb­

ghf­df­ p­f­qvf­nb­ å­elm­zrè­ at­lt­hf­kmyè­ gjcf­lb­.

48

Cnf­nnz È

Hjplèk 4

JHUFYÈPFWÈZ RJYUHT­CE

(�) Xf­c, vècwt­ è gjhzljr ghjdt­lt­y­y­z db­åjhèd ct­y­f­njhèd è ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd e­ rjéy­j­ve­ inf­nè db­py­f­xf­ñnm q­juj pf­rjy­jlf­dxè jhuf­y­b­, f­kt­ Rjy­uht­c vjét­ d åe­lm­zrb­q­ xf­c dy­f­ckèljr ghb­q­y­znnz pf­rjy­e­ dcnf­y­jdkñdf­nb­ f­åj pvèy­ñdf­nb­ nf­rè ghf­db­kf­ [jrhèv nb­ö, zrè cnjce­ñnmcz vècwz ghjdt­lt­y­y­z db­åjhèd ct­y­f­njhèd].

RJVT­YNFH:

Ljnb­, ljrb­ p­f­rjyjlf­dxè­ p­å­jhb­ inf­nè­d jå­b­hf­kb­ ct­yf­njhè­d, yt­ vjéyf­ å­ekj ljp­djkb­nb­ Rjyuht­cjdè­

drf­p­edf­nb­ vè­cwt­, lt­ vf­æ dè­lå­edf­nb­cz jå­hf­yyz. Nf­rb­q ljp­dè­k cdè­lxb­d å­b­ ghj nt­, oj Rjyuht­c vf­æ gj­

dyjdf­ét­yyz drf­p­edf­nb­ rjéyjve inf­ne, lt­ vf­æ å­enb­ qjuj cnjkb­wz. Ckjdf­ ≤jrhè­v nb­ö, zrè­ cnjceñ­nm­

cz vè­cwz ghjdt­lt­yyz db­å­jhè­d ct­yf­njhè­d≥, å­ekj f­yekmjdf­yj Cè­vyf­lwznjñ­ gjghf­drjñ­ lj Rjycnb­newè­ÿ.

(2) Rjy­uht­c gjdb­y­t­y­ påb­hf­nb­cz ghb­y­f­q­vy­è jlb­y­ hf­p y­f­ hèr [nf­rè pèåhf­y­y­z vf­­ñnm dèlåe­df­nb­cz e­ gt­hib­q­ gjy­t­lèkjr uhe­ly­z], zroj Rjy­uht­c cgt­wèf­kmy­b­v pf­rj­y­jv y­t­ ghb­py­f­xb­nm ÿ­ö y­f­ èy­ib­q­ lt­y­m.

RJVT­YNFH:

E Ædhjgè­ vjyf­höb­ è­yrjkb­ vjukb­ ghjnzujv å­f­uf­nmjö hjrè­d yt­ lf­df­nb­ gf­hkf­vt­ynf­hzv p­vjub­ ghjdj­

lb­nb­ cdjÿ p­è­å­hf­yyz, ghjcnj yt­ crkb­rf­ñ­xb­ ÿö. Wb­v è­ gjzcyñ­ænmcz yf­zdyè­cnm db­vjub­ ghj nt­, ojå­ Rjy­

uht­c Cgjkext­yb­ö Inf­nè­d p­å­b­hf­dcz ghb­yf­qvyè­ jlb­y hf­p­ yf­ hè­r. Ldf­lwznf­ gjghf­drf­ lj Rjycnb­newè­ÿ

p­vè­yb­kf­ lf­ne dè­lrhb­nnz ct­cè­ÿ Rjyuht­ce yf­ 3 cè­xyz, zroj nè­kmrb­ Rjyuht­c cdjÿv hè­it­yyzv yt­ ghb­p­yf­­

xb­nm è­yijuj lyz.

Cnf­nnz È

Hjplèk 5

(�) Rjéy­f­ gf­kf­nf­ cf­vf­ æ ce­llt­ñ ojlj ghf­djvèhy­jcnè db­åjhèd, dèlgjdèly­jcnè gjcf­lè q­ hèdy­t­dè rdf­kèaèrf­wèÿ­ cdjÿ­ö xkt­y­èd, åèkmiècnm e­ rjéy­èq­ gf­kf­nè e­ndjhñæ rdjhe­v lkz dt­lt­y­y­z cghf­d, f­kt­ è vt­y­iècnm vf­æ ghf­dj gt­ht­y­jcb­nb­ pf­cèlf­y­y­z p jly­juj ly­z y­f­ èy­ib­q­ è dgjdy­jdf­ét­y­f­, nf­rb­v xb­y­jv, ljvf­uf­nb­cz ghb­ce­ny­jcnè dèlce­ny­èö xkt­y­èd, f­ nf­rjé gèl pf­uhjpjñ nf­rb­ö gjrf­hf­y­m, zrè db­py­f­xb­nm rjéy­f­ gf­kf­nf­.

RJVT­YNFH:

Rjéyf­ gf­kf­nf­ db­p­yf­xf­æ, xb­ p­f­ljdjkmyzñ­nm rjycnb­newè­qyè­ db­vjub­ ÿÿ xkt­yè­d è­ xb­ jå­hf­yj ÿö yf­kt­é­

yb­v xb­yjv. Ghb­ ghb­qyznnè­ hè­it­yyz ojlj cdjÿö xkt­yè­d rjéyf­ gf­kf­nf­ vjét­ å­hf­nb­ lj edf­ub­ kb­it­ rhb­­

nt­hè­ÿ, dcnf­yjdkt­yè­ Rjycnb­newè­æñ­, cnjcjdyj ÿöymjuj dè­re, uhjvf­lzycndf­ nf­ vè­cwz ghjéb­df­yyz. Ghjnt­

e dè­lgjdè­lm yf­ db­vjue db­rkñ­xb­nb­ njuj xb­ è­yijuj cdjuj xkt­yf­ rjéyf­ gf­kf­nf­ Rjyuht­ce vjét­ dp­znb­ lj

edf­ub­ q è­yiè­ gb­nf­yyz, oj cnjceñ­nmcz dè­lgjdè­lyjcnè­ gjcf­lè­ njuj xb­ è­yijuj xkt­yf­. Lb­crecè­ÿ nf­ lt­å­f­nb­

vjéenm dè­lå­edf­nb­cz è­ å­t­p­ rdjheve, jlyf­r lkz ghjdt­lt­yyz jcnf­njxyjuj ujkjcedf­yyz yt­jå­öè­lyjñ­ æ

yf­zdyè­cnm gjdyjdf­éyjuj crkf­le.

49

(2) Rjéy­f­ gf­kf­nf­ cf­vjcnèq­y­j dcnf­y­jdkñæ ghf­db­kf­ ghjwt­le­h è vf­æ ghf­dj rf­hf­nb­ cdjÿ­ö xkt­y­èd pf­ gjhe­it­y­y­z dcnf­y­jdkt­y­b­ö ghf­db­k gjdt­lèy­rb­, f­ nf­rjé e­ödf­kjñ åèkmijcnè d ldè nht­nb­y­b­ ujkjcèd db­rkñxf­nb­ ÿ­ö pè cdjuj crkf­le­.

RJVT­YNFH:

Rjéyf­ gf­kf­nf­ p­f­ghjdf­léeæ dkf­cyè­ ghf­db­kf­. Yf­ghb­rkf­l, Gf­kf­nf­ ght­lcnf­dyb­rè­d cedjhj jå­vt­­

éeæ d xf­cè­ ghjdt­lt­yyz lt­å­f­nè­d p­ vt­njñ­ ghb­crjht­yyz ghjöjlét­yyz cghf­d. Yf­å­f­uf­nj df­éxt­ jå­vt­­

éb­nb­ jå­ujdjht­yyz e Ct­yf­nè­. Puè­lyj p­ ghf­db­kf­vb­ Ct­yf­ne, rjét­y ct­yf­njh vjét­ ujdjhb­nb­ crè­kmrb­

öjxt­, zroj nè­kmrb­ Ct­yf­n yt­ ghjujkjceæ p­f­ ghjgjp­b­wè­ñ­ ghj ghb­gb­yt­yyz jå­ujdjht­yyz. Lkz njuj, ojå­

ghb­gb­yb­nb­ jå­ujdjht­yyz p­ å­è­kmijcnè­ gb­nf­ym, yt­jå­öè­lyj vf­nb­ 60 ujkjcè­d ct­yf­njhè­d xb­ nhb­ g’znb­ö dè­l

ecmjuj crkf­le Ct­yf­ne. Rjéyf­ gf­kf­nf­ vjét­ ujkjcedf­yyzv ldjö nht­nb­y xkt­yè­d db­rkñ­xb­nb­ p­è­ cdjuj

crkf­le jlyjuj è­p­ xkt­yè­d.

(3) Rjéy­f­ gf­kf­nf­ dt­lt­ ée­hy­f­k cdjÿ­ö pf­cèlf­y­m q­ èy­jlè jghb­kñly­ñæ q­juj, jrhèv nb­ö hjplèkèd, zrè, y­f­ ÿ­ÿ­ le­vre­, db­vf­uf­ñnm påt­ht­ét­y­y­z nf­ævy­b­wè; ≤nf­r≥ è ≤y­è≥ rjéy­juj xkt­y­f­ gf­kf­nb­ d ujkjce­df­y­y­è p åe­lm­zrjuj gb­nf­y­y­z nht­åf­ pf­gb­ce­df­nb­ d ée­hy­f­k y­f­ db­vjue­ jly­èæÿ­ g’znjÿ­ ghb­ce­ny­èö xkt­y­èd.

RJVT­YNFH:

Yf­ghb­rè­ywè­ rjéyjÿ ct­cè­ÿ Rjyuht­ce geå­kè­reñ­nm éehyf­k Gf­kf­nb­ ght­lcnf­dyb­rè­d è­ éehyf­k Ct­yf­ne.

E yb­ö gt­ht­kè­xeñ­nm ecè­ p­f­rjyjghjt­rnb­ è­ ht­p­jkñ­wè­ÿ, zrè­ hjp­ukzlf­kb­ gè­l xf­c ct­cè­ÿ, f­ nf­rjé gjlf­ñ­nm ht­­

p­ekmnf­nb­ ujkjcedf­yyz p­ rjéyjuj gb­nf­yyz. Lj wb­ö éehyf­kè­d dvè­oeñ­nm ecè­ gjckf­yyz Ght­p­b­lt­ynf­ Rjy­

uht­cjdè­. Leét­ df­ékb­dt­ db­lf­yyz “Congressional Record” (Pf­gb­crb­ Rjyuht­ce) db­lf­ñ­nm ojlyz, djyj è­

vè­cnb­nm cnt­yjuhf­aè­xyè­ p­dè­nb­ jå­ujdjhñ­df­ym.

(4) Gèl xf­c ct­cèÿ­ Rjy­uht­ce­ éjly­f­ gf­kf­nf­ åt­p pujlb­ èy­ijÿ­ gf­kf­nb­ y­t­ vf­æ ghf­df­ dèlrkf­lf­nb­ cdjÿ­ pf­cèlf­y­y­z åèkmit­, zr y­f­ nhb­ ljåb­, xb­ gt­ht­y­jcb­nb­ vècwt­ cdjÿ­ö pf­cèlf­y­m p njuj vècwz, lt­ vf­ñnm pf­cèlf­nb­ jåb­ldè gf­kf­nb­.

Cnf­nnz È

Hjplèk 6

(�) Ct­y­f­njhb­ è ght­lcnf­dy­b­rb­ pf­ cdjñ cke­éåe­ vf­ñnm jlt­hée­df­nb­ db­y­f­ujhjle­, dcnf­y­jdkt­y­e­ pf­rjy­jv è cgkf­xe­df­y­e­ crf­håy­b­wt­ñ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd. E dcèö db­­gf­lrf­ö, jrhèv lt­héf­dy­jÿ­ phf­lb­, crjæy­y­z nzérjuj rhb­vèy­f­kmy­juj pkjxb­y­e­ è gjhe­it­y­y­z uhjvf­lcmrjuj cgjrjñ, djy­b­ vf­ñnm ghb­dèkt­q­ y­t­ljnjhrf­y­y­jcnè dèl f­ht­ine­ gèl xf­c gt­ht­åe­df­y­y­z y­f­ ct­cèzö, f­ nf­rjé gj ljhjpè ne­lb­ è y­f­pf­l; pf­ dct­, crf­pf­y­t­ y­b­vb­ e­ ghjvjdf­ö xb­ d lt­åf­nf­ö e­ rjéy­èq­ gf­kf­nè, y­èönj y­t­ vf­æ ghf­df­ lj­gb­ne­df­nb­ ÿ­ö e­ åe­lm­zrjve­ èy­ijve­ vècwè.

RJVT­YNFH:

Yb­yè­ ghb­dè­kt­q è­veyè­nt­ne (p­dè­kmyt­yyz dè­l f­ht­ine) yf­ xf­c exf­cnè­ xb­ yt­ exf­cnè­ e hjå­jnè­ Rjyuht­ce yt­

vf­æ dt­kb­rjuj p­yf­xt­yyz. Zr è­ dcè­ è­yiè­ uhjvf­lzyb­, e db­gf­lre gjheit­yyz p­f­rjye xkt­yb­ Rjyuht­ce vj­

éenm å­enb­ p­f­f­ht­injdf­yè­. Ÿö vjéenm ghb­nzuedf­nb­ lj celjdjÿ dè­lgjdè­lf­kmyjcnè­, db­p­yf­df­nb­ db­yyb­vb­ è­

dè­lghf­dkznb­ e d’zp­yb­wñ­.

50

På­t­hè­uf­æ dt­kb­rt­ p­yf­xt­yyz kb­it­ yt­ljnjhrf­yyè­cnm xkt­yf­ Rjyuht­ce yf­ db­gf­ljr p­db­yedf­xt­yyz qjuj

e yf­rkt­gè­, jghb­kñ­lyt­yjve gb­cmvjdj f­å­j ecyj. Gb­cmvjdb­q yf­rkt­g – wt­ yt­ghf­dlf­, gjib­hñ­df­yf­ p­f­cj­

å­f­vb­ vf­cjdjÿ rjveyè­rf­wè­ÿ, zrf­ irjlb­nm ht­genf­wè­ÿ jcjå­b­. Ecyb­q yf­rkt­g – wt­ jå­vjdf­, p­hjå­kt­yf­ ecyj,

zrf­ irjlb­nm ht­genf­wè­ÿ jcjå­b­. Yf­lf­yyz xkt­yf­v Rjyuht­ce è­veyè­nt­ne dè­l celjdjuj gt­ht­ckè­ledf­yyz

p­f­ å­elm­zrt­ db­ckjdkñ­df­yyz xb­ exf­cnm e lt­å­f­nf­ö e rjéyè­q gf­kf­nè­ jp­yf­xf­æ, oj djyb­ vjéenm ujdjhb­­

nb­ dct­, oj djyb­ p­f­öjxenm, è­ yt­ å­jznb­cz celjdjuj gt­ht­ckè­ledf­yyz, zroj crf­p­f­yt­ yb­vb­ cnjceænmcz

ÿöymjÿ hjå­jnb­ e Rjyuht­cè­. Wt­q è­veyè­nt­n gjib­hñ­ænmcz yf­ å­elm­zrè­ db­ckjdkñ­df­yyz xkt­yè­d Rjyuht­ce

gè­l xf­c jå­ujdjht­ym, ghjujkjit­yyz jaè­wè­qyjÿ ljgjdè­lè­ xb­ gè­l xf­c ujkjcedf­yyz.

(2) Éjlt­y­ ct­y­f­njh xb­ ght­lcnf­dy­b­r ghjnzujv xf­ce­, y­f­ zrb­q­ q­juj jåhf­y­j, y­t­ vf­æ ghf­df­ åe­nb­ ghb­py­f­xt­y­b­q­ y­f­ åe­lm­zre­ gjcf­le­ y­f­ cke­éåè Cgjke­xt­y­b­v Inf­nf­v, zre­ cndjht­y­j f­åj db­y­f­ujhjle­ pf­ zre­ åe­lt­ påèkmit­y­j ghjnzujv wmjuj xf­ce­; éjl­y­f­ jcjåf­, zrf­ pf­q­vf­æ åe­lm­zre­ gjcf­le­ y­f­ cke­éåè Cgjke­xt­y­b­v Inf­nf­v, y­t­ vjét­ åe­nb­ xkt­y­jv éjly­jÿ­ gf­kf­nb­, ljrb­ pf­q­vf­æ wñ gjcf­le­.

RJVT­YNFH:

Wz cnf­nnz yt­ ljp­djkzæ xkt­yf­v Rjyuht­ce cndjhñ­df­nb­ gjcf­lb­, yf­ zrè­ djyb­ å­ öjnè­kb­ å­enb­ ghb­p­yf­­

xt­yb­vb­ gè­p­yè­it­, xb­ gè­ldb­oedf­nb­ p­f­hgkf­nb­ yf­ gjcf­lf­ö, oj ÿö wè­ xkt­yb­ Rjyuht­ce cgjlè­df­ñ­nmcz gjcè­cnb­

gè­ckz p­dè­kmyt­yyz p­ Rjyuht­ce, f­ nf­rjé dè­l hjå­jnb­ yf­ gjcf­lf­ö e è­yib­ö uè­krf­ö dkf­lb­.

E 1909 hjwè­ ct­yf­njh Xè­kt­ylt­h X. Yjrc p­f­kb­ib­d cdjñ­ gjcf­le e Ct­yf­nè­ lkz njuj, ojå­ cnf­nb­ Lt­h­

éf­dyb­v ct­rht­nf­ht­v. Ghjnt­ p­f­hjå­è­nye gkf­ne Lt­héf­dyjuj ct­rht­nf­hz å­ekj gè­ldb­ot­yj njlè­, rjkb­

Yjrc gt­ht­å­edf­d yf­ gjcf­lè­ ct­yf­njhf­. Lkz njuj, ojå­ Yjrc vè­u ghf­wñ­df­nb­ yf­ yjdè­q gjcf­lè­, Rjyuht­c

crf­cedf­d wt­ gè­ldb­ot­yyz p­f­hgkf­nb­ yf­ gt­hè­jl, gjrb­ njq ÿÿ p­f­qvf­d.

Cnf­nnz È

Hjplèk 7

(�) Ecè pf­rjy­jghjt­rnb­ ghj lt­héf­dy­è ljöjlb­ db­öjlznm dèl Gf­kf­nb­ ght­lcnf­dy­b­­rèd; ghjnt­, zr è ojlj èy­ib­ö pf­rjy­jghjt­rnèd, Ct­y­f­n vjét­ f­åj gjujlée­df­nb­cz p y­b­vb­, f­åj ghjgjy­e­df­nb­ dkf­cy­è gjghf­drb­.

RJVT­YNFH:

Ecè­ p­f­rjyjghjt­rnb­ ojlj gjlf­nrè­d gjdb­yyf­ dyjcb­nb­ Gf­kf­nf­ ght­lcnf­dyb­rè­d. Nhf­lb­wè­z, p­uè­lyj p­ zrjñ­

å­elm­zrt­ gjlf­nrjdt­ p­f­rjyjlf­dcndj vf­æ dyjcb­nb­cz xt­ht­p­ yb­éyñ­ gf­kf­ne, p­f­gjxf­nrjdf­yf­ d Fyukè­ÿ. Nf­v

è­cyeæ levrf­, oj d yb­éyè­q gf­kf­nè­ – Gf­kf­nè­ uhjvf­l, å­kb­éxè­q lj yf­hjle, – rhf­ot­ ajhvekñ­ñ­nm nf­rè­ p­f­­

rjyb­, å­j cf­v yf­hjl jå­b­hf­æ wñ­ gf­kf­ne. Dè­y yt­ jå­b­hf­æ dt­höyñ­ gf­kf­ne – Gf­kf­ne kjhlè­d. E Cgjkext­yb­ö

Inf­nf­ö gè­ckz ghb­qyznnz Cè­vyf­lwznjÿ gjghf­drb­ lj Rjycnb­newè­ÿ wt­ ghf­db­kj yt­ vf­æ jcjå­kb­djuj p­yf­xt­y­

yz, å­j e Cgjkext­yb­ö Inf­nf­ö Ct­yf­n jå­b­hf­æ yf­hjl. Rhè­v njuj, Ct­yf­n vjét­ dyt­cnb­ e å­elm­zrb­q gjlf­nrj­

db­q p­f­rjyjghjt­rn cnè­kmrb­ gjghf­djr, oj yb­vb­, gj cenè­, crf­cjdeæ wt­ p­f­rjyjlf­dxt­ p­f­cnt­ht­ét­yyz.

(2) Rjét­y­ pf­rjy­jghjt­rn, e­ödf­kt­y­b­q­ Gf­kf­njñ ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd è Ct­y­f­njv, gt­hi y­èé dèy­ cnf­y­t­ pf­rjy­jv, gjlf­ñnm y­f­ hjpukzl Ght­pb­lt­y­njdè Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­­nèd. Zroj dèy­ cödf­kñæ nf­rb­q­ pf­rjy­, nj gèlgb­ce­æ q­juj, f­ zroj y­è, gjdt­hnf­æ q­juj hf­pjv èp cdjÿ­vb­ pf­gt­ht­xt­y­y­zvb­ lj nèæÿ­ gf­kf­nb­, lt­ q­juj åe­kj cndjht­y­j; gf­kf­nf­ dy­jcb­nm lj cdjuj ée­hy­f­ke­ pf­gt­ht­xt­y­y­z d wèkjve­ è gjdnjhy­j hjpukzlf­æ q­juj. Zroj gèckz nf­rjuj hjpukzle­ ldè nht­nb­y­b­ ujkjcèd wèæÿ­ gf­kf­nb­ ghb­q­ve­nm pf­rj­

5�

y­jghjt­rn, nj q­juj hf­pjv èp pf­gt­ht­xt­y­y­zvb­ Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ y­f­lcb­kf­ñnm lj lhe­ujÿ­ gf­kf­nb­, zrf­ nf­rjé e­lhe­ut­ hjpukzy­t­ q­juj. È zroj q­juj åe­lt­ cödf­kt­y­j ldjvf­ nht­nb­y­f­vb­ ujkjcèd wèæÿ­ gf­kf­nb­, dèy­ y­f­åb­hf­æ xb­y­y­jcnè pf­rjy­e­. Fkt­ d e­cèö nf­rb­ö db­gf­lrf­ö ujkjcb­ d jåjö gf­kf­nf­ö db­py­f­xf­ñnm ckjdf­vb­ ≤nf­r≥ xb­ ≤y­è≥, f­ èvt­y­f­ jcèå, zrè ujkjce­ñnm pf­ xb­ ghjnb­ pf­rjy­jghjt­rne­, vf­ñnm, dèlgjdèly­j, åe­nb­ pf­gb­cf­y­b­­vb­ d ée­hy­f­kf­ö jåjö gf­kf­n. Zroj zrb­q­cm pf­rjy­jghjt­rn Ght­pb­lt­y­n y­t­ gjdt­hnf­æ ghjnzujv lt­cznb­ ly­èd (pf­ db­y­znrjv y­t­lèkm) gèckz njuj, zr q­juj q­jve­ y­f­lèckf­­kb­, nj nf­rb­q­ pf­rjy­jghjt­rn cnf­æ pf­rjy­jv nf­r cf­vj, zr rjkb­ å dèy­ åe­d gèlgb­cf­­y­b­q­ Ght­pb­lt­y­njv, jrhèv nb­ö db­gf­lrèd, rjkb­ pf­rjy­jghjt­rn y­t­ vjéy­f­ gjdt­hy­e­­nb­ xt­ht­p pf­rhb­nnz ct­cèÿ­ Rjy­uht­ce­; è d nf­rjve­ hf­pè dèy­ y­t­ cnf­æ pf­rjy­jv.

RJVT­YNFH:

Rjét­y p­f­rjyjghjt­rn, ghb­qyznb­q Rjyuht­cjv, yf­ghf­dkzænmcz yf­ gè­lgb­c Ght­p­b­lt­ynjdè­. Zroj Ght­­

p­b­lt­yn yt­ gjujléeænmcz p­ wb­v p­f­rjyjghjt­rnjv, nj e ymjuj æ lt­cznm lyè­d, yt­ dhf­öjdeñ­xb­ yt­lè­km, lkz

njuj, ojå­ gjdt­hyenb­ p­f­rjyjghjt­rn lj gf­kf­nb­, zrf­ qjuj dyt­ckf­, hf­p­jv è­p­ gt­ht­kè­rjv p­f­gt­ht­xt­ym. Wz

lè­z vf­æ yf­p­de dt­nj. Rjyuht­c vjét­ eödf­kb­nb­ p­f­rjy, yt­p­df­éf­ñ­xb­ yf­ dt­nj Ght­p­b­lt­ynf­, zroj p­f­ ymjuj

ghjujkjceæ ldè­ nht­nb­yb­ xkt­yè­d rjéyjÿ gf­kf­nb­. Ght­p­b­lt­yn vjét­ nf­rjé ljp­djkb­nb­ gt­ht­ndjhb­nb­ p­f­rjyj­

ghjt­rn yf­ p­f­rjy, zroj dè­y ghjcnj yt­ gè­lgb­cedf­nb­vt­ qjuj ghjnzujv lt­cznb­ lyè­d. Ghjnt­ p­f­rjyjghjt­rn,

yf­lè­ckf­yb­q Ght­p­b­lt­ynjdè­ ghjnzujv jcnf­yyè­ö lt­cznb­ lyè­d ct­cè­ÿ Rjyuht­ce, yt­ vjét­ cnf­nb­ p­f­rjyjv, zroj

Ght­p­b­lt­yn qjuj yt­ gè­lgb­it­. Zroj p­f­rjyjghjt­rn, zrb­q yt­ cödf­kñ­æ Ght­p­b­lt­yn, gjnhf­gb­nm lj ymjuj gt­­

ht­l p­f­rhb­nnzv ct­cè­ÿ, nj dè­y vjét­ p­f­kb­ib­nb­cz yt­ gè­lgb­cf­yb­v. Rjkb­ Rjyuht­c è­lt­ yf­ gf­hkf­vt­yncmrè­ rf­yè­­

rekb­, wt­q p­f­rjyjghjt­rn ddf­éf­ñ­nm jcnf­njxyj dè­löb­kt­yb­v. Nf­re ghf­rnb­re yf­p­b­df­ñ­nm rb­it­ymrjdb­v dt­nj.

(3) Hjpgjhzlét­y­y­z, ht­pjkñwèÿ­ nf­ e­ödf­kb­, zrè vjée­nm gjnht­åe­df­nb­ pujlb­ Ct­y­f­­ne­ è Gf­kf­nb­ ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd (jrhèv gb­nf­y­y­z ghj pf­rhb­nnz ct­cèÿ­), vf­ñnm gjlf­df­­nb­cz Ght­pb­lt­y­njdè Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd è åe­nb­ cödf­kt­y­è y­b­v lj y­f­åhf­y­y­z y­b­vb­ xb­y­y­jcnè; f­ zroj dèy­ ÿ­ö y­t­ cödf­kb­nm, djy­b­ vjée­nm åe­nb­ gjdnjhy­j ghb­q­y­znè ldj­vf­ nht­nb­y­f­vb­ ujkjcèd Ct­y­f­ne­ è Gf­kf­nb­ ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd, dèlgjdèly­j lj ghf­db­k nf­ jåvt­ét­y­m, dcnf­y­jdkt­y­b­ö lkz pf­rjy­jghjt­rnèd.

Cnf­nnz È

Hjplèk 8

GJDYJDFéT­YYZ, YFLFYÈ RJYUHT­CJDÈ

Rjy­uht­c vf­æ ghf­dj:

(�) dcnf­y­jdkñdf­nb­ è påb­hf­nb­ gjlf­nrb­, vb­nj, påjhb­ q­ f­rwb­py­è påjhb­; cgkf­xe­df­­nb­ åjhub­, pf­åt­pgt­xe­df­nb­ cgèkmy­e­ jåjhjy­e­ è ljåhjåe­n Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd; ghjnt­ dct­ vb­nj, påjhb­ è f­rwb­py­è påjhb­ vf­ñnm åe­nb­ jly­f­rjdb­vb­ y­f­ dcèq­ nt­hb­njhèÿ­ Cgj­ke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd.

RJVT­YNFH:

På­jhb­ – wt­ gjlf­nrb­ yf­ njdf­hb­, oj yf­löjlznm e Cgjkext­yè­ Inf­nb­. Frwb­p­b­ – wt­ gjlf­nrb­ p­ jå­jhjne,

gjlf­nrb­ yf­ db­rjhb­cnf­yyz è­ db­hjå­yb­wndj, è­yrjkb­ yf­ lè­kjdè­ ghjwt­lehb­ xb­ ghb­dè­kt­ÿ. Yf­ghb­rkf­l, gjlf­n­

rb­ yf­ rjhgjhf­wè­ÿ, gjlf­nrb­ yf­ nñ­nñ­yjdè­ db­hjå­b­, gjlf­nrb­ yf­ hjp­df­ub­ æ f­rwb­p­f­vb­.

52

(2) åhf­nb­ gjpb­rb­ dèl èvt­y­è Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd;

(3) ht­ue­kñdf­nb­ njhuèdkñ p èy­ib­vb­ lt­héf­df­vb­, vèé jrht­vb­vb­ inf­nf­vb­, f­ nf­­rjé p èy­lèf­y­cmrb­vb­ gkt­vt­y­f­vb­.

RJVT­YNFH:

Wt­q hjp­lè­k vf­æ yf­p­de ≤Cnf­nnz ghj njhuè­dkñ­≥. Puè­lyj p­ yt­ñ­, Rjyuht­c jlt­héeæ leét­ df­ékb­dè­

gjdyjdf­ét­yyz. Dt­höjdyb­q Cel db­p­yf­xf­æ njhuè­dkñ­ yt­ kb­it­ zr nf­re, f­kt­ è­ zr gt­dyb­q ghjwt­c, oj jöjg­

kñ­æ dcè­ db­lb­ rjvt­hwè­qyjÿ lè­zkmyjcnè­. Dt­höjdyb­q Cel eödf­kb­d, oj lj ≤njhuè­dkè­ vè­é rè­kmrjvf­ inf­nf­­

vb­≥ – vè­éinf­nyjÿ njhuè­dkè­ – yf­kt­éf­nm yt­ kb­it­ jå­jhelrb­, zrè­ db­öjlznm p­f­ vt­éè­ inf­ne, f­kt­ è­ å­elm­zrf­

lè­zkmyè­cnm, oj dgkb­df­æ yf­ njhuè­dkñ­ e å­è­kmit­ zr jlyjve inf­nè­. Gjdyjdf­ét­yyz ht­uekñ­df­nb­ wñ­ njhuè­d­

kñ­ æ gjdyjdf­ét­yyzv cnb­vekñ­df­nb­, p­f­öb­of­nb­, p­f­å­jhjyznb­ xb­ jå­vt­éedf­nb­ ÿÿ. Nf­rb­v xb­yjv, Rjyuht­c

vjét­ eödf­kñ­df­nb­ p­f­rjyb­ è­ db­lè­kznb­ rjinb­ p­ vt­njñ­ gjkè­git­yyz cnf­ye djlyb­ö ikzöè­d cgjkext­yyz, p­f­­

å­t­p­gt­xedf­nb­ ljnhb­vedf­yyz gjdè­nhzyjÿ å­t­p­gt­rb­ nf­ p­f­å­jhjyznb­ gt­ht­dt­p­t­yyz lt­zrb­ö njdf­hè­d p­ jlyjuj

inf­ne d è­yib­q. Dè­y vjét­ ht­uekñ­df­nb­ gt­ht­vè­ot­yyz kñ­lt­q, heö gjÿp­lè­d, hjp­gjlè­k f­rwè­q nf­ jå­kè­uf­wè­q,

gt­ht­lf­xe nt­kt­dè­p­è­qyb­ö cb­uyf­kè­d, f­ nf­rjé hjå­jne Èynt­hyt­ne. Rjyuht­c hjp­ukzlf­æ zr at­lt­hf­kmyb­q

p­kjxb­y yf­vf­uf­yyz dnt­rnb­ dè­l gjkè­wè­ÿ inf­ne f­å­j vè­cwt­djÿ gjkè­wè­ÿ p­ nt­hb­njhè­ÿ jlyjuj inf­ne lj è­yijuj p­

vt­njñ­ db­rjhb­cnf­yyz njhuè­dkè­ vè­é inf­nf­vb­ lkz crjæyyz ghf­djgjheit­ym. Dè­y nf­rjé p­f­å­jhjyzæ nb­v,

önj yf­lf­æ gjckeub­ è­p­ jå­ckeujdedf­yyz gf­cf­éb­hè­d dè­lhf­p­e d rè­kmrjö inf­nf­ö, lb­crhb­vè­yedf­nb­ gf­cf­éb­­

hè­d p­f­ hf­cjdjñ­ ghb­yf­kt­éyè­cnñ­, cnf­nnñ­, gjöjlét­yyzv, dè­rjv xb­ yf­zdyè­cnñ­ aè­p­b­xyb­ö df­l.

(4) Dcnf­y­jdkñdf­nb­ ælb­y­è ghf­db­kf­ y­f­ne­hf­kèpf­wèÿ­ nf­ ælb­y­è pf­rjy­b­ ghj åf­y­rhe­n­cndj y­f­ dcèq­ nt­hb­njhèÿ­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd;

(5) rf­håe­df­nb­ uhjiè, ht­ue­kñdf­nb­ uhjijdb­q­ jåèu nf­ df­hnècnm èy­jpt­vy­jÿ­ df­kñnb­, f­ nf­rjé dcnf­y­jdkñdf­nb­ cnf­y­lf­hnb­ df­ub­ è vèh.

RJVT­YNFH:

Wz cnf­nnz hf­p­jv p­è­ cnf­nnzvb­, oj ljp­djkzñ­nm Rjyuht­cjdè­ ht­uekñ­df­nb­ njhuè­dkñ­ è­ gjp­b­xf­nb­ uhj­

iè­, yf­lf­æ qjve ghf­dj db­lf­df­nb­ yf­wè­jyf­kmyb­v å­f­yrf­v kè­wt­yp­è­ÿ yf­ dt­lt­yyz å­f­yrè­dcmrb­ö jgt­hf­wè­q nf­

cndjhñ­df­nb­ At­lt­hf­kmye ht­p­t­hdye cb­cnt­ve.

(6) Dcnf­y­jdkñdf­nb­ gjrf­hf­y­y­z pf­ gèlhjåre­ lt­héf­dy­b­ö wèy­y­b­ö gf­gt­hèd è uhjit­q­ d jåèue­ d Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nf­ö.

RJVT­YNFH:

Wè­yyè­ gf­gt­hb­ – wt­ ehzljdè­ jå­kè­uf­wè­ÿ.

(7) Cndjhñdf­nb­ gjinjdè dèllèkt­y­y­z è gjinjdè ikzöb­;

(8) cghb­znb­ hjpdb­nrjdè y­f­e­rb­ è rjhb­cy­b­ö ht­vt­ct­k, pf­åt­pgt­xe­ñxb­ y­f­ gt­dy­b­q­ xf­c f­dnjhf­v è db­y­f­öèly­b­rf­v db­y­znrjdt­ ghf­dj y­f­ ÿ­öy­è ndjhb­ è db­y­f­öjlb­.

RJVT­YNFH:

Puè­lyj p­ wè­æñ­ yjhvjñ­, vjét­ å­enb­ p­f­å­t­p­gt­xt­yj f­dnjhcmrt­ ghf­dj yf­ ryb­érb­, vep­b­re, ajnjuhf­­

aè­ÿ, dè­lt­jgkè­drb­, wb­ahjdè­ dè­lt­jlb­crb­ (DVD) nf­ aè­kmvb­.

(9) Cndjhñdf­nb­ ce­lb­, gèlgjhzlrjdf­y­è Dt­höjdy­jve­ Ce­le­;

53

RJVT­YNFH:

At­lt­hf­kmyè­ celb­, ≤gè­lgjhzlrjdf­yè­ Dt­höjdyjve Cele≥, – wt­ at­lt­hf­kmyè­ celb­ inf­nè­d, f­ nf­rjé at­­

lt­hf­kmyè­ f­gt­kzwè­qyè­ celb­ e inf­nf­ö.

(�0) Db­py­f­xf­nb­ gjrf­hf­y­y­z è rf­hf­nb­ pf­ gèhf­ncndj è pkjxb­y­b­, crjæy­è e­ dèlrhb­njve­ vjhè, f­ nf­rjé pkjxb­y­b­ ghjnb­ vèéy­f­hjly­juj ghf­df­.

RJVT­YNFH:

Rjyuht­c, f­ yt­ inf­nb­ vf­æ ghf­dj p­lè­qcyñ­df­nb­ ghf­djcellz, zroj p­kjxb­y crjæyj yf­ vjhè­.

(��) Jujkjie­df­nb­ dèq­y­e­, db­lf­df­nb­ rf­gt­hcmrè cdèljwndf­ è ht­ght­cf­kèÿ­, dcnf­y­jdkñ­df­nb­ ghf­db­kf­ ojlj dèq­cmrjdjÿ­ pljåb­xè y­f­ ce­öjljkè q­ y­f­ vjhè.

RJVT­YNFH:

Kb­it­ Rjyuht­c vf­æ ghf­dj jujkjiedf­nb­ dè­qye. Ghjnt­ Ght­p­b­lt­yn zr Ujkjdyjrjvf­yledf­x p­å­hjqyb­­

vb­ cb­kf­vb­ dnzuedf­d Cgjkext­yè­ Inf­nb­ e dè­qye å­t­p­ ajhvf­kmyjuj jujkjit­yyz dè­qyb­ Rjyuht­cjv. Nf­rb­­

vb­ å­ekb­ dè­qyf­ e Rjht­ÿ (1950–1953 hh.), dè­qyf­ e D’ænyf­vè­ (1957–1975 hh.) nf­ dè­qyb­ e Gt­hcmrè­q p­f­njwè­

(1991 è­ 2003 hhjre).

Rf­gt­hcmrè­ cdè­ljwndf­ è­ ht­ght­cf­kè­ÿ – wt­ ljrevt­ynb­, zrè­ yf­lf­df­kb­ ghf­dj ghb­df­nyb­v rjhf­å­kzv yf­gf­­

lf­nb­ yf­ djhjéè­ njhujdt­kmyè­ rjhf­å­kè­. Yb­yè­ wè­ ljrevt­ynb­ å­è­kmit­ yt­ db­lf­ñ­nm.

(�2) Yf­åb­hf­nb­ q­ e­nhb­ve­df­nb­ dèq­cmrj; ghjnt­ f­cb­uy­e­df­y­y­z rjinèd y­f­ wt­ y­t­ gjdb­y­­y­j gt­ht­låf­xf­nb­cz åèkmit­ zr y­f­ ldf­ hjrb­;

(�3) cgjhzléf­nb­ q­ e­nhb­ve­df­nb­ akjn;

(�4) dcnf­y­jdkñdf­nb­ ghf­db­kf­ jhuf­y­èpf­wèÿ­ dèq­cmrjdb­ö ce­öjge­ny­b­ö è vjhcmrb­ö cb­k è rt­he­df­y­y­z y­b­vb­;

(�5) pf­åt­pgt­xe­df­nb­ crkb­rf­y­y­z y­f­hjly­jÿ­ vèkèwèÿ­ lkz db­rjy­f­y­y­z pf­rjy­èd Cjñpe­, ghb­le­ie­df­y­y­z pf­rjkjnèd è dèlåb­nnz dnjhuy­t­y­m.

RJVT­YNFH:

Rjyuht­c yf­lf­d Ght­p­b­lt­ynjdè­ gjdyjdf­ét­yyz db­hè­iedf­nb­, rjkb­ vf­æ vè­cwt­ cb­nef­wè­z dnjhuyt­yyz

f­å­j gjxb­yf­ænmcz gjdcnf­yyz. Njlè­ Ght­p­b­lt­yn vf­æ ghf­dj jujkjiedf­nb­ vjå­è­kè­p­f­wè­ñ­ vè­kè­wè­ÿ inf­ne, zrf­

yb­yè­ yf­p­b­df­ænmcz Yf­wè­jyf­kmyjñ­ udf­hlè­æñ­, f­ nf­rjé p­å­hjqyb­ö cb­k.

(�6) Pf­åt­pgt­xe­df­nb­ cndjht­y­y­z, jpåhjæy­y­z è db­irèk vèkèwèÿ­, f­ nf­rjé e­ghf­dkznb­ nèæñ ÿ­ÿ­ xf­cnb­y­jñ, zrf­ vjét­ db­rjhb­cnjde­df­nb­cz y­f­ cke­éåè Cgjke­xt­y­b­v Inf­­nf­v, påt­hèuf­ñxb­ pf­ dèlgjdèly­b­vb­ inf­nf­vb­ ghf­dj ghb­py­f­xf­nb­ jaèwt­hèd è rt­hèd­y­b­rèd lkz db­irjke­ vèkèwèÿ­, dèlgjdèly­j lj ghf­db­k lb­cwb­gkèy­b­, gt­ht­låf­xt­y­b­ö Rjy­uht­cjv.

RJVT­YNFH:

At­lt­hf­kmyb­q ehzl ljgjvf­uf­æ inf­nf­v enhb­vedf­nb­ vè­kè­wè­ñ­, zrf­ yb­yè­ yf­p­b­df­ænmcz Yf­wè­jyf­kmyjñ­

udf­hlè­æñ­. Lj 1916 hjre dcè­ inf­nb­ wè­krjdb­nj gt­ht­å­edf­kb­ gè­l yf­ukzljv vè­kè­wè­ÿ. Njuj hjre å­ekj ghb­qyz­

nj Pf­rjy ghj yf­wè­jyf­kmye jå­jhjye, p­uè­lyj p­ zrb­v gt­ht­lå­f­xt­yj at­lt­hf­kmyt­ aè­yf­ycedf­yyz wè­æÿ udf­h­

lè­ÿ, f­ p­f­ gt­dyb­ö jå­cnf­db­y è­ ÿÿ vjå­è­kè­p­f­wè­z yf­ yf­wè­jyf­kmye (f­kmnt­hyf­nb­dye) ckeéå­e.

54

(�7) Db­rjy­e­df­nb­ db­y­znrjdè pf­rjy­jlf­dxè gjdy­jdf­ét­y­y­z d e­cèö db­gf­lrf­ö d jrhe­pè (gkjot­ñ y­t­ åèkmit­ �0 rdf­lhf­ny­b­ö vb­km), zrb­q­ vjét­ åe­nb­ gt­ht­lf­y­b­q­ jrht­vb­vb­ inf­nf­vb­ è gt­ht­q­lt­ lj Rjy­uht­ce­ nf­ cnf­y­t­ vècwt­v gt­ht­åe­df­y­y­z e­hzle­ Cgjke­xt­­y­b­ö Inf­nèd; plèq­cy­ñdf­nb­ nf­re­ cf­ve­ dkf­le­ d e­cèö pt­vkzö, db­re­gkt­y­b­ö pf­ puj­ljñ pf­rjy­jlf­dxjÿ­ dkf­lb­ inf­ne­, e­ zrjve­ wè pt­vkè hjpnf­ijdf­y­j, lkz cndjht­y­y­z ajhnt­wm, crkf­lèd, f­hct­y­f­kèd, ljrèd nf­ èy­ib­ö gjnhèåy­b­ö cgjhe­l.

RJVT­YNFH:

Wt­q gf­hf­uhf­a gt­ht­ndjhñ­æ Rjyuht­c yf­ p­f­rjyjlf­dxb­q jhuf­y yt­ nè­kmrb­ lkz at­lt­hf­kmyjuj jrhe­

ue Rjkevå­è­z, f­kt­ è­ lkz dcè­æÿ at­lt­hf­kmyjÿ dkf­cyjcnè­, yf­ zrè­q hjp­nf­ijdf­yj ajhnb­, dè­qcmrjdj­vjhcmrè­

å­f­p­b­, f­hct­yf­kb­ nf­ è­yiè­ at­lt­hf­kmyè­ å­elè­dkè­ q cgjhelb­.

(�8) Db­lf­df­nb­ dcè pf­rjy­b­, y­t­jåöèly­è q­ ljht­xy­è lkz plèq­cy­ñdf­y­y­z gt­ht­kèxt­y­b­ö db­­ot­ gjdy­jdf­ét­y­m è dcèö èy­ib­ö gjdy­jdf­ét­y­m, y­f­lf­y­b­ö wèæñ Rjy­cnb­ne­wèæñ e­hzljdè Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd f­åj åe­lm­zrjve­ p q­juj lt­gf­hnf­vt­y­nèd xb­ gjcf­ljdèq­ jcjåè.

RJVT­YNFH:

Wt­q hjp­lè­k, e zrjve qlt­nmcz ghj ≤yt­jå­öè­lyè­ q ljht­xyè­≥ p­f­rjyb­, yf­lf­æ Rjyuht­cjdè­ ljp­dè­k p­f­qvf­­

nb­cz å­f­uf­nmvf­ gb­nf­yyzvb­, ghj zrè­ e Rjycnb­newè­ÿ yè­xjuj rjyrht­nyj yt­ ujdjhb­nmcz. Nf­rf­ uyexrè­cnm è­ æ

gjzcyt­yyzv njuj, xjve wz Rjycnb­newè­z æ jlyè­æñ­ p­ yf­qcnf­hè­ib­ö gb­cf­yb­ö Rjycnb­newè­q è­ xjve djyf­ vf­æ

nf­r vf­kj gjghf­djr.

Cnf­nnz È

Hjplèk 9

GJDYJDFéT­YYZ, oJ YT­ YFLFÑNm­CZ RJYUHT­CJDÈ

(�) Rjy­uht­c y­t­ pf­åjhjy­znb­vt­ lj �808 hjre­ gt­ht­ct­kt­y­y­z è ddt­pt­y­y­z jcèå, zrb­ö rjét­y­ èp y­b­y­è ècy­e­ñxb­ö inf­nèd ddf­éf­nb­vt­ pf­ gjnhèåy­t­ ljge­cnb­nb­; f­kt­ nf­rt­ ddt­pt­y­y­z vjét­ jårkf­lf­nb­cz gjlf­nrjv xb­ vb­njv y­f­ ce­ve­, oj y­t­ gt­ht­db­oe­æ �0 ljkf­hèd pf­ rjéy­e­ jcjåe­.

RJVT­YNFH:

Wt­q hjp­lè­k cnjceænmcz hf­å­jnjhuè­dkè­. Hf­å­jnjhuè­dwè­ q lt­zrè­ hf­å­jdkf­cyb­rb­ yf­vf­uf­kb­cz cndjhb­nb­

evjdb­, p­f­ zrb­ö ddt­p­t­yyz hf­å­è­d yt­ å­ekj å­ jå­vt­ét­yb­v lj 1808 hjre. E wmjve hjwè­ Rjyuht­c yf­cghf­d­

lè­ p­f­å­jhjyb­d ddt­p­t­yyz hf­å­è­d e rhf­ÿye.

(2) Xb­y­y­ècnm ce­ljdjuj ghb­gb­ce­ y­t­ljnjhrf­y­y­jcnè y­t­ vjét­ åe­nb­ ghb­pe­gb­y­t­y­f­, zr­oj wmjuj y­t­ gjnht­åe­æ uhjvf­lcmrf­ åt­pgt­rf­ gèl xf­c gjdcnf­y­y­z f­åj dnjhuy­t­y­y­z.

RJVT­YNFH:

Celjdb­q ghb­gb­c yt­ljnjhrf­yyjcnè­ – wt­ hjp­gjhzlét­yyz cele, zrt­ p­jå­jd’zp­eæ ckeéå­jdwè­d, oj nhb­­

vf­ñ­nm gè­l df­hnjñ­ zrecm jcjå­e, ghb­dt­cnb­ ÿÿ lj cele. Nf­v wè­ gjcf­ljdwè­ gjdb­yyè­ gjzcyb­nb­ cellè­, xjve

djyb­ enhb­veñ­nm gè­l df­hnjñ­ wñ­ jcjå­e. Zroj ÿöyæ gjzcyt­yyz db­zdb­nmcz yt­ljcnf­nymj gt­ht­rjykb­db­v,

cellz vjét­ eödf­kb­nb­, ojå­ wñ­ jcjå­e å­ekj p­dè­kmyt­yj.

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(3) Yt­ vjéy­f­ e­ödf­kñdf­nb­ åèkkè nf­ pf­rjy­b­ ghj pdb­y­e­df­xt­y­y­z e­ lt­héf­dy­èq­ phf­­lè q­ gjpåf­dkt­y­y­z uhjvf­lzy­cmrb­ö ghf­d è pf­rjy­b­ pè pdjhjny­jñ lèæñ.

RJVT­YNFH:

Åè­kkm xb­ p­f­rjy ghj p­db­yedf­xt­yyz e lt­héf­dyè­q p­hf­lè­ q gjp­å­f­dkt­yyz uhjvf­lzycmrb­ö ghf­d eödf­­

kñ­ñ­nm zrb­vjcm p­f­rjyjlf­dxb­v jhuf­yjv p­ vt­njñ­ gjrf­hf­yyz jcjå­b­ å­t­p­ celjdjuj hjp­ukzle. Pf­rjy p­è­

p­djhjnyjñ­ lè­æñ­ æ jlyb­v è­p­ p­f­rjyè­d, zrb­q jujkjieæ p­kjxb­yyb­vb­ gt­dyè­ lè­ÿ, oj yf­ xf­c ÿö dxb­yt­yyz yt­

ddf­éf­kb­cz ghjnb­p­f­rjyyb­vb­. Gè­l wt­ ajhvekñ­df­yyz gè­lgf­lf­ñ­nm è­ p­f­rjyb­, oj vf­ñ­nm p­djhjnye cb­ke

p­å­è­kmit­yyz gjrf­hf­yyz p­f­ crjæyyz zrjujcm p­kjxb­ye.

(4) Gjle­iy­b­q­ gjlf­njr [xb­ èy­iè ghzvè gjlf­nrb­] y­t­ vjéy­f­ pf­ghjdf­lée­df­nb­ èy­f­r­it­, zr kb­it­ puèly­j p gt­ht­gb­cjv xb­ jåkèrjv y­f­ct­kt­y­y­z, zrè ghjdjlznm, zr drf­­pf­y­j db­ot­.

RJVT­YNFH:

Gjleiyb­q gjlf­njr – wt­ gjlf­njr, jlyf­rjdb­q lkz dcè­ö uhjvf­lzy. Qjuj nf­rjé yf­p­b­df­ñ­nm ≤gjlf­njr

yf­ leie yf­ct­kt­yyz≥. Dt­höjdyb­q Cel ghb­qyzd hè­it­yyz ghj yt­vjékb­dè­cnm p­f­ghjdf­lét­yyz å­elm­zrj­

uj ghb­å­enrjdjuj gjlf­nre. Ghjnt­ gè­ckz ghb­qyznnz Iè­cnyf­lwznjÿ gjghf­drb­ lj Rjycnb­newè­ÿ xb­yyè­cnm wè­æÿ

yjhvb­ ghb­gb­yt­yj.

(5) Yt­ gjdb­y­y­è jårkf­lf­nb­cz gjlf­nrjv f­åj vb­njv njdf­hb­, zrè db­djpznm p åe­lm­zrjuj inf­ne­.

RJVT­YNFH:

Qlt­nmcz ghj njdf­hb­, zrè­ db­djp­znm e è­yiè­ inf­nb­ nf­ è­yiè­ rhf­ÿyb­. Gè­dlt­yyè­ inf­nb­ å­jzkb­cz, oj ehzl

jå­rkf­lt­ gjlf­nrf­vb­ ÿöyè­q t­rcgjhn è­ wt­ p­f­irjlb­nm ÿöymjve hjp­db­nre. Nf­rf­ yjhvf­ p­f­å­jhjyzæ p­f­ghj­

df­lét­yyz wmjuj gjlf­nre. Ghjnt­ Rjyuht­c vjét­ p­f­å­jhjyznb­ gt­ht­dt­p­t­yyz gt­dyb­ö db­lè­d t­rcgjhnyb­ö

njdf­hè­d, f­ nf­rjé ht­uekñ­df­nb­ evjdb­ ÿö gt­ht­dt­p­t­yyz.

(6) Yt­ ckèl y­f­lf­df­nb­ éjly­jÿ­ gt­ht­df­ub­ gjhnf­v jly­juj inf­ne­ pf­ hf­öe­y­jr gjhnèd èy­ijuj inf­ne­ pf­ ljgjvjujñ rjvt­hwèq­y­b­ö xb­ aècrf­kmy­b­ö hjpgjhzlét­y­m; nf­r cf­­vj éjly­t­ ce­ly­j, oj ghzve­æ lj åe­lm­zrjuj inf­ne­ f­åj p wmjuj inf­ne­, y­t­ vjéy­f­ gt­ht­dèhznb­ xb­ cgkf­xe­df­nb­ vb­nj d èy­ijve­ inf­nè.

RJVT­YNFH:

Rjyuht­c yt­ vjét­ p­f­ghjdf­léedf­nb­ ghf­djdb­ö yjhv ojlj njhuè­dkè­, zrè­ cnf­db­kb­ å­ e ghb­dè­kt­qjdf­yt­

cnf­yjdb­ot­ zrb­qcm jlb­y inf­n dè­lyjcyj è­yijuj. Rjhf­å­kè­, zrè­ gkb­denm p­ jlyjuj inf­ne d è­yib­q, yt­ gjdb­y­

yè­ gkf­nb­nb­ p­f­ wt­ gjlf­njr.

(7) Db­gkf­ne­ uhjit­q­ pè crf­håy­b­wè plèq­cy­ññnm kb­it­ y­f­ gèlcnf­dè f­cb­uy­e­df­y­m dèl­gjdèly­j lj pf­rjy­e­, f­ pdèn ghj y­f­löjlét­y­y­z è db­nhf­nb­ dcèö lt­héf­dy­b­ö rjinèd gt­hèjlb­xy­j jghb­kñly­ññnm.

RJVT­YNFH:

Åt­p­ p­ujlb­ Rjyuht­ce yt­ vjéyf­ db­nhf­xf­nb­ ehzljdè­ uhjiè­. Xf­c dè­l xf­ce Rjyuht­c gjdb­yt­y p­f­å­t­p­gt­­

xedf­nb­ geå­kè­rf­wè­ñ­ aè­yf­ycjdb­ö p­dè­nè­d.

56

(8) Cgjke­xt­y­è Inf­nb­ y­t­ y­f­lf­ñnm éjly­b­ö f­hb­cnjrhf­nb­xy­b­ö nb­ne­kèd: éjly­f­ jcj­åf­, zrf­ pf­q­vf­æ gkf­ny­e­ xb­ uhjvf­lcmre­ gjcf­le­ d Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nf­ö, y­t­ vf­æ ghf­­df­ åt­p ljpdjke­ Rjy­uht­ce­ ghb­q­vf­nb­ éjly­juj lf­he­y­rf­, db­y­f­ujhjlb­, gjcf­lb­ f­åj nb­ne­ke­ dèl åe­lm­zrjuj rjhjkz, ghb­y­wf­ f­åj èy­jpt­vy­jÿ­ lt­héf­db­.

RJVT­YNFH:

Rjyuht­c yt­ vjét­ yf­lf­df­nb­ ikzöt­ncmrb­ö nb­nekè­d, nf­rb­ö zr uhf­ab­yz xb­ ut­hwju. At­lt­hf­kmyè­ ckeé­

å­jdwè­ yt­ vf­ñ­nm ghf­df­ ghb­qvf­nb­ gjlf­heyrb­, gjcf­lb­, gkf­nt­éè­ xb­ nb­nekb­ dè­l å­elm­zrjÿ p­f­heå­è­éyjÿ lt­h­

éf­db­ å­t­p­ p­ujlb­ yf­ wt­ Rjyuht­ce.

Cnf­nnz È

Hjplèk �0

(�) Éjlt­y­ inf­n y­t­ vf­æ ghf­df­ dcne­gf­nb­ e­ åe­lm­zre­ e­ujle­, cjñp xb­ rjy­at­lt­hf­­wèñ, db­lf­df­nb­ rf­gt­hcmrè cdèljwndf­, rf­håe­df­nb­ uhjiè, db­ge­crf­nb­ rht­lb­ny­è gf­­gt­hb­, cgkf­xe­df­nb­ åjhub­ åe­lm­xb­v, rhèv chèåy­b­ö è pjkjnb­ö vjy­t­n, e­ödf­kñdf­nb­ pf­rjy­jghjt­rnb­ ghj gjrf­hf­y­y­z åt­p ce­le­, db­lf­df­nb­ pf­rjy­b­ pè pdjhjny­jñ lèæñ f­åj pf­rjy­b­, oj gjhe­ie­ñnm pjåjd’zpf­y­y­z pf­ rjy­nhf­rnf­vb­, xb­ y­f­lf­df­nb­ åe­lm­zrè f­hb­cnjrhf­nb­xy­è nb­ne­kb­.

(2) Éjlt­y­ inf­n y­t­ vf­æ ghf­df­ åt­p ljpdjke­ Rjy­uht­ce­ y­f­rkf­lf­nb­ påjhb­ xb­ vb­nj y­f­ ddt­pt­y­y­z è db­dt­pt­y­y­z njdf­hèd, jrhèv nb­ö, zrè rjy­xt­ gjnhèåy­è lkz db­rjy­f­y­y­z q­juj èy­cgt­rwèq­y­b­ö pf­rjy­èd; f­ xb­cnb­q­ pb­cr p e­cmjuj vb­nf­ è påjhèd, y­f­rkf­lt­y­b­ö åe­lm­zrb­v inf­njv y­f­ ddt­pt­y­y­z è db­dt­pt­y­y­z, gt­ht­lf­ænmcz e­ crf­håy­b­wñ Cgjke­xt­­y­b­ö Inf­nèd, è dcè nf­rè pf­rjy­b­ gèlkzuf­ñnm rjy­nhjkñ p åjre­ Rjy­uht­ce­ è vjée­nm åe­nb­ y­b­v gt­ht­ukzy­e­nè.

RJVT­YNFH:

éjlt­y inf­n yt­ vjét­ å­t­p­ p­ujlb­ Rjyuht­ce cnzuedf­nb­ gjlf­nrb­ p­ njdf­hè­d, ddt­p­t­yb­ö yf­ nt­hb­njhè­ñ­

wmjuj inf­ne xb­ db­dt­p­t­yb­ö p­ yt­ÿ, p­f­ db­yznrjv yt­dt­kb­rb­ö uhjijdb­ö p­å­jhè­d yf­ dè­lirjledf­yyz db­nhf­n

yf­ gt­ht­dè­hre.

(3) Éjlt­y­ inf­n y­t­ vf­æ ghf­df­ åt­p pujlb­ Rjy­uht­ce­ y­f­rkf­lf­nb­ påjhb­ y­f­ njy­y­f­é, e­nhb­ve­df­nb­ dèq­cmrj xb­ dèq­cmrjdè ce­ly­f­ e­ vb­hy­b­q­ xf­c, e­rkf­lf­nb­ åe­lm­zrè e­uj­lb­ xb­ ljvjdkt­y­jcnè p èy­ib­v inf­njv f­åj p èy­jpt­vy­jñ lt­héf­djñ, dcne­gf­nb­ e­ dèq­y­e­, rhèv db­gf­lrèd af­rnb­xy­juj dnjhuy­t­y­y­z f­åj db­gf­lrèd nf­rjÿ­ jxt­db­ly­jÿ­ pf­­uhjpb­, zrf­ y­t­ nt­hgb­nm pdjkèrf­y­y­z.

RJVT­YNFH:

Kb­it­ at­lt­hf­kmyb­q ehzl vf­æ gjdyjdf­ét­yyz yf­ erkf­lf­yyz ljujdjhè­d è­ dt­lt­yyz gt­ht­ujdjhè­d è­p­

p­f­heå­è­éyb­vb­ rhf­ÿyf­vb­.

57

Cnf­nnz ÈÈ

Hjplèk �

DbRJYFDXF UÈKRF DKFLb

(�) Db­rjy­f­dxf­ dkf­lf­ gjrkf­lf­ænmcz y­f­ Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd Fvt­hb­­rb­. Ght­pb­lt­y­n gt­ht­åe­df­æ y­f­ cdjÿ­q­ gjcf­lè dghjljdé xjnb­hmjö hjrèd; Ght­pb­lt­y­­nf­, f­ nf­rjé dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­nf­, zrjuj jåb­hf­ñnm y­f­ njq­ cf­vb­q­ nt­hvèy­, jåb­hf­ñnm nf­rb­v xb­y­jv:

(2) Rjét­y­ inf­n e­ cgjcèå, dcnf­y­jdkt­y­b­q­ pf­rjy­jlf­dxb­v jhuf­y­jv inf­ne­, db­py­f­­xf­æ rèkmrècnm db­åèhy­b­rèd, oj ljhèdy­ñæ rèkmrjcnè ct­y­f­njhèd è ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd, zre­ wt­q­ inf­n vf­æ ghf­dj gjcb­kf­nb­ d Rjy­uht­c; jly­f­r y­è ct­y­f­njhèd, y­è ght­lcnf­dy­b­­rèd, y­è åe­lm­zrb­ö èy­ib­ö jcèå, zrè pf­q­vf­ñnm gkf­ny­è xb­ uhjvf­lcmrè gjcf­lb­ d Cgj­ke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nf­ö, y­t­ ghb­py­f­xf­ñnm db­åèhy­b­rf­vb­.

RJVT­YNFH:

Wè­æñ­ yjhvjñ­ dcnf­yjdkñ­ñ­nm Rjkt­uè­ñ­ db­å­è­hyb­rè­d – uhege kñ­lt­q, zrb­ö e rjéyjve inf­nè­ jå­b­hf­kb­

p­uè­lyj p­ hè­it­yyzv p­f­rjyjlf­dxb­ö p­å­jhè­d rjéyjuj inf­ne. Yb­yè­ ÿö jå­b­hf­ñ­nm ecè­ uhjvf­lzyb­ inf­ne. Wè­

db­å­è­hyb­rb­ jå­b­hf­ñ­nm Ght­p­b­lt­ynf­ è­ dè­wt­­ght­p­b­lt­ynf­.

(3) [Db­åèhy­b­rb­ påb­hf­ñnmcz e­ cdjÿ­ö dèlgjdèly­b­ö inf­nf­ö è jåb­hf­ñnm ujkjce­df­y­­y­zv ldjö jcèå, p zrb­ö ghb­y­f­q­vy­è jly­f­ y­t­ gjdb­y­y­f­ åe­nb­ éb­nt­kt­v jly­juj p y­b­­vb­ inf­ne­. Djy­b­ crkf­lf­ñnm cgb­cjr e­cèö rf­y­lb­lf­nèd, pf­py­f­xf­ñxb­, crèkmrb­ ujkj­cèd gjlf­y­j pf­ rjéy­juj; wt­q­ cgb­cjr djy­b­ gèlgb­ce­ñnm, pf­cdèlxe­ñnm è dèlcb­kf­ñnm pf­gt­xf­nf­y­b­v lj vècwz gt­ht­åe­df­y­y­z e­hzle­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd y­f­ èv’z Ujkjdb­ Ct­y­f­ne­. Ujkjdf­ Ct­y­f­ne­ dèlrhb­df­æ dcè ljre­vt­y­nb­ e­ ghb­ce­ny­jcnè Ct­y­f­ne­ è Gf­kf­­nb­ ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd, gèckz xjuj ujkjcb­ gèlhf­öjde­ñnm. Ght­pb­lt­y­njv cnf­æ jcjåf­, zrf­ y­f­åhf­kf­ y­f­q­åèkmit­ ujkjcèd, zroj rèkmrècnm ujkjcèd cnf­y­jdb­nm åèkmiècnm pf­uf­kmy­jÿ­ rèkmrjcnè ghb­py­f­xt­y­b­ö db­åèhy­b­rèd; zroj åèkmiècnm jlt­héb­nm rèkmrf­ ght­nt­y­lt­y­nèd è rèkmrècnm ujkjcèd pf­ rjéy­juj p y­b­ö åe­lt­ jly­f­rjdf­, nj Gf­kf­nf­ ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd y­t­uf­q­y­j ujkjce­df­y­y­zv jåb­hf­æ jly­juj p y­b­ö Ght­pb­lt­y­njv; f­ zr­oj y­èönj p y­b­ö y­t­ y­f­åt­ht­ åèkmijcnè ujkjcèd, njlè Gf­kf­nf­ ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd jåb­hf­æ Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ nf­r cf­vj p­gjvèé g’znmjö gt­hib­ö e­ cgb­cre­ jcèå. Yf­ db­åjhf­ö Ght­­pb­lt­y­nf­ ujkjcb­ gjlf­ñnm inf­nb­, ghb­xjve­ ght­lcnf­dy­b­wndj rjéy­juj inf­ne­ vf­æ jlb­y­ ujkjc; rdjhe­v e­ nf­rjve­ hf­pè crkf­lf­ñnm xkt­y­b­ Gf­kf­nb­ dèl ldjö nht­nb­y­ e­cèö inf­nèd; lkz jåhf­y­y­z Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ gjnhèåy­f­ f­åcjkñny­f­ åèkmiècnm ujkjcèd db­åèhy­b­rèd e­cèö inf­nèd. E rjéy­jve­ db­gf­lre­ gèckz jåhf­y­y­z Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ jcjåf­, zrf­ y­f­åhf­kf­ y­f­q­åèkmit­ ujkjcèd db­åèhy­b­rèd, cnf­æ dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­njv. Ghjnt­, zr­oj pf­kb­if­nmcz ldè jcjåb­ f­åj åèkmit­ p jly­f­rjdjñ rèkmrècnñ ujkjcèd, nj dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ jåb­hf­æ p­gjvèé y­b­ö Ct­y­f­n, ujkjce­ñxb­ åñkt­nt­y­zvb­].

RJVT­YNFH:

Ldf­yf­lwznf­ gjghf­drf­ lj Rjycnb­newè­ÿ p­vè­yb­kf­ ghjwt­lehe jå­hf­yyz Ght­p­b­lt­ynf­ è­ dè­wt­­ght­p­b­lt­ynf­.

58

(4) Rjy­uht­c vjét­ db­py­f­xb­nb­ xf­c lkz jåhf­y­y­z db­åèhy­b­rèd è lt­y­m, rjkb­ djy­b­ gj­db­y­y­è gjlf­nb­ cdjÿ­ ujkjcb­; wt­q­ lt­y­m vf­æ åe­nb­ ælb­y­b­v y­f­ dcèq­ nt­hb­njhèÿ­ Cgjke­xt­­y­b­ö Inf­nèd.

(5) Ght­pb­lt­y­njv vjét­ åe­nb­ nèkmrb­ uhjvf­lzy­b­y­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd pf­ y­f­hj­lét­y­y­zv f­åj jcjåf­, zrf­ åe­kf­ uhjvf­lzy­b­y­jv Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd y­f­ xf­c e­ödf­­kt­y­y­z wèæÿ­ Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­. Ght­pb­lt­y­njv y­t­ vjéy­f­ jåb­hf­nb­ njuj, önj y­t­ ljczuy­e­d dère­ 35 hjrèd è y­t­ ghjéb­df­d ghjnzujv �4 hjrèd e­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nf­ö.

(6) E db­gf­lre­ e­ce­y­t­y­y­z Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ p gjcf­lb­ f­åj q­juj cvt­hnè, dèlcnf­drb­ xb­ y­t­­cghjvjéy­jcnè plèq­cy­ñdf­nb­ dkf­le­ è db­rjy­e­df­nb­ jåjd’zprb­, gjd’zpf­y­è p wèæñ gjcf­­ljñ, jåjd’zprb­ Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ gt­ht­öjlznm lj dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­nf­. F e­ db­gf­lre­ e­ce­y­t­y­­y­z, cvt­hnè, pht­xt­y­y­z xb­ y­t­cghjvjéy­jcnè db­rjy­e­df­nb­ jåjd’zprb­ è Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­, è dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ Rjy­uht­c vjét­ jrht­vb­v pf­rjy­jv ghb­py­f­xb­nb­ jly­e­ p db­ob­ö e­hz­ljdb­ö jcèå db­rjy­e­df­nb­ dèlgjdèly­è jåjd’zprb­, gjrb­ y­t­ e­ce­y­t­y­j ghb­xb­y­e­ y­t­cghjvjé­y­jcnè Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ db­rjy­e­df­nb­ cdjÿ­ jåjd’zprb­ f­åj y­t­ jåhf­y­j y­jdjuj Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­.

RJVT­YNFH:

9 ct­hgyz 1974 hjre Ght­p­b­lt­yn Hè­xf­hl Vè­kuf­ec Yè­rcjy gè­ijd e dè­lcnf­dre p­ gjcf­lb­ ukf­db­ db­rjyf­d­

xjÿ dkf­lb­ è­ qjuj gjcf­lf­ gt­ht­qikf­ lj dè­wt­­ght­p­b­lt­ynf­ Lét­hf­kmlf­ Heljkmaf­ Ajhlf­. Lj wmjuj kb­it­

cvt­hnm ghb­gb­yzkf­ gjdyjdf­ét­yyz Ght­p­b­lt­ynf­ CIF. Ldf­lwznm g’znf­ gjghf­drf­ lj Rjycnb­newè­ÿ gt­ht­l­

å­f­xf­æ, oj dè­wt­­ght­p­b­lt­yn cnf­æ Ght­p­b­lt­ynjv, zroj njq yt­ d p­vjp­è­ db­rjyedf­nb­ cdjÿ gjdyjdf­ét­yyz nf­

jå­jd’zp­rb­, f­ nf­rjé rjyrht­nb­p­eæ evjdb­, zr dè­lå­edf­ænmcz gt­ht­lf­df­yyz gjdyjdf­ét­ym nf­ jå­jd’zp­rè­d.

(7) Ght­pb­lt­y­n e­ dcnf­y­jdkt­y­è cnhjrb­ jlt­hée­æ pf­ cdjñ cke­éåe­ db­y­f­ujhjle­, zrf­ y­t­ gjdb­y­y­f­ y­è pvt­y­ie­df­nb­cz, y­è påèkmie­df­nb­cz ghjnzujv gt­hèjle­, y­f­ zrb­q­ q­j­uj jåhf­y­j, è dèy­ y­t­ gjdb­y­t­y­ ghjnzujv wmjuj gt­hèjle­ jlt­hée­df­nb­ éjly­b­ö èy­ib­ö db­y­f­ujhjl dèl Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd xb­ jrht­vjuj inf­ne­.

RJVT­YNFH:

Gt­ht­lå­f­xb­dib­ db­gkf­ne p­f­hjå­è­nyjÿ gkf­nb­ Ght­p­b­lt­ynjdè­, Rjycnb­newè­z p­hjå­b­kf­ vjékb­db­v, ojå­

yt­p­f­vjéyf­ kñ­lb­yf­ nt­é vjukf­ cnf­nb­ Ght­p­b­lt­ynjv. Yf­ xf­c gt­ht­å­edf­yyz yf­ gjcf­lè­ p­f­hjå­è­nye gkf­ne

Ght­p­b­lt­ynf­ yt­ vjéyf­ p­vt­yiedf­nb­ f­å­j p­å­è­kmiedf­nb­. Ukf­df­ db­rjyf­dxjÿ dkf­lb­ yt­ vf­æ ghf­df­ jlt­hée­

df­nb­ éjlyjÿ è­yijÿ gkf­nb­ dè­l at­lt­hf­kmyjuj ehzle xb­ inf­nè­d, ghjnt­ Ght­p­b­lt­yn vjét­ rjhb­cnedf­nb­cz

å­f­uf­nmvf­ lt­héf­dyb­vb­ ckeéå­f­vb­.

(8) Gt­ht­l dcne­gjv y­f­ gjcf­le­ Ght­pb­lt­y­n crkf­lf­æ nf­re­ ghb­czue­ f­åj lf­æ nf­re­ e­hjxb­cne­ jåèwzy­re­: ≤Z e­hjxb­cnj ghb­czuf­ñ, oj åe­le­ ljåhjcjdècy­j db­rjy­e­df­nb­ jåjd’zprb­ Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd è gjdy­jñ vèhjñ cdjÿ­ö cb­k gèlnhb­ve­­df­nb­, pf­öb­of­nb­ è jåjhjy­znb­ Rjy­cnb­ne­wèñ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd≥.

RJVT­YNFH:

E Rjycnb­newè­ÿ yt­ p­f­p­yf­xt­yj, önj gjdb­yt­y ghb­qvf­nb­ ghb­czue e yjdjjå­hf­yjuj Ght­p­b­lt­ynf­. E Ght­­

p­b­lt­ynf­ Léjhléf­ Df­ib­yunjyf­ ghb­qvf­d ghb­czue Hjå­t­hn H. Kè­dè­yucnjy, yf­ njq xf­c jlb­y è­p­ gjcf­ljd­

wè­d inf­ne Ymñ­­Qjhr. Gè­ckz wmjuj p­f­p­db­xf­q wñ­ vè­cè­ñ­ db­rjyedf­d Ujkjdf­ Dt­höjdyjuj Cele CIF. E

Rf­kdè­yf­ Rekè­léf­ ghb­qvf­d ghb­czue e cdjæve ljvè­ e Dt­hvjynè­ qjuj å­f­nmrj, zrb­q njlè­ å­ed vb­hjdb­v

cellt­ñ­. Rekè­lé crkf­lf­d ghb­czue ot­ hf­p­, è­ njlè­ d ymjuj ÿÿ ghb­qvf­d xkt­y Dt­höjdyjuj Cele at­lt­hf­km­

yjuj jrheue Rjkevå­è­z Fljkma F. Ut­kè­yu.

59

Cnf­nnz ÈÈ

Hjplèk 2

(�) Ght­pb­lt­y­n æ Ujkjdy­jrjvf­y­le­df­xt­v påhjq­y­b­ö cb­k è akjne­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­­nèd, f­ nf­rjé vèkèwèÿ­ jrht­vb­ö inf­nèd gèl xf­c ÿ­ÿ­ lèq­cy­jÿ­ cke­éåb­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­v Inf­nf­v; dèy­ vjét­ db­vf­uf­nb­ dèl db­ob­ö gjcf­ljdb­ö jcèå rjéy­juj db­rjy­f­dxjuj dèljvcndf­ ÿ­öy­mjÿ­ le­vrb­ e­ gb­cmvjdjve­ db­rkf­lè p åe­lm­zrb­ö gb­nf­y­m cnjcjdy­j ÿ­öy­èö cke­éåjdb­ö jåjd’zprèd; dèy­ vf­æ ghf­dj dèlrkf­lf­nb­ db­rjy­f­y­y­z db­hjrèd è pdèkmy­znb­ dèl gjrf­hf­y­y­z pf­ pkjxb­y­b­ ghjnb­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd, rhèv db­gf­l­rèd èvgèxvt­y­ne­.

RJVT­YNFH:

Gjdyjdf­ét­yyz Ght­p­b­lt­ynf­ zr Ujkjdyjrjvf­yledf­xf­ p­å­hjqyb­vb­ cb­kf­vb­ leét­ ib­hjrè­. Ghjnt­ yf­­

dè­nm gè­l xf­c dè­qyb­ Ght­p­b­lt­yn p­jå­jd’zp­f­yb­q gè­lgjhzlrjdedf­nb­cz yf­kt­éyè­q ghf­djdè­q ghjwt­lehè­.

(2) Ght­pb­lt­y­n vf­æ ghf­dj pf­ gjhf­ljñ è pujljñ Ct­y­f­ne­ e­rkf­lf­nb­ vèélt­héf­dy­è ljujdjhb­ e­ hf­pè gèlnhb­vrb­ ldjö nht­nb­y­ ghb­ce­ny­èö ct­y­f­njhèd; dèy­ ghjgjy­e­æ rf­y­­lb­lf­ne­hb­ è pf­ gjhf­ljñ nf­ pujljñ Ct­y­f­ne­ ghb­py­f­xf­æ gjckèd, èy­ib­ö gjdy­jdf­é­y­b­ö ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd, rjy­ce­kèd, ce­llèd Dt­höjdy­juj Ce­le­ è dcèö èy­ib­ö db­ob­ö lt­h­éf­dy­b­ö gjcf­ljdb­ö jcèå Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd, ghj zrb­ö y­t­ crf­pf­y­j èy­ijuj e­ wèq­ Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­ è xb­ÿ­ gjcf­lb­ dcnf­y­jdkñæ pf­rjy­; jly­f­r Rjy­uht­c vjét­ db­lf­nb­ pf­rjy­, pf­ zrb­v ghf­dj ghb­py­f­xf­nb­ y­f­ y­b­éxè lt­héf­dy­è gjcf­lb­, zroj dèy­ ddf­éf­æ wt­ pf­ gjnhèåy­t­, vf­nb­vt­ cf­v Ght­pb­lt­y­n, f­åj ce­lb­, f­åj ukf­db­ lt­gf­hnf­vt­y­nèd.

RJVT­YNFH:

Ndjhwè­ Rjycnb­newè­ÿ CIF gkf­yedf­kb­, oj Ct­yf­n e lt­zrb­ö gb­nf­yyzö å­elt­ db­rjyedf­nb­ ghb­ Ght­p­b­lt­ynè­

hjkm rjycekmnf­nb­dyjuj jhuf­ye, ghb­å­kb­p­yj nf­r cf­vj, zr wt­ hjå­b­nm Gf­kf­nf­ kjhlè­d e Dt­kb­rjå­hb­nf­yè­ÿ.

Ght­p­b­lt­yn vjét­ erkf­lf­nb­ eujlb­ è­ ghb­p­yf­xf­nb­ hè­p­yb­ö ehzljdwè­d. Ghjnt­ lkz njuj ojå­ nf­rè­ ghf­djdè­ lè­ÿ

yf­å­ekb­ xb­yyjcnè­, wè­ eujlb­ vf­ñ­nm å­enb­ p­f­ndt­hlét­yè­ Ct­yf­njv, ldjvf­ nht­nb­yf­vb­ ujkjcè­d ghb­cenyè­ö ct­yf­­

njhè­d. F ghb­p­yf­xt­yyz db­cjrjgjcf­ljdwè­d db­vf­uf­æ cödf­kt­yyz å­è­kmit­ zr gjkjdb­yb­ ghb­cenyè­ö ct­yf­njhè­d.

(3) Ght­pb­lt­y­n vf­æ ghf­dj ghb­py­f­xf­nb­ gjcf­ljdwèd y­f­ df­rf­y­ny­è gjcf­lb­, oj db­y­b­r­kb­ d gt­hèjl vèé ct­cèzvb­ Ct­y­f­ne­, y­f­lf­ñxb­ ÿ­v gjdy­jdf­ét­y­y­z, nt­hvèy­ lèÿ­ zrb­ö pf­­dt­hie­ænmcz èp pf­rèy­xt­y­y­zv q­juj y­f­cne­gy­jÿ­ ct­cèÿ­.

RJVT­YNFH:

Gè­l xf­c gt­ht­hd e p­f­cè­lf­yyzö Ct­yf­ne Ght­p­b­lt­yn vjét­ hjå­b­nb­ nb­vxf­cjdè­ ghb­p­yf­xt­yyz yf­ gjcf­­

lb­, yf­ p­f­vè­ot­yyz zrb­ö yt­jå­öè­lyf­ p­ujlf­ Ct­yf­ne.

Cnf­nnz ÈÈ

Hjplèk 3

(�) Ght­pb­lt­y­n gt­hèjlb­xy­j èy­ajhve­æ Rjy­uht­c ghj cnf­y­ Cjñpe­ è ghjgjy­e­æ y­f­ q­juj hjpukzl nf­rè pf­öjlb­, zrè dèy­ ddf­éf­æ gjnhèåy­b­vb­ è ljwèkmy­b­vb­; pf­ y­f­lpdb­xf­q­­

60

y­b­ö jåcnf­db­y­ dèy­ vjét­ crkb­rf­nb­ jåb­ldè gf­kf­nb­ f­åj jly­e­ p y­b­ö, f­ e­ db­gf­lre­ y­t­pujlb­ vèé y­b­vb­ ojlj xf­ce­ pf­rèy­xt­y­y­z ct­cèÿ­ dèy­ vjét­ cf­v dèlrkf­cnb­ ct­cèñ y­f­ xf­c, zrb­q­ ddf­éf­nb­vt­ cke­iy­b­v; dèy­ ghb­q­vf­æ gjckèd nf­ èy­ib­ö gjdy­jdf­éy­b­ö ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd; dèy­ låf­æ ghj ljåhjcjdècy­t­ db­rjy­f­y­y­z pf­rjy­èd è gèlndt­hlée­æ jåj­d’zprb­ dcèö gjcf­ljdb­ö jcèå Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd.

RJVT­YNFH:

ojhjre Ght­p­b­lt­yn p­dt­hnf­ænmcz lj Rjyuht­ce p­ gjckf­yyzv ghj cnf­yjdb­ot­ e Cjñ­p­è­ (lt­héf­dè­). Ght­­

p­b­lt­ynb­ Léjhlé Df­ib­yunjy è­ Léjy Flf­vc jcjå­b­cnj db­ujkjiedf­kb­ cdjÿ gjckf­yyz e Rjyuht­cè­ zr ghjvj­

db­. Pujljv å­è­kmiè­cnm Ght­p­b­lt­ynè­d gjxf­kb­ yf­ghf­dkznb­ cdjæ gjckf­yyz e gb­cmvjdjve db­ukzlè­, zrt­ gjnè­v

p­f­xb­nedf­kb­ e Rjyuht­cè­. Ght­p­b­lt­yn Delhj Dè­kcjy cf­v p­f­xb­nedf­d cdjæ gjckf­yyz. Nf­r xb­yb­d è­ Ahf­yrkè­y

Lt­kf­yj Hep­dt­kmn, è­ dcè­ Ght­p­b­lt­ynb­, oj gt­ht­å­edf­kb­ yf­ wè­q gjcf­lè­ gè­ckz Hep­dt­kmnf­. Ct­ht­l yf­qdè­ljvè­ib­ö

gjckf­ym Ght­p­b­lt­ynè­d vjéyf­ yf­p­df­nb­ ljrnhb­ye Vjyhj nf­ ≤Xjnb­hyf­lwznm geyrnè­d≥ Delhj Dè­kcjyf­.

E ÖÈÖ cnjkè­nnè­ Ght­p­b­lt­ynb­ crkb­rf­kb­ lkz wmjuj Rjyuht­c. Yb­yè­, rjkb­ Rjyuht­c ghf­wñ­æ vf­qét­ å­t­p­­

gt­ht­hdyj, d wmjve yt­vf­æ gjnht­å­b­. éjlt­y Ght­p­b­lt­yn yt­ gt­ht­yjcb­d p­f­cè­lf­yyz Rjyuht­ce.

Jå­jd’zp­jr ≤lå­f­nb­ ghj ljå­hjcjdè­cyt­ db­rjyf­yyz p­f­rjyè­d≥ cnf­db­nm Ght­p­b­lt­ynf­ e wè­q cghf­dè­ yf­ xj­

kè­ dcè­ö db­cjrjgjcf­ljdwè­d yf­wè­jyf­kmyjuj ehzle. Rjéyf­ at­lt­hf­kmyf­ gjcf­ljdf­ jcjå­f­, zrf­ gt­ht­å­edf­æ

yf­ wb­dè­kmyè­q xb­ dè­qcmrjdè­q ckeéå­è­, jlt­héeæ cdjÿ gjdyjdf­ét­yyz dè­l Ght­p­b­lt­ynf­.

Cnf­nnz ÈÈ

Hjplèk 4

(�) Ght­pb­lt­y­n, dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­n è dcè wb­dèkmy­è gjcf­ljdè jcjåb­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­­nèd vjée­nm åe­nb­ e­ce­y­t­y­è p gjcf­lb­ d hf­pè pf­ce­lét­y­y­z ÿ­ö pf­ ghjwt­le­hjñ èvgèx­vt­y­ne­ pf­ lt­héf­dy­e­ phf­le­, öf­åf­hy­b­wndj nf­ èy­iè nzérè pkjxb­y­b­ è ghjdb­y­b­.

Cnf­nnz ÈÈÈ

Hjplèk �

CELJDF UÈKRF DKFLb

Ce­ljde­ dkf­le­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd y­f­lf­y­j ælb­y­jve­ Dt­höjdy­jve­ Ce­le­ è nf­rb­v y­b­éxb­v ce­lf­v, zrè èy­jlè dcnf­y­jdkñæ f­åj cndjhñæ Rjy­uht­c. Ce­llè Dt­höjdy­juj Ce­le­, f­ nf­rjé y­b­éxb­ö ce­lèd pf­kb­if­ñnmcz y­f­ cdjÿ­ö gjcf­lf­ö, ljrb­ gjdjlznmcz åt­pljuf­y­y­j, è vf­ñnm e­ db­py­f­xt­y­b­q­ xf­c jlt­hée­df­nb­ pf­ cke­éåe­ db­y­f­ujhjle­, zrf­ y­t­ gjdb­y­y­f­ pvt­y­ie­df­nb­cz ghjnzujv ÿ­öy­mjuj gt­ht­åe­df­y­y­z y­f­ gjcf­lè.

RJVT­YNFH:

Rjycnb­newè­z p­f­å­t­p­gt­xeæ at­lt­hf­kmyb­v celf­v p­yf­xye yt­p­f­kt­éyè­cnm è­ dè­l Rjyuht­ce, è­ dè­l Ght­p­b­­

lt­ynf­. Uf­hf­ynè­z njuj, oj cellè­ gt­ht­å­edf­ñ­nm yf­ gjcf­lè­, ≤ljrb­ gjdjlznmcz å­t­p­ljuf­yyj≥, jp­yf­xf­æ,

oj, rjkb­ djyb­ yt­ p­f­p­yf­ñ­nm è­vgè­xvt­yne è­ p­f­celét­yyz p­f­ ghf­djgjheit­yyz, cellè­ vjéenm gt­ht­å­edf­nb­

yf­ cdjÿq gjcf­lè­ gjéb­nnædj. Ghjnzujv ecmjuj éb­nnz wt­ gjkjét­yyz p­f­öb­of­æ cellè­d dè­l p­f­uhjp­b­ å­enb­

p­dè­kmyt­yb­vb­ zr p­ å­jre Ght­p­b­lt­ynf­, zrb­q ÿö ghb­p­yf­xb­d, nf­r è­ p­ å­jre qjuj yf­cnegyb­rè­d. Ghf­db­kj cnj­

cjdyj njuj, oj p­f­hjå­è­nyf­ gkf­nf­ cellè­ yt­ vjét­ å­enb­ p­vt­yit­yf­, p­f­öb­of­æ cellè­d dè­l nb­cre p­ å­jre Rjy­

6�

uht­ce, zrb­q vè­u å­b­ p­f­ è­yib­ö jå­cnf­db­y gjuhjéedf­nb­ cellè­ nf­rb­v p­yb­ét­yyzv p­f­hjå­è­nyjÿ gkf­nb­, zrt­

p­vecb­kj å­ qjuj p­f­kb­ib­nb­ cdjñ­ gjcf­le.

Cnf­nnz ÈÈÈ

Hjplèk 2

(�) Ce­ljdf­ dkf­lf­ gjib­hñænmcz pf­ ghb­y­wb­gjv pf­rjy­y­jcnè q­ hèdy­jcnè y­f­ dcè cghf­­db­, zrè db­y­b­rf­ñnm y­f­ jcy­jdè wèæÿ­ Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­, pf­rjy­èd Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd è vèé­y­f­hjly­b­ö ljujdjhèd, e­rkf­lt­y­b­ö hf­y­èit­ è nb­ö, zrè Cgjke­xt­y­è Inf­nb­ e­rkf­le­nm e­ vf­q­åe­ny­mjve­; y­f­ dcè cghf­db­ cnjcjdy­j gjckèd, èy­ib­ö gjdy­jdf­éy­b­ö ght­lcnf­dy­b­­rèd è rjy­ce­kèd; y­f­ dcè cghf­db­ f­lvèhf­knt­q­cndf­ è vjhcmrjÿ­ ñhb­clb­rwèÿ­; y­f­ dcè cgjhb­, jly­èæñ èp cnjhèy­ zrb­ö æ Cgjke­xt­y­è Inf­nb­, y­f­ dcè cgjhb­ vèé ldjvf­ xb­ rèkmrjvf­ inf­nf­vb­ [vèé inf­njv è uhjvf­lzy­f­vb­ èy­ijuj inf­ne­], vèé uhjvf­lzy­f­vb­ hèpy­b­ö inf­nèd, vèé uhjvf­lzy­f­vb­ jly­juj inf­ne­ e­ db­gf­lrf­ö, rjkb­ djy­b­ pf­zdkzñnm ghf­­df­ y­f­ pt­vkñ, y­f­lf­y­e­ èy­ib­vb­ inf­nf­vb­, f­ nf­rjé vèé inf­njv xb­ q­juj uhjvf­lz­y­f­vb­ nf­ èy­jpt­vy­b­vb­ lt­héf­df­vb­ [uhjvf­lzy­f­vb­ xb­ gèllf­y­b­vb­].

RJVT­YNFH:

Ghf­dj at­lt­hf­kmyb­ö celè­d hjp­ukzlf­nb­ dcè­ ≤cghf­db­, zrè­ db­yb­rf­ñ­nm yf­ jcyjdè­ wè­æÿ Rjycnb­newè­ÿ≥, æ

jcyjdjñ­ ghf­df­ Dt­höjdyjuj Cele jujkjiedf­nb­ p­f­rjyb­ Rjyuht­ce yt­rjycnb­newè­qyb­vb­. Ghf­dj ≤celj­

djuj rjynhjkñ­≥ å­ekj dcnf­yjdkt­yj e 1803 hjwè­ è­cnjhb­xyb­v hè­it­yyzv Ujkjdb­ Dt­höjdyjuj Cele Léj­

yf­ Vf­hif­kkf­ e cghf­dè­ ≤Vf­hå­t­hè­ ghjnb­ Vt­lè­cjyf­≥.

Jlb­yf­lwznf­ gjghf­drf­ lj Rjycnb­newè­ÿ db­kexb­kf­ p­è­ cnf­nnè­ ajhvekñ­df­yyz ≤vè­é inf­njv è­ uhjvf­lz­

yf­vb­ è­yijuj inf­ne≥, è­ yf­ wè­q gè­lcnf­dè­ p­ at­lt­hf­kmyb­ö celè­d db­kexf­ñ­nm gjp­jdb­ uhjvf­lzy ghjnb­ inf­ne.

(2) E dcèö cghf­df­ö cnjcjdy­j gjckèd, èy­ib­ö gjdy­jdf­éy­b­ö ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd è rjy­­ce­kèd, f­ nf­rjé nb­ö cghf­df­ö, lt­ cnjhjy­jñ db­cne­gf­æ inf­n, Dt­höjdy­b­q­ Ce­l vf­æ gt­hijxt­hujde­ ñhb­clb­rwèñ. E db­gf­lre­ ht­inb­ puf­lf­y­b­ö db­ot­ cghf­d Dt­höjdy­b­q­ Ce­l æ f­gt­kzwèq­y­jñ èy­cnf­y­wèæñ zr e­ gb­nf­y­y­zö ghf­df­, nf­r è af­rne­, p ljnhb­ve­­df­y­y­zv db­y­znrèd è ghf­db­k, dcnf­y­jdkt­y­b­ö Rjy­uht­cjv.

RJVT­YNFH:

Pf­zdf­ ghj nt­, oj Dt­höjdyb­q Cel vf­æ gt­hijxt­hujde ñ­hb­clb­rwè­ñ­ e cghf­df­ö, zrè­ cnjceñ­nmcz

è­yjp­t­vyb­ö ght­lcnf­dyb­wnd nf­ ÿöyè­ö ght­lcnf­dyb­rè­d, e zrb­ö ehzl zrjujcm inf­ne æ jlyè­æñ­ p­è­ cnjhè­y, jp­­

yf­xf­æ, oj dcè­ nf­rè­ cghf­db­ yf­löjlznm å­t­p­gjct­ht­lymj e Dt­höjdyb­q Cel. D è­yib­ö cghf­df­ö Dt­höjdyb­q

Cel vf­æ f­gt­kzwè­qye ñ­hb­clb­rwè­ñ­. Wt­ jp­yf­xf­æ, oj cghf­db­ vjéenm hjp­ukzlf­nb­cz d njve xb­ è­yijve ce­

lè­ yb­éxjÿ è­ycnf­ywè­ÿ è­ vjéenm yf­löjlb­nb­ e Dt­höjdyb­q Cel lkz gt­ht­ukzle ÿö, zroj Rjyuht­c cf­yrwè­jye­

df­d nf­re f­gt­kzwè­ñ­. Rjyuht­c yt­ vjét­ crf­cedf­nb­ xb­ p­vè­yb­nb­ gt­hijxt­hujde ñ­hb­clb­rwè­ñ­ Dt­höjdyjuj

Cele, f­kt­ Rjyuht­c vjét­ dè­lè­å­hf­nb­ ghf­dj gjlf­yyz f­gt­kzwè­ÿ lj wmjuj cele xb­ cndjhb­nb­ evjdb­, zrb­ö

yt­jå­öè­lyj ljnhb­vedf­nb­cz lkz njuj, ojå­ gjlf­nb­ f­gt­kzwè­ñ­.

(3) Ce­ljdb­q­ hjpukzl e­cèö pkjxb­y­èd, jrhèv nb­ö, oj hjpukzlf­ñnmcz d gjhzlre­ èvgèxvt­y­ne­, ghjdjlb­nm ce­l ghb­czéy­b­ö; è nf­rb­q­ ce­ljdb­q­ hjpukzl dèlåe­df­ænmcz e­ njve­ inf­nè, lt­ wt­q­ pkjxb­y­ crjæy­j; jly­f­r, zroj pkjxb­y­ crjæy­j gjpf­ vt­éf­vb­ åe­lm­zrjuj inf­ne­, ce­ljdb­q­ hjpukzl dèlåe­df­ænmcz e­ njve­ vècwè xb­ vècwzö, zrè Rjy­uht­c vjét­ drf­pf­nb­ e­ pf­rjy­è.

62

Cnf­nnz ÈÈÈ

Hjplèk 3

(�) Lt­héf­dy­f­ phf­lf­ ghjnb­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd gjkzuf­æ nèkmrb­ e­ dt­lt­y­y­è dèq­­y­b­ ghjnb­ y­b­ö, ghb­æly­f­y­y­è lj djhjuf­, y­f­lf­y­y­è djhjujdè ljgjvjub­ è gèlnhb­vrb­. Yèönj y­t­ vjét­ åe­nb­ pf­ce­lét­y­b­q­ pf­ phf­le­, ljrb­ nf­rb­q­ jxt­db­ly­b­q­ dxb­y­jr y­t­ pf­­cdèlxf­nm ldf­ cdèlrb­ f­åj pdb­y­e­df­xe­df­y­b­q­ y­t­ db­py­f­æ cdjñ db­y­e­ y­f­ dèlrhb­njve­ pf­cèlf­y­y­è ce­le­.

RJVT­YNFH:

éjlyf­ jcjå­f­ yt­ vjét­ å­enb­ p­f­celét­yf­ p­f­ lt­héf­dye p­hf­le Cgjkext­yb­ö Inf­nè­d, zroj nè­kmrb­ djyf­

yt­ db­p­yf­æ wñ­ p­hf­le yf­ dè­lrhb­njve p­f­cè­lf­yyè­ cele è­ zroj ldf­ cdè­lrb­ yt­ p­f­cdè­lxf­nm nt­, oj wz jcjå­f­ p­lè­q­

cyb­kf­ p­hf­lyb­wmrb­q dxb­yjr. Hjp­vjdb­ xb­ levrb­ ghj yf­vè­hb­ p­lè­qcyb­nb­ p­hf­lyb­wmrè­ lè­ÿ yt­ æ p­hf­ljñ­.

(2) Rjy­uht­c vf­æ ghf­dj db­py­f­xf­nb­ gjrf­hf­y­y­z pf­ lt­héf­dy­e­ phf­le­, f­kt­ pf­ce­lét­y­­y­z pf­ lt­héf­dy­e­ phf­le­ y­t­ nzuy­t­ pf­ cjåjñ gjpåf­dkt­y­y­z ghf­d y­f­of­lrèd, f­ rjy­aèc­rf­wèz vf­q­y­f­ vjékb­df­ nèkmrb­ pf­ éb­nnz pf­ce­lét­y­juj.

RJVT­YNFH:

Ckjdf­ ≤f­kt­ p­f­celét­yyz p­f­ lt­héf­dye p­hf­le yt­ nzuyt­ p­f­ cjå­jñ­ gjp­å­f­dkt­yyz ghf­d yf­of­lrè­d≥ jp­­

yf­xf­æ, oj hjlb­yf­ p­hf­lyb­rf­ yt­ gjlè­kzæ p­ yb­v qjuj ghjdb­ye. Hf­yè­it­ rf­hf­kb­ è­ hjlb­ye p­hf­lyb­rf­.

Cnf­nnz Ȫ (Åèkmiècnm nt­rcne­ wèæÿ­ cnf­nnè åe­kj ljckèdy­j dpznj pè cnf­hb­ö Cnf­nt­q­ Rjy­at­lt­hf­wèÿ­)

Hjplèk �

Wèkrjdb­ne­ gjdf­ue­ è ljdèhe­ vf­æ db­zdkznb­ rjét­y­ inf­n jaèwèq­y­b­v f­rnf­v, ljre­­vt­y­nf­v è vf­nt­hèf­kf­v ce­ljxb­y­cndf­ dcèö èy­ib­ö inf­nèd. Rjy­uht­c vjét­ y­f­ gèlcnf­­dè pf­uf­kmy­b­ö pf­rjy­èd dcnf­y­jdkñdf­nb­ cgjcèå gèlndt­hlét­y­y­z jhb­uèy­f­kmy­jcnè nf­­rb­ö f­rnèd, ljre­vt­y­nèd è vf­nt­hèf­kèd ce­ljxb­y­cndf­, f­ nf­rjé dcnf­y­jdkt­y­y­z ÿ­öy­mjÿ­ ñhb­lb­xy­jÿ­ cb­kb­.

RJVT­YNFH:

Wt­q hjp­lè­k db­vf­uf­æ dè­l inf­nè­d gjdf­éf­nb­ p­f­rjyb­, ljrevt­ynb­ è­ celjdè­ hè­it­yyz jlyt­ jlyjuj.

Cnf­nnz Ȫ

Hjplèk 2

(�) Uhjvf­lzy­b­ rjéy­juj jrht­vjuj inf­ne­ vf­ñnm ghf­dj y­f­ nf­rè cf­vè ghb­dèkt­ÿ­ nf­ gèkmub­, oj q­ uhjvf­lzy­b­ èy­ib­ö inf­nèd.

RJVT­YNFH:

Wt­ jp­yf­xf­æ, oj uhjvf­lzyb­, zrè­ gjljhjéeñ­nm p­ jlyjuj inf­ne lj è­yijuj, vf­ñ­nm ghf­dj yf­ dcè­ ghb­­

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dè­kt­ÿ nf­ è­veyè­nt­nb­, f­dnjvf­nb­xyj yf­lf­yè­ uhjvf­lzyf­v wb­ö inf­nè­d. Lt­zrè­ ghb­dè­kt­ÿ, nf­rè­ zr ghf­dj ujkjce,

yt­ yf­lf­ñ­nmcz f­dnjvf­nb­xyj p­ jlt­héf­yyzv uhjvf­lzycndf­, f­ db­vf­uf­ñ­nm gt­dyjuj nt­hvè­ye ghjéb­df­yyz

è­, vjékb­dj, è­yib­ö evjd lkz yf­lf­yyz wmjuj ghf­df­. Ckjdj ≤uhjvf­lzyb­y≥ e wmjve rjynt­rcnè­ yt­ jp­yf­­

xf­æ f­dnjvf­nb­xyjuj döjlét­yyz d ecè­ ghf­df­.

(2) Jcjåf­, pdb­y­e­df­xe­df­y­f­ e­ lt­héf­dy­èq­ phf­lè, crjæy­y­è nzérjuj xb­ èy­ijuj rhb­vè­y­f­kmy­juj pkjxb­y­e­ d zrjve­cm inf­nè, zrf­ cöjdf­kf­cz dèl ghf­djce­llz è åe­lt­ db­zd­kt­y­f­ d èy­ijve­ inf­nè, y­f­ db­vjue­ jhuf­y­èd db­rjy­f­dxjÿ­ dkf­lb­ inf­ne­, p zrjuj djy­f­ dnt­rkf­, vf­æ åe­nb­ db­lf­y­f­ inf­ne­, ñhb­clb­rwèÿ­ zrjuj djy­f­ gèlkzuf­æ pf­ crjæy­b­q­ pkj­xb­y­.

RJVT­YNFH:

Zroj jcjå­f­ crjñ­æ p­kjxb­y d jlyjve inf­nè­ è­ nè­rf­æ lj è­yijuj inf­ne, nj ueå­t­hyf­njh inf­ne, lt­ å­ekj

crjæyj p­kjxb­y, vjét­ db­vf­uf­nb­ gjdt­hyt­yyz dnè­rf­xf­. Ghjwt­c gjdt­hyt­yyz wè­æÿ jcjå­b­ yf­p­b­df­ænmcz

t­rcnhf­lb­wè­æñ­. Èyrjkb­ njq xb­ è­yib­q ueå­t­hyf­njh dè­lvjdkzænmcz db­lf­nb­ p­kjxb­ywz. Ueå­t­hyf­njh vjét­

nf­r xb­yb­nb­, rjkb­ ddf­éf­æ, oj p­kjxb­y å­ekj crjæyj å­f­uf­nj hjrè­d njve f­å­j oj e celè­ è­yijuj inf­ne p­db­­

yedf­xedf­yb­q yt­ vf­nb­vt­ cghf­dt­lkb­djuj hjp­ukzle cdjæÿ cghf­db­ d celè­.

(3) [Éjly­f­ jcjåf­, zre­ e­nhb­ve­ñnm y­f­ cke­éåè xb­ ghb­ve­cjdèq­ ghf­wè d zrjve­cm inf­nè puèly­j èp pf­rjy­f­vb­ wmjuj inf­ne­, zrf­ dnt­rkf­ lj èy­ijuj inf­ne­, y­t­ vjét­ y­f­ gèlcnf­dè pf­rjy­èd xb­ gjcnf­y­jd wmjuj inf­ne­ åe­nb­ pdèkmy­t­y­f­ dèl nf­rjÿ­ cke­éåb­ xb­ ghb­ve­cjdjÿ­ ghf­wè, f­ vf­æ åe­nb­ db­lf­y­f­ dèlgjdèly­j lj pf­zdb­ nèæÿ­ cnjhjy­b­, zrf­ vf­æ ghf­df­ y­f­ ÿ­ÿ­ cke­éåe­ xb­ ghf­wñ].

RJVT­YNFH:

≤Jcjå­f­, zre enhb­veñ­nm yf­ ckeéå­è­ xb­ ghb­vecjdè­q ghf­wè­ d zrjvecm inf­nè­ p­uè­lyj è­p­ p­f­rjyf­vb­ wmjuj

inf­ne≥, å­ekf­ hf­å­jv xb­ ckeéyb­rjv, zrb­q ghf­wñ­df­d p­f­ rjynhf­rnjv. Yb­yè­ e CIF yè­önj yt­ gt­ht­å­edf­æ e

hf­å­cndè­, njve wñ­ xf­cnb­ye Rjycnb­newè­ÿ p­f­vè­yt­yj Nhb­yf­lwznjñ­ gjghf­drjñ­, è­ djyf­ dnhf­nb­kf­ cdjñ­ cb­ke.

Cnf­nnz Ȫ

Hjplèk 3

(�) Rjy­uht­c vjét­ ghb­q­vf­nb­ d Cjñp y­jdè inf­nb­; f­kt­ y­jdb­q­ inf­n y­t­ vjéy­f­ e­ndj­hñdf­nb­ xb­ pf­cy­jde­df­nb­ d vt­éf­ö ñhb­clb­rwèÿ­ èy­ijuj inf­ne­; y­t­ vjéy­f­ cndjhñdf­­nb­ è y­jdb­q­ inf­n dy­f­ckèljr pkb­nnz ldjö xb­ åèkmit­ inf­nèd f­åj xf­cnb­y­ jrht­vb­ö inf­nèd åt­p pujlb­ y­f­ wt­ pf­rjy­jlf­dxb­ö jhuf­y­èd dèlgjdèly­b­ö inf­nèd, f­ nf­rjé åt­p pujlb­ y­f­ wt­ Rjy­uht­ce­.

RJVT­YNFH:

Yjdè­ inf­nb­ yt­ vjéyf­ cndjhñ­df­nb­ xt­ht­p­ gjlè­k xb­ ghb­ælyf­yyz dét­ è­cyeñ­xb­ö inf­nè­d å­t­p­ p­ujlb­

p­f­rjyjlf­dxb­ö p­å­jhè­d wb­ö inf­nè­d è­ Rjyuht­ce. Gè­l xf­c Uhjvf­lzycmrjÿ dè­qyb­ (1861–1865 hh.) Dè­huè­yè­z

å­ekf­ yf­ å­jwè­ Rjyat­lt­hf­wè­ÿ, f­ yf­ct­kt­yyz yf­ p­f­öjlè­ wmjuj inf­ne gè­lnhb­vedf­kj Cjñ­p­. Gè­ckz njuj, zr

Pf­öè­lyf­ Dè­huè­yè­z dè­ljrht­vb­kf­cz dè­l Dè­huè­yè­ÿ, Rjyuht­c gjujlb­dcz yf­ è­cyedf­yyz yjdjuj inf­ne, jcrè­kmrb­

Dè­huè­yè­z gè­lyzkf­ gjdcnf­yyz.

64

(2) Rjy­uht­c vf­æ ghf­dj hjpgjhzléf­nb­cz nt­hb­njhèæñ xb­ èy­ijñ dkf­cy­ècnñ Cgjke­­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd è db­lf­df­nb­ ojlj y­b­ö y­t­jåöèly­è gjcnf­y­jdb­ è ghb­gb­cb­. Yèoj d wèq­ Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­ y­t­ gjdb­y­y­j nke­vf­xb­nb­cz y­f­ irjle­ åe­lm­zrb­v ghf­df­v Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd xb­ jrht­vb­ö inf­nèd.

Cnf­nnz Ȫ

Hjplèk 4

Cgjke­xt­y­è Inf­nb­ uf­hf­y­ne­ñnm rjéy­jve­ inf­njdè wmjuj Cjñpe­ ht­cge­åkèrf­y­cmre­ ajhve­ ghf­dkèy­y­z è pf­öb­of­ñnm rjét­y­ inf­n dèl dnjhuy­t­y­y­z, f­ y­f­ ghjöf­y­y­z pf­­rjy­jlf­dxb­ö xb­ db­rjy­f­dxb­ö jhuf­y­èd (rjkb­ pf­rjy­jlf­dxè jhuf­y­b­ y­t­ vjéy­f­ crkb­rf­­nb­) – è dèl dy­e­nhèiy­mjuj y­f­cb­kmcndf­.

RJVT­YNFH:

E wmjve hjp­lè­kè­ db­ckjdkt­yj db­vjue lj at­lt­hf­kmyjuj ehzle p­f­å­t­p­gt­xb­nb­ rjéyjve inf­ne nf­rè­

evjdb­, p­f­ zrb­ö e ymjve è­cyedf­kf­ å­ ≤ht­cgeå­kè­rf­ycmrf­ ajhvf­ ghf­dkè­yyz≥. Ht­cgeå­kè­rf­ycmrf­ ajhvf­

ghf­dkè­yyz – wt­ nf­rf­ ajhvf­ ghf­dkè­yyz, rjkb­ yf­hjl cf­v db­å­b­hf­æ ght­lcnf­dyb­rè­d, ojå­ djyb­ yb­v rt­­

hedf­kb­. Dt­höjdyb­q Cel ghb­qyzd hè­it­yyz ghj nt­, oj Rjyuht­c, f­ yt­ celb­, gjdb­yt­y db­hè­iedf­nb­, xb­ æ

ghf­dkè­yyz inf­ne ht­cgeå­kè­rf­ycmrb­v. Zroj Rjyuht­c db­p­yf­æ ct­yf­njhè­d è­ xkt­yè­d Gf­kf­nb­ ght­lcnf­dyb­rè­d

inf­ne, nj dè­y nb­v cf­vb­v db­p­yf­æ cb­cnt­ve ghf­dkè­yyz e wmjve inf­nè­ ht­cgeå­kè­rf­ycmrjñ­.

Pf­rjyjlf­dxè­ p­å­jhb­ xb­ ueå­t­hyf­njh å­elm­zrjuj inf­ne vjéenm ghjcb­nb­ at­lt­hf­kmyjÿ ljgjvjub­

lkz njuj, ojå­ ghb­leib­nb­ gjdcnf­yyz, å­eyn, å­t­p­kf­l nf­ è­yiè­ ghjzdb­ yf­cb­kmcndf­ e inf­nè­. Ghjnt­ Ght­p­b­­

lt­ynjdè­ yt­ gjnhè­å­yf­ p­ujlf­ inf­ne yf­ nt­, ojå­ dè­lghf­db­nb­ nelb­ at­lt­hf­kmyè­ gè­lhjp­lè­kb­ xb­ dè­qcmrf­ lkz

p­f­å­t­p­gt­xt­yyz ljnhb­vedf­yyz p­f­rjyè­d. Gè­l xf­c Gekmvf­yè­dcmrjuj cnhf­qre 1894 hjre at­lt­hf­kmyb­q

ehzl dè­lghf­db­d dè­qcmrf­ d Èkkè­yjqc, Ght­p­b­lt­yn Lef­qn Lt­qdè­l T­qp­t­yöf­et­h yf­wè­jyf­kè­p­edf­d Yf­wè­jyf­kmye

udf­hlè­ñ­ Fhrf­yp­f­ce lkz njuj, ojå­ db­dt­cnb­ ÿÿ p­ gè­lgjhzlredf­yyz ueå­t­hyf­njhf­ inf­ne Fhrf­yp­f­c Jhdt­­

kf­ Ajå­ecf­, è­ dè­lghf­db­d e wt­q inf­n ceöjgenyè­ dè­qcmrf­ Cgjkext­yb­ö Inf­nè­d p­ vt­njñ­ ljgjvjunb­ db­rjyf­y­

yñ­ gjcnf­yjdb­ jlyjuj p­ at­lt­hf­kmyb­ö jrheéyb­ö cellè­d ghj nt­, oj e ct­ht­lyè­ö irjkf­ö Kè­nnk­Hjrf­ vf­æ

å­enb­ kè­rdè­ljdf­yj ct­uht­uf­wè­ñ­.

Cnf­nnz ª

DYT­CT­YYZ PVÈY LJ RJYCNbNEWÈŸ

Rjy­uht­c vjét­ ghjgjy­e­df­nb­ gjghf­drb­ lj Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­, rjkb­ wt­ ddf­éf­nb­ve­nm pf­ gjnhèåy­t­ ldè nht­nb­y­b­ jåjö gf­kf­n; f­åj é y­f­ rkjgjnf­y­y­z pf­rjy­jlf­dxb­ö jhuf­y­èd ldjö nht­nb­y­ e­cèö inf­nèd dèy­ crkb­rf­æ Rjy­dt­y­n p vt­njñ dy­t­ct­y­y­z gjghf­djr, zrè vf­nb­ve­nm ñhb­lb­xy­e­ cb­ke­ d e­cèö db­gf­lrf­ö zr xf­cnb­y­f­ wèæÿ­ Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­ gèckz hf­nb­aèrf­wèÿ­ pf­rjy­jlf­dxb­vb­ jhuf­y­f­vb­ nhmjö xdt­hnt­q­ e­cèö inf­nèd xb­ rjy­dt­y­nf­­vb­ e­ nhmjö xdt­hnzö e­cèö inf­nèd, pf­kt­éy­j dèl cgjcjåe­ hf­nb­aèrf­wèÿ­, pf­ghjgjy­jdf­­y­juj Rjy­uht­cjv; ghb­ wmjve­ éjly­f­ gjghf­drf­, oj åe­lt­ ghb­q­y­znf­ lj �808 hjre­, f­é y­èzr y­t­ gjdb­y­y­f­ njhrf­nb­cz gt­hijÿ­ è xt­ndt­hnjÿ­ xf­cnb­y­ 9 hjplèke­ Cnf­nnè È, éjlt­y­ inf­n åt­p pujlb­ Rjy­uht­ce­ y­t­ vjét­ åe­nb­ gjpåf­dkt­y­b­q­ cdjuj hèdy­juj p èy­­ib­vb­ inf­nf­vb­ ghf­df­ ujkjce­ d Ct­y­f­nè.

65

RJVT­YNFH:

Gjghf­drb­ lj Rjycnb­newè­ÿ vjéenm ghjgjyedf­nb­ e Rjyuht­cè­ ldè­ nht­nb­yb­ ujkjcè­d rjéyjÿ gf­kf­nb­ Rjy­

uht­ce, ÿö vjét­ ghjgjyedf­nb­ yf­wè­jyf­kmyb­q Rjydt­yn, zrb­q vf­æ crkb­rf­nb­ Rjyuht­c yf­ ghjöf­yyz ldjö

nht­nb­y ujkjcè­d dè­l inf­nè­d. Lkz njuj, ojå­ cnf­nb­ xf­cnb­yjñ­ Rjycnb­newè­ÿ, gjghf­drb­ gjdb­yyè­ å­enb­ hf­nb­aè­­

rjdf­yè­ p­f­rjyjlf­dxb­vb­ p­å­jhf­vb­ nhmjö xdt­hnt­q inf­nè­d xb­ rjydt­ynf­vb­ e nhmjö xdt­hnzö inf­nè­d.

Ndjhwè­ Rjycnb­newè­ÿ yf­dvb­cyt­ ecrkf­lyb­kb­ ghb­qyznnz gjghf­djr lj yt­ÿ. Rjyuht­c hjp­ukzyed gjyf­l

9000 gjghf­djr, f­kt­ p­f­ghjgjyedf­d kb­it­ 33 p­ yb­ö è­ gt­ht­lf­d ÿö yf­ hjp­ukzl inf­nè­d. P wb­ö gjghf­djr kb­­

it­ 27 å­ekj hf­nb­aè­rjdf­yj. Kb­it­ jlye, Ldf­lwznm gt­hie gjghf­dre hf­nb­aè­rjdf­yj rjydt­ynf­vb­ inf­nè­d.

Ht­inf­ gjghf­djr å­ekb­ hf­nb­aè­rjdf­yè­ p­f­rjyjlf­dxb­vb­ p­å­jhf­vb­ inf­nè­d.

Rjycnb­newè­z yt­ lf­æ xf­cjdb­ö jå­vt­ét­ym, e hf­vrf­ö zrb­ö inf­nb­ gjdb­yyè­ hf­nb­aè­redf­nb­ p­f­ghjgjyjdf­­

ye gjghf­dre. Ghjnt­ celb­ eödf­kb­kb­, oj gjghf­drb­ lj Rjycnb­newè­ÿ vf­ñ­nm å­enb­ hf­nb­aè­rjdf­yè­ ghjnzujv

≤jå­uheynjdf­yjuj nt­hvè­ye≥, f­ nf­rjé, oj cf­vt­ Rjyuht­c ghb­qvf­æ hè­it­yyz, zrb­q nt­hvè­y æ jå­uheynj­

df­yb­v. Yf­ghb­rkf­l, Rjyuht­c ljp­djkb­d jghb­kñ­lyb­nb­ Ldf­lwznm cmjve gjghf­dre lj Lyz Rjycnb­newè­ÿ

27 nhf­dyz 1992 hjre – xt­ht­p­ gjyf­l 202 hjrb­ gè­ckz njuj, zr ÿÿ å­ekj p­f­ghjgjyjdf­yj. P gjxf­nrjv ÖÖ

cnjkè­nnz å­è­kmiè­cnm p­f­ghjgjyjdf­yb­ö gjghf­djr vè­cnb­kb­ db­vjue ghj nt­, ojå­ yt­jå­öè­lyf­ hf­nb­aè­rf­wè­z dè­l­

å­edf­kf­cz ghjnzujv ct­vb­ hjrè­d.

Cnf­nnz ªÈ

YFWÈJYFKm­YÈ ÅJHUb

(�) Dcè åjhub­ è pjåjd’zpf­y­y­z, oj db­y­b­rkb­ lj e­ödf­kt­y­y­z Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­, påt­hèuf­­ñnm nf­re­ cf­ve­ cb­ke­ lkz Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd ghb­ wèq­ Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­, zr è ghb­ Rjy­­at­lt­hf­wèÿ­.

RJVT­YNFH:

E wmjve hjp­lè­kè­ qlt­nmcz ghj nt­, oj dcè­ å­jhub­ è­ p­jå­jd’zp­f­yyz, zrè­ å­ekb­ e Cgjkext­yb­ö Inf­nè­d lj

ghb­qyznnz Rjycnb­newè­ÿ, å­elenm cgkf­xt­yè­ q db­rjyf­yè­ dxf­cyj.

(2) Wz Rjy­cnb­ne­wèz è pf­rjy­b­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd, oj åe­le­nm e­ödf­kt­y­è y­f­ ÿ­ÿ­ db­­rjy­f­y­y­z, zr è dcè e­ujlb­, e­rkf­lt­y­è hf­y­èit­, è nè, oj åe­le­nm e­rkf­lt­y­è dèl èvt­y­è Cgj­ke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd gèckz wmjuj, æ dt­höjdy­b­v ghf­djv rhf­ÿ­y­b­; è ce­llè dcèö inf­nèd pjåjd’zpf­y­è ljnhb­ve­df­nb­cz nf­rjuj ghf­df­, oj å y­t­ ce­gt­ht­xb­kj q­jve­ d Rjy­cnb­ne­­wèÿ­ xb­ d pf­rjy­f­ö åe­lm­zrjuj inf­ne­.

RJVT­YNFH:

Wt­q hjp­lè­k, dè­ljvb­q zr gjkjét­yyz ghj dt­höjdt­ycndj (p­f­uf­kmyjyf­wè­jyf­kmyjuj) ghf­df­, vf­æ yf­p­de

≤Aeylf­vt­yn Rjycnb­newè­ÿ≥, njå­nj wt­ nf­ xf­cnb­yf­, zrf­ p­f­öb­of­æ dcñ­ ÿÿ å­eljde dè­l heqyedf­yyz. Dè­y jp­yf­­

xf­æ, oj rjkb­ p­f­rjyb­ inf­nè­d cegt­ht­xf­nm p­f­uf­kmyjyf­wè­jyf­kmyb­v p­f­rjyf­v, nj ghè­jhb­nt­nyb­vb­ æ p­f­uf­km­

yjyf­wè­jyf­kmyè­ p­f­rjyb­. Wt­ nf­rjé jp­yf­xf­æ, oj lkz njuj, ojå­ yf­wè­jyf­kmyb­q p­f­rjy vf­d ñ­hb­lb­xye cb­ke,

dè­y gjdb­yt­y dè­lgjdè­lf­nb­ Rjycnb­newè­ÿ.

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(3) Ct­y­f­njhb­ è ght­lcnf­dy­b­rb­, puf­lf­y­è db­ot­, è xkt­y­b­ pf­rjy­jlf­dxb­ö jhuf­y­èd jrht­­vb­ö inf­nèd, e­cè gjcf­ljdè jcjåb­ db­rjy­f­dxjÿ­ è ce­ljdjÿ­ dkf­lb­ zr Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­­nèd, nf­r è jrht­vb­ö inf­nèd, pjåjd’zpe­ñnmcz, db­ujkjie­ñxb­ ghb­czue­ f­åj e­hjxb­c­ne­ jåèwzy­re­, gèlnhb­ve­df­nb­ Rjy­cnb­ne­wèñ; ghjnt­ éjly­f­ gt­ht­dèhrf­ ht­kèuèq­y­jcnè y­t­ gjdb­y­y­f­ åe­nb­ e­vjdjñ ojlj pf­q­vf­y­y­z åe­lm­zrjÿ­ gjcf­lb­ f­åj jaèwèq­y­juj gjcnf­ y­f­ cke­éåè Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd.

RJVT­YNFH:

E wmjve hjp­lè­kè­ qlt­nmcz ghj nt­, oj è­ lkz at­lt­hf­kmyb­ö ckeéå­jdwè­d, è­ lkz ckeéå­jdwè­d inf­nè­d Rjy­

cnb­newè­z Cgjkext­yb­ö Inf­nè­d, f­ yt­ rjycnb­newè­z zrjujcm inf­ne, æ gt­hdb­yyjñ­. Nen ddt­lt­yj è­ p­f­å­jhjye

yf­ gt­ht­dè­hre ht­kè­uè­qyjcnè­ zr evjdb­ lkz ghf­wt­dkf­inedf­yyz yf­ at­lt­hf­kmye gjcf­le. Wz yjhvf­ cnj­

ceænmcz kb­it­ p­f­uf­kmyjyf­wè­jyf­kmyjuj ehzle, ghjnt­ Xjnb­hyf­lwznf­ gjghf­drf­ gjib­hb­kf­ wñ­ ghf­djde

yjhve è­ yf­ ehzlb­ inf­nè­d nf­ vè­cwt­dè­ jhuf­yb­ dkf­lb­.

Cnf­nnz ªÈÈ

HFNbAÈRFWÈZ RJYCNbNEWÈŸ

Hf­nb­aèrf­wèz rjy­dt­y­nf­vb­ lt­d’znb­ inf­nèd ljcnf­ny­z lkz y­f­åe­nnz xb­y­y­jcnè wèæÿ­ Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­ d inf­nf­ö, zrè ÿ­ÿ­ hf­nb­aère­df­kb­.

Ghb­q­y­znj y­f­ Rjy­dt­y­nè pf­ jly­jcnf­q­y­jÿ­ pujlb­ ghb­ce­ny­èö inf­nèd �7 dt­ht­cy­z hjre­ Åjéjuj �787 è y­f­ �2 hjwè p xf­ce­ ghjujkjit­y­y­z y­t­pf­kt­éy­jcnè Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­­nèd Fvt­hb­rb­.

Yf­ gjcdèlxt­y­y­z xjuj vb­ cnf­db­vj ne­n y­f­iè gèlgb­cb­.

Léjhlé Df­ib­y­unjy­, Ght­pb­lt­y­n è lt­kt­uf­n dèl inf­ne­ Dèhuèy­èz

67

Lt­kf­dt­h:Léjhlé HèlUf­y­y­èy­u Åt­lajhl vjkjlib­q­Léjy­ Lèrèy­cjy­Hèxf­hl Åf­cct­nnLét­q­rjå Åhe­v

Vt­hèkt­y­l:Lét­q­vc Vf­rut­y­hèLt­y­èt­k ja Ct­y­n­Njvf­c Lét­y­èat­hLt­y­èt­k Rt­hhjkk

Dèhuèy­èz:Léjy­ Åkt­hLét­q­vc Vt­lècjy­ vjkjlib­q­

Gèdy­èxy­f­ Rf­hjkèy­f­:Dèkmzv Åkf­e­y­nHèxf­hl Ljåc Cgt­q­nU’ñ Dèkmzvcjy­

Gèdlt­y­y­f­ Rf­hjkèy­f­:Léjy­ He­nkt­léXf­hkp Rjncdjhn Gèy­ry­èXf­hkp Gèy­ry­èGèhc Åf­nkt­h

Léjhléèz:Dèkmzv �’ñFåhf­uf­v Åjkldèy­

Ymñ­Ut­vgib­h:Léjy­ Kt­y­uljy­Yèrjkf­c Uèkvt­y­

Vf­ccf­xe­ct­nc:Yf­nf­y­èt­k Ujht­vHe­ae­c Rèy­u

Rjy­y­t­rnère­n:Dèkmzv Ct­vñt­k Léjy­cjy­Hjlét­h It­hvf­y­

Ymñ­Qjhr:Fkt­rcf­y­lt­h Uf­vèkmnjy­

Ymñ­Lét­hcè:Dèkmzv Kèdèy­ucnjy­Lt­dèl Åht­hkèDèkmzv Gf­nt­hcjy­Léjy­f­nf­y­ Lt­q­njy­

Gt­y­cèkmdf­y­èz:Åt­y­léf­vèy­ �hf­y­rkèy­Njvf­c Vèaakèy­Hjåt­hn VjhhècLéjhlé Rkf­q­vt­hNjvf­c �ènwcèvjy­cLét­q­ht­l Èy­ut­hcjkkLét­q­vc Dèkcjy­Ujdt­hy­t­h Vjhhèc

68

P RJVT­YNFHZVb

Cnf­nnè, zrè vèy­zñnm xb­ ljgjdy­ññnm Rjy­cnb­ne­wèñ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd, pf­ghj­gjy­jdf­y­è Rjy­uht­cjv è hf­nb­aèrjdf­y­è y­b­prjñ inf­nèd dèlgjdèly­j lj G’znjÿ­ cnf­nnè gjgt­ht­ly­mj ghb­q­y­znjÿ­ Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­.

Åè­kkm ghj ghf­df­

Gjghf­drf­ �

CDJÅJLF DÈHJCGJDÈLFYYZ, CDJÅJLF CKJDF, CDJÅJLF LHERE, CDJÅJLF CJDÈCNÈ, CDJÅJLF PÅJHÈD, CDJÅJLF PDT­HYT­YYZ P GT­NbWÈZVb LJ DKFLYbÖ JHUFYÈD

R jy­uht­c y­t­ gjdb­y­t­y­ db­lf­df­nb­ éjly­juj pf­rjy­e­ ojlj dghjdf­lét­y­y­z åe­lm­zrjÿ­ ht­kèuèÿ­ xb­ pf­åjhjy­b­ dèkmy­j cgjdèle­df­nb­ ÿ­ÿ­, f­ nf­rjé y­t­ vf­æ ghf­df­ db­lf­df­nb­ pf­rjy­b­, oj jåvt­ée­ñnm cdjåjle­ ckjdf­, cdjåj­le­ lhe­re­ è ghf­df­ kñlt­q­ y­f­ vb­hy­è pèåhf­y­y­z è pdt­hy­t­y­y­z lj e­hzle­ p gt­nb­wèzvb­ ghj pf­ljdjkt­y­y­z crf­hu.

RJVT­YNFH:

E å­f­uf­nmjö rhf­ÿyf­ö jlye ht­kè­uè­ñ­ gt­ht­ndjht­yj yf­ jaè­wè­qye è­ lt­héf­df­ gè­lnhb­veæ ÿÿ p­f­ lt­héf­dyè­

rjinb­. Wz gjghf­drf­ lj Rjycnb­newè­ÿ p­f­å­jhjyzæ Rjyuht­cjdè­ p­f­ghjdf­léedf­nb­ xb­ zrb­vjcm xb­yjv gè­l­

nhb­vedf­nb­ gt­dye wt­hrde. Wñ­ gjghf­dre nkevf­xf­nm zr p­f­å­jhjye ehzle aè­yf­ycjdj xb­ è­yib­v cgjcj­

å­jv gè­lnhb­vedf­nb­ zrb­qcm ht­kè­uè­qyb­q yf­ghzv. Rhè­v njuj, Rjyuht­c yt­ vf­æ ghf­df­ ghb­qvf­nb­ p­f­rjyb­,

zrè­ jå­vt­éedf­kb­ å­ ht­kè­uè­qyè­ rekmnb­, ghjvjdb­ è­ ght­ce f­å­j gjp­å­f­dkzkb­ kñ­lt­q vjékb­djcnè­ ghjdjlb­nb­

vb­hyè­ p­è­å­hf­yyz. Rjyuht­c yt­ vf­æ ghf­df­ è­ cnhb­vedf­nb­ uhjvf­lzy dè­l p­dt­hyt­ym lj ehzle p­ db­vjujñ­

p­f­öb­cnb­nb­ ÿö dè­l yt­cghf­dt­lkb­djuj gjdjlét­yyz. Dt­höjdyb­q Cel nkevf­xb­nm Xjnb­hyf­lwzne gjghf­dre

lj Rjycnb­newè­ÿ zr nf­re, oj gjib­hñ­æ lè­ñ­ Gt­hijÿ gjghf­drb­ lj yt­ÿ yf­ inf­nb­, f­ nf­rjé yf­ at­lt­hf­km­

yb­q ehzl.

Åè­kkm ghj ghf­df­

Gjghf­drf­ 2

GHFDJ YF PÅT­HÈUFYYZ NF YJCÈYYZ PÅHJŸ

J crèkmrb­ lkz åt­pgt­rb­ dèkmy­jÿ­ lt­héf­db­ gj­nhèåy­f­ ljåht­ jhuf­y­èpjdf­y­f­ vèkèwèz, ghf­dj y­f­hjle­ vf­nb­ è y­jcb­nb­ påhjñ y­t­ vjéy­f­ gjhe­ie­df­nb­.

Gjghf­drb­ lj Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd Fvt­hb­rb­

69

RJVT­YNFH:

Wñ­ gjghf­dre lj Rjycnb­newè­ÿ nkevf­xf­nm gjldè­qyj. Lt­önj ddf­éf­æ, oj djyf­ yf­lf­æ ghjcnb­v uhjvf­­

lzyf­v ghf­dj yf­ djkjlè­yyz djuyt­gf­kmyjñ­ p­å­hjæñ­. Èyiè­ ddf­éf­ñ­nm, oj djyf­ kb­it­ yf­lf­æ rjéyjve inf­­

ne ghf­dj yf­ enhb­vedf­yyz cdjæÿ dkf­cyjÿ vè­kè­wè­ÿ.

Åè­kkm ghj ghf­df­

Gjghf­drf­ 3

RDFHNbHEDFYYZ CJKLFNÈD

É jlt­y­ dèq­cmrjdb­q­ y­t­ vjét­ rdf­hnb­he­df­­nb­ d åe­lm­zrjve­ åe­lb­y­re­ åt­p pujlb­ y­f­ wt­ dkf­cy­b­rf­ d vb­hy­b­q­ xf­c è gèl xf­c dèq­­y­b­, f­kt­ gèl xf­c dèq­y­b­ nf­rt­ hjprdf­hnb­he­df­y­y­z vjét­ dèlåe­df­nb­cz kb­it­ puèly­j p dcnf­y­jdkt­y­b­v pf­rjy­jv.

RJVT­YNFH:

Wz gjghf­drf­ db­yb­rkf­ è­p­ crf­hub­ yf­ f­yukè­qwè­d, zrè­ cb­kjñ­ ghb­veiedf­kb­ kñ­lt­q hjp­vè­oedf­nb­ ÿöyè­ö

dè­qcmrjdb­ö e ct­å­t­ dljvf­.

Åè­kkm ghj ghf­df­

Gjghf­drf­ 4

JHLT­Hb YF JÅIER È FHT­IN

G hf­dj y­f­hjle­ y­f­ y­t­ljnjhrf­y­y­ècnm jcjåb­, éb­nkf­, jcjåb­cnb­ö gf­gt­hèd è vf­q­y­f­ y­t­ vjéy­f­ gjhe­ie­df­nb­ åt­pgèlcnf­dy­b­vb­ jåie­­rf­vb­ q­ f­ht­inf­vb­; jhlt­h nht­åf­ db­lf­df­nb­ kb­it­ pf­ y­f­zdy­jcnè ljcnf­ny­èö gèlcnf­d, gjcdèlxt­y­b­ö ghb­czujñ f­åj pf­zdjñ. Ghb­ wmjve­ d jhlt­hè y­t­jåöèly­j ljrkf­ly­j jgb­­cf­nb­ vècwt­ jåie­re­, jcjåe­ è ht­xè, zrè gèlkzuf­ñnm f­ht­ine­.

RJVT­YNFH:

Wz cnf­nnz yt­ p­f­å­jhjyzæ ghf­djjöjhjywzv ghjdjlb­nb­ jå­ier, p­f­å­b­hf­nb­ ht­xè­ xb­ f­ht­injdedf­nb­ kñ­­

lt­q. Djyf­ ghjcnj db­vf­uf­æ, ojå­ p­f­ å­è­kmijcnè­ jå­cnf­db­y egjdyjdf­ét­yè­ jhuf­yb­ jlt­héedf­kb­ dè­l cellè­d

jhlt­h yf­ jå­ier è­ ghb­ wmjve jå­uheynjdedf­kb­ yt­jå­öè­lyè­cnm nf­rb­ö lè­q.

Åè­kkm ghj ghf­df­

Gjghf­drf­ 5

GHFDF E RHbVÈYFKm­YbÖ CGHFDFÖ

Y èrjuj y­t­ vjéy­f­ ghb­nzue­df­nb­ lj y­f­q­db­ojÿ­ vèhb­ gjrf­hf­y­y­z xb­ e­d’zpy­t­y­y­z pf­ crjæy­y­z nzérjuj rhb­vèy­f­kmy­juj

70

pkjxb­y­e­ xb­ èy­ijuj uf­y­t­åy­juj dxb­y­re­ èy­f­rit­, zr pf­ gjlf­y­y­zv f­åj pdb­y­e­df­xe­­df­kmy­b­v hèit­y­y­zv Dt­kb­rjuj ée­hè ghb­czéy­b­ö, jrhèv cghf­d, zrè db­y­b­rf­ñnm e­ ce­öjge­ny­b­ö f­åj vjhcmrb­ö påhjq­y­b­ö cb­kf­ö, f­åj é e­ vèkèwèÿ­, rjkb­ jcjåf­ gt­ht­åe­­df­æ y­f­ lèq­cy­èq­ cke­éåè, gèl xf­c dèq­y­b­ xb­ èy­ijuj y­t­åt­pgt­xy­juj lkz ce­cgèkmcndf­ cnf­y­e­; y­èrjuj y­t­ vjéy­f­ ghb­nzue­df­nb­ lj dèlgjdèlf­kmy­jcnè pf­ njq­ cf­vb­q­ pkjxb­y­ ldèxè; y­èrjuj y­t­ vjéy­f­ ghb­ve­ie­df­nb­ cdèlxb­nb­ e­ rhb­vèy­f­kmy­b­ö cghf­df­ö ghjnb­ cf­vjuj ct­åt­, f­ nf­rjé y­èrjuj y­t­ vjéy­f­ gjpåf­dkznb­ éb­nnz, cdjåjlb­ xb­ dkf­cy­jc­nè åt­p y­f­kt­éy­jÿ­ ghf­djdjÿ­ ghjwt­le­hb­; ghb­df­ny­e­ dkf­cy­ècnm y­t­ vjéy­f­ db­ke­xf­nb­ lkz uhjvf­lcmrjuj db­rjhb­cnf­y­y­z åt­p cghf­dt­lkb­djuj dèlirjle­df­y­y­z.

RJVT­YNFH:

Yf­qdb­of­ vè­hf­ gjrf­hf­yyz – wt­ cvt­hnyf­ rf­hf­. Uf­yt­å­yè­ p­kjxb­yb­ – wt­ p­kjxb­yb­, zrè­ rf­hf­ñ­nmcz

cvt­hnyjñ­ rf­hjñ­ xb­ ed’zp­yt­yyzv. Wz gjghf­drf­ uf­hf­yneæ, oj yè­önj yt­ vjét­ gjcnf­nb­ gt­ht­l celjv

p­f­ nf­rb­q p­kjxb­y, ljrb­ Dt­kb­rt­ éehè­ yt­ p­db­yedf­nb­nm qjuj xb­ ÿÿ (p­f­ p­db­yedf­xedf­kmyb­v f­rnjv). Dt­kb­rt­

éehè­ – wt­ jcjå­kb­df­ uhegf­ uhjvf­lzy, zrè­ å­ekb­ dè­lè­å­hf­yè­, ojå­ ghb­qvf­nb­ hè­it­yyz cnjcjdyj njuj, xb­

ljcnf­nymj ljrf­p­è­d è­cyeæ ghjnb­ jcjå­b­ lkz gt­ht­lf­df­yyz ÿÿ cghf­db­ lkz ghjdt­lt­yyz celjdjuj ghjwt­ce.

Pdb­yedf­xedf­yb­ö yt­ vjéyf­ ldè­xè­ gè­llf­df­nb­ celjdjve gt­ht­ckè­ledf­yyñ­ jlyb­v è­ nb­v cf­vb­v ehzljv p­f­

nt­ cf­vt­ ghf­djgjheit­yyz. Ghjnt­ ÿö vjéyf­ ghb­nzuedf­nb­ lj dè­lgjdè­lf­kmyjcnè­ dlheut­, zroj crkf­l ghb­­

czéyb­ö yt­ vjét­ db­p­yf­xb­nb­cz cnjcjdyj dt­hlb­rne, f­å­j zroj db­zdkzænmcz, oj celjdb­q ghjwt­c dè­lå­e­

df­dcz p­ gjheit­yyzvb­, f­å­j zroj p­uf­lf­yè­ jcjå­b­ db­vf­uf­ñ­nm yjdjuj celjdjuj ghjwt­ce. Wz gjghf­drf­

uf­hf­yneæ, oj jcjå­b­ yt­ vjéenm å­enb­ cdè­lrf­vb­ ghjnb­ cf­vb­ö ct­å­t­.

Gjkjét­yyz ghj yf­kt­éye ghf­djde ghjwt­lehe, zrt­ ndt­hlb­nm, oj éjlyf­ jcjå­f­ yt­ vjét­ å­enb­

gjp­å­f­dkt­yf­ éb­nnz, cdjå­jlb­ xb­ dkf­cyjcnè­ ≤å­t­p­ yf­kt­éyjÿ ghf­djdjÿ ghjwt­lehb­≥, æ jlyb­v è­p­ yf­qdf­ékb­­

dè­ib­ö e Rjycnb­newè­ÿ. Nt­ cf­vt­ ajhvekñ­df­yyz æ è­ e Xt­ndt­hnè­q gjghf­dwè­ lj Rjycnb­newè­ÿ zr jå­vt­ét­yyz,

oj yf­rkf­lf­ænmcz yf­ gjdyjdf­ét­yyz inf­nè­d. Wt­ jp­yf­xf­æ, oj éb­nnz, cdjå­jlf­ xb­ dkf­cyè­cnm jcjå­b­ yt­

gt­ht­å­edf­æ e gjdyè­q gè­ldkf­lyjcnè­ ehzle nf­ gjcf­ljdwzv. Wz è­lt­z gjöjlb­nm dè­l Dt­kb­rjÿ öf­hnè­ÿ dè­kmyjc­

nt­q, zrjñ­ gt­ht­lå­f­xt­yj, oj f­yukè­qcmrb­q rjhjkm yt­ vjét­ ed’zp­yñ­df­nb­ å­elm­zre jcjå­e xb­ irjlb­nb­ ÿq,

≤p­f­ db­yznrjv nb­ö db­gf­lrè­d, rjkb­ wt­ dè­lå­edf­ænmcz ikzöjv p­f­rjyyjuj ghb­qyznnz hè­it­yyz kñ­lmvb­, hè­d­

yb­vb­ rjhjkñ­ cdjÿv cnf­yjdb­ot­v, xb­ è­p­ p­f­cnjcedf­yyzv yf­kt­éyjÿ ghf­djdjÿ ghjwt­lehb­≥.

Dt­höjdyb­q Cel p­f­cnjcjdedf­d gjkjét­yyz ghj yf­kt­éye ghf­djde ghjwt­lehe – jlyt­ è­p­ nf­rb­ö

gjkjét­ym æ e Xjnb­hyf­lwznè­q gjghf­dwè­ lj Rjycnb­newè­ÿ, zrf­ jå­vt­éeæ gjdyjdf­ét­yyz inf­nè­d e leét­

hè­p­yb­ö cb­nef­wè­zö. Lj ct­ht­lb­yb­ ÖÖ cnjkè­nnz wt­q cel p­f­cnjcjdedf­d gjkjét­yyz ghj yf­kt­éye ghf­djde

ghjwt­lehe, ojå­ dè­lvè­yznb­ p­f­rjyb­, zrè­ gt­ht­irjléf­kb­ uhjvf­lzyf­v db­rjhb­cnjdedf­nb­ cdjñ­ dkf­cyè­cnm

yf­ cdè­q hjp­cel. Yb­yè­ celb­ db­rjhb­cnjdeñ­nm wt­ gjkjét­yyz lkz crf­cedf­yyz p­f­rjyè­d, zrè­ jå­vt­éeñ­nm

jcjå­b­cne cdjå­jle.

Wz gjghf­drf­ lj Rjycnb­newè­ÿ p­f­å­jhjyzæ ehzljdè­ db­kexf­nb­ dkf­cyè­cnm uhjvf­lzy yf­dè­nm lkz cecgè­km­

yjuj rjhb­cnedf­yyz å­t­p­ yf­kt­éyjuj dè­lirjledf­yyz. Ghf­dj ehzle db­kexf­nb­ dkf­cyè­cnm lkz cecgè­kmyjuj

rjhb­cnedf­yyz yf­p­b­df­ænmcz nf­rjé ghf­djv ghb­vecjdjuj dè­lxeéedf­yyz ghb­df­nyjÿ dkf­cyjcnè­. Ehzlb­

p­f­cnjcjdeñ­nm qjuj lkz dè­lxeét­yyz p­t­vkè­ ghb­ å­elè­dyb­wndè­ ljhè­u, irè­k nf­ è­yib­ö uhjvf­lcmrb­ö cgjhel,

f­kt­ ghb­ wmjve p­jå­jd’zp­f­yè­ yf­lf­df­nb­ dkf­cyb­rf­v cghf­dt­lkb­dt­ dè­lirjledf­yyz.

7�

Åè­kkm ghj ghf­df­

Gjghf­drf­ 6

GHFDJ YF CGHFDT­LKbDbQ CELJDbQ GHJWT­C

G hb­ åe­lm­zrjve­ rhb­vèy­f­kmy­jve­ gt­ht­c­kèle­df­y­y­è pdb­y­e­df­xe­df­y­b­q­ vf­æ ghf­dj y­f­ idb­lrb­q­ è dèlrhb­nb­q­ ce­l y­t­e­gt­ht­­lét­y­b­ö ghb­czéy­b­ö njuj inf­ne­ xb­ jrhe­ue­, lt­ crjæy­j pkjxb­y­, f­ nf­rè jrhe­ub­ db­­py­f­xt­y­è pf­rjy­jv. Pdb­y­e­df­xe­df­y­b­q­ vf­æ ghf­dj åe­nb­ gjèy­ajhvjdf­y­b­v ghj ce­nm è gèlcnf­db­ pdb­y­e­df­xt­y­m, dèy­ vf­æ ghf­dj y­f­ jxy­e­ cnf­dre­ pè cdèlrf­vb­, zrè cdèlxf­nm ghjnb­ y­mjuj, vf­æ ghf­dj y­f­ ghb­ve­cjdb­q­ db­rkb­r cdèlrèd pè cdjuj åjre­ è y­f­ ljgjvj­ue­ f­ldjrf­nf­ lkz cdjuj pf­öb­cne­.

RJVT­YNFH:

Åelm­zrf­ jcjå­f­, p­db­yedf­xedf­yf­ e crjæyyè­ p­kjxb­ye, gjdb­yyf­ vf­nb­ ghf­dj yf­ yt­dè­lrkf­lyb­q geå­kè­xyb­q

hjp­ukzl cghf­db­ yf­ yt­egt­ht­lét­yjve celè­ ghb­czéyb­ö. Wz db­vjuf­ yt­dè­lrkf­lyjuj è­ geå­kè­xyjuj hjp­ukzle

db­yb­rkf­ xt­ht­p­ nt­, oj d Fyukè­ÿ lt­zrè­ gjkè­nb­xyè­ celjdè­ ghjwt­cb­ gt­ht­yjcb­kb­cz ghjnzujv å­f­uf­nmjö hjrè­d,

f­ gjnè­v dè­lå­edf­kb­cz nf­ævyj. Pdb­yedf­xedf­yb­ö yt­jå­öè­lyj è­yajhvedf­nb­, e xjve ÿö p­db­yedf­xeñ­nm. Rhè­v

njuj, ÿv gjdb­yyf­ yf­lf­df­nb­cz vjékb­dè­cnm jxyjÿ cnf­drb­ p­ jcjå­f­vb­, zrè­ cdè­lxf­nm ghjnb­ yb­ö. Èyf­rit­ å­t­p­­

db­yyè­ vjéenm å­enb­ gjrf­hf­yè­, zroj cel å­hf­nb­vt­ lj edf­ub­ cdè­lxt­yyz, p­hjå­kt­yè­ yt­dè­ljvb­vb­ cdè­lrf­vb­. Wz

gjghf­drf­ lj Rjycnb­newè­ÿ uf­hf­yneæ, oj jrht­vè­ jcjå­b­, gt­ht­lf­yè­ lj cele, vjéenm p­ecnhè­xf­nb­cz p­ nb­vb­,

önj ÿö p­db­yedf­xeæ, yf­ jxyè­q cnf­dwè­ f­å­j gè­llf­df­nb­ ÿö gt­ht­öht­cyjve ljgb­ne. Rhè­v njuj, p­db­yedf­xedf­yè­

gjdb­yyè­ vf­nb­ f­ldjrf­nf­, zrb­q p­f­öb­of­d å­b­ ÿö, rjkb­ djyb­ öjxenm vf­nb­ nf­rjuj f­ldjrf­nf­. Zroj dè­lgjdè­lf­x,

p­db­yedf­xedf­yb­q e crjæyyè­ rhb­vè­yf­kmyjuj p­kjxb­ye, yt­ vjét­ jgkf­nb­nb­ gjckeub­ f­ldjrf­nf­, nj, dè­lgjdè­lyj

lj hè­it­yyz Dt­höjdyjuj Cele, qjve vf­æ å­enb­ ghb­p­yf­xt­yb­q f­ldjrf­n, zrb­q p­f­öb­of­d å­b­ qjuj è­ynt­ht­cb­ e

celè­.

Åè­kkm ghj ghf­df­

Gjghf­drf­ 7

GHFDF E WbDÈKm­YbÖ CGHFDFÖ

C e­ljdè cghf­db­, puèly­j pf­uf­kmy­juj ghf­df­, zroj hjpvèh db­vju gt­ht­db­oe­æ 20 ljkf­hèd, y­f­kt­éf­nm lj ce­le­ ghb­czéy­b­ö, è éjl­y­f­ cghf­df­, hjpukzy­e­nf­ ce­ljv ghb­czéy­b­ö, y­t­ gjdb­y­y­f­ hjpukzlf­nb­cz dlhe­ut­ e­ åe­lm­zrjve­ ce­lè Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd èy­f­rit­, zr dèlgjdèly­j lj y­jhv pf­uf­kmy­j­uj ghf­df­.

RJVT­YNFH:

Ijcnf­ gjghf­drf­ lj Rjycnb­newè­ÿ gt­ht­lå­f­xf­æ db­rjhb­cnf­yyz cele ghb­czéyb­ö ghb­ hjp­ukzlè­ rhb­vè­­

yf­kmyb­ö cghf­d. Cmjvf­ gjghf­drf­ Rjycnb­newè­ÿ gt­ht­lå­f­xf­æ db­rjhb­cnf­yyz nf­rb­ö celè­d è­ lkz hjp­ukzle

wb­dè­kmyb­ö cghf­d, zroj cevf­ gjp­jde gt­ht­db­oeæ 20 ljkf­hè­d CIF. Lè­z wè­æÿ gjghf­drb­ cnjceænmcz kb­it­

at­lt­hf­kmyb­ö celè­d. Ghjnt­ e å­è­kmijcnè­ rjycnb­newè­q inf­nè­d æ db­vjuf­ ghj cel ghb­czéyb­ö lkz hjp­ukz­

le è­ wb­dè­kmyb­ö, è­ rhb­vè­yf­kmyb­ö cghf­d.

72

Åè­kkm ghj ghf­df­

Gjghf­drf­ 8

PFCNFDb, INHFAb È GJRFHFYYZ

Y t­ vjéy­f­ db­vf­uf­nb­ y­f­lvèhy­jÿ­ pf­cnf­db­, y­f­rkf­lf­nb­ y­f­lvèhy­è inhf­ab­ f­åj ghb­py­f­xf­nb­ éjhcnjrè q­ y­t­pdb­xf­q­y­è gjrf­hf­y­y­z.

RJVT­YNFH:

Pf­cnf­db­, inhf­ab­ è­ gjrf­hf­yyz gjdb­yyè­ å­enb­ cghf­dt­lkb­db­vb­ è­ uevf­yyb­vb­. E cghf­dè­ ≤At­hvf­y ghjnb­

Léjhléè­ÿ≥ Dt­höjdyb­q Cel e 1972 hjwè­ db­yè­c hè­it­yyz ghj nt­, oj db­hjr ghj cvt­hnye rf­he, zrf­ å­ekf­

p­ujljv p­f­cnjcjdf­yf­, æ gjheit­yyzv wè­æÿ gjghf­drb­. Yf­ wmjve celè­ å­ekj eödf­kt­yj, oj d lf­yjve hf­p­è­

cvt­hnyf­ rf­hf­ å­ekf­ éjhcnjrb­v è­ yt­p­db­xf­qyb­v gjrf­hf­yyzv. Gè­ckz wmjuj hè­it­yyz Dt­höjdyjuj Cele

celb­ å­f­uf­nmjö inf­nè­d eödf­kb­kb­ yjdè­ p­f­rjyb­ ghj p­f­cnjcedf­yyz cvt­hnyjÿ rf­hb­, e zrb­ö å­ekj dhf­öjdf­­

yj nt­ hè­it­yyz. E wmjve hè­it­yyè­ Dt­höjdyjuj Cele qlt­nmcz ghj nt­, oj ljgecrf­ænmcz p­f­cnjcedf­yyz

cvt­hnyjÿ rf­hb­ p­f­ p­kjxb­yb­, p­f­ zrè­ gj p­f­rjye vjét­ è­ gjdb­yyj å­enb­ ghb­p­yf­xt­yj cvt­hnye rf­he, f­kt­

nè­kmrb­ hf­p­jv è­p­ p­f­cnjcedf­yyzv gt­dyb­ö ghf­djdb­ö yjhv, zrè­ p­f­gjå­è­uf­ñ­nm ljdè­kmyjve q egt­ht­lét­yjve

ghb­p­yf­xt­yyñ­ wmjuj gjrf­hf­yyz.

Åè­kkm ghj ghf­df­

Gjghf­drf­ 9

GJDYJDFéT­YYZ, oJ PÅT­HÈUFÑNm­CZ PF YFHJLJV

G t­ht­kèxt­y­è e­ Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­ gt­dy­è ghf­df­ y­t­ vjéy­f­ nke­vf­xb­nb­ zr pf­gt­ht­xt­y­y­z xb­ jåvt­ét­y­y­z èy­ib­ö ghf­d, zrè y­f­kt­éf­nm y­f­­hjljdè.

RJVT­YNFH:

Vf­kb­ vè­cwt­ gjå­jñ­df­yyz, oj gt­ht­hf­öedf­yyz jrht­vb­ö ghf­d e Åè­kkè­ ghj ghf­df­ å­elt­ hjp­evè­nb­cz

nf­r, oj ht­inf­ yt­ yf­p­df­yb­ö e ymjve ghf­d yt­ vf­ñ­nm p­f­öb­cne. Wñ­ gjghf­dre å­ekj ghb­qyznj p­ vt­njñ­ p­f­­

gjå­è­uf­yyz nf­rjve öb­å­yjve nhf­rnedf­yyñ­.

Åè­kkm ghj ghf­df­

Gjghf­drf­ �0

GJDYJDFéT­YYZ, oJ PFKbIFÑNm­CZ PF INFNJV È YFHJLJV

G jdy­jdf­ét­y­y­z, y­t­ gt­ht­lf­y­è wèæñ Rjy­cnb­­ne­wèæñ Cgjke­xt­y­b­v Inf­nf­v è y­t­ pf­åjhjy­t­y­è y­t­ñ jrht­vb­v inf­nf­v, y­f­kt­éf­nm, dèlgjdèly­j, inf­nf­v f­åj y­f­hjljdè.

73

RJVT­YNFH:

Wñ­ gjghf­dre lj Rjycnb­newè­ÿ å­ekj eödf­kt­yj lkz njuj, ojå­ gt­ht­rjyf­nb­ uhjvf­lzy e njve, oj wt­y­

nhf­kmyb­q ehzl yt­ vf­æ yf­vè­he gjukb­yenb­ inf­nb­. Wz gjghf­drf­ gè­lndt­hléeæ nt­, oj inf­nb­ xb­ yf­hjl

p­å­t­hè­uf­ñ­nm p­f­ cjå­jñ­ dcè­ gjdyjdf­ét­yyz, yt­ yf­lf­yè­ yf­wè­jyf­kmyjve ehzljdè­. Yf­ghb­rkf­l, inf­nb­ vf­ñ­nm

gjdyjdf­ét­yyz e nf­rb­ö cghf­df­ö, zr ikñ­å­ xb­ hjp­kext­yyz.

Åè­kkm ghj ghf­df­

Gjghf­drf­ ��

GJPJDb GHJNb INFNÈD

Wñ­ gjghf­dre lj Rjycnb­newè­ÿ å­ekj p­f­ghjgjyjdf­yj 4 å­t­ht­p­yz 1794 hjre è­ hf­nb­aè­rjdf­yj 7 kñ­njuj

1795 hjre.

C e­ljdf­ dkf­lf­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd y­t­ gj­db­y­y­f­ nke­vf­xb­nb­cz nf­r, ojå djy­f­ gjib­hñdf­kf­cz y­f­ zrècm gjpjdy­è cghf­db­, pf­­cy­jdf­y­è y­f­ ghf­dè xb­ cghf­dt­lkb­djcnè nf­ gjhe­it­y­è f­åj ghjdf­lét­y­è ghjnb­ jly­juj pè inf­nèd uhjvf­lzy­f­vb­ èy­ijuj inf­ne­ xb­ uhjvf­lzy­f­vb­ f­åj gèllf­y­b­vb­ èy­jpt­v­y­jÿ­ lt­héf­db­.

RJVT­YNFH:

Wz gjghf­drf­ lj Rjycnb­newè­ÿ hjå­b­nm yt­vjékb­db­v gjp­jd uhjvf­lzyb­yf­ jlyjuj inf­ne ghjnb­ è­yijuj

inf­ne e at­lt­hf­kmyjve celè­. Wz gjghf­drf­ p­’zdb­kf­cz dyf­ckè­ljr hjp­ukzle cghf­db­ ≤Xb­p­öjkv ghjnb­

Léjhléè­ÿ≥, zre cel hjp­ukzlf­d e 1793 hjwè­. E wè­q cghf­dè­ xjkjdè­r p­ Gè­dlt­yyjÿ Rf­hjkè­yb­ gjlf­d gjp­jd

lj cele yf­ inf­n Léjhléè­z p­ ghb­djle jlt­héf­yyz cgf­lob­yb­. Léjhléè­z cndt­hléedf­kf­, oj p­ wmjuj

gb­nf­yyz djyf­ yt­ vjét­ å­enb­ dè­lgjdè­lf­xt­v e at­lt­hf­kmyjve celè­, ghjnt­ Dt­höjdyb­q Cel eödf­kb­d hè­­

it­yyz ghj ghf­djxb­yyè­cnm nf­rjuj gjp­jde. Gè­ckz wmjuj Léjhléè­z jxjkb­kf­ heö p­f­ nt­, ojå­ wñ­ gjghf­d­

re å­ekj dyt­ct­yj lj Rjycnb­newè­ÿ. Ghjnt­ jcjå­f­ vjét­ è­ yb­yè­ gjp­b­df­nb­ dkf­le inf­ne e at­lt­hf­kmyjve

celè­ p­ vt­njñ­ gt­ht­irjlb­nb­ wè­q dkf­lè­ gjp­å­f­dkznb­ ÿÿ rjycnb­newè­qyb­ö ghf­d.

Åè­kkm ghj ghf­df­

Gjghf­drf­ �2

W ñ gjghf­dre­ lj Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­ åe­kj pf­ghj­gjy­jdf­y­j 9 uhe­ly­z �803 hjre­ è hf­nb­aèrjdf­y­j 27 kb­gy­z �804 hjre­.

Db­åèhy­b­rb­ påb­hf­ñnmcz e­ dèlgjdèly­b­ö inf­nf­ö è nf­ævy­b­v ujkjce­df­y­y­zv gjlf­­ñnm cdjÿ­ ujkjcb­ pf­ Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ è dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­nf­, p zrb­ö ghb­y­f­q­vy­è jlb­y­ y­t­ æ éb­nt­kt­v jly­juj p y­b­vb­ inf­ne­. E cdjÿ­ö åñkt­nt­y­zö db­åèhy­b­rb­ drf­pe­ñnm jcjåe­, pf­ zre­ djy­b­ ujkjce­ñnm zr pf­ Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­, f­ d jrht­vb­ö åñkt­nt­y­zö – jcjåe­, pf­ zre­ djy­b­ ujkjce­ñnm zr pf­ dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­nf­. Djy­b­ vf­ñnm crkf­cnb­ jrht­vè cgb­crb­ y­f­ dcèö rf­y­lb­lf­nèd y­f­ gjcn Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ è y­f­ dcèö rf­y­lb­lf­nèd y­f­ gjcn dèwt­­ght­­pb­lt­y­nf­, èp pf­py­f­xt­y­y­zv rèkmrjcnè ujkjcèd, gjlf­y­b­ö pf­ rjéy­juj. Wè cgb­crb­ dj­y­b­ gèlgb­ce­ñnm, pf­cdèlxe­ñnm è jgt­xf­nf­y­b­vb­ y­f­lcb­kf­ñnm lj vècwz gt­ht­åe­df­y­y­z

74

e­hzle­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd Ujkjdè Ct­y­f­ne­. Ujkjdf­ Ct­y­f­ne­ d ghb­ce­ny­jcnè Ct­y­f­ne­ è Gf­kf­nb­ ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd hjpgt­xf­ne­æ dcè jgt­xf­nf­y­è cgb­crb­, gèckz xjuj ujkjcb­ gèlhf­öjde­ñnm. Jcjåf­, zrf­ jlt­héf­kf­ y­f­q­åèkmie­ rèkmrècnm ujkjcèd pf­ Ght­pb­lt­y­­nf­, cnf­æ Ght­pb­lt­y­njv, zroj wz rèkmrècnm cnf­y­jdb­nm åèkmiècnm èp pf­uf­kmy­jÿ­ rèkmrjcnè ghb­py­f­xt­y­b­ö db­åèhy­b­rèd. Zroj éjly­f­ p db­ce­y­e­nb­ö rf­y­lb­lf­ne­h y­t­ vf­nb­vt­ nf­rjÿ­ åèkmijcnè, njlè p jcèå, zrè y­f­åhf­kb­ y­f­q­åèkmie­ rèkmrècnm ujkjcèd e­ cgb­crf­ö rf­y­lb­lf­ne­h y­f­ gjcn Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­, f­kt­ y­t­ åèkmit­ nhmjö nf­rb­ö jcèå, Gf­­kf­nf­ ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd vf­æ y­t­uf­q­y­j jåhf­nb­ Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ nf­ævy­b­v ujkjce­df­y­y­zv. Gèl xf­c nf­rb­ö db­åjhèd ujkjce­ñnm inf­nb­, è ght­lcnf­dy­b­wndj rjéy­juj inf­ne­ vf­æ jlb­y­ ujkjc. E nf­rjve­ db­gf­lre­ rdjhe­v cnf­y­jdb­nm ldè nht­nb­y­b­ inf­nèd, ght­l­cnf­dkt­y­b­ö rjét­y­ jly­b­v xb­ rèkmrjvf­ xkt­y­f­vb­, è lkz jåhf­y­y­z gjnhèåy­f­ åèkm­iècnm p­gjvèé e­cèö inf­nèd. Zroj Gf­kf­nf­ ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd, zrèq­ y­f­kt­éb­nm ghf­dj jåb­hf­nb­, y­t­ jåt­ht­ Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ lj xt­ndt­hnjuj ly­z y­f­cne­gy­juj åt­ht­py­z, jåjd’zp­rb­ Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ vf­æ db­rjy­e­df­nb­ dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­n, nf­r cf­vj, zr e­ db­gf­lre­ cvt­hnè xb­ èy­ib­ö ghb­xb­y­, oj y­t­ lf­ñnm Ght­pb­lt­y­njdè pvjub­ db­rjy­e­df­nb­ cdjÿ­ jåjd’zprb­.

Jcjåf­, zrf­ jlt­héb­nm y­f­q­åèkmie­ rèkmrècnm ujkjcèd pf­ dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­nf­, cnf­æ dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­njv, zroj wz rèkmrècnm cnf­y­jdb­nm åèkmiècnm dèl pf­uf­kmy­jÿ­ rèkm­rjcnè ghb­py­f­xt­y­b­ö db­åèhy­b­rèd. Zroj éjly­f­ jcjåf­ y­t­ vf­æ åèkmijcnè ujkjcèd, nj dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ jåb­hf­nb­vt­ Ct­y­f­n èp ldjö rf­y­lb­lf­ne­h, zrè jlt­héf­kb­ y­f­q­­åèkmie­ rèkmrècnm ujkjcèd e­ cgb­crf­ö. E nf­rjve­ db­gf­lre­ rdjhe­v cnf­y­jdb­nm ldè nht­nb­y­b­ ct­y­f­njhèd, f­kt­ lkz jåhf­y­y­z gjnhèåy­f­ åèkmiècnm pf­uf­kmy­jÿ­ rèkmrjcnè ct­­y­f­njhèd. Fkt­ éjly­f­ jcjåf­, zrf­ y­t­ pf­ljdjkmy­zæ db­vjub­ Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­ cnjcjdy­j gj­cf­lb­ Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­, y­t­ vjét­ åe­nb­ jåhf­y­f­ dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­njv Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd.

RJVT­YNFH:

Wz gjghf­drf­ lj Rjycnb­newè­ÿ gt­ht­lå­f­xf­æ, oj xkt­yb­ Rjkt­uè­ÿ db­å­è­hyb­rè­d ujkjceñ­nm p­f­ jlye jcjå­e

zr p­f­ Ght­p­b­lt­ynf­, f­ p­f­ è­yie jcjå­e – zr p­f­ dè­wt­­ght­p­b­lt­ynf­. Djyf­ p­’zdb­kf­cz zr yf­ckè­ljr db­å­jhè­d

1800 hjre. Njlè­ rjét­y db­å­è­hyb­r ujkjcedf­d p­f­ ldjö xjkjdè­r è­ yt­ drf­p­edf­d, rjuj p­ yb­ö dè­y jå­b­hf­æ Ght­­

p­b­lt­ynjv. Jcjå­f­, zrf­ yf­å­b­hf­kf­ å­è­kmiè­cnm ujkjcè­d, gjdb­yyf­ å­ekf­ cnf­nb­ Ght­p­b­lt­ynjv, f­ yf­cnegyf­ p­f­

yt­ñ­ p­f­ rè­kmrè­cnñ­ ujkjcè­d – dè­wt­­ght­p­b­lt­ynjv. Njvf­c Lét­aat­hcjy, rf­ylb­lf­n e Ght­p­b­lt­ynb­ dè­l nè­æÿ

cb­kb­, zrf­ p­ujljv cnf­kf­ Lt­vjrhf­nb­xyjñ­ gf­hnè­æñ­, è­ Ff­hjy Åt­hh, rf­ylb­lf­n e dè­wt­­ght­p­b­lt­ynb­ dè­l nè­æÿ

cf­vjÿ gf­hnè­ÿ, jlt­héf­kb­ jlyf­rjde rè­kmrè­cnm ujkjcè­d db­å­è­hyb­rè­d. E p­d’zp­re p­ nb­v, oj djyb­ jlt­héf­kb­ jl­

yf­rjde rè­kmrè­cnm ujkjcè­d, db­hè­it­yyz gb­nf­yyz ghj nt­, önj vf­æ cnf­nb­ Ght­p­b­lt­ynjv, å­ekj gt­ht­lf­yj lj

Gf­kf­nb­ ght­lcnf­dyb­rè­d, zre rjynhjkñ­df­kf­ njlè­ jgjp­b­wè­qyf­ At­lt­hf­kè­cncmrf­ gf­hnè­z. Pht­injñ­, Gf­kf­­

nf­ ght­lcnf­dyb­rè­d jå­hf­kf­ Lét­aat­hcjyf­, f­kt­ yf­ wt­ å­ekj db­nhf­xt­yj leét­ å­f­uf­nj xf­ce, è­ uhjvf­lzyb­

gjå­jñ­df­kb­cz, oj djyb­ yt­ ghb­qvenm hè­it­yyz lj Lyz è­yf­duehf­wè­ÿ. Gf­kf­nf­ ght­lcnf­dyb­rè­d jå­b­hf­kf­ ot­

jlyjuj Ght­p­b­lt­ynf­ – Léjyf­ Flf­vcf­. Wt­ å­ekj 1825 hjre.

75

Åè­kkm ghj ghf­df­

Gjghf­drf­ �3

Wñ­ gjghf­dre lj Rjycnb­newè­ÿ å­ekj p­f­ghjgjyjdf­yj 31 cè­xyz 1865 hjre è­ hf­nb­aè­rjdf­yj 6 uhelyz 1865

hjre.

Hjplèk �

E Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nf­ö xb­ zrjve­cm èy­ij­ve­ vècwè, oj y­f­kt­éb­nm lj ÿ­öy­mjÿ­ ñhb­clb­rwèÿ­, y­t­ gjdb­y­y­è ècy­e­df­nb­ y­è hf­åcndj, y­è ghb­ve­cjdf­ ghf­wz, rhèv nb­ö db­gf­lrèd, rjkb­ wt­ æ gjrf­hf­y­y­zv pf­ pkjxb­y­, pf­ zrb­q­ jcjåe­ åe­kj y­f­kt­éy­b­v xb­y­jv pf­ce­lét­y­j.

Rjvt­ynf­h:

Gè­lgb­cf­yf­ Ght­p­b­lt­ynjv Fdhf­f­vjv Kè­yrjkmyjv Ghjrkf­vf­wè­z ghj p­dè­kmyt­yyz jujkjcb­kf­ dè­kmyb­­

vb­ p­ 1863 hjre hf­å­è­d e dcè­ö gjdcnf­kb­ö rjyat­lt­hf­nb­dyb­ö inf­nf­ö. Wz gjghf­drf­ p­f­dt­hib­kf­ crf­cedf­y­

yz hf­å­cndf­ e Cgjkext­yb­ö Inf­nf­ö.

Hjplèk 2

Rjy­uht­c vf­æ ghf­dj db­rjy­e­df­nb­ wñ cnf­nnñ ikzöjv ghb­q­y­znnz dèlgjdèly­juj pf­­rjy­jlf­dcndf­.

Gjghf­drf­ �4 (�868)

UHJVFLZYCm­RÈ GHFDF

Wñ­ gjghf­dre lj Rjycnb­newè­ÿ å­ekj p­f­ghjgjyjdf­yj 13 xt­hdyz 1866 hjre è­ hf­nb­aè­rjdf­yj 3 kb­gyz

1868 hjre.

Hjplèk �

D cè jcjåb­, y­f­hjlét­y­è xb­ y­f­ne­hf­kèpjdf­y­è e­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nf­ö è zrè gèlkzuf­ñnm ÿ­öy­èq­ ñhb­clb­rwèÿ­, æ uhjvf­lzy­f­vb­ Cgjke­­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd è inf­ne­, lt­ djy­b­ éb­de­nm. Éjlt­y­ inf­n y­t­ vjét­ db­lf­df­nb­ xb­ pf­­cnjcjde­df­nb­ pf­rjy­b­, oj jåvt­ée­ñnm ghb­dèkt­ÿ­ nf­ gèkmub­ uhjvf­lzy­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd. Éjlt­y­ inf­n y­t­ vjét­ åt­p pf­rjy­y­jÿ­ ghjwt­le­hb­ gjpåf­db­nb­ rjujcm éb­n­nz, cdjåjlb­ xb­ dkf­cy­jcnè q­ dèlvjdb­nb­ zrèq­cm jcjåè d vt­éf­ö cdjæÿ­ ñhb­clb­rwèÿ­ d hèdy­èq­ jöjhjy­è pf­rjy­jv.

Rjvt­ynf­h:

Ujkjdyf­ vt­nf­ wè­æÿ gjghf­drb­ lj Rjycnb­newè­ÿ gjkzuf­kf­ d njve, ojå­ p­hjå­b­nb­ rjkb­iyè­ö hf­å­è­d uhjvf­­

lzyf­vb­ Cgjkext­yb­ö Inf­nè­d è­ inf­ne, e zrjve djyb­ éb­denm, è­ p­f­öb­of­nb­ ÿö dè­l lb­crhb­vè­yf­wè­ÿ, oj vjét­

db­yb­ryenb­ e wmjve inf­nè­. Wz gjghf­drf­ enjxyñ­æ, zr yf­å­edf­nb­ uhjvf­lzycndj. Uhjvf­lzycndj inf­ne

dnjhb­yyt­ cnjcjdyj p­f­uf­kmyjyf­wè­jyf­kmyjuj uhjvf­lzycndf­. Ghjéb­df­ñ­xb­ e njve xb­ è­yijve inf­nè­,

76

rjét­y uhjvf­lzyb­y CIF f­dnjvf­nb­xyj æ è­ uhjvf­lzyb­yjv wmjuj inf­ne. Puè­lyj è­p­ p­f­rjyjv, ecè­ yf­nehf­­

kè­p­jdf­yè­ (zrè­ jlt­héf­kb­ uhjvf­lzycndj) jcjå­b­ æ uhjvf­lzyf­vb­ CIF. Åelm­zrf­ jcjå­f­, yf­hjlét­yf­ e

CIF, f­dnjvf­nb­xyj cnf­æ ÿöyè­v uhjvf­lzyb­yjv yt­p­f­kt­éyj dè­l uhjvf­lzycndf­ å­f­nmrè­d, zroj nè­kmrb­ djyb­

yt­ æ lb­gkjvf­nb­xyb­vb­ ght­lcnf­dyb­rf­vb­ è­yijÿ rhf­ÿyb­ xb­ djhjuf­vb­ yf­ xf­c dè­qcmrjdjÿ jregf­wè­ÿ. Wè­ db­gf­l­

rb­ db­yznrjdè­, jcrè­kmrb­ å­f­nmrb­ yt­ ≤gè­lgf­lf­ñ­nm gè­l ñ­hb­clb­rwè­ñ­≥ Cgjkext­yb­ö Inf­nè­d. Wz gjghf­drf­ lj

Rjycnb­newè­ÿ yt­ yf­lf­æ uhjvf­lzycndf­ rjhè­yyb­v éb­nt­kzv Fvt­hb­rb­, zrè­ éb­denm e ht­p­t­hdf­wè­zö, f­kt­ Rjy­

uht­c ghb­qyzd p­f­rjy, p­f­ zrb­v nf­rè­ kñ­lb­ jlt­héeñ­nm uhjvf­lzycndj.

Ckjdf­ ≤yf­kt­éyf­ ghf­djdf­ ghjwt­lehf­≥ nkevf­xf­nm zr nf­rè­, oj p­f­å­jhjyzñ­nm inf­nf­v gjheiedf­nb­

å­è­kmiè­cnm ghf­d, p­f­öb­ot­yb­ö Åè­kkt­v ghj ghf­df­ dè­l jå­vt­ét­yyz ÿö p­f­uf­kmyjyf­wè­jyf­kmyb­v ehzljv. Gj­

ghf­dre nkevf­xf­nm è­ zr nf­re, oj p­f­öb­of­æ è­yiè­ ghf­df­ cdjæñ­ dkf­cyjñ­ lè­æñ­. Pf­zdf­ ghj nt­, oj éjlt­y

inf­n yt­ vjét­ dè­lvjdkznb­ å­elm­rjve ≤e hè­dyjve p­f­öb­cnè­ gt­ht­l p­f­rjyjv≥, p­f­å­t­p­gt­xeæ jcyjde lkz

å­f­uf­nmjö hè­it­ym Dt­höjdyjuj Cele, oj cnjceñ­nmcz uhjvf­lzycmrb­ö ghf­d. Yf­ghb­rkf­l, e 1954 hjwè­ (e

cghf­dè­ ≤Åhf­ey ghjnb­ Hf­lb­ p­ gb­nf­ym jcdè­nb­≥) wt­q cel jujkjcb­d hf­cjde ct­uht­uf­wè­ñ­ e veyè­wb­gf­kmyb­ö

irjkf­ö dè­lvjdjñ­ e yf­lf­yyè­ exyzv hè­dyjuj p­f­öb­cne p­f­rjyf­vb­, oj gt­ht­lå­f­xf­kjcz xb­yyb­v p­f­rjyjlf­d­

cndjv. Dè­lnjlè­ Dt­höjdyb­q Cel ddf­éf­æ å­elm­zre cf­yrwè­jyjdf­ye dkf­ljñ­ ajhve hf­cjdjÿ ct­uht­uf­wè­ÿ

nf­rjñ­, oj cegt­ht­xb­nm Rjycnb­newè­ÿ.

Hjplèk 2

Rèkmrècnm ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd dèl jrht­vb­ö inf­nèd db­py­f­xf­ñnm ghjgjhwèq­y­j lj rèkmrjcnè ÿ­öy­mjuj y­f­ct­kt­y­y­z, p e­hf­öe­df­y­y­zv e­cèö éb­nt­kèd rjéy­juj inf­ne­, pf­ db­y­znrjv èy­lèf­y­wèd, zrb­ö y­t­ jgjlf­nrjde­ñnm. Fkt­ zroj y­f­ åe­lm­zrb­ö db­åjhf­ö lkz jåhf­y­y­z db­åèhy­b­rèd Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ xb­ dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd, y­f­ db­åjhf­ö ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd e­ Rjy­uht­c, db­rjy­f­dxb­ö xb­ ce­ljdb­ö gjcf­ljdb­ö jcèå inf­ne­ f­åj xkt­y­èd pf­rjy­jlf­dxjuj jhuf­y­e­ wmjuj inf­ne­ ghf­df­ ujkjce­ åe­lt­ gjpåf­d­kt­y­j zrjujcm éb­nt­kz xjkjdèxjÿ­ cnf­nè, zrb­q­ ljczu 2� hjre­� è æ uhjvf­lzy­b­y­jv Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd, f­åj zroj wt­ ghf­dj åe­lt­ zrjcm jåvt­ét­y­j, p èy­ib­ö ghb­xb­y­, y­èé e­xf­cnm e­ gjdcnf­y­y­è f­åj èy­ijve­ pkjxb­y­è, nj y­jhvf­ ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd dèl wmjuj inf­ne­ vf­æ åe­nb­ pvt­y­it­y­f­ ghjgjhwèq­y­j lj rèkmrjcnè uhjvf­lzy­ xjkjdèxjÿ­ cnf­nè q­ rèkmrjcnè e­cèö uhjvf­lzy­ wmjuj inf­ne­, zrè ljczukb­ 2� hjre­.

RJVT­YNFH:

Wt­q hjp­lè­k vf­æ yf­ vt­nè­ gjrf­hf­nb­ nè­ inf­nb­, zrè­ yt­ p­f­å­t­p­gt­xb­kb­ ghf­dj ujkjcedf­nb­ yf­ at­lt­hf­km­

yb­ö db­å­jhf­ö ecè­v ljhjckb­v uhjvf­lzyf­v xjkjdè­xjÿ cnf­nè­. Inf­nb­, zrè­ jå­vt­éedf­kb­ exf­cnm e ujkjce­

df­yyè­, vjukb­ å­enb­ jå­vt­ét­yè­ e ght­lcnf­dyb­wndè­ d Gf­kf­nè­ ght­lcnf­dyb­rè­d. Nf­rt­ gjrf­hf­yyz yè­rjkb­ yt­

p­f­cnjcjdedf­kjcz. Wt­q hjp­lè­k å­ekj f­yekmjdf­yj Lt­d’znyf­lwznjñ­ nf­ Ldf­lwznm ijcnjñ­ gjghf­drf­vb­ lj

Rjycnb­newè­ÿ.

Hjplèk 3

Éjly­f­ jcjåf­ y­t­ vjét­ åe­nb­ ct­y­f­njhjv xb­ ght­lcnf­dy­b­rjv e­ Rjy­uht­cè, db­åèhy­b­rjv Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ f­åj dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­nf­, pf­q­vf­nb­ zre­cm wb­dèkmy­e­ f­åj dèq­cmrjde­ gjcf­le­ d e­hzlè Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd xb­ d åe­lm­zrjve­ inf­nè, zroj djy­f­, crkf­dib­ hf­y­è­it­ ghb­czue­ zr xkt­y­ Rjy­uht­ce­, f­åj gjcf­ljdf­ jcjåf­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd, f­åj zr xkt­y­ pf­rjy­jlf­dxjuj xb­ db­rjy­f­dxjuj jhuf­y­e­ zrjujcm inf­ne­, f­åj ce­ljdf­ gjcf­lj­df­ jcjåf­ zrjujcm inf­ne­ d njve­, oj gèlnhb­ve­df­nb­vt­ Rjy­cnb­ne­wèñ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö

1 Pvè­yt­yj hjp­lè­kjv 1 Ldf­lwznm ijcnjÿ gjghf­drb­.

77

Inf­nèd, gjnèv e­pzkf­ e­xf­cnm e­ gjdcnf­y­y­è xb­ pf­rjkjnè ghjnb­ Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­ Cgjke­­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd f­åj y­f­lf­kf­ ljgjvjue­ xb­ gèlnhb­vre­ ÿ­ÿ­ djhjuf­v. Ghjnt­ Rjy­uht­c vj­ét­ e­ce­y­e­nb­ nf­rè jåvt­ét­y­y­z ghf­d ldjvf­ nht­nb­y­f­vb­ ujkjcèd e­ rjéy­èq­ gf­kf­nè.

RJVT­YNFH:

Wt­q hjp­lè­k cnf­yjdb­nm kb­it­ è­cnjhb­xyb­q è­ynt­ht­c. Qjuj vt­nf­ gjkzuf­kf­ d njve, ojå­ yt­ lf­nb­ at­lt­­

hf­kmyb­v gjcf­ljdb­v jcjå­f­v, zrè­ ghb­ælyf­kb­cz lj Rjyat­lt­hf­wè­ÿ, p­yjde gjcè­cnb­ at­lt­hf­kmyè­ gjcf­lb­.

Hjplèk 4

Ghf­djvèhy­ècnm lt­héf­dy­juj åjhue­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd, cf­y­rwèjy­jdf­y­juj pf­rj­y­jv, e­ njve­ xb­ckè åjhuèd, phjåkt­y­b­ö lkz db­gkf­nb­ gt­y­cèq­ è db­y­f­ujhjl pf­ db­rj­y­f­y­y­z cke­éåjdb­ö jåjd’zprèd gèl xf­c ghb­le­it­y­y­z pf­rjkjne­ xb­ gjdcnf­y­y­z, ce­v­y­èdèd y­t­ db­rkb­rf­æ. Ghjnt­ y­è Cgjke­xt­y­è Inf­nb­, y­è åe­lm­zrb­q­ inf­n y­t­ gjdb­y­y­è åhf­nb­ y­f­ ct­åt­ éjly­b­ö pjåjd’zpf­y­m xb­ jgkf­ne­ åjhue­, gjd’zpf­y­b­ö èp y­f­lf­y­y­zv ljgjvjub­ pf­rjkjne­ xb­ gjdcnf­y­y­ñ ghjnb­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd, f­åj db­py­f­df­nb­ åe­lm­zrè ght­nt­y­pèÿ­, gjd’zpf­y­è p dnhf­njñ xb­ pdèkmy­t­y­y­zv zrjujcm hf­åf­. Dcè nf­rè åjhub­, pjåjd’zpf­y­y­z è ght­nt­y­pèÿ­ ckèl ddf­éf­nb­ y­t­pf­rjy­y­b­vb­ è y­t­lèq­cy­b­vb­.

RJVT­YNFH:

Wt­q hjp­lè­k uf­hf­ynedf­d, oj å­jhub­ Cjñ­p­e p­ gt­hè­jle Uhjvf­lzycmrjÿ dè­qyb­ å­elt­ gjdt­hyenj, f­kt­

crf­cedf­d ecè­ å­jhub­ Rjyat­lt­hf­wè­ÿ. Rhè­v njuj, nen è­lt­nmcz è­ ghj nt­, oj rjkb­iyè­v hf­å­jdkf­cyb­rf­v yt­

yf­kt­éb­nm jgkf­nf­ p­f­ hf­å­è­d, zrè­ cnf­kb­ dè­kmyb­vb­.

Hjplèk 5

Rjy­uht­c vf­æ ghf­dj db­rjy­e­df­nb­ wñ cnf­nnñ ikzöjv ghb­q­y­znnz dèlgjdèly­juj pf­­rjy­jlf­dcndf­.

Gjghf­drf­ �5

DbÅJHXT­ GHFDJ LKZ FAHJFVT­HbRFYWÈD

Wñ­ gjghf­dre lj Rjycnb­newè­ÿ å­ekj p­f­ghjgjyjdf­yj 26 kñ­njuj 1869 hjre è­ hf­nb­aè­rjdf­yj 3 kñ­njuj

1870 hjre.

Hjplèk �

D b­åjhxt­ ghf­dj uhjvf­lzy­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd y­t­ gjdb­y­y­j pf­gt­ht­xe­df­nb­cz xb­ jåvt­ée­df­nb­cz Cgjke­xt­y­b­vb­ Inf­nf­vb­ f­åj jrht­vb­vb­ inf­nf­vb­ y­f­ gèlcnf­dè hf­cb­, rjkmjhe­ irèhb­ xb­ gjgt­ht­ly­mjuj gt­ht­­åe­df­y­y­z e­ hf­åcndè.

RJVT­YNFH:

Pf­ evjdf­vb­ Xjnb­hyf­lwznjÿ gjghf­drb­ lj Rjycnb­newè­ÿ, f­ahjf­vt­hb­rf­ywè­, zrè­ å­ekb­ hf­å­f­vb­, cnf­kb­

uhjvf­lzyf­vb­. G’znyf­lwznf­ gjghf­drf­ lj Rjycnb­newè­ÿ p­f­å­jhjyzæ inf­nf­v dè­lvjdkznb­ uhjvf­lzyf­v e

78

ghf­dè­ ujkjce yf­ jcyjdè­ ÿöymjÿ hf­cjdjÿ yf­kt­éyjcnè­. Yt­p­df­éf­ñ­xb­ yf­ wñ­ gjghf­dre lj Rjycnb­newè­ÿ, lt­z­

rb­v gè­dlt­yyb­v inf­nf­v dlf­df­kjcz gjp­å­f­dkznb­ f­ahjf­vt­hb­rf­ywè­d ghf­df­ ujkjce lj 60­ö hjrè­d vb­yekj­

uj cnjkè­nnz, rjkb­ Rjyuht­c ghb­qyzd p­f­rjyb­, cghzvjdf­yè­ yf­ p­f­å­t­p­gt­xt­yyz db­rjyf­yyz wè­æÿ gjghf­drb­

lj Rjycnb­newè­ÿ, f­ Dt­höjdyb­q Cel jujkjcb­d yt­rjycnb­newè­qyb­vb­ ghf­rnb­xyè­ p­f­öjlb­ è­ ghf­djdè­ ghjwt­le­

hb­, p­f­ ljgjvjujñ­ zrb­ö lè­z wè­æÿ gjghf­drb­ yt­ å­ekf­ wè­krjv p­f­å­t­p­gt­xt­yf­.

Hjplèk 2

Rjy­uht­c vf­æ ghf­dj db­rjy­e­df­nb­ wñ cnf­nnñ d ht­pe­kmnf­nè ghb­q­y­znnz dèlgjdèly­j­uj pf­rjy­jlf­dcndf­.

Gjghf­drf­ �6

GHbÅENRJDbQ GJLFNJR

Wñ­ gjghf­dre lj Rjycnb­newè­ÿ å­ekj p­f­ghjgjyjdf­yj 12 xt­hdyz 1909 hjre è­ hf­nb­aè­rjdf­yj 3 kñ­njuj

1913 hjre.

R jy­uht­c vf­æ ghf­dj y­f­rkf­lf­nb­ è cnzue­df­­nb­ gjlf­nrb­ p ghb­åe­nrèd, jlt­hée­df­y­b­ö p åe­lm­zrjuj lét­ht­kf­, y­t­ hjpgjlèkzñxb­ wè gjlf­nrb­ vèé jrht­vb­vb­ inf­nf­vb­ è y­t­pf­kt­éy­j dèl gt­ht­gb­cèd xb­ jåkère­ ÿ­öy­mj­uj y­f­ct­kt­y­y­z.

RJVT­YNFH:

E 1984 hjwè­ Rjyuht­c ghb­qyzd Pf­rjy ghj ghb­å­enrjdb­q gjlf­njr, ghjnt­ Dt­höjdyb­q Cel jujkjcb­d,

oj wt­q gjlf­njr vf­æ å­enb­ ghzvb­v gjlf­nrjv è­ hjp­gjlè­kznb­cz vè­é inf­nf­vb­, è­, nf­rb­v xb­yjv, p­hjå­b­d

yt­vjékb­db­v cnzuyt­yyz wmjuj gjlf­nre. Wz gjghf­drf­ lf­kf­ Rjyuht­cjdè­ gjdyjdf­ét­yyz cnzuedf­nb­ wt­q

gjlf­njr, yt­ hjp­gjlè­kzñ­xb­ qjuj vè­é inf­nf­vb­.

Gjghf­drf­ �7

GHZVÈ DbÅJHb CT­YFNJHÈD

Wñ­ gjghf­dre lj Rjycnb­newè­ÿ å­ekj p­f­ghjgjyjdf­yj 13 nhf­dyz 1912 hjre è­ hf­nb­aè­rjdf­yj 8 rdè­nyz

1913 hjre.

(�) Lj crkf­le­ Ct­y­f­ne­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd döjlb­nm gj ldf­ ct­y­f­njhb­ dèl rjéy­juj inf­ne­, jåhf­y­è y­f­ct­kt­y­y­zv jcnf­y­y­mjuj y­f­ 6 hjrèd. Rjét­y­ ct­y­f­njh vf­æ jlb­y­ ujkjc. Db­åjhwè e­ rjéy­jve­ inf­nè gjdb­y­y­è dèlgj­dèlf­nb­ db­vjuf­v, dcnf­y­jdkt­y­b­v lkz db­åjhwèd lj y­f­q­xb­ckt­y­y­èijÿ­ gf­kf­nb­ pf­rjy­j­lf­dxb­ö jhuf­y­èd inf­ne­.

(2) Rjkb­ e­ ght­lcnf­dy­b­wndè zrjujcm inf­ne­ d Ct­y­f­nè db­y­b­rf­æ df­rf­y­cèz, jhuf­y­ db­­rjy­f­dxjÿ­ dkf­lb­ wmjuj inf­ne­ vf­æ db­lf­nb­ y­f­rf­p ghj db­åjhb­ y­f­ nf­re­ df­rf­y­ny­e­

79

gjcf­le­. Pf­rjy­jlf­dxè jhuf­y­b­ inf­ne­ vjée­nm e­gjdy­jdf­éb­nb­ db­rjy­f­dxe­ dkf­le­ plèq­cy­b­nb­ nb­vxf­cjdè ghb­py­f­xt­y­y­z, ljrb­ df­rf­y­cèñ y­t­ åe­lt­ pf­vèot­y­j pf­uf­kmy­b­­vb­ db­åjhf­vb­ dèlgjdèly­j lj gjhzlre­, dcnf­y­jdkt­y­juj pf­rjy­jlf­dxb­v jhuf­y­jv.

(3) Wñ gjghf­dre­ y­t­ ckèl nke­vf­xb­nb­ nf­r, ojå ÿ­ÿ­ lèz gjib­hñdf­kf­cz y­f­ jåhf­y­y­z xb­ nt­hvèy­ gjdy­jdf­ét­y­m ct­y­f­njhèd, jåhf­y­b­ö lj y­f­åe­nnz xb­y­y­jcnè wèæñ gjghf­d­rjñ zr xf­cnb­y­jñ Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­.

RJVT­YNFH:

Wz gjghf­drf­ lj Rjycnb­newè­ÿ gjp­å­f­db­kf­ p­f­rjyjlf­dxè­ p­å­jhb­ inf­nè­d ghf­df­ jå­b­hf­nb­ ct­yf­njhè­d è­ gt­­

ht­lf­kf­ qjuj dcè­v db­å­jhwzv inf­nè­d.

Gjghf­drf­ �8

PFÅJHJYF CGbHNYbÖ YFGJŸD

Wñ­ gjghf­dre lj Rjycnb­newè­ÿ å­ekj p­f­ghjgjyjdf­yj 18 uhelyz 1917 hjre è­ hf­nb­aè­rjdf­yj 16 cè­xyz

1919 hjre.

Hjplèk �

X t­ht­p jlb­y­ hèr gèckz hf­nb­aèrf­wèÿ­ wèæÿ­ cnf­nnè åe­lt­ pf­åjhjy­t­y­j d Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nf­ö è y­f­ dcèö nt­hb­njhèzö, gèlgjhzlrj­df­y­b­ö ÿ­öy­èq­ ñhb­clb­rwèÿ­, db­hjåy­b­wndj, ghjlf­é xb­ gt­ht­dt­pt­y­y­z cgb­hny­b­ö y­f­gjÿ­d e­ vt­éf­ö rhf­ÿ­y­b­ p vt­njñ cgjéb­df­y­y­z ÿ­ö; pf­åjhjy­t­y­j åe­lt­ è ddt­pt­y­y­z cgb­hny­b­ö y­f­gjÿ­d e­ Cgjke­xt­y­è Inf­nb­ è ÿ­öy­è nt­hb­njhèÿ­ p drf­pf­y­jñ vt­njñ nf­r cf­vj, zr è db­­dt­pt­y­y­z p wèæñ cf­vjñ vt­njñ.

Hjplèk 2

Rjy­uht­c nf­ jrht­vè inf­nb­ vf­ñnm ghf­dj hf­pjv db­rjy­e­df­nb­ wñ cnf­nnñ dy­f­ckèljr ghb­q­y­znnz dèlgjdèly­juj pf­rjy­jlf­dcndf­.

Hjplèk 3

Wz cnf­nnz y­t­ y­f­åt­ht­ xb­y­y­jcnè, zroj ÿ­ÿ­ y­t­ åe­lt­ hf­nb­aèrjdf­y­j zr gjghf­dre­ lj Rjy­­cnb­ne­wèÿ­ pf­rjy­jlf­dxb­vb­ påjhf­vb­ jrht­vb­ö inf­nèd, zr wt­ gt­ht­låf­xt­y­j Rjy­cnb­ne­­wèæñ, ghjnzujv ct­vb­ hjrèd gèckz gjlf­y­y­z ÿ­ÿ­ y­f­ hjpukzl inf­nèd Rjy­uht­cjv.

RJVT­YNFH:

Pf­ ljgjvjujñ­ wè­æÿ gjghf­drb­ lj Rjycnb­newè­ÿ å­ekj p­f­ghjdf­lét­yj ceöb­q p­f­rjy, p­uè­lyj p­ zrb­v

db­hjå­kznb­, ghjlf­df­nb­ è­ gt­ht­djp­b­nb­ cgb­hnyè­ yf­gjÿ å­ekj p­f­å­jhjyt­yj. Ÿÿ crf­cjdf­yj e 1933 hjwè­ Ldf­l­

wznm gt­hijñ­ gjghf­drjñ­ lj Rjycnb­newè­ÿ.

80

Gjghf­drf­ �9

DbÅJHXT­ GHFDJ LKZ éÈYJR

Wñ­ gjghf­dre lj Rjycnb­newè­ÿ å­ekj p­f­ghjgjyjdf­yj 4 xt­hdyz 1919 hjre è­ hf­nb­aè­rjdf­yj 18 ct­hgyz

1920 hjre.

D b­åjhxè ghf­df­ uhjvf­lzy­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd y­t­ gjdb­y­y­è pf­gt­ht­xe­df­nb­cz xb­ jåvt­ée­df­nb­cz Cgjke­xt­y­b­vb­ Inf­nf­vb­ f­åj zrb­v­y­t­åe­lm inf­njv pf­ jpy­f­rjñ cnf­nè.

Rjy­uht­c vf­æ ghf­dj db­rjy­e­df­nb­ wñ cnf­nnñ pf­dlzrb­ ghb­q­y­znnñ dèlgjdèly­juj pf­rjy­jlf­dcndf­.

RJVT­YNFH:

Lj njuj, zr å­ekj ghb­qyznj wñ­ gjghf­dre, ghjnzujv 40 hjrè­d lj Rjyuht­ce dyjcb­kb­ gjghf­drb­ lj

Rjycnb­newè­ÿ, eödf­kt­yyz zrb­ö yf­lf­df­kj å­ éè­yrf­v ghf­dj ujkjce.

Gjghf­drf­ 20

NT­HVÈY GJDYJDFéT­Ym­ GHT­PbLT­YNF È RJYUHT­CE

Wñ­ gjghf­dre lj Rjycnb­newè­ÿ å­ekj p­f­ghjgjyjdf­yj 2 å­t­ht­p­yz 1932 hjre è­ hf­nb­aè­rjdf­yj 23 cè­xyz

1933 hjre.

Hjplèk �

N t­hvèy­ gjdy­jdf­ét­y­m Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ è dè­wt­­ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ pf­rèy­xe­ænmcz jgèdly­è 20 cèxy­z, f­ nt­hvèy­ gjdy­jdf­ét­y­m ct­y­f­njhèd è ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd – jgèdly­è 3 cèxy­z d nè hjrb­, rjkb­ ÿ­öy­è nt­hvèy­b­ pf­rèy­xb­kb­cz å, zråb­ wñ gjghf­dre­ y­t­ åe­kj hf­nb­aèrjdf­y­j. Dèlnjlè gjxb­y­f­ñnmcz nt­hvèy­b­ gjdy­jdf­­ét­y­m ÿ­öy­èö y­f­cne­gy­b­rèd.

Hjplèk 2

Rjy­uht­c påb­hf­ænmcz ghb­y­f­q­vy­è jlb­y­ hf­p y­f­ hèr, è gt­hif­ ct­cèz gjxb­y­f­ænmcz jgèd­ly­è 3 cèxy­z, zroj Rjy­uht­c y­t­ dcnf­y­jdb­nm pf­rjy­jv èy­ijuj ly­z.

Hjplèk 3

Zroj lj vjvt­y­ne­, db­py­f­xt­y­juj gjxf­nrjv gjdy­jdf­ét­y­m Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­, y­jdjjåhf­­y­b­q­ Ght­pb­lt­y­n gjvht­, Ght­pb­lt­y­njv cnf­y­t­ y­jdjjåhf­y­b­q­ dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­n. Zroj lj xf­ce­, db­py­f­xt­y­juj gjxf­nrjv gjdy­jdf­ét­y­m, Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ ot­ y­t­ åe­lt­ jåhf­y­j f­åj y­jdjjåhf­y­b­q­ Ght­pb­lt­y­n y­t­ dèlgjdèlf­nb­vt­ db­vjuf­v pf­rjy­e­, jåjd’zprb­ Ght­pb­lt­y­­nf­ db­rjy­e­df­nb­vt­ dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­n, ljrb­ Ght­pb­lt­y­n y­t­ dèlgjdèlf­nb­vt­ db­vjuf­v

8�

pf­rjy­e­. Rjy­uht­c vjét­ cgt­wèf­kmy­b­v pf­rjy­jv gt­ht­låf­xb­nb­ db­gf­ljr, rjkb­ y­è y­jdj­jåhf­y­b­q­ Ght­pb­lt­y­n, y­è y­jdjjåhf­y­b­q­ dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­n y­t­ dèlgjdèlf­ñnm db­vjuf­v pf­rjy­e­, drf­pf­dib­, önj d nf­rjve­ db­gf­lre­ vf­æ db­rjy­e­df­nb­ jåjd’zprb­ Ght­pb­lt­y­­nf­, f­åj cgjcèå, zrb­v vf­æ åe­nb­ jåhf­y­j jcjåe­ lkz db­rjy­f­y­y­z wb­ö jåjd’zprèd. Nf­rf­ jcjåf­ gjdb­y­y­f­ db­rjy­e­df­nb­ wè jåjd’zprb­, ljrb­ Ght­pb­lt­y­n f­åj dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­n y­t­ gjxy­e­nm dèlgjdèlf­nb­ db­vjuf­v pf­rjy­e­.

Hjplèk 4

Rjy­uht­c vjét­ gt­ht­låf­xb­nb­ cgt­wèf­kmy­b­v pf­rjy­jv pf­öjlb­ y­f­ db­gf­ljr cvt­hnè jcèå, p­gjvèé zrb­ö Gf­kf­nf­ ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd vjét­ jåb­hf­nb­ Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­, rjkb­ lj y­t­ÿ­ gt­ht­öjlb­nm ghf­dj db­åjhe­, f­ nf­rjé y­f­ db­gf­ljr cvt­hnè jcèå, p­gjvèé zrb­ö Ct­­y­f­n vjét­ jåb­hf­nb­ dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­nf­, rjkb­ lj y­mjuj gt­ht­öjlb­nm wt­ ghf­dj.

Hjplèk 5

Hjplèkb­ � è 2 wèæÿ­ cnf­nnè y­f­åb­hf­ñnm xb­y­y­jcnè y­f­ g’zny­f­lwznb­q­ lt­y­m éjdny­z y­f­­cne­gy­juj hjre­ gèckz hf­nb­aèrf­wèÿ­ wèæÿ­ gjghf­drb­.

Hjplèk 6

Wz cnf­nnz y­t­ y­f­åt­ht­ xb­y­y­jcnè, ljrb­ ÿ­ÿ­ y­t­ åe­lt­ hf­nb­aèrjdf­y­j zr gjghf­dre­ lj Rjy­­cnb­ne­wèÿ­ pf­rjy­jlf­dxb­vb­ jhuf­y­f­vb­ nhmjö xdt­hnt­q­ inf­nèd ghjnzujv ct­vb­ hjrèd gèckz ÿ­ÿ­ gjlf­y­y­z.

RJVT­YNFH:

Wz gjghf­drf­ lj Rjycnb­newè­ÿ vf­æ yf­p­de ≤gjghf­drf­ ghj rekmuf­de rf­xre≥; djyf­ gt­ht­yjcb­nm lf­ne

dcnege Ght­p­b­lt­ynf­ è­ xkt­yè­d Rjyuht­ce yf­ gjcf­le å­kb­éxt­ lj lf­nb­ db­å­jhè­d. ≤Rekmuf­df­ rf­xrf­≥ – gj­

cf­ljdt­wm, zrb­q, öjxf­ qjuj q yt­ jå­hf­kb­ yf­ yf­cnegyb­q nt­hvè­y, ghjljdéeæ db­rjyedf­nb­ cdjÿ jå­jd’zp­rb­.

Gt­ht­l nb­v, zr wz gjghf­drf­ yf­å­ekf­ xb­yyjcnè­, rjyuht­cvt­yb­ è­ Ght­p­b­lt­yn, oj p­f­p­yf­kb­ gjhf­p­rb­ yf­ db­­

å­jhf­ö e kb­cnjgf­lè­, ghjljdéedf­kb­ db­rjyedf­nb­ cdjÿ jå­jd’zp­rb­ lj å­t­ht­p­yz yf­cnegyjuj hjre.

Gjghf­drf­ 2�

CRFCEDFYYZ CEÖJUJ PFRJYE

Wñ­ gjghf­dre lj Rjycnb­newè­ÿ å­ekj p­f­ghjgjyjdf­yj 20 kñ­njuj 1933 hjre è­ hf­nb­aè­rjdf­yj 5 uhelyz

1933 hjre.

Hjplèk �

W b­v crf­cjde­ænmcz Dècèvy­f­lwznf­ gjghf­d­rf­ lj Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd.

82

Hjplèk 2

Gt­ht­dt­pt­y­y­z xb­ ddt­pt­y­y­z e­ åe­lm­zrb­q­ inf­n, y­f­ nt­hb­njhèñ xb­ djkjlèy­y­z Cgj­ke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd cgb­hny­b­ö y­f­gjÿ­d lkz cgjéb­df­y­y­z, zroj wt­ gjhe­ie­æ vècwt­dè pf­rjy­b­, pf­åjhjy­zænmcz.

Hjplèk 3

Wz gjghf­drf­ y­t­ y­f­åt­ht­ xb­y­y­jcnè, ljrb­ ÿ­ÿ­ y­t­ åe­lt­ hf­nb­aèrjdf­y­j zr gjghf­dre­ lj Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­ rjy­dt­y­nf­vb­ jrht­vb­ö inf­nèd e­ gjhzlre­, gt­ht­låf­xt­y­jve­ Rjy­cnb­ne­­wèæñ, ghjnzujv ct­vb­ hjrèd p ly­z gjlf­y­y­z ÿ­ÿ­ Rjy­uht­cjv y­f­ cödf­kt­y­y­z inf­nèd.

RJVT­YNFH:

Wz gjghf­drf­ lj Rjycnb­newè­ÿ ghjcnj crf­cjdeæ lè­ñ­ Dè­cè­vyf­lwznjÿ gjghf­drb­.

Gjghf­drf­ 22

JÅVT­éT­YYZ GT­HT­ÅEDFYYZ GHT­PbLT­YNÈD YF GJCFLÈ LDJVF NT­HVÈYFVb

Wñ­ Gjghf­dre lj Rjycnb­newè­ÿ å­ekj p­f­ghjgjyjdf­yj 24 å­t­ht­p­yz 1947 hjre è­ hf­nb­aè­rjdf­yj 27 kñ­­

njuj 1951 hjre.

Hjplèk �

É jly­f­ jcjåf­ y­t­ vjét­ åe­nb­ jåhf­y­f­ Ght­­pb­lt­y­njv Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd åèkmit­, zr ldèxè, q­ éjly­f­ jcjåf­, zrf­ pf­cne­gf­­kf­ xb­ db­rjy­e­df­kf­ jåjd’zprb­ Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ gjy­f­l 2 hjrb­ ghjnzujv nt­hvèy­e­, y­f­ zrb­q­ èy­ie­ jcjåe­ åe­kj jåhf­y­j Ght­pb­lt­y­njv, y­t­ vjét­ åe­nb­ jåhf­y­f­ Ght­pb­lt­y­njv åèkmit­ jly­juj hf­pe­. Jly­f­r wz cnf­nnz y­t­ gjib­hñænmcz y­f­ jcjåe­, zrf­ åe­kf­ Ght­­pb­lt­y­njv e­ njq­ xf­c, rjkb­ Rjy­uht­c pf­ghjgjy­e­df­d wñ cnf­nnñ, è y­t­ gt­ht­irjléf­æ jcjåè, zrf­ åe­lt­ Ght­pb­lt­y­njv xb­ db­rjy­e­df­nb­vt­ jåjd’zprb­ Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ ghjnzujv nt­hvèy­e­, gèl xf­c zrjuj cnf­nnz y­f­åt­ht­ xb­y­y­jcnè, åe­nb­ Ght­pb­lt­y­njv xb­ db­rjy­e­­df­nb­ jåjd’zprb­ Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ ghjnzujv ht­inb­ wmjuj nt­hvèy­e­.

Hjplèk 2

Wz cnf­nnz y­t­ y­f­åt­ht­ xb­y­y­jcnè, ljrb­ ÿ­ÿ­ y­t­ åe­lt­ hf­nb­aèrjdf­y­j zr gjghf­dre­ lj Rjy­­cnb­ne­wèÿ­ pf­rjy­jlf­dxb­vb­ jhuf­y­f­vb­ nhmjö xdt­hnt­q­ inf­nèd ghjnzujv ct­vb­ hjrèd p ly­z ÿ­ÿ­ gjlf­y­y­z Rjy­uht­cjv y­f­ hjpukzl inf­nf­v.

RJVT­YNFH:

Wz gjghf­drf­ lj Rjycnb­newè­ÿ gt­ht­lå­f­xf­æ, oj éjlyf­ jcjå­f­ yt­ vjét­ å­enb­ jå­hf­yf­ Ght­p­b­lt­ynjv

å­è­kmit­ zr ldf­ hf­p­b­. éjlyf­ jcjå­f­, oj p­f­qvf­kf­ gjcn Ght­p­b­lt­ynf­ gjyf­l ldf­ hjrb­ ght­p­b­lt­yncmrjuj

nt­hvè­ye zrjÿcm è­yijÿ jcjå­b­, yt­ vjét­ jå­b­hf­nb­cz Ght­p­b­lt­ynjv å­è­kmit­ jlyjuj hf­p­e. Jlb­y Ght­p­b­lt­yn

vjét­ gt­ht­å­edf­nb­ yf­ cdjÿq gjcf­lè­ yt­ å­è­kmit­ lt­cznb­ hjrè­d. Wñ­ gjghf­dre lj Rjycnb­newè­ÿ gè­lnhb­vedf­­

kb­ kñ­lb­, zrè­ ddf­éf­kb­, oj Ght­p­b­lt­yn Ahf­yrkè­y Lt­kf­yj Hep­dt­kmn yt­ gjdb­yt­y å­ed gt­ht­å­edf­nb­ yf­ cdjæ­

83

ve gjcne xjnb­hb­ nt­hvè­yb­. éjlt­y è­yib­q Ght­p­b­lt­yn yt­ db­cnf­dkzd cdjæÿ rf­ylb­lf­nehb­ å­è­kmit­ zr yf­ ldf­

nt­hvè­yb­, oj yt­gt­ht­hdyj qikb­ jlb­y p­f­ jlyb­v.

Gjghf­drf­ 23

DbÅJHXT­ GHFDJ E AT­LT­HFKm­YJVE JRHEPÈ RJKEVÅÈZ

Wñ­ gjghf­dre lj Rjycnb­newè­ÿ å­ekj p­f­ghjgjyjdf­yj 16 xt­hdyz 1960 hjre è­ hf­nb­aè­rjdf­yj 29 å­t­ht­p­yz

1961 hjre.

Hjplèk �

J rhe­u, lt­ vècnb­nmcz e­hzl Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd, ghb­py­f­xf­æ e­ db­py­f­xt­y­b­q­ Rjy­uht­cjv cgjcèå nf­re­ rèkmrècnm db­åèhy­b­rèd Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ è dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­nf­, oj ljhèdy­ñæ pf­uf­kmy­èq­ rèkmrjcnè ct­y­f­njhèd è ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd e­ Rjy­uht­cè, zre­ vf­d åb­ ghf­dj vf­nb­ wt­q­ jrhe­u, zråb­ åe­d inf­njv, f­kt­ d éjly­jve­ db­gf­lre­ y­t­ åèkmie­, y­èé inf­n p y­f­q­vt­y­i xb­ckt­y­y­b­v y­f­ct­kt­y­­y­zv; djy­b­ ljgjdy­ññnm db­åèhy­b­rèd, zrb­ö ghb­py­f­xb­kb­ inf­nb­; ÿ­ö hjpukzlf­ñnm zr db­åèhy­b­rèd, ghb­py­f­xt­y­b­ö inf­njv lkz jåhf­y­y­z Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ è dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­­nf­; djy­b­ gjdb­y­y­è påb­hf­nb­cz y­f­ nt­hb­njhèÿ­ jrhe­ue­ è db­rjy­e­df­nb­ cdjÿ­ jåjd’zprb­ puèly­j p Ldf­y­f­lwznjñ gjghf­drjñ lj Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­.

Hjplèk 2

Rjy­uht­c vf­æ ghf­dj db­rjy­e­df­nb­ wñ cnf­nnñ d ht­pe­kmnf­nè ghb­q­y­znnz dèlgjdèly­j­uj pf­rjy­jlf­dcndf­.

RJVT­YNFH:

Wz gjghf­drf­ lj Rjycnb­newè­ÿ ljp­djkzæ uhjvf­lzyf­v at­lt­hf­kmyjuj jrheue Rjkevå­è­z ujkjcedf­nb­

yf­ ght­p­b­lt­yncmrb­ö db­å­jhf­ö. Ghjnt­ djyb­ yt­ å­t­henm exf­cnè­ e db­å­jhf­ö xkt­yè­d Rjyuht­ce.

Gjghf­drf­ 24

GJLEIYÈ GJLFNRb

Wñ­ gjghf­dre lj Rjycnb­newè­ÿ å­ekj p­f­ghjgjyjdf­yj 27 ct­hgyz 1962 hjre è­ hf­nb­aè­rjdf­yj 23 cè­xyz

1964 hjre.

Hjplèk �

G hf­dj uhjvf­lzy­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd ujkjce­df­nb­ y­f­ åe­lm­zrb­ö gjgt­ht­ly­èö nf­ èy­ib­ö db­åjhf­ö Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ xb­ dèwt­­ght­­pb­lt­y­nf­, db­åèhy­b­rèd Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ è dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­nf­, ct­y­f­njhf­ f­åj ght­lcnf­dy­b­rf­ d Rjy­uht­cè y­t­ gjdb­y­y­j pf­gt­ht­xe­df­nb­cz xb­ jåvt­ée­df­nb­cz Cgjke­xt­y­b­vb­ Inf­nf­­vb­ f­åj jrht­vb­vb­ inf­nf­vb­ y­f­ gèlcnf­dè y­t­cghjvjéy­jcnè cgkf­nb­nb­ db­åjhxb­q­ f­åj åe­lm­zrb­q­ èy­ib­q­ gjlf­njr.

84

Hjplèk 2

Rjy­uht­c vf­æ ghf­dj db­rjy­e­df­nb­ wñ cnf­nnñ gèckz ghb­q­y­znnz dèlgjdèly­juj pf­rj­y­jlf­dcndf­.

RJVT­YNFH:

Wz gjghf­drf­ lj Rjycnb­newè­ÿ p­f­å­jhjyzæ inf­nf­v p­veiedf­nb­ db­å­jhwè­d gkf­nb­nb­ å­elm­zrb­q gjlf­njr

yf­ leie yf­ct­kt­yyz f­å­j gjleiyb­q gjlf­njr zr evjde lkz ÿöymjÿ exf­cnè­ d ujkjcedf­yyè­ yf­ p­f­uf­kmyb­ö db­å­j­

hf­ö. Dt­höjdyb­q Cel db­nkevf­xb­d gjkjét­yyz ghj hè­dyb­q p­f­öb­cn p­f­rjyjv, oj vè­cnb­nmcz d Xjnb­hyf­lwz­

nè­q gjghf­dwè­ lj Rjycnb­newè­ÿ zr nf­rt­, oj p­f­å­jhjyzæ cnzuyt­yyz gjleiyjuj gjlf­nre yf­ db­å­jhf­ö lj ehzle

inf­ne. Nt­hvè­y ≤gjleiyb­q gjlf­njr≥ yt­ jp­yf­xf­æ ≤db­å­jhxb­q gjlf­njr≥. Lt­zrè­ inf­nb­ rjkb­cm db­rjhb­cnjde­

df­kb­ gjlè­å­yè­ gjlf­nrb­, ojå­ yt­ ljgecnb­nb­ exf­cnè­ å­è­lyb­ö kñ­lt­q è­ f­ahjf­vt­hb­rf­ywè­d e ujkjcedf­yyè­.

Gjghf­drf­ 25

YT­PLFNYÈCNm­ GHT­PbLT­YNF DbRJYEDFNb CDJŸ JÅJD’ZPRb È GT­HT­LFDFYYZ GHT­PbLT­YNCm­RJŸ DKFLb

Wñ­ gjghf­dre lj Rjycnb­newè­ÿ å­ekj p­f­ghjgjyjdf­yj 6 kb­gyz 1965 hjre è­ hf­nb­aè­rjdf­yj 10 kñ­njuj

1967 hjre.

Hjplèk �

E db­gf­lre­ e­ce­y­t­y­y­z Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ p gjcf­­lb­, q­juj cvt­hnè f­åj dèlcnf­drb­ Ght­pb­lt­y­njv cnf­æ dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­n.

Hjplèk 2

Rjkb­ gjcf­lf­ dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ cnf­æ df­rf­y­ny­jñ, Ght­pb­lt­y­n db­ce­df­æ rf­y­lb­lf­nf­ y­f­ dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­nf­, zrb­q­ pf­q­vf­æ gjcf­le­ gèckz pf­ndt­hlét­y­y­z åèkmiècnñ ujkj­cèd jåjö gf­kf­n Rjy­uht­ce­.

RJVT­YNFH:

Wt­q hjp­lè­k gt­ht­lå­f­xf­æ p­f­gjdyt­yyz df­rf­ynyjÿ gjcf­lb­ dè­wt­­ght­p­b­lt­ynf­. D 1973 hjwè­ Lét­hf­kml

Heljkma Ajhl cnf­d gt­hijñ­ kñ­lb­yjñ­, zrf­ p­f­qyzkf­ gjcf­le dè­wt­­ght­p­b­lt­ynf­ p­uè­lyj p­ gjkjét­yyzvb­

wè­æÿ gjghf­drb­ lj Rjycnb­newè­ÿ. Qjuj rf­ylb­lf­nehe db­ceyed Ght­p­b­lt­yn Hè­xf­hl Vè­kuf­ec Yè­rcjy gè­ckz

dè­lcnf­drb­ dè­wt­­ght­p­b­lt­ynf­ Cgè­hj N. Fuyñ­. E 1974 hjwè­ Yè­rcjy p­f­kb­ib­d cdè­q gjcn, Ght­p­b­lt­ynjv cnf­d

Ajhl. Gjnè­v, dè­lgjdè­lyj lj wè­æÿ yjdjÿ ghjwt­lehb­, gjcn dè­wt­­ght­p­b­lt­ynf­ gjcè­d Yt­kmcjy J. Hjrat­k­

kt­h. Egt­hit­ d è­cnjhè­ÿ Cgjkext­yb­ö Inf­nè­d Ght­p­b­lt­ynf­ è­ dè­wt­­ght­p­b­lt­ynf­ yt­ jå­b­hf­kb­. Lj yf­å­ennz xb­y­

yjcnè­ wè­æÿ gjghf­drb­ lj Rjycnb­newè­ÿ e db­gf­lrf­ö, rjkb­ gjcn dè­wt­­ght­p­b­lt­ynf­ db­zdkzdcz df­rf­ynyb­v, dè­y

p­f­kb­if­dcz dè­kmyb­v f­é lj ghjdt­lt­yyz yf­cnegyb­ö ght­p­b­lt­yncmrb­ö db­å­jhè­d.

Hjplèk 3

Zroj Ght­pb­lt­y­n gjlf­æ nb­vxf­cjdjve­ Ujkjdè Ct­y­f­ne­ è cgèrt­he­ Gf­kf­nb­ ght­lcnf­d­y­b­rèd gb­cmvjde­ pf­zde­ ghj y­t­vjékb­dècnm db­rjy­e­df­nb­ cdjÿ­ gjcf­ljdè gjdy­jdf­­ét­y­y­z nf­ jåjd’zprb­ è ljrb­ dèy­ y­t­ gjlf­cnm ÿ­v pf­zde­ ghjnb­kt­éy­juj pvècne­, nf­rè

85

gjdy­jdf­ét­y­y­z nf­ jåjd’zprb­ vf­æ db­rjy­e­df­nb­ dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­n zr db­rjy­e­ñxb­q­ jåjd’zprb­ Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­.

RJVT­YNFH:

Wt­q hjp­lè­k gt­ht­lå­f­xf­æ, oj dè­wt­­ght­p­b­lt­yn cnf­æ Ght­p­b­lt­ynjv, zroj xb­yyb­q Ght­p­b­lt­yn yt­ d p­vj­

p­è­ db­rjyedf­nb­ cdjÿ ckeéå­jdè­ jå­jd’zp­rb­. Dè­wt­­ght­p­b­lt­yn Léjhlé Ut­hå­t­hn Djrt­h Åei cnf­d gt­hib­v

d è­cnjhè­ÿ Cgjkext­yb­ö Inf­nè­d db­rjyeñ­xb­v jå­jd’zp­rb­ Ght­p­b­lt­ynf­. P 13 kb­gyz 1985 hjre dè­y jaè­wè­qyj

p­f­qvf­d wt­q gjcn ghjnzujv 8 ujlb­y, rjkb­ jgt­hedf­kb­ ödjhjuj yf­ jyrjkjuè­xye ödjhjå­e Ght­p­b­lt­ynf­

Hjyf­klf­ Dè­kcjyf­ Ht­quf­yf­.

Hjplèk 4

E db­gf­lre­ gjlf­y­y­z dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­njv è åèkmiècnñ db­ob­ö gjcf­ljdwèd db­rjy­f­d­xjÿ­ dkf­lb­ f­åj èy­ijuj nf­rjuj jhuf­y­e­, zrb­q­ dcnf­y­jdkt­y­j Rjy­uht­cjv puèly­j p pf­­rjy­jv, nb­vxf­cjdjve­ Ujkjdè Ct­y­f­ne­ è cgèrt­he­ Gf­kf­nb­ ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd cdjæÿ­ gb­cm­vjdjÿ­ pf­zdb­ ghj y­t­vjékb­dècnm Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ db­rjy­e­df­nb­ gjcf­ljdè gjdy­jdf­ét­y­y­z nf­ jåjd’zprb­, dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ y­t­uf­q­y­j y­f­lèkzñnm e­cèvf­ gjcf­ljdb­vb­ gjdy­jdf­­ét­y­y­zvb­ nf­ jåjd’zprf­vb­ xb­y­y­juj Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­.

Pujljv, zroj Ght­pb­lt­y­n gjlf­æ nb­vxf­cjdjve­ Ujkjdè Ct­y­f­ne­ è cgèrt­he­ Gf­kf­nb­ ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd gb­cmvjde­ pf­zde­ ghj dèlce­ny­ècnm nf­rjÿ­ y­t­vjékb­djcnè, dèy­ gjdt­h­nf­æ cjåè gjcf­ljdè gjdy­jdf­ét­y­y­z nf­ jåjd’zprb­, öèåf­ oj dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­n è åèkm­iècnm db­ob­ö gjcf­ljdwèd db­rjy­f­dxjÿ­ dkf­lb­ f­åj èy­ijuj nf­rjuj jhuf­y­e­, zrb­q­ åe­lt­ dcnf­y­jdkt­y­j Rjy­uht­cjv puèly­j èp pf­rjy­jv, gjlf­le­nm ghjnzujv xjnb­hmjö lèå nb­vxf­cjdjve­ Ujkjdè Ct­y­f­ne­ è cgèrt­he­ Gf­kf­nb­ ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd gb­cmvjde­ pf­­zde­ ghj y­t­vjékb­dècnm Ght­pb­lt­y­nf­ db­rjy­e­df­nb­ gjcf­ljdè jåjd’zprb­ è gjdy­jdf­­ét­y­y­z. Njlè Rjy­uht­c vf­æ db­hèib­nb­ wñ cghf­de­, pèåhf­dib­cm ghjnzujv cjhjrf­ djcmvb­ ujlb­y­, zroj wt­ cnf­kjcz e­ gt­ht­hdè vèé ct­cèzvb­. Zroj Rjy­uht­c ghjnzujv ldf­lwznb­ jly­juj ly­z gèckz jlt­héf­y­y­z jcnf­y­y­mjÿ­ gb­cmvjdjÿ­ pf­zdb­ f­åj, zroj wt­ cnf­kjcz e­ gt­ht­hdè vèé ct­cèzvb­, ghjnzujv ldf­lwznb­ jly­juj ly­z gèckz njuj, zr Rjy­uht­c vf­d pèåhf­nb­cz, åèkmiècnñ e­ ldè nht­nb­y­b­ jåjö gf­kf­n db­hèib­nm, oj Ght­pb­lt­y­n y­t­ vjét­ db­rjy­e­df­nb­ gjcf­ljdè jåjd’zprb­ è gjdy­jdf­ét­y­y­z, ÿ­ö vf­æ db­­rjy­e­df­nb­ dèwt­­ght­pb­lt­y­n zr lèñxb­q­ Ght­pb­lt­y­n. D èy­ib­ö db­gf­lrf­ö Ght­pb­lt­y­n dèly­jdkñæ db­rjy­f­y­y­z gjdy­jdf­ét­y­m nf­ jåjd’zprèd y­f­ cdjÿ­q­ gjcf­lè.

Gjghf­drf­ 26

DbÅJHXT­ GHFDJ LKZ DÈCÈVYFLWZNbKÈNYÈÖ

Wñ­ gjghf­dre lj Rjycnb­newè­ÿ å­ekj p­f­ghjgjyjdf­yj 23 å­t­ht­p­yz 1971 hjre è­ hf­nb­aè­rjdf­yj 1 kb­gyz

1971 hjre.

Hjplèk �

G hf­dj uhjvf­lzy­ Cgjke­xt­y­b­ö Inf­nèd, zrè ljczukb­ �8 hjrèd, ujkjce­df­nb­ y­t­ gjdb­y­y­t­ pf­gt­ht­xe­df­nb­cz xb­ jåvt­ée­df­nb­cz Cgjke­xt­y­b­vb­ Inf­nf­vb­ f­åj jrht­vb­vb­ inf­nf­vb­ y­f­ gèlcnf­dè dère­.

86

Hjplèk 2

Rjy­uht­c vf­æ ghf­dj db­rjy­e­df­nb­ wñ cnf­nnñ d ht­pe­kmnf­nè ghb­q­y­znnz dèlgjdèly­j­uj pf­rjy­jlf­dcndf­.

RJVT­YNFH:

Wz gjghf­drf­ p­f­å­jhjyzæ inf­nf­v dè­lvjdkznb­ e ghf­dè­ ghjujkjcedf­nb­ uhjvf­lzyf­v yf­ gè­lcnf­dè­ ÿöymj­

uj dè­re, zroj ÿv 18 xb­ å­è­kmit­ hjrè­d.

Gjghf­drf­ 27

PFHGKFNF CT­YFNJHÈD È XKT­YÈD GFKFNb GHT­LCNFDYbRÈD

Wñ­ gjghf­dre lj Rjycnb­newè­ÿ å­ekj p­f­ghjgjyjdf­yj 25 dt­ht­cyz 1789 hjre è­ hf­nb­aè­rjdf­yj 7 nhf­dyz

1992 hjre.

É jlt­y­ pf­rjy­, zrb­q­ gt­ht­låf­xf­æ pvèy­e­ jgkf­nb­ ghf­wè ct­y­f­njhèd è xkt­y­èd Gf­kf­nb­ ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd, y­t­ vjét­ y­f­åhf­nb­ xb­y­­y­jcnè lj ghjdt­lt­y­y­z y­f­cne­gy­b­ö db­åjhèd Gf­kf­nb­ ght­lcnf­dy­b­rèd.

RJVT­YNFH:

Wz gjghf­drf­ lj Rjycnb­newè­ÿ, p­f­ghjgjyjdf­yf­ Lét­qvcjv Vt­lè­cjyjv, å­ekf­ p­f­ndt­hlét­yf­ Rjy­

uht­cjv e 1789 hjwè­ è­ ght­lcnf­dkt­yf­ inf­nf­v lkz hf­nb­aè­rf­wè­ÿ. Jlyf­r gjyf­l 200 hjrè­d djyf­ å­ekf­ yt­

hf­nb­aè­rjdf­yjñ­ yt­jå­öè­lyjñ­ rè­kmrè­cnñ­ inf­nè­d, zrf­ cnf­yjdb­nm 38. Rhb­nb­rf­ p­ å­jre uhjvf­lcmrjcnè­, yt­­

dljdjkt­yjÿ gè­ldb­ot­yyzvb­ p­f­hgkf­nb­ d Rjyuht­cè­, ghb­p­dt­kf­ lj njuj, oj 7 nhf­dyz 1991 hjre Vè­xb­uf­y

hf­nb­aè­redf­d wñ­ gjghf­dre è­ cnf­d nhb­lwznm djcmvb­v inf­njv, zrb­q wt­ p­hjå­b­d. Gjghf­drf­, ghj zre qlt­

vjdf­, uf­hf­yneæ, oj, rjkb­ ct­yf­njhb­ f­å­j xkt­yb­ Gf­kf­nb­ ght­lcnf­dyb­rè­d ujkjceñ­nm p­f­ gè­ldb­ot­yyz dkf­c­

yjÿ p­f­hgkf­nb­, nj nè­kmrb­ xkt­yb­ yf­cnegyb­ö Rjyuht­cè­d (lj crkf­le zrb­ö vjéenm döjlb­nb­ zr xkt­yb­ Rjy­

uht­ce, oj p­å­t­ht­ukb­ cdjÿ vè­cwz, nf­r è­ yjdè­ rjyuht­cvt­yb­) db­uhf­ñ­nm dè­l p­uf­lf­yjuj gè­ldb­ot­yyz.

87

E gt­hèjl gèlujnjdrb­ Rjy­cnb­ne­wèÿ­ rhf­ÿ­y­f­ crkf­lf­kf­cz p �3 inf­nèd, oj ÿ­ö cb­v­djkèpe­df­kb­ �3 pèhjr y­f­ gt­hijve­ y­f­wèjy­f­kmy­jve­ ghf­gjhè. D y­f­cne­gy­è hjrb­ y­f­ ghf­gjhè p’zdkzkf­cz y­jdf­ pèhrf­ ojhf­pe­, zr lj crkf­le­ Cjñpe­ ghb­q­vf­kb­ y­jdb­q­ inf­n, è y­b­y­è y­f­ ghf­gjhè – 50 pèhjr, zrè ght­lcnf­dkzñnm 48 rjy­nb­y­t­y­­nf­kmy­b­ö inf­nèd, f­ nf­rjé Fkzcre­ nf­ Uf­df­q­cmrè jcnhjdb­. Kb­ib­kb­cz y­t­pvèy­­y­b­vb­ �3 xt­hdjy­b­ö è åèkb­ö cve­u, zrè xt­hue­ñnmcz, cb­vdjkèpe­ñxb­ gt­hiè �3 inf­­nèd, oj ddèq­ikb­ lj crkf­le­ Cjñpe­.

88

Lth­éfd­ybq Ltgfh­nfvtyn cIf

Åñ­h­j vèéyfh­jLybö èyajh­vfwèqybö gh­juh­fv

2004 h.

ht­t­p://usinfo.st­at­e.gov/

Ht­lf­rnjh dcne­ge­ è rjvt­y­nf­hèd lkz wmjuj db­lf­y­y­z – Lé.D. Gtk­ntq­cjy, gjxt­cy­b­q­ ghjat­cjh gjkènjkjuèÿ­, f­ nf­rjé gjxt­cy­b­q­ ght­pb­lt­y­n Ey­èdt­hcb­nt­ne­ inf­ne­ Rf­kèajhy­èz (Èhdf­q­y­); cgèdf­dnjh ry­b­u ≤Phjpe­vènb­ Rjy­cnb­ne­wèñ≥ è ≤Ghf­d­kèy­y­z y­f­hjle­≥.

Öe­ljéy­b­r – Vèy­m­xb­ ZjHt­lf­rnjh èkñcnhf­wèq­ – Léjhlé G. Vèkkt­hRjy­ce­kmnf­y­nb­ p èkñcnhf­wèq­ – Kèy­lf­ Rhècnt­y­cjy­, Åt­hy­f­hl Ht­q­kkèDèlgjdèlf­kmy­b­q­ ht­lf­rnjh – Vèklht­l Cjkf­ YèkèErhf­ÿ­y­cmrb­q­ gt­ht­rkf­l – Zhjckf­df­ Gb­kb­y­cmrjujHt­lf­rnjh e­rhf­ÿ­y­cmrjuj nt­rcne­ – Cdènkf­y­f­ Yèkjdf­

Jcjåb­ q­ jhuf­y­èpf­wèÿ­, oj y­f­lf­kb­ èkñcnhf­nb­dy­b­q­ vf­nt­hèf­k:Jårkf­lb­y­rf­ – Vèy­m­xb­ ZjÈvt­y­f­ q­ y­f­pdb­, oj q­le­nm gèlhzl, dèllèkt­y­è jly­t­ dèl jly­juj rhf­grjñ p rjvjñ, f­ pdt­höe­ ljy­b­pe­ – nb­ht­.Cnjh. 3: Åèåkèjnt­rf­ Rjy­uht­ce­ – Ut­y­hè �ht­y­cèc Lñgjy­, Ve­pt­q­ ≤Dèy­nt­hne­h≥;4: Yf­wèjy­f­kmy­f­ gjhnht­ny­f­ uf­kt­ht­z, Cvèncjy­èdcmrb­q­ èy­cnb­ne­n/Öe­ljéy­èq­ f­höèd, inf­n Ymñ­Qjhr;5: © Fvt­hb­rf­y­cmrf­ f­cjwèf­wèz y­e­vèpvf­nb­rb­ – p kñå’zpy­juj ljpdjke­ ve­pt­ñ ≤Dèy­nt­hne­h≥;6: Yf­wèjy­f­kmy­f­ gjhnht­ny­f­ uf­kt­ht­z, Cvèncjy­èdcmrb­q­ èy­cnb­ne­n/Öe­ljéy­èq­ f­höèd, inf­n Ymñ­Qjhr;7: Yf­wèjy­f­kmy­b­q­ f­höèd – Åèåkèjnt­rf­ Rjy­uht­ce­ – “The American Rev­olution: A Picture Source Book”, Dov­er Publications, �975 (2);8: Ve­pt­q­ ≤Vèl f­hn≥, Rjkkt­lé Fvut­hcnf­, puèly­j èp pf­gjdènjv Kñ Ghf­nnf­ (db­ge­cr �895 h.);9: “The American Rev­olution: A Picture Source Book”, Dov­er Publications, 1975 (2), dct­ht­lb­y­è, Åèåkèjnt­rf­ Rjy­uht­ce­;�0: Åèåkèjnt­rf­ Rjy­uht­ce­;��: Åèåkèjnt­rf­ Rjy­uht­ce­ – påèhrf­ Ècnjhb­xy­juj njdf­hb­cndf­ Ymñ­Qjhrf­;�2: Åèåkèjnt­rf­ hèlrècy­b­ö db­lf­y­m è he­rjgb­cèd, Rjke­våèq­cmrb­q­ e­y­èdt­hcb­nt­n – p kñå’zpy­juj ljpdjke­ Fvt­hb­rf­y­cmrjuj f­y­nb­rdf­hy­juj njdf­hb­cndf­;�3: Yf­wèjy­f­kmy­f­ gjhnht­ny­f­ uf­kt­ht­z, Cvèncjy­èdcmrb­q­ èy­cnb­ne­n/Öe­ljéy­èq­ f­höèd, inf­n Ymñ­Qjhr;�4: P kñå’zpy­juj ljpdjke­ ve­pt­ñ­gkf­y­nf­wèÿ­ ≤Uf­y­cnjy­­öjk≥;�5, �6, �7: Åèåkèjnt­rf­ Rjy­uht­ce­ (4);�8: Åèåkèjnt­rf­ Rjy­uht­ce­ – Åèåkèjnt­rf­ Léjy­f­ Rf­hnt­hf­ Åhf­e­y­f­ d Ey­èdt­hcb­nt­nè Åhf­e­y­f­;3�: Yf­wèjy­f­kmy­b­q­ f­höèd;42: Åèåkèjnt­rf­ Rjy­uht­ce­ – Yf­wèjy­f­kmy­b­q­ f­höèd (4).

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