75217422 Respiration Chapter 7 Biology Form 4

7/29/2019 75217422 Respiration Chapter 7 Biology Form 4

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RESPIRATION


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LEARNING OUTCOMES:

State that all living processes require energy

Identify the main substrate for producing energy

State 2 types of respiration Explain what cellular respiration is

Explain energy production from glucose during

the process ofaerobic respiration

State the conditions leading to anaerobicrespiration in cells

Explain the process ofanaerobic respiration in

yeast and human muscles


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LEARNING OUTCOMES.

Write the chemical equations for aerobic and

anaerobic respiration

Compare and contrast aerobic respiration andanaerobic respiration


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1. Respiration is important living process that

occurs in 2 main stages:

a) External respiration / breathing

b) Internal respiration / cellular respiration


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2. External respiration ??

Is a mechanical process of taking air intothe lungs and vise versa

3. Internal respiration ??

Is a biochemical process that occurs inliving cells to release energy in the form ofATP

4. Respiration is a process to obtain energy byorganisms / living things


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5. All living processs that take place in the

body

6. Required energy for ???

muscular contraction active transport of biochemical

substances

transmission of nerve impulse

synthesis proteins

cell division


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7. Main substrate produce ATP is GLUCOSE

8. Green plants capture & store energy of

sunlight in GLUCOSE through photosynthesis

9. For human and animals, GLUCOSE obtainedfrom digestion of Carbohydrate


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1. Is the process of oxidising glucose

molecules to CO2, water and energy in form

of ATP

2. Energy is released during cellularrespiration.

3. 2 types of cellular respiration:

AEROBIC RESPIRATION

ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION


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Require O2

Chemical equation:

C6H12O6 + 6O2

6CO2 +6H2O + E Occurs in mitochondria (muscle)

Most of energy released,used to synthesise ATP

from ADP and phosphate.

ADP + phosphate + energy ATP


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ATP, consists of phosphate bond can easily

broken down to release energy when required by

the body

ATP ADP + phosphate + energy


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Not require O2

During vigorous activities such as running,

swimming and cycling we need more O2 to be

delivered to the muscle cells to produce more

energy

When the muscle cells used all the available O2

supply, muscle cells carry out anaerobic

respiration


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Anaerobic respiration is a process used to

produce energy stored in glucose without using

O2.

Occurs in cytoplasm


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Prolonged physical activities such as running, rate of

respiration and rate of heartbeat increase


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Muscles are in a state of oxygen deficiency or

oxygen debt

So glucose molecules breakdown partially to

lactic acid

Due to incomplete breakdown of glucose, energy

released is much less compared aerobic

respiration. WHY??

Most of energy is still trapped within the

molecules of lactic acid


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Chemical equation for anaerobic respiration:

For every glucose molecules, only 2 ATP or 150

KJ of energy produced compared to 38 ATP or

2889 KJ energy produced in aerobic respiration

C6H12O6 2C3O6O3 + ENERGY (150 KJ / 2 ATP )


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High conc of lactic acid may cause muscular

cramps and fatique So body need rest and recover by doing fast and

deep breathing.

Excess O2 is used to oxidized lactic acid to CO2

and water. Oxidation takes place in liver. Thus, oxygen demand is the amount of oxygen

needed to recover the lactic acid.

Oxygen debt is paid off when all the lactic acid

eliminated


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Yeast is able to undergo both aerobic and

anaerobic respiration It carries out aerobic respiration in the presence

of O2

Yeast carried out anaerobic respiration when

there is a lack of O2 in the environment Anaerobic respiration in yeast is known as

fermentation

Yeast ferments in warm condition to produce

CO2


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CO2 bubbles are trapped in the dough and when

baked, the CO2 bubbles give the bread a spongytexture

This anaerobic reaction catalysed by enzyme

zymase.

Ethanol can be used in wine and beer production

C6H12O6 2C2O5OH+ 2 CO2 + ENERGY (210 KJ)


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SIMILARITIES

Form cellular respiration

Produce oxidation of glucose

Involve in breakdown of glucose

Produces energy

Catalysed by enzymes

Occurs in animals amd plants


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DIFFERENCES

AEROBIC

RESPIRATION

ITEMS ANAEROBIC

RESPIRATION

Almost every living

things

Work by Certain plant cell ,yeast , bacteria and

muscle

Required Oxygen requirement Not required

Complete oxidation Oxidation of glucose Incomplete oxidation

CO2 , water and

energy

Product Lactic acid & energy(muscle)

Ethanol , CO2 &

energy (yeast)

Large amount Energy released Small amount


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DIFFERENCES

AEROBIC

RESPIRATION

ITEMS ANAEROBIC

RESPIRATIONMitochondria Site Cytoplasm

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2+ 6H2O + 2898 KJ

Chemical equation In muscle cellC6H12O6 2C3H6O3 +

150 KJ

In yeastC6H12O6 2C2H5OH

+2CO2 + 210 KJ

38 molecules No of ATP 2 molecules


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LEARNING OUTCOMES:

State the respiratory structures in humans and

some animals

Describe the characteristics of respiratory

surfaces in humans and other organisms

Describe breathing mechanisms in human and

other organisms

Compare and contrast the human respiratory

system with other organisms


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1. Respiratory structures involve in gaseous

exchange:

a) Across plasma membrane

b) Tracheal system - insects

c) Gills - fish

d) Skin

e) Lungs


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2. To ensure adequate gaseous exchange,

respiratory structures of most organisms

have common characteristics:

a) The respiratory surface is moist

b) Cells lining the respiratory surface are thin

c) Respiratory structures has a large surface

area


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Small aquatic organisms such as amoeba and

paramecium does not require specialized

respiratory system


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The respiration of amoeba and paramecium

occurs across the plasma membrane.

Plasma membrane is moist and thin enough

to allow diffusion of gases

Diffusion of gases take place easily because

amoeba and paramecium have a large

surface area compared to the volume of

their bodies


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1. Respiratory system of insects is tracheal

system.

2. Tracheal system of insect consists of

spiracle, trachea, air sac and tracheoles


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3. Tracheal system consists of air tubes called

tracheae

4. Air enters the tracheae through spiracles

5. Spiracles have valves which allow air, go in and

out of the body

6. Tracheae reinforced with rings of chitin which

prevent them from collapsing

7. Trachea split into numerous finer tubes called

tracheoles

8. Large number of tracheoles provides large

surface area for diffusion of gases


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9. Tracheoles :

So tiny, can channel O2 directly to the cells

in the different parts of body

Are numerous , increase total surface area

Have thin and moist wall at the end of tip ,make it easy for respiratory gases to be

dissolved

10. Larger insects like grasshoppers have air sacs

in their tracheal system to speed up movement

of gases to and from the insects tissue


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1. Amphibians such as frog live on land and in

water

2. Gaseous exchange occur through skin and lungs

3. Adaptation of the skin for gaseous exchange:

o

skin is thin and highly permeable allow theabsorption of respiratory gases into the blood

capillaries

o beneath the skin is a network of blood

capillaries to receive O2 and transport it to

body cells


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o skin is moist by secretion of mucus

facilitate rapid and efficient exchange of gases

between the skin and the environment


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4. Adaptation ofthe lung for gaseous exchange:

Surface area for gases exchange is increased by

numerous inner partition facilitate the

efficient diffusion of respiratory gases in and

out rapidly

Covered with a rich network of blood

capillaries to receive O2 and transport it to

body cells

Membrane of the lungs are thin and moist

Increase the surface area for gases exchange


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1. Respiratory structures of fish gills

2. Bony fish hv 4 pairs of gills which are protected

by operculum

3. Gill consist of filaments which supported by gill

arch

4. Filament s hv a thin

wall called lamellae


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1. Structural adaptation of the gills:

Thin membranes allow the absorption of

respiratory gases into the blood capillaries

Rich of blood capillaries efficient and

transport of respiratory gases

Surrounded by water enable respiratory

gases to be dissolve

Large surface area of filaments andlamellae for efficient gases exchange


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2. Efficiency of gaseous exchange is further enhanced

by countercurrent exchange mechanism


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Water flows over the gills in one direction

Blood flows in the opposite direction through blood

capillaries in the lamellae

As deoxygenated blood enters the blood capillaries,

it encounters water with higher O2 content

Along the blood capillaries, conc gradient allows

the transfer of O2 into the blood

However, conc of CO2 in blood is hingher than in

water. So CO2 diffused from blood into water


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1. Gaseous exchange in humans take place in the lungs

2. Air enters lungs through :

trachea

bronchi

bronchioles

alveoli3. Trachea is supported by cartilage to prevent it from collapse

during inhalation


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A large number of alveoli in the lungs increase

the surface area for exchange of gases

Walls are made up of a single layer of cells

gases can diffuse easily across the thin walls

Walls secrete a thin lining of moisture gases can

dissolve in moisture and diffuse easily across

walls

Surrounded by a network of blood capillaries

can transport O2 to and CO2 away from the cells


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INHALATION EXHALATION

External intercostal muscles

contract

External intercostal muscles relax

Internal intercostal muscles relax Internal intercostal muscles contract

Rib cage move upwards andoutwards Rib cage move downwards andinwards

Diaphragm contracts and flattens Diaphragm relaxes and returns to

dome-shaped

Volume of thoracic cavity increase

resulting in reduced air pressure in

alveoli

Volume of thoracic cavity decrease

resulting in higher air pressure in

alveoli

Higher atmospheric pressure outside

causes air to rush in

Air is force out of lungs


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SIMILARITIES 1. Have large surface area to volume ratio

2. Cells lining the respiratory structures are thin

3. The surfaces for gaseous exchange are constantly moist

DIFFERENCESRespiratory organ

Network of blood capillaries


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Respiratory openings

p

Air passages


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LEARNING OUTCOMES:

Describe process of gaseous exchange across the

surface of alveolus and blood capillaries in lungs

Explain the transport of respiratory gaseous

Explain process of gaseous exchange between the

blood and body cells

Distinguish the composition of inhaled andexhaled air


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a) Transport of O2 from lungs to body cell


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a) Transport of CO2 from body cells to lungs


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LEARNING OUTCOMES:

Describe the change in the rate of respiration

after completing vigorous exercises

Correlate the rate of respiration with the O2 and

CO2 contents in the body

Explain regulatory mechanism of O2 and CO2

contents in the body

Explain human respiratory response and the rate

of respiration in different situations Correlate the rate of respiration with the rate of

heartbeat


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1. During vigorous exercise, muscles require more O2 andglucose to release E during cellular respiration. So, rate of

respiration increase.

2. Thus, to supply more O2, rate and depth of breathing

increase.

3. At the same time, the heartbeat increase to pump more blood

into circulation.

o this enable more O2 and glucose to be supplied for cellularrespiration and more CO2 removed from the cells.

o rate of ventilation increase.rate of ventilation is the rate

of gaseous exchange between alveoli and blood capillaries


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Ph value in the cerebrospinal fluid and blood drops

Detected by CENTRAL CHEMORECEPTORS

##respiratory centre is located inmedula oblongata

## central chemoreceptor is aspecific cell which is found in therespiratory centre


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Plant require energy from cellular respiration

During cellular respiration, plant cells take inO2 and produce CO2.

Photosynthesis only occur in the presence of

light.

In darkness, plants carry out respiration.

Plants need energy continuously to sustain

their living process


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1. Types of respiration in plants :

a) aerobic respiration

b) anaerobic respiration


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1. The similarities of photosynthesis and respiration are:


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1. The differences of photosynthesis and respiration are:

Graph shows CO2 uptake in plants related to light intensity


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Graph shows CO2 uptake in plants related to light intensity


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75217422 Respiration Chapter 7 Biology Form 4

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