71916597 Curso de Ingles Intensivo

Resumo de todo um curso de Inglês

1

Present Simple

Positive Verb example Negative Verb example I You We They

work.

I You We They

don’t (do not)

work. He She It

works. He She It

doesn’t (does not)

Question Verb example Short answer

Do

I you we they

work?

Yes, I you we they

do.

don’t. No,

Does heshe it

Yes, heshe it

does.

doesn’t. No,

Use Examples Longterm situations I live in Madrid.

Where does she work? Habits and routines I travel to work by car.

How often do you play golf? Feelings and opinions She doesn’t like her work.

I agree with you. Facts The journey takes 30 minutes.

It costs $ 15.

Question words

Where do you live? In Rome. What do you do at weekends? I usually play golf. When do they take their holiday? In July or August. Which magazine does James write for? Wine and Dine. How do you travel to work? By car. How often do you make business trips? About twice a month. Whose book is this? It’s mine. Who (*Whom) do you visit in London? I visit my sister. Who arrives at work first? Anna does.

* Whom is very formal, and is not used very often.


2

Present Continuous

Positive Verb example Negative Verb example

I ’m (am)

working.

I ’m not (am not)

working.

He She It

’s (is) He She It

isn’t (is not)

You We They

’re (are) You We They

aren’t (are not)

Positive Verb example Short answer Am I

working?

Yes, I am. Is he

she it

No, ’m not. Yes, he

she it

is. No, isn’t.

Are you we they

Yes, you we they

are. No, aren’t.

Use Examples Actions happening now He’s talking on the phone at the moment.

They’re having lunch with a customer. Temporary situations or actions Jeans are selling well this season.

I’m not travelling on business this month. Which hotel are you staying at?

A dictionary tells you when the final consonant doubles (travel, travelling), and when we leave out the final e (make, making).

Past Simple

Positive Negative I You He She It We They

started rang* yesterday

I You He She It We They

didn’t (did not)

Start ring* yesterday.

Question Short answer

Did


start ring* yesterday?

Yes, I You He She It We They

did.

No, didn’t.


3

* See the list of irregular verbs on page 16.

Use Examples Finished situations and actions in the past I lived in Rome for two years.

He flew to America last week. They didn’t come to the party. Where did you spend your last holiday?

We often use the Past Simple with finished time phrases like yesterday, last week, an hour ago.

Regular verbs in the Past Simple end in –ed. A dictionary tells you when the consonant doubles (Group 3), and when the –y changes to –I (Group 4).

Group 1 Work worked

Play played

Wait waited

Group 2 Live lived

Smile smiled

Close closed

Group 3 Stop stopped

Travel travelled

Plan planned

Group 4 Study studied

Worry worried

Try tried

When the infinitive ends in a / d / or a / t / sound, we pronounce the –ed ending as / id / See Grammar timelines on page 36.

Comparative and super lative adjectives

Form Adjective Comparative Super lative

One syllable

long few hot

longer fewer hotter

the longest fewest hottest

Two syllables Ending in y

easy happy

easier happier the easiest

happiest

Two or more syllables

famous crowded expensive

more famous crowded expensive

the most famous crowded expensive

Ir regular Adjectives

good bad much/many little far

better worse more less

farther / further

the

best worst most least farthest / furthest


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Use Examples We use than after a comparative adjective. London is bigger than Paris. Much can come before the comparative to add emphasis.

He is much younger than his brother. Tokyo is much more expensive than Rome.

We use the before a superlative adjective. Camary Wharf is the tallest building in London.

As… as shows something is the same or equal.

Greece is as sunny as Spain. I am as happy as you are.

Not as… as shows something isn’t the same or equal.

Italy isn’t as big as France.

One syllable adjectives ending with one vowel and a consonant double the consonant:

Adjective Comparative Superlative Big Bigger Biggest Fat Fatter fattest

This doesn’t happen when the consonant is –w or –y:

Adjective Comparative Superlative New Newer Newest Grey Greyer greyest

Mass and Count nouns

Mass nouns

Use Examples Mass nouns have no plural form. We do not use a or an with them. We use them with a singular verb form.

They want some information. I don’t like music This machinery is expensive.

Count nouns

Use Examples Count nouns have a singular and plural form. We use them with a and an. We use them with singular and plural verb forms. Some nouns are both mass and count.

This machine is expensive. Did you have a good trip? These machines are expensive.

Mass / Count nouns

Use Examples Mass (general meaning)

Count (specific meaning)

James writes about wine. She has a lot of experience of the travel industry.

He’s writing a book about the wines of Italy. I had some amusing experiences on my last holiday.


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some, any, a lot of, much, many

some

Use Examples With mass and count nouns in positive sentences In offers and requests

I bought some tea. She made some appointments. Would you like some coffee? Could I have some information?

any

Use Examples With mass and count nouns in negative sentences in questions

I didn’t buy any apples. He didn’t spend any money. Did they give you any help? Do you have any questions?

a lot of / lots of

Use Examples With mass and count nouns in positive sentences

There’s a lot of traffic today. There are a lot of cars in the city centre. Lots of people go jogging in the park.

much

Use Examples With mass nouns in negative sentences, and in questions

We haven’t got much luggage. I don’t have much time. How much paper do you need?

many

Use Examples With count nouns in negative sentences, and in questions

We haven’t got many suitcases. She didn’t have many meetings. How many people did you invite?

In positive sentences Many people are on holiday this week.

In positive sentences, a lot of / lots of is more common than many.

We can use a lot of / lots of in negative sentences and in questions.

Lots of is mostly used in informal spoken English.


6

Present Per fect Simple

Positive Verb examples Negative Verb

examples I You We They

’ve (have) arrived. begun.

I You We They

haven’t (have not) arrived.

begun. He She It

’s (has) He She It

hasn’t (has not)

Question Verb examples

Short answer Verb examples

Have

I you we they arrived?

begun?

Yes, I you we they

have.

No, haven’t.

Has heshe it

Yes, heshe it

has.

No, hasn’t.

Use Examples Finished experiences in your life up to now

She’s lived in China and Japan. He’s had experience of marketing Have you ever been to Brazil?

Recent situations and actions in a time up to now

We’ve reduced prices. Corporate business has increased significantly. Have you had a holiday this year?

Situations that started in the past and still continue

He’s been an architect since 1992. She’s had a translation agency for ten years. How long have you known her?

Past actions in a time up to now where we give the quantity

She’s designed a lot of fashion items for Burberrys. How many letters have you written?

gone to or been to? Ann’s gone to New York, means she’s in New York now, or she’s on her way there. Ann’s been to New York, means she’s not in New York now. Her visit is over.

contracted forms In spoken English, we usually say I’ve, you’re, he’s, etc. In formal, written English we normally use I have, you have, he has, etc.

For information on yet, just, already, see page 33. See Grammar timelines on page 36.


7

Present Per fect Continuous

Positive Negative I You We They

’ve (have) been working.

I You We They

haven’t (have not) been

working. He She It

’s (has) He She It

hasn’t (has not)


Have

I you we they been

working?

Yes, I you we they

have.

No, haven’t.

Has heshe it

Yes, heshe it

has. No, hasn’t.

Use Examples Actions that began in the past and continue to the present

We’ve been producing pens since the 1980s. He’s been living here for five years. How long have you been learning English?

Actions that began in the past and have just stopped

You look very tired. Have you been working? I’m hot because I’ve been running.

The Present Perfect Continuous and Simple are similar in meaning. The form we use often depends on whether we are more interested in the action or its result. I’ve been fixing the car. (My hands are dirty.) I’ve fixed the car. (Now I can drive to work.)

We use the Present Perfect Continuous to say how long. They’ve been interviewing people since 10 a.m. She’s been wr iting letters all morning. We use the Present Perfect Simple to say how many. They’ve interviewed nine people. She’s written five letters.

for and since

Use Examples Use Examples With a period of time

For three days, five hours, a month, ten minutes, ages…

With a point in time Since Tuesday, 8 August, 4 o’clock, last summer, 1982...


8

Future: going to

Positive Negative I ’m (am)

going to begin.

I ’m not (am not)

going to begin.

He She It

’s (is) He She It

isn’t (is not) You We They ’re (are) You

We They

aren’t (are not)


Am I

going to begin?

Yes, I

am.

No, ’m not. Is

heshe it Yes, he

she it

is.

Are you we they

No, isn’t.

Yes, you we they

are. No, aren’t.

Use Examples Future plans, intentions, and decisions We’re going to buy a new car soon.

When are you going to have a holiday? I’m not going to have lunch today.

Future actions we feel certain about because of what we can see now.

The sky’s very dark. I’m sure it’s going to rain. Look out! That car’s going to hit you!

With come and go, we usually use the Present Continuous. I’m going on holiday soon. Are they coming by car on Saturday?

Future: Present Continuous

For Present Continuous form see page 02.

Use Examples Fixed future arrangements I’m flying to Tokyo at 10 a.m. tomorrow.

When is the President arriving? I’m not playing golf this weekend.


9

Future: will

Positive Verb example Negative Verb example I You He She It We They

’ll (will) arrive.


won’t (will not) arrive.

Question Verb example Short answer Verb example

Will


arrive?

Yes, I You He She It We They

will.

No, won’t (will not).

Use Examples Future facts and predictions The new hotel will cost $ 10 million.

The construction work won’t start until next year. How many jobs will there be?

Decisions made at the time of speaking I’ll give you the report today. Hold on a minute. I’ll write down your phone number.

Zero Conditional

If + Present Simple + Present Simple

Positive Negative If I read too much, I get a headache If I didn’t read too much, I didn’t get a

headache.

Question Negative You get a headache if you read too much? Yes, I get.

No, I don’t get.


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1 st Conditional

If + Present Simple + will + infinitive (without to)

Positive Negative If they offer me the job, I’ll accept it.

We’ll have a lot of work if we get the contract.

If you don’t study more, you’ll fail your exam. They won’t visit us if they’re very busy. If they don’t leave now, they won’t arrive on time.

Question Negative Will you buy a new car if you have the money? If you ask him, will he tell you? What will he do if his plane arrives late?

Yes, I will. No, he won’t.

Use Examples Future possibilities and their results If the proposal becomes a reality, it will

revolutionize train travel in Europe. If the weather is bad, the train will arrive before the plane.

The if clause can come before or after the main clause. When the if clause comes first, we usually put a comma between it and the main clause. If the meeting is successful, we’ll sign the contract. We’ll sign the contract if the meeting is successful.

For things we are certain will happen, we use when nor if. When he returns from the USA, he’ll contact you. (We know he will return.) We’ll leave when we finish the work. (We know we will finish the work.)

2 nd Conditional

If + Past Simple + would + infinitive (without to)

Positive Negative If I had more time, I'd travel more.

He'd understand the reason if you explained it.

If he didn’t earn so much, he wouldn't spend so much. I wouldn't invest in that company if I were you.

Question Negative Would you stop work if you won $ 1 million? Would he work abroad if he got the chance? If you had six months off work, how would you spend the time?

Yes, I would. No, he wouldn't.


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Use Examples Unlikely or unreal situations and their probable results

If public transport were free, there would be fewer cars in the city centres. If I were the Transport Minister, I would increase petrol prices.

The if clause can come before or after the main clause. When the if clause comes first, we usually put a comma between it and the main clause. If I won a lot of money, I'd buy a Ferrari. I'd buy a Ferrari if I won a lot of money.

With I, he, and she, we can use was instead of were in the if clause, especially in a more informal style. If it was less expensive, he would buy it.

Could is both the Past and the Conditional of can. When she lived in Paris, she could visit the Louvre at any time. (Past) We could make some of the money if we charged motorists. (Conditional)

The Past tense does not refer to past time in a conditional sentence. If refers to an unreal situation. If I were the Transport Minister... (but I'm not).

3 rd Conditional

If + Past Perfect + would have + Past Participle

Positive Negative If I had studied, I would have passed the exam.

If I had known that day we had a test, I wouldn’t have spent the night drinking.

Question Negative Would you have passed the exam if you had studied?

Yes, I would have. No, I wouldn’t have.

Use Examples Criticizing people, pointing out their mistakes or expressing regret about the past.

If I had known, I would have gone to visit you.

Modal verbs

Can Could May Might Shall Should Will would Must Mustn't Needn't

Modal verbs add extra meaning to the main verb.


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Use Examples

Necessity He must have a visa.

Prohibition He mustn' t leave without paying.

No necessity You needn' t make an appointment.

Advice You should always be punctual. You shouldn' t use first names.

Possibility Paperwork can take a long time. Your host may invite you to his home. I might be late.

Use Examples

Permission Can I use your phone? Could I interrupt you for a moment? May I borrow your car?

Ability Can you speak Spanish? She could swim when she was three.

Requests Could you repeat that, please? Will you post this letter for me? Would you type this letter, please?

Offers Would you like a drink? Shall I call a taxi for you?

The form of a modal verb is the same for all persons. We don't add s to the 3 rd person singular of a modal verb. I/You/He/She/It/We/They may arrive late. He can speak German.

We don't use to after modal verbs. I must to go now.

To make the negative of a modal verb, we add not or n't. We don't use don't and doesn't. He can' t/cannot speak Japanese. You mustn' t/must not drive on the right in the UK. She may not arrive before you leave.


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We can't add n't to may. She mayn't arrive before you leave.

We put the modal verb before I/you/he, etc. to make a question. Should I confirm the booking by letter?

With I and we, we use shall for offers, and when asking for and making suggestions. Shall I close the door? What shall we do? Shall we go to the park?

We can use have to for necessity. I have to work overtime sometimes. We can use don't have to when there is no necessity. I don' t have to work on Saturdays.

The Passive

Be (is/was/have been, etc.) + past participle (produced/built/grown, etc.)

Positive Negative Coffee is grown in Brazil. The company was founded in 1970. Vines have been grown in this area for over 2000 years.

Cigarette advertising isn' t allowed in cinemas. Prices weren' t increased last year. A decision hasn’t been made yet.

Question Short answer Are Peugeot cars made in France? Were the goods delivered on time? Has the factory been built yet? How is champagne produced? When will it be finished? How long has this method been used?

Yes, they are. No, they weren't. Yes, it has.

Use Examples

We use the Passive when the person or thing that does the action isn't important, or when we don't know who does it. If we want to say who does or did the action we use by.

Active The architect IM Pei designed the Louvre Pyramid in Paris.

Passive The Louvre Pyramid in Paris was designed by IM Pei.


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Prepositions of time

Month/season/year /century

In

June Winter 1996 The 21 st century

Par t of the day

In The morning The afternoon The evening

Day/date

On

Tuesday 6 December Easter Monday Christmas Day Friday morning Wednesday evenings.

Time/meal time

At

Six o'clock Lunch time Midnight

Per iod of two or three days

At

The weekend Christmas Easter


15

Prepositions of place and direction

preposition use examples above higher than sth. The picture hangs above my bed.

across from one side to the other side

You mustn't go across this road here. There isn't a bridge across the river.

after one follows the other The cat ran after the dog. After you.

against directed towards sth. The bird flew against the window.

along in a line; from one point to another They're walking along the beach.

among in a group I like being among people. around in a circular way We're sitting around the campfire. behind at the back of Our house is behind the supermarket. below lower than sth. Death Valley is 86 metres below sea level. beside next to Our house is beside the supermarket.

between sth./sb. is on each side Our house is between the supermarket and the school.

by near He lives in the house by the river. close to near Our house is close to the supermarket. down from high to low He came down the hill. from the place where it starts Do you come from Tokyo?

in front of the part that is in the direction it faces Our house is in front of the supermarket.

inside opposite of outside You shouldn't stay inside the castle. into entering sth. You shouldn't go into the castle. near close to Our house is near the supermarket. next to beside Our house is next to the supermarket. off away from sth. The cat jumped off the roof. onto moving to a place The cat jumped onto the roof. opposite on the other side Our house is opposite the supermarket. out of leaving sth. The cat jumped out of the window. outside opposite of inside Can you wait outside? over above sth./sb. The cat jumped over the wall. past going near sth./sb. Go past the post office. round in a circle We're sitting round the campfire.

through going from one point to the other point You shouldn't walk through the forest.


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to towards sth./sb. I like going to Australia. Can you come to me? I've never been to Africa.

towards in the direction of sth. They walk towards the castle. under below sth. The cat is under the table. up from low to high He went up the hill.

Ir regular verbs

Present Past Past Par ticiple awake awoke awoken

be was, were been bear bore born beat beat beat

become became become begin began begun bend bent bent beset beset beset bet bet bet bid bid/bade bid/bidden bind bound bound bite bit bitten bleed bled bled blow blew blown break broke broken breed bred bred bring brought brought

broadcast broadcast broadcast build built built burn burned/burnt burned/burnt burst burst burst buy bought bought cast cast cast catch caught caught choose chose chosen cling clung clung come came come cost cost cost creep crept crept cut cut cut deal dealt dealt dig dug dug dive dived/dove dived do did done draw drew drawn


17

dream dreamed/dreamt dreamed/dreamt drive drove driven drink drank drunk eat ate eaten fall fell fallen feed fed fed feel felt felt fight fought fought find found found fit fit fit flee fled fled fling flung flung fly flew flown

forbid forbade forbidden forget forgot forgotten forego (forgo) forewent foregone forgive forgave forgiven forsake forsook forsaken freeze froze frozen get got gotten give gave given go went gone grind ground ground grow grew grown hang hung hung hear heard heard hide hid hidden hit hit hit hold held held hurt hurt hurt keep kept kept kneel knelt knelt knit knit knit know knew know lay laid laid lead led led leap leaped/lept leaped/lept learn learned/learnt learned/learnt leave left left lend lent lent let let let lie lay lain light lighted/lit lighted lose lost lost make made made mean meant meant meet met met


18

misspell misspelled/misspelt misspelled/misspelt mistake mistook mistaken mow mowed mowed/mown

overcome overcame overcome overdo overdid overdone overtake overtook overtaken overthrow overthrew overthrown

pay paid paid plead pled pled prove proved proved/proven put put put quit quit quit read read read rid rid rid ride rode ridden ring rang rung rise rose risen run ran run saw sawed sawed/sawn say said said see saw seen seek sought sought sell sold sold send sent sent set set set sew sewed sewed/sewn shake shook shaken shave shaved shaved/shaven shear shore shorn shed shed shed shine shone shone shoe shoed shoed/shod shoot shot shot show showed showed/shown shrink shrank shrunk shut shut shut sing sang sung sink sank sunk sit sat sat sleep slept slept slay slew slain slide slid slid sling slung slung slit slit slit smite smote smitten sow sowed sowed/sown speak spoke spoken


19

speed sped sped spend spent spent spill spilled/spilt spilled/spilt spin spun spun spit spit/spat spit split split split spread spread spread spring sprang/sprung sprung stand stood stood steal stole stolen stick stuck stuck sting stung stung stink stank stunk stride strod stridden strike struck struck string strung strung strive strove striven swear swore sworn sweep swept swept swell swelled swelled/swollen swim swam swum swing swung swung take took taken teach taught taught tear tore torn tell told told think thought thought thrive thrived/throve thrived throw threw thrown thrust thrust thrust tread trod trodden

understand understood understood uphold upheld upheld upset upset upset wake woke woken wear wore worn weave weaved/wove weaved/woven wed wed wed weep wept wept wind wound wound win won won

withhold withheld withheld withstand withstood withstood wring wrung wrung write wrote written


20

SOCIAL ENGLISH

Meeting people

Introductions

May/Can I introduce myself? My name's... (James Turner for example). I'm... (Monique Bresson).

May/Can I introduce a good friend of mine? This is... (Roberto Angelini).

Excuse me, are you... (Duncan Ross)? Hello, you must be... (Luigi Bastini).

I'd like to/let me introduce you to... (Tony White).

How do you do. How do you do. Pleased to meet you. Pleased to meet you, too. Please call me... (Luigi). Then you must call me... (Monique).

Greetings

Hello,... (Roberto). Good/Nice to see you again.

How are you? Fine, thanks. And you? How are things? Not too bad, thanks. How's the family? Very well, thank you.

Good morning/afternoon/evening.

We only say Good night when we are leaving. We don't use it as a greeting.

Goodbyes

I must go now. We really must leave now. I must be off.

It was very nice meeting you. I really enjoyed meeting you, too. Have a good trip/journey/flight. Thank you... (and the same to you). I hope to see you again. I hope so, too.


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I look forward to... (seeing you again). I'm looking forward to... (our next meeting).

See you… on the (first July)/next week/soon. Have a good... trip back/flight back.

Telephoning

Making contact

Hello. This is... (James Turner)

Is that... (Monique Bresson)? Yes, speaking. I'd like to speak to... (Mr. Brown). Who's calling, please? Could I speak to... (Manfred Weiss)? May I know who's calling, please?

I'm calling about... (the letter I sent you).

Hold the line, please.

I'm sorry... (Mr Weiss) is in a meeting at the moment. I'm afraid... (he)'s busy at present. I'm afraid... (she) isn't here.

Leaving a message

Can I... take a message? Can I... leave a message?

Could you take a message? Could you ask... (her) to call... (Luigi Bastini)? Could you tell... (him) that... (Duncan Ross) called?

Could you spell... (your name), please? What's your number, please?

Welcoming a visitor

The journey here

Did you have a good journey? How was your flight? Did you have any problems finding us? How did you get here? Are you here on business?


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Work

What do you do? Where do you work? What are you working on currently?

The weather What was the weather like in... (London)?

Travel and holidays

Do you travel a lot? Which countries do you visit? Where did you spend... (your last holiday)?

The visitor Where do you live? Which part of the country/city is that?

First impressions

What do you think of... (the new airport)? Is this your first visit to... (Barcelona)? How long are you here for?

Sports and leisure What do you do at the weekends? Do you play any sports?

News What's the latest news on... (the election)? Is there any news about... (the conference)?

Staying at a hotel

Booking a hotel

I'd like to book a singe/double room for 4 April.

Ar r iving at a hotel

I have a reservation.

Making requests

I'd like a room, please. Could I have an early morning call, at 6.30? Could I have my bill, please? Can I pay by credit card?


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At a r estaurant

Recommending What do you recommend? The... (seafood) is usually excellent here. I recommend the... (chicken).

Order ing I'll/We'll have... (smoked Scottish salmon).

I'd/We'd like... (the roast Normandy pork).

Could we have... (a bottle of mineral water)?

Offer ing Do have some more... (prawns). What about... (dessert)? How about... (some strawberries)? Would you like... (a coffee)?

Accepting Yes, I'd like that. Yes, that would be very nice.

Declining Thank you, but I couldn't eat any more. No, thank you.

Thanking and responding

Thank you for a really excellent meal. Don't mention it. Thank you for a lovely evening. I enjoyed it very much, too.

Making ar rangements

Making an appointment

When What time

would be convenient for you? could we meet? are you free? would suit you?

Shall we say... (next Tuesday)? Yes,... (Tuesday) suits me fine. Is... (9.30) possible for you? Yes, that's fine. How about... (Friday)? Yes, I can make it on... (Friday). What about... (the afternoon)? No, I'm afraid I've got another appointment

then.


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I look forward to meeting you on... (Wednesday). See you... (next week).

Changing an appointment I'm very sorry I have to cancel the appointment on... (Friday). I'm afraid I can't manage our meeting... (tomorrow). Could we arrange another time?

Opinions and suggestions

Asking for opinions

What do you think about... (the design)? What's your opinion of... (the quality)? How do you feel about... (the price)?

Agreeing

I agree. I certainly agree with that. I agree completely.

Asking for suggestions Do you have any suggestions for... (the agenda)? Any ideas on... (the parking problem)?

Making suggestions

I suggest... (we meet at the hotel). How about... (going by plane)? What about... (giving a talk)? Why don't we... (have a meeting)? Why not... (finish with a party)? We could... (arrange a tennis tournament).

Giving opinions In my opinion... (it's excellent). I think... (it's rather expensive).

Disagreeing I'm afraid I don't agree. I'm sorry, but I disagree.

Accepting suggestions Yes, that's a good idea. Yes, let's do that.


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Rejecting Suggestions

Yes, but... (it's too far away). I'm not sure about that. I'm afraid I don't like that idea.

Invitations

Inviting

I'd like to invite you to... (have dinner with me). Would you join us... (for a game of tennis)? Would you like to... (come swimming)? Why don't you... (have lunch with us)? How about... (joining us)?

Accepting

Thank you. I'm delighted to accept. Thank you. I'd love to. Thank you. I'd enjoy that.

Declining I'd love to, but... (I'm afraid I can't). Thanks a lot but... (I've made another arrangement).

Offer s

Offering

Shall I... (open the window)? Do you want me to... (post the letter for you)? If you like, I can... (give you some help). Would you like me to... (arrange a meeting)?

Accepting

Yes, please. Thank you. That's very kind of you. Thank you. I'd appreciate that.

Declining

Thanks, but please don't bother. Thanks, but that won't be necessary. That's very kind of you, but... (I can manage).


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Requests

Requesting

Can you... (come tomorrow)? Could you... (write her a letter)? Would you... (book the hotel)? Do you think you could... (check it)? Would you mind... (checking it)? Do you mind... (checking it)?

Agreeing

Yes, of course. Yes, certainly. Not at all. No, of course not.

Refusing

I think that will be difficult... (there isn't enough time). I'm afraid not... (I'm very busy). I'm sorry, but that's not possible... (I'm leaving now). I'm afraid not.

Asking for information

Asking

I'd like some information about... (fights to Paris). I'd like to know... (how long it takes). Do you know... (when the train arrives)? Can/could you tell me... (how often the trains leave)?

Showing understanding

I see. Right, I've got that. So,... (the next train's in half an hour)

Checking Let me check. I'll look that up.

Asking for repetition Could you repeat that, please? Could you say that again?


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Apologizing I'm afraid I don't have any information about... (domestic flights).

Social r esponses

Thanking

Thanks for all your help. Thank you for your advice.

Don't mention it. Not at all. You're welcome. (US)

Apologizing

Sorry I'm late. I'm sorry. I've broken a glass.

It doesn't matter. Don't worry. Never mind.

Asking for r epetition

Sorry? Pardon? Could you repeat that, please? I'm sorry, I didn't catch... (your name).

Asking and giving permission

May I sit here? Could I use your phone?

Do you mind if I open the window?

Yes, of course. Please do. Yes, certainly. No, not at all.

Refusing permission

Could I borrow your car? Do you mind if I smoke?

Sorry, but I need it. Well, I'd rather you didn't.

Giving and passing things

Have you got the tickets? Could you pass the bread, please?

Yes, here they are. Yes, here you are.


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Expressing surprise

They’ve got six children now. Really!

Responding to good news

I've passed my final exams! Congratulations! That's great!

Responding to bad news

I failed my driving test. Oh, I'm sorry to hear that.

Responding to good wishes

Have a good weekend. I hope you enjoy your holiday.

Thanks. You too. Thanks, and the same to you.

Saying goodbye

Thanking for hospitality

Thank you for inviting us. for everything. very much for your hospitality.

We've had a wonderful time. It was really enjoyable. I really appreciate it. Everything was great.

Thanks a lot.

Responding to thanks

I'm glad you could come. enjoyed it. found it interesting. like it.


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Asking for help

Sorry, I don't understand. I don't know what... (currently) means. What does... (working knowledge) mean? What do you call this in English? How do you say... (je voudrais une chambre) in English? Could you say that again, please? Could you repeat that, please? Could you speak more slowly, please? Could you spell that, please? Could you write that down, please?


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OTHER USEFUL INFORMATION

Business cor respondence

CUNNINGHAM ASSOCIATES 26, Trent Rd, Bicester, Oxon OX6 8RN Tel: 0861 204950 Fax: 0861 204900

22 February 1996

Jean Paul Leclerc ZigZag SA 74, rue Jules Ferry 75116 Paris

Dear Mr Lederc

Thank you for your letter of 15 January. I apologize for not replying sooner.

I am writing to inform you that I am coming to Paris on 7 March.

I would be delighted to meet you to discuss the fashion show, as you suggested.

Unfortunately, as I am flying to Rome in the afternoon, I will not be able to visit your factory, and cannot attend your company dinner in the evening.

I would be grateful if you could send me your catalogue and price list as soon as possible, as I would like to show your Summer Collection to the fashion buyers at our monthly meeting next week.

I am enclosing a copy of an excellent magazine article about fashion retailers in this country. I hope you find it interesting.

I look forward to meeting you next month. Please let me know if you would like any further information.

Yours sincerely

David Cunningham President


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Opening

Dear Sir Madam Mr... Murphy Mrs... Hobbs Miss... Young Ms... White .... George Dr... Green

When you don't know the receiver's name, use Sir or Madam. For a man, use the receiver's family name with Mr. For a married woman, use the receiver's family name with Mrs. or Ms. For an unmarried woman, use the receiver's family name with Miss or Ms. For a close business contact or friend, use the receiver's first name. For a doctor, us Dr. and the family name.

Ms can replace Mrs and Miss. It doesn't indicate whether a woman is married.

Making reference

Thank you for your telephone call today.

With reference to your letter of 8 January...

Further to Your letter of 30 August,...

Apologizing

I apologize for the delay. not replying sooner.

I am sorry that I am not able to help you.

Explaining the reason for wr iting

I am writing to ask you... enquire about... inform you that... confirm...


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Agreeing to requests

I would be Delighted to... pleased to...

Giving bad news

I am afraid that... Unfortunately...

Requesting

I would be grateful if you could... We would appreciate it if you could... Could you possibly...?

Enclosing documents

I have pleasure in enclosing... I am enclosing... I enclose...

Referr ing to future contact

I look forward to meeting you next month. receiving your reply. hearing from you soon.

Finishing

Please let me know if Please contact us again if

you have any questions. we can help in any way. you would like further information.

Closing

Yours faithfully sincerely

Best wishes

When you open the letter with Dear Sir or Dear Madam, use Yours faithfully. When you open the letter with the receiver's family name, use Yours sincerely. For a close business contact or friend, use Best wishes.


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American English

This section describes some differences between American and British English. The differences are not very great, and they may vary between regions across the USA.

have/have got To express possession, British people often say have got.

Br itish British/Amer ican

I've got a German car. Have you got a fax machine?

Yes, I have. No, I haven' t.

I have an Italian car. Do you have any children?

Yes, I do. No, I don't.

The difference is only in the Present Simple. There is no difference in other tenses. When we use the verb have for an action, there is no difference between American and British English.

British/Amer ican

I have an English lesson every week. Do you have coffee for breakfast?

Yes, I do. No, I don't.

Present Per fect/Past Simple

Where British English uses the Present Perfect, American English often uses the Past Simple.

Br itish Amer ican

I've just finished the report. Have you seen her yet? I haven't finished the work yet. We're already met.

I just finished the report. Did you see her yet? I didn't finish the work yet. We already met.

Dates (wr itten)

Br itish Amer ican

2.11.94 2 November 1994 11/2/94 November 2 1994

Dates (spoken)

Br itish Amer ican

She started work on the second of November, nineteen ninetyfour.

She started work on November second, nineteen ninetyfour.


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Prepositions

Br itish Amer ican

at the weekend five minutes past two ten minutes to six write to me meet someone stay at home Tuesday to Saturday Visit somebody

on the weekend five minutes past/after two ten minutes to/of six write me meet with someone stay home Tuesday through Saturday visit with somebody

Vocabulary

Br itish Amer ican

Flat car taxi chemist's lift autumn tap ground floor motorway petrol post cinema trousers wallet railway toilet return ticket pavement tube / underground holiday

Apartment automobile cab drug store elevator fall faucet first floor freeway gas mail movie theater pants pocketbook railroad rest room round trip ticket sidewalk subway vacation


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Mathematical terms

+ 3 + 5 = 8 Three plus five is eight

7 – 1 = 6 Seven minus one is six

/ 20 / 2 = 10 Twenty divided by two is ten.

x 3 x 3 = 9 Three times/multiplied by three is nine.

= 1 + 4 = 5 One plus four is/equals five.

% 75% Seventy five per cent.

1/4 A quarter

1/3 A third

1/2 A half

1 1/2 One and a half

Countr ies and nationalities

Country Nationality Country Nationality

America (the USA) American India Indian

Australia Australian Ireland Irish

Austria Austrian Italy Italian

Belgium Belgian Japan Japanese

Brazil Brazilian The Netherlands Dutch

Canada Canadian Norway Norwegian

China Chinese Poland Polish

The Czech Republic Czech Portugal Portuguese

Denmark Danish Romania Romanian

Finland Finnish Russia Russian

France French Slovakia Slovak

Germany German Spain Spanish

Great Britain (UK) British Sweden Swedish

Greece Greek Switzerland Swiss


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Country Nationality Country Nationality

Hungary Hungarian Turkey Turkish

Grammar timelines


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Phrasal Verbs

Many verbs in English are followed by an adverb or a preposition (also called a particle), and these twopart verbs, also called phrasal verbs, are different from verbs with helpers. The particle that follows the verb changes the meaning of the phrasal verb in idiomatic ways:

VERB MEANING EXAMPLE

drop off decline gradually The hill dropped off near the river.

drop off(2) fall asleep While doing his homework, he

dropped off. drop off(3)

stop and give something to someone

Would you drop this off at the post office?

drop out cease to participate After two laps, the runner dropped out.


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Some particles can be separated from the verb so that a noun and pronoun can be inserted, and some particles can't be separated from the verb. In addition, some phrases are intransitive, meaning they cannot take a direct object.

Separable add up (meaning: to add) Correct: She added up the total on her calculator.

Correct: She added it up on her calculator.

Inseparable get around (meaning: to evade)

Correct: She always gets around the rules.

Incorrect: She always gets the rules around (This construction makes no sense in English.)

Intransitive catch on (meaning: to understand)

Correct: After I explained the math problem, she began to catch on.

Incorrect: She began to catch on the math problem. (catch on cannot take a direct object in this meaning.) Correct: She began to catch on to the math problem. (the word to makes the math problem an indirect object, which is acceptable in this meaning.)

Unfortunately, there is usually no indicator whether an idiomatic phrase is separable, inseparable, or intransitive. In most cases the phrases must simply be memorized. Below is a partial list of each kind of phrase.

Separable

add up add back up cause to move backwards; support; blow up; cause to explode; destroy by explosives break down analyze; list the parts of separately break into go into a house or room forcibly; suddenly; begin; bring about cause to happen bring off accomplish bring on cause bring out publish; emphasize bring over bring bring to revive bring up raise; care for from childhood brush out brush the inside of burn down destroy by burning burn up consume by fire buy out by the other person's share of a business buy up buy the whole supply of call off cancel; order away call up telephone; summon for military service calm down become calm carry on continue


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carry out fulfill; complete; accomplish; perform carry over carry; continue at another time or place cheer up cause to become cheerful chew up chew thoroughly chop up chop into small pieces clean off clean the surface of clean out clean the inside of clean up clarify; tidy clear out clear the surface of clear up clear the inside of close down close permanently close up close temporarily count in include count out exclude count up calculate; count; add to a total cross out eliminate cut off interrupt; sever; amputate cut out eliminate; delete cut down reduce in quantity draw up write; compose (a document) dress up put clothes on; adorn dust out dust the inside of eat up eat completely figure out interpret; understand figure up compute fill in complete (a printed form) fill out complete (a printed form) fill up fill completely (a container) find out discover fix up repair; arrange in a suitable manner get across cause to be understood give back return give out distribute; announce give up surrender something hand down deliver; pronounce formally; leave as an inheritance hand over yield control of hang up suspend have on be dressed in have over entertain someone informally at one's home hold off delay; restrain hold up delay; rob; threaten with a weapon keep up continue; keep the same pace leave out omit let down disappoint let out release from confinement; make larger (in sewing) light up light; illuminate thoroughly live down live in such a way as to cause something to be forgotten make over remake move over move to the side pass out distribute pass up not take advantage of (as an opportunity)


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pass on transmit pay back repay pay off discharge a debt completely; give someone his final pay pick up come to meet an escort; lift with hands or fingers; learn casually; initiate an association publicly play down minimize play up emphasize point out indicate pull down pull in a downward direction; raze push across cause to be understood or accepted put off postpone put on dress in; deceive or fool put up preserve (food); receive as an overnight guest quiet down be quiet ring up the telephone rinse off rinse the surface of rinse out rinse the inside of rule out eliminate run down trace; disparage; hit with a vehicle run off cause to depart; reproduce mechanically save up accumulate see through complete; in spite of difficulties see off accompany someone to the beginning of a trip send back send to a place where formerly located send over send to where someone is set up arrange show off exhibit ostentatiously shut off cause to cease functioning slow up cause to move more slowly spell out enumerate; state in detail stand up fail to keep an appointment with sweep out sweep the inside of take back return; retract a statement take down remove from a high position; write from dictation take in understood; fool; deceive; make smaller (in sewing) take over take; assume command of tear down destroy tear up tear into small pieces tell off scold; reprimand think over consider think through consider from beginning to end think up create; invent throw away discard throw over reject tie up tie securely or tight tire out cause to be exhausted touch up repair try on put on a garment to verify the fit try out test turn down refuse; lower the volume turn out produce; force into exile, extinguish (a light)


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wash off wash the surface of wash out wash the inside of wear out use until no longer usable; tire greatly wind up finish, tighten the spring of a watch or machine wipe off wipe the surface of wipe out wipe the inside of; decimate work out solve write down record write out write down every detail; spell out write up compose; prepare (a document)

Inseparable

back out of desert; fail to keep a promise bear down on lean on; browbeat bear on have to do with bear up under endure break in on interrupt break into interrupt call for come to get; require care for like; guard; supervise; maintain carry on with continue catch up with cover the distance between oneself and check up on examine; verify come across find accidentally come along with accompany; make progress come by find accidentally come down with become ill with come out with utter; produce come up with utter; produce count on rely on cut in on interrupt disagree with cause illness or discomfort to do away with abolish do without deprive oneself of drop in at/on visit casually without planning drop out of leave; quit face up to acknowledge fall behind in lag; not progress at required pace fall back on use for emergency purpose fall out with quarrel with fill in for substitute for get ahead of surpass; beat get around evade; avoid get away with do without being caught or punished get by with manage with a minimum of effort get down to become serious about; consider get in enter (a vehicle) get off descend from; leave get on enter (a vehicle); mount get on with proceed with


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get through with terminate, finish go back on desert; fail to keep (a promise) go for like a great deal go in for be interested in; participate in go on with continue go over review go with harmonize with; look pleasing together go without abstain from hang around remain idly in the vicinity of hear from receive a communication from hear of learn about (sometimes accidentally) hit on discover accidentally hold on to grasp tightly hold out against resist keep at persevere at keep to persist in; continue keep up with maintain the pace of lie down on evade; fail to do live on support or sustain oneself by means of live up to maintain the standard demanded of look after take care of look back on remember nostalgically look down on feel superior to look forward to anticipate look up to respect; admire make up for compensate for pass on transmit pick on tease; bully play up to flatter for personal advantage put up with tolerate read up on search out information on run against compete against in an election run away with leave; escape from run for campaign for see about consider; arrange see to arrange; supervise settle on decide on; choose stand for represent; permit stand up for support; demand stand up to resist stick to persist stick up for support; defend take after resemble talk back to answer impolitely talk over discuss tell on report misbehavior to authority touch on mention briefly turn into become wait on serve wait up for not go to bed while waiting for watch out for be careful for


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Intransitive back down retreat from a position in an argument back out desert; fail to keep a promise back up move backwards bear up endure blow in drop in to visit unexpectedly blow over pass without doing harm blow up explode; lose one's temper call up telephone calm down become calm carry on continue as before; misbehave catch on understand catch up cover the distance between oneself and a moving goal check up investigate check out leave; pay one's bill cheer up become cheerful clear out leave clear up become clear close down close permanently close up close temporarily came about happen come along accompany; make progress come back return come by visit someone in his home come out appear; make a social debut come over come to someone's house, to where someone is come through succeed come to regain consciousness cut in interrupt die away fade; diminish die down fade; diminish die off/out disappear; become extinct dress up don fancy or unusual clothes drive back return by car drop in visit someone casually without planning drop out abandon some organized activity; leave; quit drop over visit someone casually fall behind not progress at required pace fall off decrease; lose weight fall through fail; not be accomplished fill in substitute find out learn fly back return by air fly over fly to where someone is get ahead make progress get along have a friendly relationship get around circulate; move about get away escape get by manage; either just barely or with a minimum of effort get in enter get off descend from leave


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get on enter (a vehicle); mount (a horse, etc.) get on/along progress; be compatible get up rise get through finish give out become exhausted give up surrender; fail to finish go back return go off explode go on happen; continue go out stop burning; leave one's residence go over go; succeed grow up mature hang around remain idly; dawdle hang up replace a telephone receive on its hook hold on grasp tightly; persevere; wait while telephoning hold out continue to resist; persevere; persist keep on continue keep up maintain the required pace or standard; continue let up diminish in intensity lie down recline look on be a spectator make out progress; succeed make up become reconciled move over move to the side pan out turn out well; be successful pass out become unconscious pass on die pick up grow; increase pull in arrive pull out deport pull through survive (barely) ride over ride to where someone is run away escape; leave; leave quickly without permission run down slowly lose power so as to stop functioning run off depart running; drain sell out sell the ownership or responsibility settle up pay one's bills or debts show off boast by words or actions show up arrive; appear unexpectedly shut up stop talking slow up reduce speed stand by wait; be prepared to assist stand up stand; rise from sitting; last; endure stay over remain at someone's house overnight or longer step aside move to one side take off leave the ground take over assume command talk back answer impolitely throw up vomit turn around turn so that one is facing another direction turn in go to bed


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turn out succeed; come; appear, as at a public meeting turn up arrive; be found unexpectedly wait up remain awake in anticipation wake up awaken walk back return on foot to where one was walk over walk to where someone is wash out fade or disappear from washing watch out be careful wear off fade; disappear through use or time wear out become unusable through use; become used up work out be successful

The Lord’s prayer

Our father who art in heaven, hollowed be thy name thy kingdom come. Thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven give us, this day, our daily bread and forgive our trespasses as we forgive them that trespass against us and lead us not into temptation but deliver us from evil. Amen

71916597 Curso de Ingles Intensivo

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