PARTICIPANTS

Maria Vitoria Agra EMBRABIO - Empresa Brasileira de

Biotecnologie Representacoes Ltda.

Rua Marques Deitu 58 CJ 1101 Sao Paulo, S. P., Brazil

o Borge Ahgren Dept. of Chemical Technology Royal Institute of Technology S-lOO 44 Stockholm, Sweden

Sebastiao M. Silva Alves Tecnologia QUlmica Instituto Superior Tecnico Av. Rovisco Pais 1096-Codex, Lisboa, Portugal

J. J. Balatinecz Faculty of Forestry University of Toronto 203 College Street Toronto, Ont., Canada M5S lAl

Elchanan S. Bamberger School of Education of the

Kibbutz Department of Biology University of Haifa Oranim, Tivon 36000, Israel

Ali Beba Dept. of Chemical Engineering Ege University Bornova, Izmir, Turkey

713

J¢rgen Bech-Andersen Tecnological Institute Copenhagen Gregersensvej DK-2630 Taastrup, Denmark

W. Becker Institut fur Chemische

Pflanzenphysiologie Universitat Tlibingen 7400 Tubingen 1 Corrensstrasse 41 Federal Republic of Germany

A. A. C. M. Beenackers Twente University of Technology P. O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands

Alda Maria Dos Santos Fidalgo Clemente

Biologia/DCTN - LNETI P. O. Box 21 2686 Sacavem Codex, Portugal

M. Teresa Amaral Colla~o Department of Food Research Laboratorio Nacional de

Engenharia E Tecnologia Industrial

Rua de Sao Pedro de Alcantara, 79 1200 Lisboa, Portugal

Wilfred A. Cote, Jr. Renewable Materials Institute SUNY College of Environmental

Science and Forestry Syracuse, New York 13210, USA

714

Tiberius Cunia School of Forestry SUNY College of Environmental

Science and Forestry Syracuse, New York 13210, USA

Benoit de Lhoneux Laboratoire Forestier Faculte des Sciences Agronomiques

de l'Universite Catholique de Louvain

Place Croix du Sud 2, B. P. 4 B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

Jose Manuel Cabral de Sousa Dias EMBRAPA - National Agricultural

Research Corporation Super Center Venancio 2000 Sala 916 70.336 Brasilia, Brazil

Michael R. Dicks Dept. of Agricultural Economics University of Missouri Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA

Jacqueline Doat Centre Technique Forestier

Tropical 45 bis, Av. de la Belle Gabrielle 94130 Nogent-sur-Marne, France

Jose M. C. Dua~te

Microbiology Group/DCTN Institute of Energy/LNETI P.O. Box 21 2686 Sacavem Codex, Portugal

Ahmet Altan Erarslan Faculty of Engineering Division of Applied Chemistry Middle East Technical University Gaziantep, Turkey

Douglas E. Eveleigh Dept. of Biochemistry & Micro-

biology Cook College, Rutgers University P. O. Box 231 New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903 USA

Ingemar Falkehag Renewing Systems 706 Creekside Drive

PARTICIPANTS

Mt. Pleasant, South Carolina 29464, USA

Jose Luis Figueiredo Faculdade de Engenharia Universidade do Porto 4099 Porto Codex, Portugal

Maria Inez V. S. Florencio Laboratorio Nacional de

Engenharia E Tecnologia Industrial

R. S. Pedro de Alcantara, 79 1200 Lisboa, Portugal

Kenneth L. Giles Dept. of Biology & Biotechnology Worcester Polytechnic Institute Worcester, Massachusetts 01609 USA

Susan Goldhor Center for Applied Regional

Studies 37 South Pleasant Street Amherst, Massachusetts 01002 USA

Aviv Goldsmith Graduate Program SUNY College of Environmental

Science and Forestry Syracuse, New York 13210, USA

Irving S. Goldstein Dept. of Wood & Paper Science North Carolina State University P. O. Box 5488 Raleigh, North Carolina 27650 USA

Branca Pinheiro Gon~alves Dept. of Chemical Engineering Faculdade de Engenharia Universidade de Porto R. dos Bragas 4099 Porto Codex, Portugal

PARTICIPANTS

Maria do Ceu Teixeira Gon~alves Department of Chemical

Engineering Universidade de Porto R. dos Bragas 4099 Porto Codex, Portugal

Elke Haase University of Oldenburg, FB 7 Ammelaender Heerstrasse 2900 Oldenburg Federal Republic of Germany

D. O. Hall Dept. of Plant Sciences King's College 68 Half Moon Lane University of London London, England SE24 9JF, U. K.

John G. Haygreen Dept. of Forest Products University of Minnesota 220 Kaufert Lab. 2004 Folwell Avenue St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA

Merylyn Hedger Imperial College of Science Dept. of Social & Economic Studies 53, Princes Gate Exhibition Road London SW7 2AZ, England, U. K.

Peter L. M. Heydemann National Bureau of Standards 10'535 Cambridge Ct. Gaithersburg, Maryland 20879 USA

Erdin~ Ikizoglu Biochemical Engineering Research

Group Chemical Engineering Dept. Faculty of Chemistry Ege University Bornova, Izmir, Turkey

715

Mentz Indergaard Institute of Marine Biochemistry University of Trondheim N-7034 Trondheim, NTH, Norway

Volker Kasche Fachbereich Biologie NW 11, Universitat Bremen D-2800 Bremen 33 Federal Republic of Germany

Joseph D. Kasile Division of Forestry The Ohio State University 2021 Coffey Road Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA

Raphael Katzen Raphael Katzen Associates

International, Inc. 1050 Delta Avenue Cincinnati, Ohio 45208, USA

Sucaattin Kirimhan Environmental Research Center Ataturk University Erzurum, Turkey

G. Lakshman Saskatchewan Research Council 30 Campus Drive Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N OXI

J. M. Lopez-Real Biological Sciences Department Wye College (University of

London) Wye, Ashford, Kent TN25 5AH United Kingdom

Bernd Mahro Department of Biology and

Chemistry University of Bremen P. O. Box 28 Bremen 33, Federal Republic of

Germany

716

Luiz Gonsaga Mendes Escola de Agronomia da

Universidade Federal da Bahia 44.380 - Cruz das Almas Bahia, Brazil

Michael M. Micko Dept. of Agricultural Engineering Faculty of Agriculture & Forestry The University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G6

Jette Dahl M¢ller Institute of Plant Anatomy and

Cytology University of Copenhagen S¢lvgade 83 DK-1307 Copenhagen K, Denmark

Joao Barros Cabral Monteiro Faculdade de Engenharia Dept. Eng. Quimica Universidade de Porto Rua dos Bragas 4099 Porto Codex, Portugal

James P. Nakas Environmental & Forest Biology SUNY College of Environmental

Science and Forestry Syracuse, New York 13210, USA

Maria Olsson Department of Operational

Efficiency Swedish University of Agricultural

Sciences S-770 73 Garponberg, Sweden

David G. Palmer Dept. of Forest Engineering SUNY College of Environmental

Science and Forestry Syracuse, New York 13210, USA

John Papadopoulos Centre Technique de l'Industrie

des Papiers, Cartons & Celluloses Domaine Universitaire B. P. 7110 38020 Grenoble Cedex, France

PARTICIPANTS

Berhan Pekin Faculty of Chemistry Ege University Bornova, Izmir, Turkey

Maria de Lourdes Ferreira Pocas Laboratorio Nacional de

Engenharia E Tecnologia Industrial and Instituto Superior Tecnico

R. Ponta.Delgada 65, 1° ESQ 1000 Lisboa, Portugal

Lucelia Pombeiro Laboratorio Nacional de

Engenharia E Tecnologia Industrial

R. S. Pedro de Alcantara, 79 1200 Lisboa, Portugal

Poul B¢rge Poulsen Novo Industri A/S Novo Alle DK-2880 Bagsvaerd, Denmark

Maria de Fatima Garcia d'Almeida Proens;a

Department of Food Research LNETI Rua Vale Formosa 1 - 1900 Lisboa, Portugal

D. L. Pyle Department of Chemical

Engineering and Chemical Technology

Imperial College Prince Consort Road London, SW7 2BY, England, U.K.

Fernando Henrique da Silva Reboredo

INIC - Centro de Engenharia Biologica da Univ. de Lisboa

Depart. de Botanica, Faculdade Ciencias

1294 Lisboa Codex, Portugal

PARTICIPANTS

Alirio Rodrigues Department of Chemical

Engineering University of Porto 4099 Porto Codex, Portugal

Guy Rollinson Department of Microbiology University College Newport Road Cardiff, CF2 lTA, S. Wales, U. K.

Jose Carlos Pereira Roseiro Dept. of Food Research LNETI Rua Vale Formoso 1-1900 Lisboa, Portugal

William J. Sheppard Battelle Columbus Laboratories 505 King Avenue Columbus, Ohio 43201, USA

Smiljana Smiljanski c/o Andrejevic Lole Ribara 37 11000 Beograd, Yugoslavia

Wayne H. Smith Biomass Energy Systems Programs 3038 Mc8arty Hall University of Florida Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA

Harry Sobel P. O. Box 5820 Sherman Oaks, California 91403 USA

Ed J. Soltes Department of Forest Science Forest Science Laboratory Texas A&M University College Station, Texas 77843, USA

Celia A. Spence Graduate Program SUNY College of Environmental

Science and Forestry Syracuse, New York 13210, USA

717

S. Suha Sukan Dept. of Biological Sciences Middle East Technical University Ankara, Turkey

Fadime Taner Temel Bilimler Fakultesi Kimya BCillimil Cukurova University P. K. 171 Adana, Turkey

Fred Terracina Dept. of Environmental &

Forest Biology SUNY College of Environmental

Science and Forestry Syracuse, New York 13210, USA

George Tsoumis School of Forestry and Natural

Environment Aristotelian University Thessaloniki, Greece

Leena Vanhala Kemira Oy Espoo Research Centre P. O. Box 44 SF-0227l Espoo 27, Finland

S. Venketeswaran Biology Department University of Houston 4800 Calhoun Houston, Texas 77004, USA

Robert Vokes Black Clawson Co., New York Parsons & Whittemore, Inc.,

New York 412 B Country Club Boulevard Whispering Pines, North Carolina

28389, USA

Roscoe F. Ward United Nations DC 810 New York, New York 10017, USA

718

John M. Yavorsky School of Continuing Education International Programs SUNY College of Environmental

Science and Forestry Syracuse, New York 13210, USA

Raymond A. Young Department of Forestry University of Wisconsin 1630 Linden Drive Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA

PARTICIPANTS

CONTRIBUTOR

Achmadi, S. Alves, S. Andrade, M. E.

Balatinecz, J. J. Beba, Ali Becker, E. W. Beenackers, A. A. C. M.

Clemente, A. Colla~o, M. T. A. Cote, W. A. Cunia, T.

Dias, A. T. Dicks, M. R. Doll, J. P. Duarte, J. M. C.

Eveleigh, D. E.

Figueiredo, J. L.

Gandhi, V. Goldstein, I. S. Grimme, L. H.

Hall, D. O.

Indergaard, M.

Kasile, J. Katzen, R. Kirimhan, S.

Lakshman, G. Lipinsky, E. S. Lopez-Real, J. M.

Mahro, B. Monteiro, J. C.

Nagmani, R. Nakas, J. P.

Orfao, J. M.

Papadopoulos, J. Pekin, B. Poulsen, P. B.

Reboredo, F. Rodrigues, A. Romano, E. J. Royer, J. C.

Sheppard, W. J. Sobel, H. Soltes, E. J.

Tsoumis, G.

Van Swaaij, W. P. M. Venketeswaran, S. Vokes, R. F.

Ward, R.

Young, B. Young, R. A.

719

SUBJECT INDEX

ATP, 323, 323 Accessibility, land, 87 Acid-fermentation, 350 Adhesives from biomass, 567,

580, 582 Aerial photo

measurements, 105 volume tables, 103, 105

Aerobic photosynthesis, 231 Aflatoxins, 424 Agar, 143

production, 149 Agaricus bisporus, 428, 429,

430, 431 Agarophytes, 143 Agarose, 143 Alcohol, 9

beverage use, 119 from sugar-cane, 9, 11, 32 potable, 478, 479, 480,

481, 482 production from wastes, 345

Alga, blue-green, 145 Algae, chemical composition,

217, 218 digestibility, 216 growth rate, 217 photosynthetic efficiency,

215 nutritional value, 217, 218 red, brown, green, 138 yield, 217 as a source of energy, 222 Tor sewage treatment, 223

Algal biomass, 206 as feed, 222 as food, 221

Algal biomass (continued) yield of, 217

Algal cultivation, 209 growth, 207, 212 production and harvesting, 213 protein, amino acids in, 220

Algin factories, 151 Algillates, 142, 147 Allothermal gasification, 593 Alpha-amylase

bacterial, 468, 470 fungal, 468

Amino acid distribution in yeasts, 310 production, 380 world production 383

Amy la se s, 341 Amylopectin, 464 A.mylose, 464 Anaerobic microorganisms, 323 An'3.1y s i"J

multiple discriminant, 100 of variance, one-way, 104

Anhydrocellobiose, 279 Aquatic plants, 2, 39 Aryl-alkyl ether linkage, 304 Aspergillus terreus, 437

Bacteria aerobic, 432 saccharolytic thermophilic, 379

Bactertial protein from methane or methano I, 450

Bagasse, 41, 130, 335, 375, 376, 672

Bark, tree, 110, 112 Biocatalysts, immobilized, 329, 33

331,333

721

722

Bioconversion processes, 317 Biofilm reactors, 503 Biogas, 16,312,348,512,

515, 525 alternative use, 17 characteristics, 525

Biomass aquatic, 39, 234, 237 cellulosic, 366 combustion, 542 densification, 183, 184, 186 forest, 109 harvested forest, 105, 106 microbial, 309, 310 microbial fermentation, 367 new, 58 sources, 2, 120 woody, 249

Biomass conversion integrated processes, 669, 670 thermal reactions, 593

Biomass for energy, 10, 117, 183 Biomass inventory, 66 Biomass planta tions, 13 Biomass production, annual, 6 Biomass projects, 9 Biomass from residues, factors

affecting supply, 35 Biomass resource, 291 Biomass Resourse base, 33 Biomass steam 291 Biomass table

one-way tree, 73 two-way standard tree, 74

Biomass tables error of, 98 regional two-way, 83

Biomass uses, hierarchy of, 120 Biomass utilization, forest, 114 Biomethanation, 42 Biophotolysis, 355, 356, 359,

360 Blue-grass algae, nitrogen­

fixing, 223 Bongkrek acid, 424 Bordered pits, 263, 267, 268,

285 Botryococcus branuii, 16 Briquetting of biomass, 185 Bulrush, 234, 237

Bulrush (Continued) calorific values of, 239

Burning, mass, 687

INDEX

CGC - Carbonization and gasifica­tion chamber, 555, 556

CO2 balances, 5 PMR - continuous perfectly mixed

reactors, 503, 506 Callus, 194 Calorific values

bulrush, 239 cattails, 239

Cambium, 250 Candida, 341 Carbohydra tes

acetic acid from 647, 650 lactic acid from, 647, 649 source of, 462

Carbon/nitrogen ratio, C/N, 522, 524 Carburol, 14 Carrageenans, 143, 149, 159 Carrageenans factories, 151 Carrageenophytes, 162 Cattails, 234, 237

calorific values, 239 ethanol production from 237

Cell culture techniques, 192 Cell wall

plant, 275 sculpturing, 261 wood, 258, 260, 261, 277

Cellobiase, 497 Cellobiose, 279 Cellobiohydrase, 497 Cellobiohydrolase, 371, 372 Cells, wood, 254 Cellulase, 338, 366, 369 Cellulases, bacterial, 373 Cellulase

fungal, 370 price, 368 production, 327, 328

Cellulolytic bacteria, 375 Cellulolytic microbes, 370 Cellulose, 271, 292, 337, 366, 367,

461,466, 567, 572, 659 Cellulose I, 278 Cellulose II, 278 Cellulose III, 278

INDEX

Cellulose (continued) accessibility, 274 acid hydrolysis, 273, 368, 559 amorphous, 280 crystalline, 280 decrystallization, 561 degradation by enzymes, 371 derivatives, 275, 287 enzymatic hydrolysis, 273,

283, 368 hydrolysis, 337, 369, 538,

560 Cellulose acetate, 275 Cellulose as a chemical feed­

stock, 272 Cellulose degradation by rumen

microorganisms, 353 Cellulosic wastes for SCP

production, 452, 455 Char, 547, 553, 555 Charcoal, 111, 547, 642, 672 Chemical feedstocks, 28, 635 Chemicals from biomass, 637, 669 Chemotrophs, 313 Chinese tallow tree, 121, 192,

195 Chippers, whole tree, 103, 107 Chlorella, 206, 207, 337 Chlorella fusca, H2 photopro-

duction, 228 Chondrus, 1 ~3 Cloning, 192 Clostridium thermocellum, 378 Co-disposal, 171 Co-generation, 171, 689 Combustion, direct, 46, 540,

670 Composting, 432

high temperature, 529 temperature curve of, 531

Continuous-culture, 320, 321, 322

Continuous forest inventory (CFI), 85

Conversion biomass, 291 thermochemical, 44, 45,

537, 539, 550, 553 Conversion processes,

energy parameters, 666

Copaiba tree, 192, 201 Copaifera multijuga, 193 Corn wet milling process,

488, 489 Covariance matrix, 79 Crops

energy, 38 grain, 121 hydrocarbon, 121 oilseed, 121 oilseed, availability, 122 oilseed, production, 123 major grain, prices, 122

Cyanobacteria; 205

d-RDF-densified refuse derived fuel, 170

723

Densification by compression bailing, 185

Densification of biomass, 183 Densification of biomass by roll­

compressing, 185 Densified biomass

advantages of, 187 potential uses of, 187 properties and uses of, 186

Dextrose, 463 Digestion, anaerobic, 312, 350,

351, 352, 511 Disaccharides, 461 Distillation, 485, 486, 487, 488 Double fluidized bed steam gasifica-

tion, 597 Double bed wood gasifier, 598 Dulse, 162 Dunaliella, 16, 337

EBR - energy benefit ratio, 663, 664

Economic analysis, parameters, 676 Enctogluconase, 339, 370, 372, 398,

497 Endotoxins, 447 Effluents, municipal, 233 Energy

biochemical, 56 commercial, for cereral output,

28 commercial, for corn production,

27

724

Energy (continued) from algae, 223 industrial usage, 56 production from MSW biomass,

178 Energy analysis, 54 Energy balances, 611, 617, 618,

619, 668 Energy crops, 38 Energy efficiency, 611

net, 621 Energy Farm Project, U.S.

Food, 163 Energy inputs, 612 Energy outputs, 612 Energy from biomass, 13 Energy requirements for agri-

culture, 25 Energy through direct combus-

tion, 375 Energy use, 4 Enzymatic hydrolysis, 42 Enzymes, 325

cellulolytic, 280 classification, 326 microbial, 485 production, 380 world production, 382

Error measure men t, 76 sampling, 77 sta tistical, 75

Ethanol costs from various feed­

stocks, 33 dehydration, 659 fermentation, 40, 348, 365,

659 high octane number, 635 production from grain, 119 production from molasses,

344, 662 synthetic anhydrous, 635

Ethanol as transportation fuel, 30, 31, 483, 672, 696, 967, 699, 700, 706

Ethanol from biomass, 41, 660 Ethanol from cellulosic

wastes, 614, 691

INDEX

Ethanol from corn, 615, 696, 697 Ethanol production

energy efficiency in, 663 energy parameters in, 665

Ethanol-water pulping, 572 Ethanol yields, 662 Eucaryotic green algae, 205 Eucheuma mariculture, 159 Exogluconase, 339 Euphorbia lathyrus, 15, 38, 121

FBBR - fluidised bed biological reactors, 503

Feed stocks, chemical, 118 Feedlot wastes to SCP, 453 Fermenta tion

anaerobic, 511 continuous, 659 ethanol, 40 solid state, 312

Fermentation processes, 413 Fiberboard, 112 Fibril, elementary, 467 Fischer-Tropsch process, 642 Fluidized bed char combustion, 600 Fluidized bed oxygen gaSification,

595 Fluidized bed wood combustion, 600 Food, 23

non-conventional, 413 fermented, 415, 417, 419

Food microorganisms, vitamin content, 446

Forest biomass, 63, 109 Forest inventory by sampling, 65 Forest biomass energy, 52 Fossil fuel reserves, 5 Fructose, 464 "Fuels from Biomass", U.S. programs

376 Fuelwood, 8, 27, 30, 110, 111, 182 Fungi

edible, 426 WOOd-destroying, 282

Furcellaran, 143 Furfural production, 639

Galactans, from red algae, 142 Gasification, 46, 543, 544, 553,

670

INDEX

Gasification (Continued) allothermal, 593 catalysis in, 604

Gasohol, 11 German batch process, 486~ 487 Global environmental monitoring

(GEMS), 71, 98 Glucoamylase, 472

immobilized, 343, 492 Glucose, 272, 299, 463, 559

fermentation, 272, 670 yield from cellulose, 563

Glucose isomerase, 472 B-glucosidase, 368, 371, 372 Gracilaria, 160 Green algae as potential con­

version system of solar energy, 231

Growth, forms in bacteria, yeast and molds, 316

Growth factor, 314 Guayule, 16, 121, 122

productivity, 124

H2 photoproduction, 228 H2 production, 361 Hardwood, composition, 43 Heartwood, 250, 253 Helical thickenings, 262 Hemicellulose, 282, 284, 366,

375 mild acid hydrolysis, 639

High fructose syrups, 473, 477, 497

Humus, 532 Hydrocarbon crops, 121 Hydrocarbon liquid, 16 Hydrocarbon plants, 15, 121 Hydrogen from waste, 337 Hydrogen production

by biophotolysis, 223 microbial and enzymatic, 351

Hydrogen production by green algae, 227

Hydrogenase, 354 bacterial, 358

Hydrolysis processes, acid, 564 Hydrolysis

by concentrated acid, 559, 561 by dilute acid, 559

725

Hydrolysis (Continued) rate, 583

ICI process for methanol production, 586

Index, site, 103, 104 Industries, fermentation, 365 Integrated forest industry, 692 Inulin, 461, 465, 466

processing of, 495 Inventory

biomass, 66 continuous forest, 85 error of estimates, 75 forest, by sampling, 65 forest, sampling design for,

72 global forest, 70 logging, 68 management, 68, 99 national forest, 69 operational, 67, 99 timber sales, 67

Ipil-ipil, 192 Isomerization, 493

Koji, 485 Koji culture, 327 Koji fermentation, 380 Kombu, 145, 147

LPC amino acids in, 416 extraction, 415 leaf protein concentrate, 414

Lactase, 344 Lactose, hydrolysis, 346 Laminaria, 153, 155, 161, 163 Landsat, 64, 99 Least squares linear regression

functions, 79, 96 Leucaena leucocephala, 193, 198,

199 Life

expectancy, 53 quality, 55

Lignin, 259, 281,283, 288, 299, 366, 580

distribution, 259 Lignin-cellulose complex, 283

726

Lignins, acid hydrolysis, 299 Lignocellulose, 271, 580, 638

chemicals, from, 643 Lignocellulosics

accessibility, 539 pre-treatment with sodium

hydroxide, 402 Lignocellulosic resources,

renewable, 580 Lignocellulosic substrates,

microorganisms utiliz­ing, 396

Liquefaction, 47, 350, 463, 489 Liquid fuels from biomass, 667

MSG, production through microbi­al fermentation, 381

MSW, 170, 687 MSW

contamination, 179 as raw material, 623 secondary fibers from, 629 source separation of, 630

MSW-biomass, 170 MSW biomass

acid hydrolysis and fermen-tation, 632

burn ing, 626 energy recovery, 175 ethanol from, 631 pyrolysis, 631

MSW biomass process technology, 624

MSW biomass processes for energy, 625, 690

MSW biomass utilization, 687, 692

MSW cellulose, 368 MSW disposal, tax on, 690 MSW generation, rate, 174 Macrocystis, 158, 163 Macrophytes, marine, 137 Malt, 484 Manure, animal, 133, 512,

514, 522 Marine macrophytes, 137 Marine primary biomass, 165 Material balances, 611 Measurements, aerial photo,

105

Meat analogues, 413 Merchantability, tree, 87 Methane, 313

biogenic, 52 from primary marine

biomass, 155 origenic, 52 production from wastes, 348 Methane bacteria, 518, 523

Methane fermentation, 351 Methane, generation of, 43,

682 Methane hybrid option, 599,

603 Methanol

production costs, 590 via indirect liquefaction,

46 Methanol from wood, 585, 606, Methanol production via leI

process, 586

INDEX

Methanol synthesis from wood, 588, 589

Microalgae, cultivation, 338 Microbial biomass, 309, 443

growth, 314, 315 protein from 311

Microfibril cellulose, 259, 278 e lemen tary, 259

Microfibrils, orientation of, 277 Microorganisms

mesophilic, 530 thermophilic, 377, 531

Middle lamella, compound, 282 Molasses, 42, 133

microbial biomass from, 343 Monosaccharides, 461 Multispectral scanners, 64, 99 Municipal solid waste (MSW) , 34,

170 MSW double fluidized beds, 597 MSW gasification, 594 Mushrooms

minerals in, 434 vitamin content, 434

Mushroom cultivation, 427, 428 Mycotoxins, 311, 424, 447

National Alcohol Programme, Brazil, 482

INDEX

Natural compounds in algae, 222 Net thermal efficiency, NET,

663, 664 New biomass, 58 New biomass/solar technology, 59 Newsprint recovery technology,

631 Nonrenewable resources, 57 Nori, 145 Nucleic acids, 310 Nutrient requirements for algal

growth, 212

02 production, 361 Octane boosters, 568 Octane rating, alcohol, 12 Organization of Petroleum

Exporting Countries (OPEC),170

Organic wastes recovery, 623 recycling, 534

Organogenesis, 192, 194, 201 Organosolv pulping, 572, 578 Osyter mushroom, 434, 435

PAG - Protein-Calorie Advisory Group, UNO, 439, 447

PRF - plugged flow reactors, 503

Palmaria palmata, 162 Parthenium argentatum, 16 Particleboard, 111 Paulownia, 202 "Pekilo", 451 Pelleting, energy require-

ments for, 188 Pelleting of biomass, 185 Percolation processes, 561 Petrochemicals, feedstocks

from, 651 Pharmaceuticals from seaweeds,

152 Photobiology, 17 Photochemistry, 17 Photolithotrophs, 313 Photoorganotrophs, 313 Photophosphorylation, 228 Photosynthesis, 2, 57, 191,

312, 359, 461

Photosynthetic efficiency, 3 of algae, 215

Phycocolloids, 141

727

extraction from seaweeds, 158 processing seaweeds for, 151

Phycotoxins, lack of, in algae, 219 Phytoplankton

marine, 137 monoculturing, 160

Plant cell wall accessibility, 182 rumen digestibility, 287

Plants, wild marine, 137 Poplar, hybrid, fast-growing, 110 Population

size and rate of increase, 29 world, 24, 422, 533

Population growth, 53 Porphyra, 147, 161, 163 Poststratification, 89 Power expenditure, 55 Press-to-Iog, 185 Prestratification, 88 Procaryotic blue-green algae, 205 Process control, 696 Process evaluation, 694 Production costs, algal, 218, 220 Program flow logic, 703 Project financial analysis, 696 Protein

amino acid composition, 407 concentrated, 413 microbial, 443 soya beans, 414

Protein production on pulps, 454 Protoplasm culture technique, 192 Pulp, 112

hydrolysis, 286 Pulping

ethanol-water, 572, 579 organosolv, 572, 578, 671

Pyrolysis, 46, 114, 157, 547, 553, 555, 670, 672

Pyrolysis for carbonization, 547 Pyrolysis for tarification, 548, 549

Quality of life, 55, 60

RDF - refuse derived fuel, 170 RDF, energy recovery from, 689

728

RDF production by dry separation techniques, 629

RNA, 310 Rays, wood, 255 Reactor, plug flow, 561 Recombinant DNA, 377, 381 Regression functions

allometric, 98 linear, 98

Reserves, fossil fuel, 5 Residues, agricultural, 36, 537

combustion, 546 yields at harvest, 32

Residues, r.anadian logging and mill 130, 132

Residues, crop, 124, 312, 512, 537

generation of, 125 harvest and transport costs,

125 Residues

field crop, 120 food processing, 130 forest, 36, 120, 312, 537 HC1-lignin, 301 lignin, 300, 306 lignin, aldehydes derivable

from, 302 ligning methylation

studies, 303 logging, 109, 110, 127 logging, generation, 126 logging, U. S., 124 manufacturing, 111, 112 mill, 128 mill, U.S., 127 municipal waste, 59 wood and bark, 129 wood processing, 109 wood products industries,

generation, 128, 131 Resource recovery, 172 Resources, forest biomass, 71 Retention time, 518, 520 Rice, 393 Rice husks, 391

acto and enzymatic hydrolysis, 395

chemical composition, 395 pre-treatments, 400

Rice husks (Continued) pre-treatment with A­

radiation, 405, 406 pre-treatment with steam,

403 pyrolsysis, 395

Rice husks as fuel, 394 Rice husks as lignocellulosic

material, 396

sca - Single cell oil, 437 SCP - Single cell protein,

205, 313, 335, 336, 337, 443, 444

composition, 445

INDEX

as major food source, 456 SCP production, high energy

substrates for, 448 SCP from rice husk sugars, 395 SSF - saccharification and

fermentation, 368 Saccharification, 490, 491 Sample units, permanent, 93 Sampling, double

for stratification, 89 second phase, 94

Sampling design double with regression, 90 two-stage cluster, 90, 96

Sapium sebiferum, 193 Sapwood, 250, 253 Scenedesmus, 207, 337 SCholler-Tornesch process, 497, 498 Sculpturing, cell wall, 261 Seagrasses, 137 Seaweed, 138

cultivation, 158 giant brown, 145 harvesting, 150, 157 as manure and fodder supplement,

152 microbial conversion, 155 polysaccharides, 146 productivity, 138 resources and chemical composi­

tion, 138 utilization, 138

Seaweed meal, 152, 153 Seaweed utilization, future, 153 Shredders for RDF, 626

INDEX

Shredding technology, wet and dry 627, 629

Sludge composition, 582 treatment, 533

SoJ.ar energy, 2, 312, 365 direct, 59

Solar energy conversion system, 2

Solin culture, 327 Solid waste stream, 171, 172 Spartina maritima, 241 Spirulina, 160, 205, 206, 207,

337 cultivation, ?12

Sporotrichum pulverulentum, 397 growth, 399

Stagect gasification/combustion, 545

Starch, 461, 464, 659 hydrolysis, 343, 484

Steam, from manufacturing residues, 112

Straw mushroom, cultivation, 433 Structure, bordered pit, 263,

267, 268 Submerged culture, 312, 327, 328 Substrate susceptibility, 563 Sucrose, 119, 464

fermentation, 637 hydrolysis, 332

Sugarcane, 130 processing, 41

Sulfite waste liquor Candicta sp. grown on, 444 microbial biomass from, 340

Synfuels, 567 Synth~tic fuels from pulp mill

chemicals, 569 Synthetic gas, chemicals

from, 646 Syringaldehyde, 301, 303

Tables, aerial volume, go Tank designs for algal

cultivation, 209 Tempeh, 415, 419

amino acid content, 424 composition of nutrients, 423

729

Tempeh (Continued) nutritional characteristics, 422 production, 420, 421 vitamins and minerals, 425

Terpenes from biomass, 641 Thermal efficiency, plant, 621 Thermal conversion reactions, 593 Thermochemical conversion, 44, 45,

537, 539, 550, 553 Thinnings, 109 Tissue culture techniques, 191,

192, 202 Trace metals, 241, 242, 246 Trace metal concentrations, 242,

246 Triglycerides from biomass, 640 Tukey's pairwise comparison test,

104

Vanillin, 301, 303 Vegetable oils, 15

price, 34 Vegetative propagation, 192 Vitamin B12 production by

fermentation, 438 Vitamin production by fermenta­

tion, 436 Volume tables, aerial photo, 103 Volvariella volvacea, 433

Wakame, 145, 147 Warty layer, 262 Waste

agriculture, 366 forestry, 366 human, 35, 512 industrial, 35 municipal SOlid, 34, 366 utilization, 335

Waste management systems, 684 "Ihey, 131, 313, 335, 451

production, 133 sweet and sour, 345

Whole tree utilization, 249 Wild marine plants, 137 Wood

anatomy, 251 cross-section, 253 gasification, 591

730

Wood (Continued) gross structure, 250 hydrolysis, 299 liquefaction, 570 preconditioning for pulping,

575, 578 radial section, 253 tangential section, 253 thermochemical fractionation,

570 ultrastructure, 258

Wood cell wall, 258 Wood consumption in methanol

production, 601 Wood for fuel, 182 Wood wastes, thermochemical

conversion, 554

Working capital, 702 World energy use, 4

Xylan, 376

INDEX

extraction and hydrolysis, 376 Xylose

direct fermentation by yeast, "J77

indirect fermentation, 377 bacterial and fungal

catabolism, 378

Yeasts aerobic, 346 anaerobic, 346

Yield tables, 84