7:1 Basic Structure of the Human Body

The normal function of the human body is compared to an organized machine

The machine malfunctions, disease occurs.Anatomy: study of form and structure.Physiology: study of why and how living

organisms work.Pathophysiology: study of how disease occurs

and body’s responseProtoplasm – Makes up all living things.

CellsMicroscopic StructuresCarry on all functions of

life.

Functions of CellsTake in food and oxygenProduce heat and energyMove and adapt to environmentEliminate wastesPerform special functionsReproduce to create identical cells

Basic Parts of CellsCell membrane – outer protective

covering of cellSemipermeable Cytoplasm – semifluid inside cell

where all chemical reactions occurOrganelles – located in the

cytoplasm and help cell to function

OrganellesNucleus – “brain” of cell, controls many cell

activities, important in cell reproduction.Nucleolus – Located in nucleus. Important in

cell reproduction. Manufactures ribosomes which aid in synthesis (production) of protein

Chromatin – Located in nucleus, made of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and protein. Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes during cell reproduction. Chromosomes carry genes which carry inherited characteristics.

Organelles cont.

Organelles, cont.Centrosome – located in cytoplasm and near

the nucleus. Contains two centrioles important in cell reproduction.

Mitochondria – located throughout cytoplasm, “furnace” or “Power House” of the cell. Produces adenosine triphosphate (ATP) which is the major energy source of the cell.

Golgi Apparatus – stack of membrane layers located in the cytoplasm. Produces, stores, and packages secretions for discharge from cell.

Organelles of a cell, cont.Endoplasmic Reticulum – located in cytoplasm.

Allows for transport of materials in and out of the nucleus. Aids in synthesis and storage of proteins.

Lysosomes – Found throughout cytoplasm. Contains digestive enzymes that digest and destroy old cells, bacteria and foreign materials.

Pinocytic Vesicles – Pocket-like folds in cell membrane. Allow large molecules such as protein and fat to enter cell then folds closed to form vacuoles or bubbles in cytoplasm

Cell Reproduction

Mitosis – Reproduce by dividing into two identical cells, asexual reproduction.

Meiosis – Reproduction of sex cells (gametes- eggs & sperm).

Produces ovum and sperm.

Mitosis and Meiosis

TissuesCells contain same basic parts but vary in

shape, size, and special function.Cells of same type join together for common

purpose to form tissue.Tissue Fluid –water with various dissolved

substances which makes up 60% - 99% of tissue

Dehydration – Insufficient amount of tissue fluid

Edema – Excess amount of tissue fluid; results in swelling of tissue

Types of TissueEpithelial – Covers surface of body, main

tissue in skin, also forms lining of intestines, respiratory, and urinary tracts; forms body glands

Types of Tissue, ConnectiveConnective – Supportive

fabric of organs and other body parts

Types of Connective TissueSoft - adipose (fatty)

tissuestores fat as food

reserve which is source of energy

insulates body and acts as padding

Types of Tissue, ConnectiveHard

Cartilage – tough, elastic material found between bones of spine and at end of long bones. Acts as shock absorber. Also found in nose, ears, and larynx

Bone – Forms rigid structure of human body. Has calcium salts, nerves, and blood vessels.

Cartilage

Bone

Types of Tissue, ConnectiveLiquid

Blood – carries nutrients and oxygen to cells and carries metabolic waste away from cells.

Lymph – transports tissue fluid, proteins, fats and other material from tissues to circulatory system.

Types of TissueNerve – made up

of neurons which transmit messages throughout body; composes nerves, brain, and spinal cord

Types of Tissue, MuscleMuscle – produces power and movement by

contraction of muscle fibersTypes of Muscle Tissue

Skeletal – attaches to bones and provides for movement of body

Cardiac – causes heart to beatVisceral (smooth) – present in walls of

organs such as stomach, intestine, and blood vessels

Skeletal Muscle

Cardiac MuscleSmooth/Visceral Muscle

Organs and SystemsOrgan – two or more tissues joined together to perform specific function

System – organs and other body parts joined together to perform a particular function

SummaryCells combine to form tissues.Tissues combine to form organs.

Organs and other body parts combine to form systems.