Organic MacromoleculesOrganic Macromolecules• Macromolecule literally means Macromolecule literally means ““Giant Giant

MoleculeMolecule””

• Organic Macromolecules are all based on a Organic Macromolecules are all based on a ““skeletonskeleton”” of carbon atoms. of carbon atoms.

• Life is based on Carbon for 2 reasonsLife is based on Carbon for 2 reasons1.1. Carbon is abundant in natureCarbon is abundant in nature2.2. Carbon has the ability to bond with itself Carbon has the ability to bond with itself

and with many different elementsand with many different elements

Carbon Basis of LifeCarbon Basis of Life

Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry

4 Types of Macromolecules4 Types of Macromolecules

• Carbohydrates:Carbohydrates: Sugars + Starches- EnergySugars + Starches- Energy

• Lipids:Lipids: Fats and Oils- Energy Storage, Cell Fats and Oils- Energy Storage, Cell Membranes, Membranes,

• Protein:Protein: Hormones,Hormones, Enzymes, Antibodies, Enzymes, Antibodies, Transport, Structural Components of CellsTransport, Structural Components of Cells

• Nucleic Acids: Nucleic Acids: Microscopic Genetic Material Microscopic Genetic Material

Identify each example Identify each example according to type of according to type of macromolecule. . .macromolecule. . .

ButterButter

Chicken BreastChicken Breast

BreadBread

Fish FiletFish Filet

Pizza GreasePizza Grease

Corn SyrupCorn Syrup

DNA DNA

Organic Compound

Elements Building Blocks

Carbohydrates Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen

Simple sugars(Monosaccharides)

Lipids Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen

Glycerol and Fatty Acids

Proteins Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Sulfur

Amino Acids

Nucleic Acids(DNA and RNA)

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Phosphorus

Nucleotides

Organic Substances of the Body

TERMSOrganic Compound

MonomerPolymer

Dehydration SynthesisHydrolysis

CARBOHYDRATES

THESE ARE MONOMERS OF CARBOHYDRATES

DISACCHARIDES

Glucose + Fructose

Glucose + Glucose

Glucose + Galactose

DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS

HYDROLYSIS

PolymerizationPolymerization• Macromolecules are built by linking together Macromolecules are built by linking together

smaller molecules (monomers) into long chains smaller molecules (monomers) into long chains (polymers)(polymers)

• Monomers combine by disconnecting from Monomers combine by disconnecting from some of the hydrogen and oxygen atoms some of the hydrogen and oxygen atoms between thembetween them

• After the monomers bond, the excess hydrogen After the monomers bond, the excess hydrogen and oxygen atoms form a water molecule.and oxygen atoms form a water molecule.

• Since this bonding process releases water, we Since this bonding process releases water, we call it Dehydration Synthesis call it Dehydration Synthesis

POLYSACCHARIDES

LIPIDS

THIS IS A FATTY ACID

DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS AGAIN !!

Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates: MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides

• The monomer of carbohydrates is a single The monomer of carbohydrates is a single sugar with the chemical formula of Csugar with the chemical formula of C66HH1212OO66

• These simple sugars are called These simple sugars are called MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides

• All monosaccharides have the same chemical All monosaccharides have the same chemical formula, but different shapes.formula, but different shapes.

• Examples:Examples:– GlucoseGlucose– FructoseFructose– GalactoseGalactose

Carbohydrates: Disaccharides Carbohydrates: Disaccharides

• Disaccharide = Double sugar. Disaccharide = Double sugar. • TheyThey’’re made by joining 2 re made by joining 2

monosaccharidesmonosaccharides• Examples:Examples:

– Sucrose: Table SugarSucrose: Table Sugar– Lactose: Milk SugarLactose: Milk Sugar– Maltose: Grain SugarMaltose: Grain Sugar

SUCROSE: Table SugarSUCROSE: Table Sugar

Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates: Polysaccharides Polysaccharides

• Polysaccharide = Many sugars Polysaccharide = Many sugars • This is a long chain of monosaccharidesThis is a long chain of monosaccharides• Examples:Examples:

– Starch: Grain FoodsStarch: Grain Foods– Cellulose: Plant fiberCellulose: Plant fiber

Starch

Glycogen

Cellulose

Glucose Monomer

LipidsLipids• Lipids are made of mostly carbon and Lipids are made of mostly carbon and

hydrogen.hydrogen.• Lipids are used in two ways:Lipids are used in two ways:

– Storage of energyStorage of energy– Insulate and Cushion OrgansInsulate and Cushion Organs

• Lipids are composed of two units bonded Lipids are composed of two units bonded together that form the shape of a capital E.together that form the shape of a capital E.– Glycerol: The vertical Glycerol: The vertical ““backbonebackbone””– Fatty Acids: The horizontal chains Fatty Acids: The horizontal chains

Types of LipidsTypes of Lipids• There are two types of Lipids:There are two types of Lipids:

– Saturated - when each carbon atom in Saturated - when each carbon atom in the fatty acid chain is joined to another the fatty acid chain is joined to another carbon by a single bond. The fatty carbon by a single bond. The fatty acids are straight.acids are straight.

– Unsaturated - if there is at least one Unsaturated - if there is at least one carbon to carbon bond that is a double carbon to carbon bond that is a double bond in a fatty acid chain. The fatty bond in a fatty acid chain. The fatty acids are bent.acids are bent.

glycerol molecule fatty acid chain

Comparing plant and animal Comparing plant and animal fatsfats

• Most animal fats have a high proportion of Most animal fats have a high proportion of saturated fatty acids & exist as solids at room saturated fatty acids & exist as solids at room temperature (butter, margarine, shortening)temperature (butter, margarine, shortening)

• Most plant oils tend to be low in saturated fatty Most plant oils tend to be low in saturated fatty acids & exist as liquids at room temperature acids & exist as liquids at room temperature (oils)(oils)

ProteinsProteins

• Proteins contain nitrogen as well as Proteins contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

• Proteins are extremely long polymers of Proteins are extremely long polymers of molecules called amino acids.molecules called amino acids.

• Proteins are used for muscles, act as Proteins are used for muscles, act as hormones & enzymes, and do much of hormones & enzymes, and do much of the work inside body cellsthe work inside body cells

Protein Folding & DenaturingProtein Folding & Denaturing

• Protein chains can bend and fold into a Protein chains can bend and fold into a variety of shapes, depending on the job they variety of shapes, depending on the job they need to do.need to do.

• Some large proteins are made by combining Some large proteins are made by combining many protein chains together.many protein chains together.

• Changes in temperature & pH can denature Changes in temperature & pH can denature (unfold) a protein so that it no longer works(unfold) a protein so that it no longer works

Denaturating ProteinsDenaturating Proteins

Cooking denatures protein in eggs

Milk protein separates into curds & whey when it is exposed to acids

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

• Nucleic acids are macromolecules containing Nucleic acids are macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus.phosphorus.

• They are composed of long chains of They are composed of long chains of nucleotides (monomer).nucleotides (monomer).

• Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information.or genetic, information.

• There are two types of nucleic acid:There are two types of nucleic acid:– DNA - deoxyribonucleic acidDNA - deoxyribonucleic acid– RNA - ribonucleic acidRNA - ribonucleic acid

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