7.0 FLORA AND FAUNA7.0 FLORA AND FAUNA 7.1 INTRODUCTION This section of the EIS has been prepared by...

Environmental Impact Statement 7 - 1

Lagan Cement Ltd, Killaskillen, Co. Meath

7.0 FLORA AND FAUNA

7.1 INTRODUCTION

This section of the EIS has been prepared by Openfield Ecological Services.

Assessing impacts on Flora and Fauna is an integral component of the EIA

process (Morris & Therivel, 2001). This report examines the potential impacts in

accordance with current best practice and guidelines.

7.1.1 Methodology

This assessment was carried out in accordance with the following

methodologies and guidelines:

The EPA‟s „Advice Notes on Current Practice (in the preparation of

Environmental Impact Statements) Section 2, chapters on Flora and

Fauna (EPA, 2003).

„Quarries and Ancillary Activities: Guidelines for Planning Authorities‟,

Section 3.5: Natural Heritage, from the Department of the Environment,

Heritage and Local Government (DOEHLG, 2004).

The „Guidelines for Ecological Impact Assessment in the United Kingdom‟

by the Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management (IEEM, 2006).

„Methods of Environmental Impact Assessment‟ by Morris and Therivel

(Morris & Therivel, 2001).

Other methodologies were employed as appropriate and are referenced in

the relevant sections of this report.

7.1.2 Zone of Influence

The principle zone of influence is the site itself and the habitats in the

immediate vicinity. A minimum radius of 2 km is suggested as an appropriate

zone of influence for non-linear developments (IEA, 2001). However, potential

emissions of dust, noise, and air pollutants from point sources have the

potential to impact upon habitats and species beyond this distance and

extraction of groundwater can impact on water dependant habitats some

distance from the point of removal. For this reason it is appropriate to

examine an area roughly 10 km square centred on the site. This area is shown

in Figure 7.1 and indicates the presence of any sites designated for nature

conservation.

7.1.3 Stakeholders and Consultees

7.1.3.1 Identification of Stakeholders

The primary stakeholders on this site were judged to be: the landowner; Meath

County Council; National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS), the Eastern

Regional Fisheries Board (ERFB) and the Irish Peatland Conservation Council

(IPCC). The IPCC are an environmental non-governmental organisation who

have been campaigning for the conservation of Ireland‟s peatlands for the

past 25 years. Both the NPWS and the ERFB are statutory consultees.

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Figure 7.1: Zone of Influence – Approximate 10 km square centred on the proposed

development site showing the locations of all designated sites (from www.npws.ie)

Due to the uncertainties surrounding the final boundaries of new areas to be

quarried, limited stakeholder consultation took place. However, consultation

from the following stakeholders is desirable:

Stakeholder (Name/Organisation)

1 Development Application Unit, NPWS

2 Mr Noel McGloin, ERFB

3 Dr Catherine O‟Connell, Director of the IPCC

Location of Lagan

Cement site

Ordnance Survey Ireland Licence No. EN0053907

© Ordnance Survey Government of Ireland

Blackcastle Bog

pNHA

Molerick Bog

pNHA

Royal Canal pNHA

Mount Hevey Bog

SAC and pNHA

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7.1.3.2 Consultation Outcomes

Mr Noel McGloin of the ERFB confirmed the presence of Atlantic salmon

Salmo salar in the Kinnegad river and indicated that spawning has been

known to take place upstream of the site near the castle to the south of the

M4.

Mr Maurice Eakin of the NPWS confirmed that no designated site for nature

conservation is located on the site of the proposed development. He stated

that while the removal of semi-natural habitats is undesirable, this can be

compensated for by enhancing habitat elsewhere on the site. He

emphasised the important role that quarries can play in acting as new

habitats for important wildlife when operations have ceased.

7.1.4 Existing Legislation, Plans and Proposals

7.1.4.1 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)

The protection of biodiversity is enshrined in the Convention on Biological

Diversity (CBD) to which Ireland is a signatory (UN, 1992). As part of its

commitment to this international treaty, Ireland, as part of a wider European

Union initiative, is committed to the halt in loss of biodiversity by the year 2010.

The National Biodiversity Plan (DAGI, 2002), published in 2002, states that

“each local authority [is] to prepare a local biodiversity action plan”. Meath

County Council is currently in the process of drawing up its first Biodiversity

Action Plan. The contents of this document however are not available.

7.1.4.2 Meath County Development Plan, 2007 – 2013 (MCC, 2007)

Chapter 8 of the County Development Plan focuses on protection of the

natural heritage and Section 8.2.1 emphasis the importance of biodiversity to

the county. This should include both designated and non-designated areas

to include protected species, peatlands and hedgerows. It is therefore stated

policy under the Plan:

“To protect, conserve and enhance the county’s biodiversity

and natural heritage including wildlife (flora & fauna), habitats,

landscapes and/or landscape features of importance to wildlife

or which play a key role in the conservation and management

of natural resources such as water.” [HER POL 1]

Section 8.2.7: „Habitats and Species Outside Designated Sites‟ states the

importance of maintaining ecological corridors:

“…the Planning Authority will encourage the management of

features of the landscape which are of major importance for

wild fauna and flora. Such features are those which, by virtue of

their linear and continuous structure (such as rivers with their

banks or the traditional systems for the marking of field

boundaries) or their function as stepping stones (such as ponds

or small woods), are essential for the migration, dispersal and

genetic exchange of wild species…”

The policy of Meath County Council is outlined as follows:

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“To recognise that nature conservation is not just confined to

designated sites and to acknowledge the need to protect non-

designated habitats and landscapes and to conserve the

biological diversity of the county. The natural heritage of the

county includes a variety of diverse habitats including lakes,

rivers, streams, woodland, trees, hedgerows, stone walls, the

coastline, estuaries and associated wildlife.”

[HER POL 14]

Further to this, the County Development Plan states as follows:

“To conserve, protect and enhance where possible wildlife

habitats such as rivers, streams, canals, lakes, and associated

wetlands including reed-beds and swamps, ponds, springs,

bogs, fens, trees, woodlands and scrub, hedgerows and other

boundary types such as stone walls and ditches which occur

outside of designated areas providing a network of habitats

and corridors essential for wildlife to flourish.” [HER POL 15]

The importance of peatland habitats, particularly at the county level is stated

in section 8.2.9: Peatlands:

“County Meath represents the eastern limit of raised bogs in

Ireland and the Council recognises the importance of raised

bogland as a major natural and archaeological resource. The

Council will promote a policy of seeking the conservation of a

representative sample of peatlands and the protection of

peatland habitats.”

The County policy in this regard only refers to nationally and internationally

designated sites.

7.1.4.3 National Sustainable Development Strategy

The 2002 document: „Making Ireland‟s Development Sustainable‟ (DoEHLG,

2002) highlights “respect for ecological integrity and biodiversity” as a core

theme, while the associated principle is that “the diversity of wildlife, habitats

and species should be maintained and improved”.

7.1.4.4 Long-Term Strategy of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

In 2007 the EPA published „2020 Vision: Protecting and Improving Ireland‟s

Environment‟ (EPA, 2007) and identified the protection of soil and biodiversity

as one of six environmental goals.

7.1.4.5 Site Designations at a National and European Level

There are a number of different designations associated with the zone of

influence. These designations imply variations in the ecological importance of

the sites and the species/habitats contained therein. Figure 7.1 shows the

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boundaries of these sites in the study area where they exist. They are as

follows:

Mount Hevey Bog SAC and pNHA (Site Code: 2342);

Black Castle Bog NHA (Site Code: 0570);

Molerick Bog pNHA (Site Code: 1582);

Royal Canal pNHA (Site Code: 2103);

The River Boyne (main channel) Salmonid Water.

SACs are designated under the EU‟s Habitat‟s Directive (Council Directive

92/43/EEC) to protect species (other than birds) and habitats and are

therefore of international importance (NRA, 2006).

NHAs are designated under national legislation and are considered to be of

national importance (NRA, 2006). In many instances the designation process

has not been fully completed, hence the prefix „p‟ for „proposed‟. Black

Castle bog NHA is an exception to this rule. Most NHAs are consequently

protected under the policies and objectives of Local Authority County

Development Plans.

Salmonid waters are designated under the EU Freshwater Fish Directive

(Council Directive 78/659/EEC) and implies a level of protection to ensure the

conservation status of salmonid fish (in this case Atlantic salmon and Trout

Trutta trutta).

7.1.4.6 North Western International River Basin District Management Plan

Under the Water Framework Directive (Council Directive 2000/60/EC) all Irish

waters must achieve „good ecological status‟ by 2015. The Eastern River Basin

District encompasses the Kinnegad region and the river Boyne. The report,

„Water Matters‟ (ERBD, 2007) suggests that lowering of the water table as part

of quarry operations can pose a threat to the water resource, affecting

nearby wet areas and altering water chemistry by transferring groundwater to

surface water.

7.1.5 Literature Review

Previous ecological surveys have been prepared as part earlier Environmental

Impact Statements. These are valuable in detailing site-specific information as

well as providing baseline data against which changes can be measured. In

addition to this, information is available from NPWS regarding the known

presence of protected species in the general area, while the EPA carry out

biological and chemical monitoring at stations along the Kinnegad river. The

IPCC maintain a register of all known peatland sites of conservation

importance in Meath and provide historical data regarding peatland cover in

the county.

7.1.5.1 Previous Environmental Impact Statements

In 1998 an initial EIS was submitted prior to commencement of quarry

operations (Goodwillie, 1998). The baseline survey identified the presence of

Bats, Badgers and Irish hare on the site, all species protected under the

Wildlife (Amendment) Act 2000. It suggests that other protected species such

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as the Kingfisher, Otter, Irish stoat, Hedgehog and Pigmy shrew may also use

the site but this was not confirmed. No rare or protected plant species was

found while the cutover bog, a townland boundary hedgerow and the

Kinnegad river are stated to be the most important ecological receptors. It

states that habitat removal will occur as will changes to the hydrological

balance of the Kinnegad River however no significant, adverse impacts were

identified in the study.

A supplementary report in 1999 (Goodwillie, 1999), accompanied by a

detailed analysis of the aquatic environment (Conservation Services, 1999)

elaborated on the original report. This assessment concluded that no adverse

impacts on salmonid fish populations in the Kinnegad River would arise from

changes to flow, temperature, suspended solids and oil concentrations, or pH

in the aquatic environment. While it identifies the “significant potential for

contamination of the Kinnegad River and its tributaries”, these are expected

to be adequately offset through abatement and preventative measures.

Significant salmonid nursery and spawning habitat was found along the

western tributary however analysis of macroinvertebrate communities showed

that these water courses were moderately polluted and this would limit the

potential for spawning to occur. In reference to the remnant raised bog to the

south of the site, it is stated that “it has little value as a raised bog habitat”

however Sphagnum moss species were noted to be growing in areas

(Sphagnum mosses are the chief „bog-building‟ mosses and are indicators of

a bog‟s health and ability to regenerate). No adverse impact was predicted

on this habitat.

In 2005, an EIS was prepared to examine the impact of a change of fuel in the

cement kiln to meat and bone meal (Tom Philips & Ass., 2005). Section 8

(Flora and Fauna) concluded that this change would have a negligible

impact on the status of habitat and species on the site and there would be no

potential impacts on aquatic ecology.

7.1.5.2 NPWS

The NPWS web site (www.npws.ie) contains a mapping tool that indicates the

known presence of legally protected species within a selected Ordnance

Survey (OS) 10 km grid square. The Lagan Cement site zone of influence is

located within squares N53, N54, N63 and N64 and 5 species of protected

mammal and flowering plant are highlighted. These species are detailed in

Table 7.1.

Table 7.1: Legally protected species known to be located within OS grid

squares N53, N54, N63 and N64 (taken from www.npws.ie)

Species Habitat (Mitchell et al.,

1999) Status

Otter Lutra lutra Rivers, streams, lakes,

wetlands and coasts.

Annex II Habitats Directive

Wildlife (Amendment)

Act, 2000

Red Data Book:

Internationally Important

Pigmy Shrew

Sorex minutus A wide range of habitats

Wildlife Amendment Act,

2000 Pine Marten

Martes martes

Broad-leaved and

coniferous forest.

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Red Squirrel

Sciurus vulgaris Forests, parks and gardens.

Red Hemp Nettle

Galeopsis

angustifolia

Arable land, waste places

and open ground on

calcareous substrates

Flora Protection Order

Red Data Book:

Vulnerable

It must be noted that this list cannot be seen as exhaustive as suitable habitat

is in all likelihood available for other important and protected species.

For designated areas (SACs and NHAs) „site synopsis‟ reports are available.

These are presented in full as Appendices 7.1 – 7.4 to this report.

Mount Hevey Bog SAC and pNHA (Site Code: 2342)

This site contains three Annex I habitats, rhynchosporion, degraded raised bog

and the priority active raised bog.

Black Castle Bog NHA (Site Code: 0570)

This is one of the most easterly raised bogs in the country and is of

conservation significance as a site with important habitats and species, such

as the Irish hare.

Molerick Bog pNHA (Site Code: 1582)

This is another example of a raised bog in Meath with some active areas of

previously cutover bog. It contains some distinctive „midlands‟ bog species

such as bog rosemary Andromeda polifolia. Threats to this bog include

burning and turf cutting, both of which degrade the habitat. There is also a

small area of deciduous woodland on the site.

Royal Canal pNHA (Site Code: 2103)

This man made habitat was a major transport artery linking Dublin with the

Shannon until its closure in 1961. It is now of considerable amenity value. The

pNHA section of the canal is known to be home to Otters, a Habitats Directive

Annex II species, as well as the protected opposite-leaved pondweed

Groenlandia densa.

The River Boyne Salmonid Water

The River Boyne of which the Kinnegad river is a tributary, is a designated

Salmonid river under the European Communities (Quality of Salmonid Waters)

Regulations 1988 (S.I. No. 293, 1988). This designation required the protection

or enhancement of water bodies for fish populations.

7.1.5.3 EPA Water Quality Data

The EPA collect data on water quality and have identified „sensitive areas‟

under the Water Framework Directive (WFD). These data are presented in the

EPA‟s „ENVision‟ GIS programme to be found at www.epa.ie. Figure 7.2 shows

this information.

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Figure 7.2: River water quality data and WFD sensitive areas within the zone of

influence (from www.epa.ie). Note RPA = Registered Protected Area

Source: EPA monitoring results within the zone of influence of the Lagan cement site

Figure 7.2 shows that with the exception of two monitoring stations at the

Yellow river and the Boyne, water quality is either of moderate or poor status –

Q3-4 or less. These data are from 2003, the most recent year for which

information is available. The closest water sensitive area is the River Boyne,

which is also an SAC for much of its length.

7.1.5.4 NGO Shadow List

In 2000 a group of environmental non-governmental organisations (eNGOs)

produced a critique of the government‟s implementation of the EU‟s Habitats

Directive (Dwyer, 2000). As part of this process, a list of sites that were felt

should be designated as SACs was published. None of the listed sites fall

within the site of this development. The IPCC compile a list of peatland sites in

county Meath and no sites on this list are within this boundary. The nearest site

of conservation importance is Bogtown (Grid Ref: N600 430) (Foss et al., 2001).

Site Location

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7.2 THE RECEIVING ENVIRONMENT

7.2.1 Introduction

7.2.1.1 Scope of the Baseline Survey

This survey set out to identify all habitats within the study area and to

determine the presence of protected species of flora and fauna as far as this

is possible. It encompasses both the terrestrial and aquatic environments.

7.2.1.2 Methodology

For the terrestrial environment a habitat map was produced in accordance

with Fossitt‟s „Guide to Habitats in Ireland‟ (Fossitt, 2000) and in accordance

with the Heritage Council‟s „Draft Habitat Survey Guidelines‟ (Heritage

Council, 2002). Habitats were mapped with the aid of a Garmin GPS 60 and a

Trimble GeoXM handheld GIS system with inbuilt GPS and loaded with ArcPad

7.0 software. Data collected in the field was later uploaded to ArcView 9.2 to

produce the final habitat map. Species lists were made for each habitat and

target notes were taken where they indicate the presence of protected or

notable species, or interesting ecological features.

For the aquatic environment Fossitt‟s guide was also used to identify broad

habitat types. The suitability of stream stretches for supporting salmonid fish

was assessed with the aid of „Ecology of the Atlantic Salmon‟ (Hendry &

Cragg-Hine, 2003). This publication describes in detail the habitat

requirements for spawning salmon, juveniles and adults. Macroinvertebrates

are frequently used as indicator organisms to determine the overall health of

aquatic environments. Macroinvertebrate samples were therefore taken to

determine water quality along the study stretches. This was done in

accordance with ISO 7828, ISO 5667 and samples were subsequently

analysed in accordance with the EPA‟s Q-Value methodology (Toner et al.,

2005). The NRA guidelines suggest that impacts on rivers from development

projects can be significant for distances up to 1 km downstream of the site

(NRA, 2006). For this reason, 1 km stretches of river downstream of potential

sources of impact were chosen. Habitats along these stretches were assessed

and macroinvertebrate samples were taken at upstream and downstream

locations.

Initially, two site visits were carried out on Monday, 3rd December and on

Friday, 7th December 2007. Following expansion of the proposed quarry area,

an additional site visit took place on Tuesday, 23rd September 2008.

7.2.1.3 Constraints

December lies outside the optimal period for general habitat survey (NRA,

2006) and so plant species present on the site may be unrecorded.

Nevertheless, sufficient foliage remains at this time of year to classify all

habitats present. September meanwhile, when the second stage of site

survey took place, lies within the optimal period.

Species lists are used to identify broad habitat types and can not been seen

as a comprehensive inventory of ecological communities. This is particularly

so when site surveys take place outside of optimal season, as annual plants

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die back and distinguishing features of perennials, such as flowers and leaves,

can be difficult to identify.

During a brief series of site visits such as this it cannot be expected to ascertain

the presence of all protected animals. Most mammals are nocturnal and

reclusive and so their presence is generally confirmed by proxy techniques,

such as by identifying prints and droppings, as well as through literature review

and the presence of suitable habitat. Birds that breed on the site may not use

it during the winter months and in many cases will have migrated to warmer

climates. Indeed, most groups of animals, such as bats or insects, require

separate, specialist survey work to determine their presence or conservation

status at any given site.

In the aquatic environment no one survey will provide an accurate picture of

ecological features. Rivers change greatly in character not only from year to

year and season to season, but also from day to day – for instance where

there are periods of flood or drought. Winter is not an ideal time for carrying

out macroinvertebrate surveys (NRA, 2006). Colder water temperatures mean

that invertebrates are under less stress then during the summer, when water

temperatures are higher, and therefore dissolved oxygen levels are lower.

Due to these pressures, sampling in summer gives a better picture of the true

characteristics of the river. Due to the difficulty of access onto private land

the full stretches of river habitats could not be surveyed. Instead, assessment

of rivers was made at publicly accessible locations, at road crossings for

instance, or at locations where rivers form the boundary of the site itself.

7.2.2 Flora

Twelve habitats, classified according to the Fossitt scheme, can be found on

the site. A habitat map is shown in Figure 7.3. No species listed in the Flora

Protection Order 1999 (S.I. 94, 1999) or the Red Data list of plants (Curtis &

McGough, (1988) was found to be growing on the site. A full species list for

each habitat can be found in Appendix 7.5 of this report. Habitats are

presented here in order of size.

1. Active Quarries and Mines – ED4 Extent: 46.24 ha

This habitat covers the greater part of the study area and includes the

working quarry face, roads, the remaining old farm buildings and earthen

banks. Areas where the ground has been disturbed in advance of quarrying

activities is also included. The vegetation in this habitat is confined to the

earth banks and screens where pioneer species have colonised the bare soil.

Species composition varies but generally includes Thistles Cirsium sp., grasses

Common bent Agrostis capillaris. and Yorkshire fog Holcus lanatus. Along the

boundaries of the site, between the Treelines and the earth banks, narrow

ribbons of improved agricultural grassland (GA1) habitat remain and are

characterised by the aforementioned grasses as well as Ribwort Plantain

Plantago lanceolata, Ragwort Senecio jacobaea and Dandelion Taxaracum

sp.

This habitat is currently of little conservation significance although post

operations quarries are known to become important sites for wildlife.

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2. Arable Crops – BC1 Extent: 21.20 ha

This is an intensively farmed habitat and so is of low biodiversity value. Some

persistent weeds survive within the crops e.g. Doc Rumex sp. or Thistle but

these are exceptional. Species diversity rises sharply along the field margins

where ground is frequently disturbed and this includes Tall fescue Festuca

arundinacea, Selfheal Prunella vulgaris, Scarlet pimpernel Anagallis arvensis

and Sweet vernal-grass Anthoxanthum odoratum.

3. Improved Agricultural Grassland – GA1 Extent: 18.12 ha

This habitat consists of grassland that has been „improved‟ through the use of

industrial fertilisers. This nutrient enrichment of the soil decreases species

diversity and so these areas are dominated by grasses such as Perennial

Ryegrass Lolium perenne and Yorkshire Fog. Some areas of GA1 in the study

area show the early signs of abandonment with scrub encroachment,

particularly by Gorse Ulex europaeus. Grassland of this type is of low

biodiversity value.

4. Cutover Bog – PB4 Extent: 15.5 ha

Historically, this area formed part of a raised bog, a habitat that itself formed

over perhaps 10,000 years as a lake slowly filled with dying vegetation. The

peat ultimately rises, like bread in a baking tin, giving this type of bog its name

and its unique domed shape. Intact raised bogs are characterised by

Sphagnum moss species, known as the bog-builders, which create the acidic

environment of the bog. This acidity severely retards decomposition, famously

preserving pine wood and even bodies (Rydin & Jeglum, 2006). Raised bogs

once dotted the midland counties, including Meath, but drainage and turf

harvesting has reduced much of this resource. The original cover of raised

bog in Meath was in excess of 6,000 ha (Foss et al., 2001) but today only 7.9%

of this area remains intact. No raised bog in Ireland is totally intact but despite

this many retain some conservation value. Indeed, raised bog, both intact

and degraded, are priority habitats under the EU Habitats Directive (DG

Environment, 2003). Not only do they support a unique diversity of flora and

fauna, but they act as carbon sinks, regulate surface water hydrology, and

are a valuable palaeoecological archive (historical changes in climate and

land use can be chartered by analysis of pollen deposits laid down in the

peat over time). Most of the remaining sites of conservation importance in

Meath have now been designated as either SAC or NHA. The IPCC list two

additional sites in Meath, one of which, Bogstown, is approximately 3 km to

the east of the Lagan cement site.

Areas of bog that have been extensively worked for extraction of turf are

known as cutover bog. The hydrology of these bogs has been drastically

altered and they are no longer laying down peat layers – in other words they

are inactive. Where vegetation is present, there is frequently a mosaic of

habitats depending on variations in topography, hydrology and current land

use.

The peatland in the study area is a part of a larger habitat that is now cutover

bog. The area within the site boundary is composed of a mosaic of habitats,

each with distinctive vegetation cover. The remaining area of „high bog‟ is

dominated by Ling Heather Calluna vulgaris and tussocks of Deer grass

Trichophorum cespitosum. Under the heather, only bare peat is present with

very little cover of moss or lichen. There is no pool or hummock formations

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and Sphagnum mosses are absent with the exception of very small patches in

wetter areas to the south of this habitat.

A deep drain, up to 2 m deep in places runs east – west through the centre of

the bog. However this is just one of innumerable drains that have been dug

throughout the area and make navigating the terrain by foot a difficult task.

For this reason drainage ditches do not appear on the habitat map.

In general, the peat surface is dry, and only in small patches to the south are

there significant wet areas. These are never large and are characterised by

mats of Bogbean Menyanthes trifoliata and very occasional Bulrush Typha sp.

To the east of the high bog, the level of the ground is several metres lower

and this area is dominated with Purple Moor-grass Molinea caerulea. Ling

heather is occasional close to the high bog, while Gorse grades from

occasional to dominant when moving west to east.

To the south of the cutover bog, scrub encroachment becomes more evident

with the advance of Gorse, Birch Betula sp. and Willow Salix sp.

The conservation value of this area is low as it does not have any areas of

active bog (i.e. areas where new peat is being formed) and its hydrology is so

altered as to preclude any chance of regeneration. It is however a habitat

that supports faunal species of conservation importance (see section 7.2.3).

5. Scrub – WS1 Extent: 6.91 ha

The area surrounding the cutover bog is known as the lag zone and is a

transitional band between what was once high bog and the surrounding

mineral soil. Due to drainage, and subsequent drying out of peat, this zone is

much wider than it would be under undisturbed conditions. This favours the

advance of scrub and particularly Gorse, Birch and Willow. It is predominantly

a dense and impenetrable area although the trees themselves are rarely

taller than 5 m.

Other areas of scrub are located to the east of the site and are present as a

result of land abandonment. While the species here are the same as those

along the bog edges, this habitat is much more transitional and is part of a

process known as succession, where by the land reverts back to the „climax‟

vegetation, which in Ireland is predominantly Oak woodland.

Scrub areas tend to be poor in species diversity and do not have established

communities of flora at the ground level. However they are frequently rich

habitats for birds as they provide cover for roosting and nesting, as well as

food resources.

6. Artificial Lakes and Ponds – FL8 Extent: 2.36 ha

Balancing ponds used to attenuate particulate matter in surface runoff from

the quarry can form semi-natural habitats. This habitat is composed of two

ponds. The smaller one, closer to the quarry, has very gradual banks and so a

wide diversity of wetland plants have colonised these margins while open

water exists in the centre. The larger pond has steeper banks and so has a

lower diversity and extent of marginal vegetation. Species here include

Bulrush, Hard Rush Juncus inflexus, Nettle Urtica dioica, and Willow.

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7. Treelines – WL2 Extent: ~6.3 km

Treelines dominate the field boundaries in the agricultural grassland to the

south-east of the site and the arable fields to the south. This habitat differs

from hedgerows in that the trees are generally greater than 5 m in height.

They were probably at one time stock-proof hedgerows, but lack of

management has resulted in large gaps appearing at the base, a loss of floral

diversity in the herb layer and a dominance of mature trees. In some

instances, particularly along roadsides, there is still a dense component below

5 m. However the predominance of tall, mature trees even in these stretches

means they still qualify as treelines. A range of species can be found

including, Hawthorn Crataegus monogyna, Blackthorn Prunus spinosa, Ash

Fraxinus excelsior, Sycamore Acer pseudoplatanus, Scots Pine Pinus sylvestris

and Spindle Euonymus europaeus.

They are important habitats for a range of common, countryside species and

are especially significant as wildlife corridors, allowing species to disperse and

forage. They may also be home to important species such as Badger Meles

meles and Bats, as well as a large variety of birds.

8. Wet Grassland – GS4 Extent: 1.8 ha

This is a small area that is in the transitional zone between the cutover bog

and the arable cropland. It may have been „improved‟ at some point but

does not appear to have been grazed for some time and is dominated with

species associated with wet ground. These include a large proportion of

Meadowsweet Filipendula ulmaria and rushes Juncus sp. There is some scrub

encroachment with numerous Willow saplings and emergent Gorse, although

these do not dominate. Other species present include Wild angelica Angelica

sylvestris, Devil‟s-bit scabious Succisa pratensis and Silverweed Potentilla

anserina.

9. Bog Woodland – WN7 Extent: 1.72 ha

This small area to the south of the site has developed in an area of cutover

bog. It consists of mature Birch and Hazel Corylus avellana with climbing Ivy

Hedera helix and Honeysuckle Lonicera periclymenum. There is Holly Ilex

aquifolium and Bramble Rubus fruticosus in the shrub layer and a well

developed ground flora (so far as this can be determined in Winter) consisting

of Wood Sorrel Oxalis acetosella, Hard Fern Blechnum spicant and Herb

Robert Geranium robertianum and mosses.

Bog woodland is a priority habitat under the EU Habitats Directive (code:

91D0) although this only applies to woodland where the water level is

permanently high (DG Environment, 2003). This habitat is exceedingly rare in

Ireland (Fossitt, 2000) and its range does not extend to within the zone of

influence of the Lagan Cement site (NPWS, 2008).

The significance of this woodland lies in the fact that it is dominated by native

Irish tree species and is a habitat that is infrequent at a county level.

10. Drainage Ditches – FW4 Extent: ~850 m

This habitat is present along portions of the arable fields. While drainage

channels are also present in the cutover bog, these are too numerous and

difficult to see (most are overgrown with vegetation) and so are not mapped.

These have been colonised by a range of species that are typical of shallow,

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stagnant water including Bulrush, Horsetails Equisetum sp., Water mint Mentha

aquatica and even occasional Common reed Phragmites australis. Because

of their artificial nature they are colonised only by the smallest of fish, although

they are likely to provide suitable breeding habitat for Common frog Rana

temporaria.

11. Hedgerow – WL1 Extent: 500 m

There is a relatively small length of true hedgerow in the study area. It is stock-

proof and consists of Hawthorn, Ash and Blackthorn.

12. Dense Bracken – HD1 Extent: 0.26 ha

This small area to the south of the electricity station is characterised by >50%

cover of Bracken Pteridium aquilinum. It is adjacent to the Bog Woodland

and Scrub habitats and so some Gorse and Birch are also present. The

Bracken is at its tallest in late summer but dies back in Winter leaving

distinctive brown mats of dead vegetation.

Bracken was originally a woodland species but despite being native to Ireland

it is invasive when outside this habitat. It forms dense blankets of vegetation

that excludes all other species. It is therefore of low biodiversity value.

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Figure 7.3: Habitat Map of Proposed Quarry Extension

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7.2.3 Fauna

The habitats present in the study area are likely to provide resources for a

number of species of fauna some of which are protected.

Mammals

A mammal trail, most likely a Badger‟s Meles meles was found along the

northern boundary, running along the hedgerow habitat (WL1). This evidence

was augmented by the presence of badger droppings along the fringes of

the smaller balancing pond, see figure 16. The badger is protected under the

Wildlife Act and is listed in the Red Data Book as Internationally Important

(Whilde, 1993).

An Irish hare Lepus timidus hibernicus was observed in the Cutover bog

habitat (PB4). During the September survey a specimen was also observed

foraging within the Active quarry (ED4). The hare is protected under the

Wildlife Act as well as Annex V of the Habitats Directive, and is listed in the Irish

Red Data Book as being Internationally Important (Whilde, 1993). The decline

in number of the Irish hare has been a cause of concern and in 2007 an all-

Ireland Species Action Plan was published by NPWS (Reid et al., 2007). The

reason for this decline is not well understood but loss of habitat is of prime

concern. While they are adaptable to a wide range of habitats they are

known to avoid areas of intensive agriculture (Harris & Yalden, 2008).

Evidence of a bird kill was found near the smaller balancing pond and this

was most likely the result of a Fox Vulpes vulpes. The fox is not a protected

species.

While the presence of other species cannot be confirmed, it is likely that

Pigmy Shrew Sorex minutus, Irish stoat Mustela ermine and Hedgehog

Erinaceus europaeus use the site due the availability of suitable habitat and

their known geographic distribution (Mitchell-Jones et al., 1999).

The presence of Bats on the site is likely and the old farm buildings in particular

are possible roost sites. All bat species in Ireland are protected under the

Wildlife Act and Annex IV of the Habitats Directive. There may be additional

bat roosts in the Treelines and it is highly likely that this habitat is used for

foraging.

Birds

A number of bird species were observed during the site survey. Many of these

are common hedgerow species such as Goldfinch Carduelis carduelis, Wood

Pigeon Columba palumbus, Blackbird Turdus merula, Hooded Crow Corvus

corone, Rook Corvus frugilegus, Jackdaw Corvus monedula and Starling

Sturnus vulgaris. Small numbers of Teal Anas Crecca and Snipe Gallinago

gallinago were observed at rest in the balancing ponds. Both of these

species are on the Amber list of „Birds of Conservation Concern in Ireland‟

(Lynas et al., 2007), i.e. of medium conservation concern. A small flock of

Reed Buntings Emberiza schoeniclus was identified flying over the cutover bog

habitat and a Heron Ardea cinerea was seen in the Drainage Ditch. It is likely

that other bird species, not observed during the site visits, are using the site.

During the September survey additional species encountered were Song

Thrush Turdus philomelos, Stonechat Saxicola torquata, and Meadow pipit

Anthus pratensis while Skylark Alauda arvensis and Raven Corvus corax were

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observed flying overhead. Of these the Skylark is Amber listed while the others

are all Green listed (of low conservation concern).

Amphibians

Neither Frogs (Rana temporaria) nor Newt (Triturus vulgaris) were observed

during either the December or September field surveys although suitable

habitat exists particularly in the cutover bog and the balancing ponds. Both

species are protected under the Wildlife (Amendment) Act 2000, while the

frog is also listed under Annex V of the Habitats Directive and regarded as

Internationally Important in the Red Data Book (Whilde, 1993).

Invertebrates

Only one insect in Ireland is protected under law: the Marsh Fritillary butterfly

Euphydryas aurinia. It has not been recorded from this site (Asher et al., 2001)

however food plant for its caterpillar (the Devil‟s-bit Scabious plant, Succisa

pratensis) is present in significant quantity to the south of the Cutover bog and

in the Wet grassland habitat (GS4). This plant is common and widespread

(Web et al., 1996) while the butterfly is very restricted in its range and is

declining. While the Lagan Cement site falls within the species‟ range it is

unlikely that it is present (NPWS, 2008).

While all habitats on the site are likely to harbour numerous invertebrate

species, few are in evidence during the Winter months. During the September

survey, despite fine, sunny weather at the time, the site was noted for its lack

of butterfly activity. Two species were encountered along the Treelines: Small

tortoiseshell Aglais urticae and Speckled wood Pararge aegeria, both of

which are considered „not threatened‟ (Asher et al., 2001).

7.2.4 Aquatic Environment

Three stretches of river were surveyed. These were chosen based on the

sources of potential impact, of which there are three: two point emission

sources, SW1 on the Kinnegad River and SW2 on the western tributary; and a 1

km stretch of the eastern tributary closest to the excavation pit. The latter

stretch is potentially at greatest risk from lowering of the water table from

groundwater extraction (based on its distance from the point of extraction).

Figure 7.4 shows licensed discharge points, locations of macroinvertebrate

samples and the location of surveyed stretches in relation to the site

boundary.

7.2.4.1 Ecological Status

Macroinvertebrates are frequently used as indicator organisms to determine

the overall ecological health of river systems. The location of these samples is

shown in Figure 7.4 and the associated Q-Values are given in Table 7.2. Full

analysis data is presented in Appendix 7.6.

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Ordnance Survey Ireland Licence No. EN0053907 © Ordnance Survey Ireland Government of Ireland

Figure 7.4: Freshwater Sampling Locations and Results

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Table 7.2: Q-Values at Selected Sampling Locations

Upstream Downstream

Kinnegad River Q3 Q3

Eastern Tributary Q3 Q3

Western Tributary Q3 Q3

All sampling points were determined to be Q3 – Moderately Polluted. This

assessment was made in on the basis of the population structure of

macroinvertebrates, the presence of in-stream vegetation and physical

parameters, particularly the level of sedimentation. All river stretches were

heavily canalised and so have lost their natural morphology (see Section

7.2.4.2). The EPA methodology states that “macroinvertebrate criteria do not

apply to rivers …effected by significant…canalisation” (Toner et al., 2005). As

a result, greater emphasis was placed on other parameters.

7.2.4.2 Suitability of Habitat for Salmonid Fish

The three stretches of river chosen showed a highly modified morphology, i.e.

their natural, meandering shape has been removed through a process of

canalisation. This results in deep, straight river channels with a more or less

uniform flow profile – unlike the riffle/pool/glide sequence to be found in

unmodified rivers. Each stretch was characterised on the basis of its

morphology, flow characteristics, in-stream species, riparian species,

percentage summer shading, and substrate. These factors were used to

determine the overall suitability of the rivers as habitats for Atlantic salmon at

their spawning, juvenile and adult stages. This was gauged as to whether

suitable habitat was either present or absent. Table 7.3 summarises the results

for each stretch of river and full survey results are presented in Appendix 7.7.

Table 7.3: Presence of Suitable Habitat for Salmon

Kinnegad River Eastern Tributary Western Tributary

Spawning Absent Absent Absent

Juvenile Absent Absent Absent

Adult Present Absent Absent

1. The Kinnegad River from the site boundary upstream of SW1 to ~1 km

downstream of the discharge point.

The section of the river near SW1 is straight and deep and is characterised by

an absence of tall riparian vegetation and abundant macrophyte growth,

particularly Watercress Nasturtium officinale. The absence of a riffle/pool

sequence and siltation of the river bed has removed any potential for

spawning or juveniles. The deep water however does provide adequate

access for adults migrating to spawning grounds further upstream.

2. The Eastern Tributary from SW2 to ~1 km downstream of this point.

This stream is small, perhaps only 1m wide on average. The southern section is

overgrown with abundant riparian vegetation, particularly Bramble Rubus

fruticosus and during summer shading could be close to 100%. Total shading

such as this is known as „tunnelling‟ and contributes to bank-side erosion and

a deterioration of habitat for Salmon of all life stages (O‟Grady, 2006). Further

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to the north there is a total absence of riparian vegetation and excessive

growths of Watercress are present. This stretch has been straightened and so

the river‟s natural contours have been removed. These factors result in a lack

of suitable habitat for Salmon at any of its life stages.

3. The Western tributary from the site boundary to a point ~1.8 km upstream.

At the point near the site boundary this stream was heavily silted with bank-

side erosion clearly in evidence. Riparian vegetation was more favourable

along this stretch with tall trees on one bank with Hawthorn, Ash and

Sycamore Acer pseudoplatanus. The flow characteristic was uniform with no

riffle/pool sequence. Further to the east, the stream narrows to no more than

50 cm on average and recent hedge-cutting has filled the water with wood

chippings, branches and twigs. These factors, particularly the lack of any

clean gravel substrate would not provide suitable habitat for spawning or

juvenile salmon. The small size of the river and the level of obstruction (i.e.

emergent macrophyte vegetation and woody debris) would not allow the

passage of adult fish.

7.2.4.3 Other Protected Species in the Aquatic Environment

Otter Lutra lutra and Lamprey (River lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis, Brook

lamprey, L. planeri and Sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus) are protected

under Annex II of the Habitats Directive while the Kingfisher Alcedo atthis is

listed in Annex I of the Birds Directive. Each of these species depend on

freshwater habitats and could be expected to inhabit the rivers surrounding

the Lagan Cement facility, particularly the main channel of the Kinnegad

river. The Lamprey was subject to an extensive survey within the Boyne

catchment in 2006 and this confirmed the presence of this fish in the Kinnegad

river (O‟Connor, 2006). No evidence of either Otter or Kingfisher was found

although their presence is indicated through published distribution data for

these species (Mitchell-Jones et al., 1999; Gibbons et al., 1993).

7.2.5 Determination of Value

Appendix 7.3 of the NRA guidelines (NRA, 2006) outlines a „site evaluation

scheme‟ that is designed to assign value to ecological features. Because

flora and fauna are intrinsically tied to their habitat it is most appropriate to

evaluate each of the habitat „parcels‟ that were identified on the site in

association with the species that were found there. Table 7.4 shows how this

scheme was applied to the Lagan Cement site.

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Table 7.4: Evaluation of ecological features in accordance with NRA

guidelines ranked in ascending order of value

Habitat Justification Value Rating

Cutover

Bog (PB4)

Site containing semi-natural habitat

types with high biodiversity in a local

context and a high degree of

naturalness.

Habitat for nationally protected

species (Irish hare)

High value,

locally

important

C

Bog

Woodland

(WN7)

Site containing semi-natural habitat

types with high biodiversity in a local

context and a high degree of

naturalness.

High value,

locally

important

C

The

Kinnegad

river and its

tributaries

Small water bodies with known

salmonid populations or with good

potential salmonid habitat

Farm

Buildings

Potentially significant populations of

Annex IV protected species (bats)

Hedgerow

(WL1)

Site containing some semi-natural

habitat

Moderate

value, locally

important

D

Scrub

(WS1)

Artificial

Lakes and

Ponds (FL8)

Treelines

(WL2)

Wet

Grassland

(GS4)

Drainage

Ditches

(FW4)

Artificial and highly modified habitat

with low species diversity and low

wildlife value

Low value,

locally

important

E

Dense

Bracken

(HD1)

Improved

Agricultural

Grassland

(GA1)

Active

Quarries

(ED4)

Arable

crops

(BC1)

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7.2.6 ‘Do-nothing’ Scenario

In the absence of the current development proposals little change can be

expected to take place in the ecological features in the short- to medium-

term.

The cutover bog habitat is extensively drained and since there is already

almost complete vegetation cover the conservation status of the bog is highly

unlikely to change. The absence of the bog-building Sphagnum moss means

that the generation of peat has ceased and only major intervention on the

site would reverse this. A warming climate may result in greater drying out of

the peat and a consequent expansion of scrub on the site, particularly Birch

and Gorse.

In the absence of agricultural management, the previously farmed land to

the south east would revert to scrub through a process of succession. This can

already be observed in some of these fields. Where current agricultural

practices continue, scrub encroachment will not occur and gaps in the

existing treelines will continue to widen. Species diversity will decline as

individual trees die off without any regeneration of seedlings.

The scrub and dense bracken to the south of the electricity station will slowly

develop through succession as tree species from the bog woodland colonise

these areas. The habitats would ultimately merge into one.

The ecology of the ponds would change slowly as particulate matter in water

pumped from the quarry floor settles out and eventually fills in the pond

basins. Their value to the wildfowl would remain as long as open water exists.

The small stretch of hedgerow to the north of the study area is already

developing into a treeline through lack of management.

The status of the rivers is likely to improve over time. due to the on-going

implementation of the Water Framework Directive. Of particular relevance is

the impact of the seriously canalised river morphology which can continue

indefinitely in the absence of intervention to restore the river‟s natural

morphology (O‟Grady, 2006).

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7.3 PREDICTED IMPACT OF THE PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT

7.3.1 Construction Phase

No impact is predicted on designated nature conservation sites.

The proposed extension of quarrying activities will directly remove areas of

Cutover bog, Scrub, Dense bracken, Treelines, Improved Agricultural

Grassland, Artificial lakes, Arable crops, Drainage ditches, Wet grassland and

Bog woodland, as well as the old farm buildings.

Since the quarry expansion is not adjacent to any water courses, there is no

potential for impacts on the aquatic environment during the construction

phase.

Clearing ground and creating the screening earth banks in advance of

quarry operations will therefore have 5 impacts.

1. Removal of the C ranking habitats (Cutover bog, Bog woodland, Farm

buildings).

2. Removal of D ranking habitats (Hedgerow, Scrub, Artificial lake, and Wet

grassland).

3. Removal of E ranking habitats (Improved Agricultural Grassland, Drainage

ditches, Dense bracken and Arable crops).

4. Reduction in population of protected or rare species including Badger,

Bats, Hare, Common frog, Smooth newt, Teal, Skylark and Snipe.

5. Disturbance to wildlife in general through land clearance and creation of

earth screens.

The nature of these impacts is assessed in Table 7.5.

Table 7.5: The characteristics of potential impacts from the construction phase

of the quarry expansion

Impact Direct/

Indirect

Cumulative Time Scale Permanent/

Temporary

Positive/

Negative

1 Direct Yes Short-term Permanent Negative



4 Direct Yes

Short to

medium-

term

Permanent Negative

5 Direct No Short-term Temporary Negative

Impacts are quantified where possible, both in absolute terms and as a

proportion of the whole resource. This is presented in Table 7.6.

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Table 7.6: Scale and likelihood of potential impacts from the construction

phase of the quarry expansion

Impact Magnitude As proportion of on-site

resource Likelihood

1 -17.2 ha 100% Certain

2

-11.1 ha (Scrub and

Wet grassland)

3.84 km of Treeline

850 m of Drainage

ditch

~100%

61% (the remainder are

boundary trees)

100%

Certain

3 - 39.6 ha 100% Certain

4

Unknown but includes

populations of Bats,

Badgers, Irish hare,

Common frog,

Smooth newt, Skylark,

Teal and Snipe

Unknown Likely

5 Not possible to

quantify

Unknown but could be

locally significant given the

scale of land clearance

Possible

depending

of the

timing of

works

Appendix 4 of the NRA Guidelines (NRA, 2006) provides guidance on assessing

impact significance. This is done by combining the magnitude of the impact

(from tables 5 & 6 with the value of the ecological resource as assessed in

section 7.2.5, Table 7.4).

Table 7.7: Impact significance during the construction phase of the quarry

expansion

Impact Significance

1 Major Negative – Permanent impact on a large part of a C

ranking site

2 Moderate Negative – Permanent impact on a large part of a D

ranking site

3 Minor negative – Permanent impact on a large part of an E

ranking site

4 Moderate Negative – Permanent impact on C ranking species

5 Minor Negative – Temporary impact on a large part of the site.

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7.3.2 Operation Phase

Evidence gathered during the field survey suggests that current surface water

emissions from the site are having no negative impact on ecology in the

aquatic environment.

The operation of the expanded quarry will result in 6 potential impacts on flora

and fauna.

1. Potential impact on the flow patterns in the aquatic environment as a

result of quarrying below the water table.

2. Damage to vegetation as a result of greater emission of dust.

3. Disturbance of wildlife in general through blasting and site noise.

4. Potential impact to the remaining areas of cutover bog habitat adjacent

to the site through lowering the water table and drying out the peat.

5. Potential impact to the aquatic environment through changes in water

quality, temperature and flow characteristics through surface water

discharges from licensed emission points.

The nature of these impacts is assessed in Table 7.8. Note that „Permanent‟

according to the NRA Guidelines is considered to be an impact that is greater

than 1 year in duration.

Table 7.8: The characteristics of potential impacts from the operational phase

of the quarry expansion

Impact Direct/

Indirect

Cumulative Time

Scale

Permanent/

Temporary

Positive/

Negative

1 Indirect No

Medium

to long-

term

Permanent Unknown

2 Indirect Yes

Medium

to long-

term

Permanent Negative

4 Direct No Long-term Temporary Negative

5 Direct Yes Unknown Permanent Negative

6 Direct Yes

Medium

to long-

term

Permanent Unknown

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Impacts are quantified where possible, both in absolute terms and as a

proportion of the whole resource. This is presented in Table 7.9.

Table 7.9: Scale and likelihood of potential impacts from the operational

phase of the quarry expansion

Impact Magnitude As proportion of on-site

resource Likelihood

1 Unknown

Unknown but is likely to impact

on different areas in different

ways.

Likely since

quarrying will be

taking place

below the water

table

2 Unknown

Not possible to quantify but will

impact the immediate

boundary zone greatest.

Not likely to be

greater than that

already occurring

3 Not possible

to quantify

Will be confined to the

immediate boundary zone.

Not likely to be

greater than that

already occurring

4 Not possible

to quantify

Difficult to quantify but will

impact the area closest to the

closest to the quarry face

greatest

Unknown

5 Unknown

Water quality and temperature

will be similar to the current

conditions. The impact of

altered flow patterns is

currently unknown.

Unknown

By combining the magnitude of the impact with the value of the ecological

resource the significance of the impact can be assessed (as in section 7.3.1.1).

This is shown in Table 7.10.

Table 7.10: Impact significance during the operational phase of the quarry

expansion

Impact Significance

1

Unknown

2

Minor Negative – permanent impact on a small part of the site

3

Neutral – no impact

4

Moderate Negative – permanent impact on a small part of the site

5

Neutral – no impact. Note that the significance of this impact may

change as further hydrological information comes to light

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7.4 MITIGATION MEASURES

According to accepted methodologies (EPA, 2003; IEEM, 2006) mitigation is

required where there are likely, significant, negative impacts. The NRA

guidelines do not define at what level an impact becomes significant. IEEM

guidance (Appendix 7.1) states that an impact is significant if it is „Major

Negative‟ or greater. By this standard, the proposed development will result in

one significant, negative impact (removal of Cutover bog and Bog woodland

habitat). However current best practice advocates the principle of „no net

loss‟ and where possible enhancement of ecological resources. Mitigation

measures are therefore proposed to ensure that these principles are

incorporated into this development.

7.4.1 Quarry Extension

Five negative impacts were identified in Section 7.3.

1. Removal of C Ranking Habitats (cutover bog and bog woodland)

This will result in loss of habitat for a range of species but of particular

significance is the impact on Irish hare, Common frog, Skylark and Smooth

newt. It is not possible to mitigate for the direct loss of habitat and so

compensation is the only alternative.

Recommendation 1:

Post-operation, quarries are well known to provide suitable habitat for a range

of rare and protected species (Gilbert & Anderson, 1998). It is therefore

recommended that the rehabilitation plan for the site includes a strong

emphasis on habitat creation for biodiversity. If sensitively carried through,

there is adequate scope to create resources for the species identified above,

as well as for additional species that may not currently use the site.

Compensation may be made through other areas of the site that have

recently, or may soon be worked out. This would minimise short term impacts

to these species.

While short term impacts remain on key species, implementing this

recommendation would secure their long term survival on the site and

ultimately reduce this impact from Major negative to Neutral.

2. Removal of D Ranking Habitats (scrub, wet grassland, artificial pond and

treelines)

Removal of the Smaller Artificial Pond:

This impact can be offset through the enhancement of the remaining pond to

make it more biodiversity friendly.

Recommendation 2:

It is recommended that the shape of the larger pond, which is currently of low

biodiversity value, be altered to create gradually sloping edges. This greatly

encourages colonisation by tall reeds and other wetland plants and the

resultant vegetation not only creates valuable wildlife habitat but actively

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enhances the capacity of the pond to remove particulate matter thereby

improving the quality of surface water emissions.

Removal of Treeline Habitat:

The removal of semi-natural habitat can be mitigated by creating similar

habitat elsewhere. This is known as compensation. This process is an inexact

science as habitats are a unique result of the soil, geology, climate and land-

use history in that location and so is not easily replicated. In the case of

wooded habitats it may take many years for trees to reach maturity and so

come close to replicating the ecological value of the original. Nevertheless,

approximations can sometimes be made. In this instance, the total area of

habitat to be lost is approximately 1.5 ha (3.84 km long by approximately 4m

wide).

Recommendation 3:

Create an area of native broad-leaved woodland on the site to be

composed of species consistent with the surrounding landscape and to cover

a minimum area of 3 ha. This additional area is arbitrary but can compensate

for the fact that trees take a long time to reach maturity.

Removal of Scrub and Wet Grassland

Compensation for these habitats could be made through management of

existing areas on the Lagan cement site for biodiversity. This could take the

form of a Biodiversity Action Plan for the site and could incorporate other

recommendations made in this report.

Such an initiative would not only reduce this impact from Moderate negative

to Neutral but would actively enhance biodiversity on the site and result in an

overall Positive impact.

Recommendation 4:

Lagan Cement Ltd have given a commitment to develop a Biodiversity

Action Plan for the site to incorporate measures recommended in this report.

A baseline survey is the starting point for this plan and since many species of

plant and animal are not apparent throughout the year, the timing of this

survey is crucial. If the Planning Authority were to insert a pre-

commencement condition as part of the planning permission, this survey will

take place during the growing season (April – September).

3. Removal of E Ranking Habitats

These habitats are of low biodiversity value and their removal will have Minor

negative impacts. If the compensation measures described above were to

be implemented, they would more than make up for this loss.

4. Reduction in Population of Protected or Rare Species (moderate negative

impact)

The area in which the Badger trail was found will not be impacted directly

and the removal of existing habitat does not contain any setts. Therefore,

only a small portion of the Badger‟s foraging area will be removed and this

impact can be considered neutral.

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Impacts to the Irish Hare, Common frog, Smooth newt and Skylark will result

upon removal of the Cutover bog habitat. Compensation for this loss has

already been discussed and would involve rehabilitating the site post-

operation to provide habitat for these species.

The presence of Bats on the site has been confirmed through previous studies.

The quarry expansion will remove not only foraging territory but potential

roosting sites in the old farm buildings. In addition there may be roosting sites

along the stretches of Treeline that are to be removed.

The Teal and the Snipe will not be impacted in the short term through the

removal of the smaller of the two balancing ponds. However the

enhancement of the larger balancing pond, which currently has little

vegetation cover, will offset this loss.

Recommendation 5:

Lagan Cement Ltd given a commitment to carry out a bat survey of the areas

for proposed quarry expansion. All bat species are protected by law and it is

a criminal offence to destroy their roosting places, knowingly or otherwise.

However the timing of such a survey is critical as bats are only active during

certain times of the year. It is therefore suggested that the Planning Authority

insert a pre-commencement condition as part of the planning permission that

a bat survey should be carried out during the recommended survey period of

April – September (NRA, 2006). Compensatory, avoidance or mitigation

measures may be possible and, if available, will be included in this report.

5. Disturbance to wildlife in general through land clearance and creation of

earth screens (minor negative)

This impact can be mitigated by ensuring that clearance of hedges and trees

only takes place outside of nesting season for birds (March – August inclusive).

Indeed, it is an offence under the Wildlife (Amendment) Act 2000 to carry out

clearance of vegetation during these months unless for reasons of health and

safety.

Recommendation 6:

Carry out site clearance work only from September 1st to the last day in

February [42].

6. Damage to vegetation as a result of greater emission of dust (minor

negative impact)

The deposition of dust on leaf surfaces can stunt plant growth, block the

stomata through which respiration takes place and leave the plant more

vulnerable to disease (Bell & Treshow, 2002). The emission of dust from the site

is controlled under condition 6.10.4 of Lagan Cement‟s IPPC licence and

abatement measures, including a monitoring protocol are already in place.

Continuing adherence to this condition will ensure that impacts to vegetation

are avoided.

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7. Potential impact to the cutover bog habitat through lowering the water

table and drying out the peat (moderate negative)

This impact is highly uncertain. The bog is already dry from extensive drainage

and so it is not known whether quarry extraction will contribute to additional

drainage. Indeed, peat retains water so well that if this impact is realised it

may be limited to only of portion of the habitat close to the quarry. A

previous EIS for this site suggested that an impermeable marl layer underneath

the peat would prevent extensive drying out occurring (Goodwillie, 1998)

however bringing the quarry so close may disrupt that seal.

Recommendation 7:

An earth bank should be constructed to provide a buffer between the bog

and the quarry face. This will retard drainage from the bog sufficiently to

allow rainfall to maintain the current hydrology of the site.

8. Impacts to the Aquatic Environment

The impacts to the aquatic environment through changes in the flow regime

in the Kinnegad River as well as adjacent tributaries are currently unknown. It

is therefore not possible to suggest mitigation measures at this time.

Recommendation 8:

Review the impacts to the aquatic environment as information comes to light

regarding the potential changes to hydrology within the zone of influence.

9. Potential Enhancement of Ecological Resources

There is enormous potential to enhance wildlife within the existing Lagan

Cement site due to its size and the range of habitats, both natural and man-

made, that already exist there. Such measures would contribute positively to

the sustainability of Lagan Cement‟s operation, promote good relations with

neighbours through raising awareness, and enhance the company‟s image

both within the wider corporation and nationally.

7.4.2 Monitoring

Where residual impacts remain after mitigation, monitoring is required.

Impacts to bat populations are not fully understood at this stage and so

monitoring may be required once further studies are completed.

The moderate negative impact to the Irish hare, Common frog, Smooth newt

and Skylark was quantified in terms of area of habitat lost. Monitoring will be

required to determine the effectiveness of rehabilitating the site, or particular

parts of it, for these species. This would be best achieved through the

recommended Biodiversity Action Plan for the site.

7.5 RESIDUAL IMPACT

One significant, negative impact is predicted as a result of this development

proposal. Several moderate and minor negative impacts were identified and

mitigation measures have been recommended. The scope for enhancement

of the ecological resource has also been outlined and a recommendation

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made. The implementation of these measures would result in a significant

gain for flora and fauna on this site.

The potential for quarries to become important sites for wildlife when

operations have ceased is well known (Gilbert & Anderson, 1998). It can be

expected that such will be the case in the long-term, when the quarry on this

site is exhausted.

Addressing all of these issues holistically through a Biodiversity Action Plan for

the site would ensure that residual impacts are addressed. Indeed, if all

recommendations from this report are implemented, the long-term residual

impact from this development can be seen as positive overall.

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7.6 REFERENCES

Asher J. et al. 2001. The Millennium Atlas of Butterflies in Britain and Ireland.

Oxford University Press.

Bell J.N.B. & Treshow M. 2002. Air Pollution and Plant Life. 2nd Edition. Wiley.

Conservation Services. 1999. Assessment of Potential Impacts on the Aquatic

Environment from the Proposed Cement Manufacturing and Quarry

Development at Killaskillen, near Kinnegad.

Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural

habitats and of wild fauna and flora

Council Directive 97/11/EEC of 3rd March 1997 amending Directive

85/337/EEC on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private

projects on the environment

Council Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council

establishing a framework for the Community action in the field of water policy

– more commonly known as the Water Framework Directive

Croft P.S. 1986. A Key to the Major Groups of British Freshwater Invertebrates‟.

Field Studies Council.

Curtis T.G.F.& McGough H.N. 1988. The Irish Red Data Book 1: Vascular Plants.

Stationary Office.

Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government, 2004.

Quarries and Ancillary Activities – Guidelines for Planning Authorities

Department of Environment, Heritage and Local Government, 2002. Making

Ireland’s Development Sustainable

Department of Environment, Heritage and Local Government and Environment

and Heritage Service Northern Ireland. 2005. All-Ireland Species Action Plans.

DG Environment. 2003. Interpretation Manual of European Union Habitats.

European Commission.

Dúchas. 2002. National Biodiversity Action Plan. Department of the Arts,

Heritage, Gaeltacht and the Islands.

Dwyer R.B. 2000. Protecting Nature in Ireland. The NGO’s Special Areas of

Conservation Shadow List. A report prepared for An Taisce, BirdWatch Ireland,

Coastwatch Ireland, Irish Peatland Conservation Council, and the Irish Wildlife

Trust. Irish Peatland Conservation Council.

EPA, 2003. Advice Notes on Current Practice (in the preparation of

Environmental Impact Statements)

EPA, 2007. 2020 Vision: Protecting and Improving Ireland’s Environment

Eastern River Basin District. 2007. Water Matters – Have your say!

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Elliott J.M., Humpesch U.H., & Macan T.T. 1988. Larvae of the British

Ephemeroptera. Freshwater Biological Association.

Elliott J. M. & Mann K.H. 1979. A Key to the British Freshwater Leeches.

Freshwater Biological Association.

Fitter R., Fitter A. & Farrer A. 1984. Grasses, sedges, rushes and ferns of Britain

and Northern Europe. Collins.

Foss P.J., O’Connell C.A. & Crushell P.H. 2001. Bogs & Fens of Ireland

Conservation Plan 2005. Irish Peatland Conservation Council.

Fossitt J. 2000. A Guide to Habitats in Ireland. Heritage Council.

Gibbons D.W., Reid J.B. & Chapman R.A. 1993. The New Atlas of Breeding Birds

in Britain and Ireland: 1988 – 1991. T&AD Poyser.

Gilbert O.L. & Anderson P.A., 1998. Habitat Creation and Repair, Oxford

University Press

Goodwillie R. 1998. Environmental Impact Statement.

Goodwillie R. 1999. Environmental Impact Statement.

Greenhalgh M. & Ovenden D. 2007. Freshwater Life. Collins.

Harris S. & Yalden D.W. 2008. Mammals of the British Isles: Handbook, 4th

Edition. The Mammal Society.

Hendry K. & Cragg-Hine D. 2003. Ecology of the Atlantic Salmon. Conserving

Natura 2000 Rivers Ecology Series No. 7. English Nature, Peterborough.

Heritage Council. 2002. Draft Habitat Survey Guidelines. The Heritage Council.

Hickie D. 2004. Irish Hedgerows: Networks for Nature. Networks for Nature.

IEEM. 2006. Guidelines for Ecological Impact Assessment in the United

Kingdom. Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management.

Institute of Environmental Assessment, 1995. Guidelines for Baseline Ecological

Assessment‟

International Standards Organisation, 1985. ISO 7828. Water Quality – Methods

of biological sampling – Guidance no Handnet sampling of aquatic benthic

macro-invertebrates

International Standards Organisation, 2004. I.S. EN ISO 5667-3:2004: Water

Quality – Sampling – Part 3: Guidance on the Preservation and Handling of

Water Samples

Johnson O. & More D., 2004. Tree Guide‟, Collins

Kurz I. & Costello M.J. 1999. An outline of the biology, distribution and

conservation of Lampreys in Ireland. Irish Wildlife Manual no. 5. Dúchas, The

Heritage Service.

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Lynas P., Newton S.F., & Robinson J.A. 2007. The Status of birds in Ireland: an

analysis of conservation concern 2008 – 2013. Irish Birds: Volume 8; Number 2.

Macan T.T. 1977. British Fresh- and Brackish-Water Gastropods. Freshwater

Biological Association.

Meath County Council. 2007. Meath County Development Plan 2007 – 2013.

Merryweather J. 2007. The Fern Guide. Field Studies Council.

Mitchell-Jones A.J., Amori G., Bogdanowicz W., Krystufek B., Reijnders P.J.H.,

Spitzenberger F., Stubbe M., Thissen J.B.M., Vohralik V & Zima J. 1999. The Atlas

of European Mammals. T&AD Poyser.

Morris P. & Therivel R., 2001. Methods of Environmental Impact Assessment,

Spon Press.

National Parks and Wildlife Service. 2008. The Status of EU Protected Habitats

and Species in Ireland. Department of Environment, Heritage and Local

Government.

National Parks and Wildlife Service. 2005. All Ireland Species Action Plans.

Department of Environment, Heritage and Local Government.

NRA. 2006. Guidelines for Assessment of Ecological Impacts of National Road

Schemes. National Roads Authority.

O’Connor W. 2006. A survey of juvenile lamprey populations in the Boyne

Catchment. Irish Wildlife Manuals, No. 24 National Parks and Wildlife Service,

Department of Environment, Heritage and Local Government, Dublin, Ireland.

O’Grady M.F. 2006. Channels & Challenges. Enhancing Salmonid Rivers. Irish

Freshwater Fisheries Ecology and Management Series: Number 4. Central

Fisheries Board, Dublin, Ireland.

Olsen L., Sunesen J. & Pedersen B.V. 2001. Small Freshwater Creatures. Oxford

University Press.

Otte M.L. 2003. Wetlands of Ireland. University College Dublin Press.

Preston C.D., Pearman D.A. & Dines T.D. 2002. New Atlas of the British & Irish

Flora. Oxford University Press.

Reid, N., Dingerkus, K., Montgomery, W.I., Marnell, F., Jeffrey, R., Lynn, D.,

Kingston, N. & McDonald, R.A. 2007. Status of hares in Ireland. Irish Wildlife

Manuals, No. 30. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of

Environment, Heritage and Local Government.

Rose F., 2006. The Wild Flower Key, Penguin Books.

Rydin H. & Jeglum J. 2006. The Biology of Peatlands. Oxford University Press.

Scannell M.J.P. & Synnott D.M. 1987. Census catalogue of the Flora of Ireland.

Stationary Office.

Statutory Instrument No. 94 of 1999. Flora (Protection) Order

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Tom Philips & Associates. 2005. Environmental Impact Statement.

Toner P., Bowman J., Clabby K., Lucey J., McGarrigle M., Concannon C.,

Clenaghan C., Cunningham P., Delaney J., O’Boyle S., MacCárthaigh M.,

Craig M. & Quinn R. 2005. Water Quality in Ireland 2001 – 2003. Appendix 1:

Biological and Physico-Chemical Surveillance and Water Quality Assessment

of Rivers. EPA.

Treweek J., 1999. Ecological Impact Assessment‟, Blackwell Science.

United Nations. 1992. Convention on Biological Diversity.

Webb D.A., Parnell J. & Doogue D. 1996. An Irish Flora. Dundalgan Press.

Whilde A. 1993. Threatened Mammals, Birds, Amphibians and Fish in Ireland.

Irish Red Data Book 2: Vertebrates. Belfast: HMSO.

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Appendices

Appendix 7.1: Site Synopsis report for Mount Hevey Bog SAC (Site Code: 2342)

Appendix 7.2: Site Synopsis report for Black Castle Bog NHA (Site Code: 0570)

Appendix 7.3: Site Synopsis report for Molerick Bog NHA (Site Code: 1582)

Appendix 7.4: Site Synopsis report for Royal Canal pNHA (Site Code: 2103)

Appendix 7.5: Species Lists for Habitats

Appendix 7.6: Q-Value analysis of river sampling locations.

Appendix 7.7: River habitat surveys.

Acronyms

eNGO Environmental Non-Governmental Organisation

EPA Environmental Protection Agency

ERFB Eastern Regional Fisheries Board

GIS Geographic Information System

GPS Global Positioning System

IEEM Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management

IPCC Irish Peatland Conservation Council

NPWS National Parks and Wildlife Service

NRA National Roads Authority

pNHA Proposed Natural Heritage Area

RPA Registered Protected Area

SAC Special Area of Conservation

WFD Water Framework Directive

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Appendix 7.1

NPWS Site Synopsis for Mount Hevey Bog SAC

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SITE SYNOPSIS

SITE NAME : Mount Hevey Bog SAC

SITE CODE : 2342

Mount Hevey Bog is situated approximately 4 km north-east of Kinnegad, in the

townlands of Cloncrave, White Island, Aghamore, Kilwarden and Kilnagalliagh. The

Meath-Westmeath county boundary runs through the centre of the bog. The site

comprises a raised bog that includes both areas of high bog and cutover bog. The

Dublin-Sligo railway runs through the northern part of the bog isolating two northern

lobes. The northern lobes are adjacent to the Royal Canal.

The site is a candidate Special Area of Conservation selected for active raised bog,

degraded raised bog and Rhynchosporion, habitats that are listed on Annex I of the

E.U. Habitats Directive. Active raised bog comprises areas of high bog that are wet

and actively peat-forming, where the percentage cover of bog mosses (Sphagnum

spp.) is high, and where some or all of the following features occur: hummocks, pools,

wet flats, Sphagnum lawns, flushes and soaks. Degraded raised bog corresponds to

those areas of high bog whose hydrology has been adversely affected by peat

cutting, drainage and other land use activities, but which are capable of

regeneration. The Rhynchosporion habitat occurs in wet depressions, pool edges

and erosion channels where the vegetation includes White Beak-sedge

(Rhynchospora alba) and/or Brown Beak-sedge (R. fusca), and at least some of the

following associated species, Bog Asphodel (Narthecium ossifragum), Sundews

(Drosera spp.), Deergrass (Scirpus cespitosus), Carnation Sedge (Carex panicea).

The site consists of a long narrow bog separated into four sub-sections; the larger

eastern section supports a wet quaking area with hummock/hollows and pool

complex. Hummock/hollow complex also occurs in the south-west lobe and the

north-west lobe of the site. An infilled lake is now a soak system. Forestry occurs on

the most easterly section of the site. There is abandoned cutover all around this bog

and particularly on the western section. There is some wet and actively regenerating

areas of the cutover along the southern margins of the western lobe and along the

railway.

Much of the high bog has vegetation typical of the Midlands Raised Bog type. The

vegetation consists of Ling Heather (Calluna vulgaris), Cottongrass (Eriophorum

angustifolium and E. vaginatum), Bog Asphodel, White Beak-sedge and midland

indicator species Bog-rosemary (Andromeda polifolia) and the bog moss Sphagnum

magellanicum. The wet quaking area in the eastern section of the bog has pools

that support the bog moss Sphagnum cuspidatum with White Beak-sedge,

Cottongrass and Ling Heather at the edges. The hummock/hollow complex supports

a range of hummock-forming bog mosses, including Sphagnum imbricatum and S.

fuscum, as well as other species such as S. capillifolium, S. magellanicum and S.

papillosum.

Other plants found in the hummock/hollow complexes are Bog-rosemary,

Crossleaved Heath (Erica tetralix), Bog Asphodel and Deergrass. The infilled lake is

wet and quaking and the vegetation is dominated by Purple Moorgrass (Molinia

caerulea), Bog-myrtle (Myrica gale) and Downy Birch (Betula pubescens) with bog

mosses Sphagnum palustre and S. papillosum. The birch trees appear to be between

20 and 30 years old and the Bog Myrtle is over 150 cm high.

The edge of the former lake is clearly marked by robust plants of Ling Heather. Some

areas of old abandoned cutover bog on the site are very wet and regenerating well,

with a good cover of bog mosses, including such species as Sphagnum cuspidatum,

S. papillosum, S. capillifolium, S. auriculatum and S. subnitens.

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Current landuse on the site consists of limited mechanised peat-cutting, mostly on the

eastern end of the high bog. There are areas of old peat cuttings all around the site

with some very old abandoned regenerating cutover along the edge of the railway.

The area to the east of the site has been afforested. Areas of cutover have been

reclaimed for agricultural purposes. Damaging activities associated with these

landuses include drainage throughout the site (both old and recent) and burning of

the high bog. These are all activities that have resulted in loss of habitat and

damage to the hydrological status of the site, and pose a continuing threat to its

viability.

Mount Hevey Bog is a site of considerable conservation significance comprising as it

does a raised bog, a rare habitat in the E.U. and one that is becoming increasingly

scarce and under threat in Ireland. The site supports a good diversity of raised bog

microhabitats, including hummock/hollow complexes, pools, flushes and

regenerating cutover, as well as a number of scarce plant species. Active raised bog

is listed as a priority habitat on Annex I of the E.U. Habitats Directive. Priority status is

given to habitats and species that are threatened throughout the E.U. Ireland has a

high proportion of the total E.U. resource of this habitat type (over 60%) and so has a

special responsibility for its conservation at an international level.

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Appendix 7.2

NPWS Site Synopsis for Black Castle Bog NHA

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SITE SYNOPSIS

SITE NAME: Black Castle Bog NHA

SITE CODE: 0570

Black Castle Bog NHA is situated approximately 8 km north-west of Edenderry, mainly

in the townlands of Clonmore, Ballyheashill and Ballymacwilliam in County Meath.

The site comprises a raised bog that includes both areas of high bog and cutover

bog. The north-western margins of the site are bounded by roads and those on the

south-east are bounded mainly by scrub and woodland.

The site consists of one crescent-shaped lobe, which is quite flat. There is an absence

of permanent pools on the high bog. The raised bog is of particular interest as it is

one of the most easterly remaining raised bogs in the country. The peripheral area of

abandoned cutover bog has developed into a range of different habitats.

Much of the high bog vegetation is typical of the Midland Raised Bog type, consisting

of Ling Heather (Calluna vulgaris), Cross-leaved Heath (Erica tetralix) and White Beak-

sedge (Rhynchospora alba). The bog moss (Sphagnum spp.) cover is quite high,

especially in the central areas of the bog. Bog-rosemary (Andromeda polifolia) and

Cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccos) are also found on the bog, although not in

abundance. A number of species of lichen (Cladonia spp.) are recorded from this

site. There are a number of habitat types found on the cutover areas of the bog.

These include areas of wet grassland dominated by Soft Rush (Juncus effusus), Purple

Moor-grass (Molinia caerulea) and Yorkshire Fog (Holcus lanatus), areas with dense

Bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) cover, Gorse (Ulex europaeus) scrub, Downy Birch

(Betula pubescens) woodland and Ash (Fraxinus exelsior) dominated semi-natural

woodland.

Irish Hare, a Red Data Book species, has been recorded at the site.

Current landuse on the site consists of peat-cutting around the edge of the high bog,

and the drainage associated with this. Large portions of the bog have been burnt at

regular intervals. These activities have resulted in loss of habitat and damage to the

hydrological status of the site, and pose a continuing threat to its viability.

Black Castle Bog NHA is a site of considerable conservation significance, comprising

as it does, a raised bog, a rare habitat in the E.U. and one that is becoming

increasingly scarce and under threat in Ireland. It is especially important because of

its eastern location. This site also supports a wide range of habitats, especially

associated with the cutover areas. Ireland has a high proportion of the total E.U.

resource of raised bog (over 50%) and so has a special responsibility for its

conservation at an international level.

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Appendix 7.3

NPWS Site Synopsis for Molerick Bog NHA

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SITE NAME: MOLERICK BOG

SITE CODE: 001582

Molerick Bog NHA is situated approximately 4 km south-west of Longwood in the

townlands of Molerick, Anneville and Blackshade Co. Meath. The site comprises a

raised bog that includes both areas of high bog and cutover bog. The site is

bounded by the Dublin-Sligo railway line to the north and local roads to the east.

The site consists of a small basin bog with a dry surface. Cutover is found all around

the site, there is broadleaved woodland located to the south-west, wet woodland is

located to the north-west, scrub to the east, humid grassland to the south, a flush/fen

area to the west and humid grassland on mineral soil to the north-west.

Much of the high bog has vegetation typical of a Midland Raised Bog including Ling

Heather (Calluna vulgaris), Cross-leaved Heath (Erica tetralix), Deergrass (Scirpus

cespitosus), Common Cottongrass (Eriophorum angustifolium) and Sphagnum spp..

The Midland Raised Bog indicator species Bog-rosemary (Andromeda polifolia) is also

found on the bog. Downy Birch (Betula pubescens) is found growing in a wet part of

the high bog and is also invading the high bog margins from the cutover.

Active cutover bog occurs on the east and west margins of the high bog. Scrub

occurs to the north, east and south-east of the site. Dry, broadleaved semi-natural

woodland on cutover, comprising Ash (Fraxinus excelsior), Downy Birch and Willow

(Salix spp.) with some Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) and Elder (Sambucus nigra)

is located to the south-west of the site. A small area of wet woodland dominated by

Alder (Alnus glutinosa) is located to the north-west. Wet improved grassland occurs

to the south of the high bog, supporting Rushes (Juncus spp.), bog mosses

(Sphagnum spp.) and Common Cottongrass. There is also a fen/flush area to the

south-east margin of the site on cutover. Species found here include Marsh

Cinquefoil (Potentilla palustris,), Common Marsh-bedstraw (Galium palustre), Ragged

Robin (Lychnis flos-cuculi), Sedges (Carex spp.), Marsh Pennywort (Hydrocotyle

vulgaris) and several orchids, including Common Twayblade (Listera ovata).

Current landuse on the site includes extensive active peat-cutting on the east and

western margins, with old peat-cuttings all around the site. Areas of cutover have

been reclaimed for agricultural purposes to the south. Damaging activities

associated with these landuses include drainage and burning of the high bog. These

are all activities that have resulted in loss of habitat and damage to the hydrological

status of the site, and pose a continuing threat to its viability.

Molerick Bog NHA is a site of conservation significance comprising as it does a raised

bog, a rare habitat in the E.U. and one that is becoming increasingly scarce and

under threat in Ireland. This site is located in Co. Meath at the eastern extreme of

raised bogs in Ireland and is one of only four raised bogs in the county. Ireland has a

high proportion of the total E.U. resource of this habitat type (over 50%) and so has a

special responsibility for its conservation at an international level.

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Appendix 7.4

NPWS Site Synopsis for Royal Canal pNHA

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SITE NAME: ROYAL CANAL

SITE CODE: 002103

The Royal Canal is a man-made waterway linking the River Liffey at Dublin to the River

Shannon near Tarmonbarry. There is a branch line from Kilashee to Longford Town.

The canal NHA comprises the central channel and the banks on either side of it. The

main water supply is from Lough Owel (also an NHA) via a feeder channel into the

canal at Mullingar. The Royal Canal was closed to navigation in 1961. The section of

canal west of Mullingar was allowed to dry out, and the eastern section silted up and

became overgrown. Restoration began in 1988, and is still in progress.

A number of different habitats are found within the canal boundaries - hedgerow, tall

herbs, calcareous grassland, reed fringe, open water, scrub and woodland.

The hedgerow, although diverse, is dominated by Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna).

On the limestone soils of the midlands Spindle (Euonymus europaeus) and Guelder-

rose (Viburnum opulus) are present.

The vegetation of the towpath is usually dominated by grass species. Crested Dog's-

tail (Cynosurus cristatus), Quaking Grass (Briza media) and Sweet Vernal-grass

(Anthoxanthum odoratum) are typical species of the calcareous grasslands of the

midlands. Where the canal was built through a bog, soil (usually calcareous) was

brought in to make the banks. The contrast between the calcicolous species of the

towpath and the calcifuge species of the bog is very striking.

Otter spraints are found along the towpath, particularly where the canal passes over

a river or stream.

The Rare and legally protected Opposite-leaved Pondweed (Groenlandia densa)

(Flora Protection Order 1987) is present at one site in Dublin, between Locks 4 and 5.

Tolypella intricata (a stonewort listed in the Red Data Book as being Vulnerable) is

also in the Royal Canal in Dublin, the only site in Ireland where it is now found.

The ecological value of the canal lies more in the diversity of species it supports along

its linear habitats than in the presence of rare species. It crosses through agricultural

land and therefore provides a refuge for species threatened by modern farming

methods.

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Appendix 7.5

Species Lists for Surveyed Habitats

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Species nomenclature is taken from the Census Catalogue of the Flora of Ireland by

Scannell and Synnott (Stationary Office, 1987). Non-native species are indicated by

an asterisk, „*‟.

Active Quarries and Mines - ED4

Senecio jacobaea Common ragwort

Agrostis capillaris Common bent

Angelica sylvestris Wild angelica

Anthriscus sylvestris Cow parsley

Arrhenatherum elatius False oat-grass

Brassica nigra Black mustard

Centaurea nigra Common knapweed

Cirsium arvense Creeping thistle

Dactylis glomerata Cock's-foot

Epilobium hirsutum Great willowherb

Geum urbanum Wood avens

Holcus lanatus Yorkshire-fog

Hypericum perforatum Perforate St. John's-wort

Juncus effusus Soft rush

Juncus inflexus Hard rush

Plantago lanceolata Ribwort Plantain

Ranunculus repens Creeping buttercup

Rubus fruticosus Bramble

Rumex crispus Curled dock

Salix sp. Willow

Stellaria media Common chick-weed

Taraxacum sp. Dandelion

Ulex Europaeus Gorse

Urtica dioica Common nettle

Vicia sepium Buch vetch

Arable Crops - BC1

Anagallis arvensis Scarlet pimpernel

Anthoxanthum odoratum Sweet vernal-grass


Bellis perennis Daisy


Cynosurus cristatus Crested dog's-tail


Festuca arundinacea Tall fescue

Filipendula ulmaria Meadowsweet


Plantago major Greater plantain

Polygonum persicaria Redshank

Potentilla anserina Silverweed


Rumex crispus Curled dock

Sonchus arvensis Perennial sow-thistle

Stachys palustris Marsh woundwort

Veronica chamaedrys Germander speedwell

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Improved Agricultural Grassland - GA1






Lolium perenne Perennial rye-grass


Stellaria media Common chick-weed



Cutover Bog - PB4

Betula sp. Birch

Calluna vulgaris Ling heather

Cladonia sp. Lichens

Erica cinerea Bell heather

Erica tetralix Cross-leaved Heath

Hypericum

perforatum Perforate St. John's-wort

Juncus bufonius Toad rush


Menyanthes trifoliata Bogbean

Molinia caerulea Purple moor-grass

Narthecium

ossifragum Bog Asphodel

Potamogeton sp. Pondweed

Potentilla erecta Tormentil

Potentilla palustris Marsh cinquefoil

Pteridium aquilinum Bracken

Salix sp. Willow

Scirpus cespitosus Deergrass

Succisa pratensis Devil's-bit scabious


Scrub - WS1



Anthoxanthum

odoratum Sweet vernal-grass

Betula sp. Birch

Calluna vulgaris Ling heather



Cornus sanguinea Dogwood


Epilobium angustifolium Rosebay willowherb


Fraxinus excelsior Ash


Hypericum perforatum Perforate St. John's- wort

Lolium perenne Perennial rye-grass


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Artificial Lakes and Ponds - FL8



Salix sp. Willow

Typha sp. Bulrush


Treelines - WL2/Hedgerows - WL1

Acer pseudoplatanus* Sycamore

Aesculus

hipposcastanum* Horse-chestnut

Avena strigosa* Bristle oat

Blechnum spicant Hard Fern

Calystegia sepium Hedge bindweed

Corylus avellana Hazel

Crataegus monogyna Hawthorn

Euonymus europaeus Spindle

Fraxinus excelsior Ash

Galium aparine Cleavers

Geranium robertianum Herb-Robert

Hedera helix Ivy

Heracleum sphondylium Hogweed

Hypericum perforatum Perforate St. John's-wort

Ilex aquifolium Holly

Lonicera periclymenum Honeysuckle

Phyllitis scolopendrium Hart's tongue

Pinus sylvestris Scots pine


Prunus spinosa Blackthorn



Rosa canina Dog rose


Salix sp. Willow

Sambucus nigra Elder

Senecio jacobaea Common ragwort


Ulmus glabra Wych elm


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Wet Grassland - GS4


Anthoxanthum odoratum Sweet vernal- grass


Briza media Quaking-grass

Carex flacca Glaucous sedge


Cynosurus cristatus Crested dog's-tail

Dactylorhiza sp. Orchid




Phleum pratense Timothy

Plantago lanceolata Ribwort Plantain




Salix sp. Willow

Sonchus arvensis Perennial sow-thistle

Stachys palustris Marsh woundwort

Succisa pratensis Devil's-bit scabious


Trifolium pratense Red clover


Vicia sepium Buch vetch

Bog Woodland - WN7

Betula sp. Birch

Blechnum spicant Hard Fern

Corylus avellana Hazel

Geranium

robertianum Herb-Robert

Hedera helix Ivy

Ilex aquifolium Holly

Lonicera

periclymenum Honeysuckle

Oxalis acetosella Wood-sorrel


Drainage Ditches - FW4

Equisetum sp. Horsetail


Mentha aquatica Water mint

Nasturtium

officinale Water-cress

Phragmites australis Common reed

Sparganium

erectum Branched bur-reed

Tussilago farafara Colt's-food

Typha sp. Bulrush


Veronica

beccabunga Brooklime

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Dense Bracken - HD1

Betula sp. Birch



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Appendix 7.6

Q-Value Analysis of River Sampling Locations

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Eastern Tributary – upstream from licensed discharge point SW2

TAXA

Group

A TAXA

Group

C TAXA

Group

D

Total

Numbers

Relative

Abundance,

%

Abundan

ce

Category

Plecoptera Ephemeroptera Megaloptera Group

A 0 0 Absent

All ex. Leuctra spp. Baetis rhodani Sialidae

Ephemeroptera Caenidae Crustacea Group

B 0 0 Absent

Heptageniidae Ephemerellidae Assellus sp. 40

Siphlonuriidae Trichoptera Crangonyx sp. Group

C 10 20 Common

Ephemera danica Uncased spp. Gastropoda

Lamellibranchiata Hemiptera

Lymnaea peregra Group

D 41 80 Excessive Margaritifera

margaritifera

All except A. aestivalis

Coleoptera Physa sp.

TAXA

Group

B Diptera

Lamellibranchiata

Group

E 0 0 Absent

Plecoptera

Chrionomidae (excl.

Chironomus sp.) 9

Sphaeriidae

Leuctra spp. Simuliidae Hirudinea

Q-Value Determination – Q3: Moderately

Polluted

Ephemeroptera Tipulidae All except Piscicola sp. 1

Baetidae (excl. B.

rhodani)

Hydracarina

TAXA

Group

E

Leptophlebidae Crustacea Diptera Notes:

Moderate/high level of siltation.

Normal macrophyte growth.

Cladophora sp. absent.

Slime growths absent.

Canalised channel.

Trichoptera Gammarus spp. Chrionomus sp.

Cased spp. Austropotamobius pallipes Eristalis sp.

Hemiptera Gastropoda Oligochaeta

Aphelocheirus

aestivalis

(all excl. L. peregra &

Physa sp.) Tubificidae

Odonata Lamellibranchiata

Anodonta sp.

Hirudinea

Piscicola sp. 1

Platyhelminthes

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Eastern Tributary – 1km downstream of licensed discharge point SW2

TAXA

Group

A TAXA

Group

C TAXA

Group

D

Total

Numbers

Relative

Abundance,

%

Abundance

Category


A 0 0 Absent



B 0 0 Absent



C 4 17 Common




D 20 83 Excessive Margaritifera

margaritifera



TAXA

Group

B Diptera

Lamellibranchiata

Group

E 2 0 Absent

Plecoptera

Chrionomidae (excl.

Chironomus sp.)

Sphaeriidae


Q-Value Determination – Q3: Moderately Polluted Ephemeroptera Tipulidae All except Piscicola sp.

Baetidae (excl. B.

rhodani)

Hydracarina

TAXA

Group

E


Excessive substratum siltation.

Excessive macrophyte growth.



Canalised channel.

Trichoptera Gammarus spp. 4 Chrionomus sp.



Aphelocheirus

aestivalis




Anodonta sp.

Hirudinea

Piscicola sp.

Platyhelminthes

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Kinnegad River – Upstream of licensed discharge point SW1

TAXA

Group

A TAXA

Group

C TAXA

Group

D

Total

Numbers

Relative

Abundance,

%

Abundance

Category


A 0 0 Absent



B 0 0 Absent



C 48 76 Excessive



Lymnaea peregra 9 Group

D 15 24 Numerous Margaritifera

margaritifera


Coleoptera 1 Physa sp.

TAXA

Group

B Diptera

Lamellibranchiata

Group

E 0 0 Absent

Plecoptera

Chrionomidae (excl.

Chironomus sp.)

Sphaeriidae



Baetidae (excl. B.

rhodani)

Hydracarina

TAXA

Group

E



Luxuriant macrophyte growth.



Canalised channel.




Aphelocheirus

aestivalis


Physa sp.) 47 Tubificidae


Anodonta sp.

Hirudinea

Piscicola sp.

Platyhelminthes

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Kinnegad River – ~1km downstream of licensed discharge point SW1

TAXA

Group

A TAXA

Group

C TAXA

Group

D

Total

Numbers

Relative

Abundance,

%

Abundance

Category


A 1 0.5 Present

All ex. Leuctra spp. 1 Baetis rhodani Sialidae


B 1 0.5 Present



C 115 67 Dominant



Lymnaea peregra 33 Group

D 55 32 Numerous Margaritifera

margaritifera



TAXA

Group

B Diptera

Lamellibranchiata

Group

E 0 0 Absent

Plecoptera

Chrionomidae (excl.

Chironomus sp.)

Sphaeriidae 1


Q-Value Determination – Q3: Moderately Polluted Ephemeroptera Tipulidae 1 All except Piscicola sp.

Baetidae (excl. B.

rhodani)

Hydracarina

TAXA

Group

E



Luxurient macrophyte growth.



Canalised channel.


Cased spp. 1 Austropotamobius pallipes Eristalis sp.


Aphelocheirus

aestivalis


Physa sp.) 110 Tubificidae


Anodonta sp.

Hirudinea

Piscicola sp.

Platyhelminthes

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Western Tributary – Adjacent to main site entrance

TAXA

Group

A TAXA

Group

C TAXA

Group

D

Total

Numbers

Relative

Abundance,

%

Abundance

Category


A 0 0 Absent



B 1 1 Present



C 20 26 Numerous




D 56 73 Dominant Margaritifera

margaritifera



TAXA

Group

B Diptera

Lamellibranchiata

Group

E 0 0 Absent

Plecoptera

Chrionomidae (excl.

Chironomus sp.) 8

Sphaeriidae


Q-Value Determination – Q3: Moderately Polluted Ephemeroptera Tipulidae 3 All except Piscicola sp.

Baetidae (excl. B.

rhodani)

Hydracarina

TAXA

Group

E



Excessive macrophyte growth.



Canalised channel.

Trichoptera Gammarus spp. 8 Chrionomus sp.

Cased spp. 1 Austropotamobius pallipes Eristalis sp.


Aphelocheirus

aestivalis




Anodonta sp.

Hirudinea

Piscicola sp.

Platyhelminthes

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Western Tributary – ~1.8km upstream of Lagan Cement site

TAXA

Group

A TAXA

Group

C TAXA

Group

D

Total

Numbers

Relative

Abundance,

%

Abundance

Category


A 0 0 Absent



B 0 0 Absent



C 8 89 Excessive




D 0 0 Absent Margaritifera

margaritifera



TAXA

Group

B Diptera

Lamellibranchiata

Group

E 1 11 Present

Plecoptera

Chrionomidae (excl.

Chironomus sp.)

Sphaeriidae



Baetidae (excl. B.

rhodani)

Hydracarina

TAXA

Group

E



No macrophyte growth.



This stream was full of woody debris and

chippings which may account for the low

numbers of specimens overall.




Aphelocheirus

aestivalis


Physa sp.) 8

Tubificidae 1


Anodonta sp.

Hirudinea

Piscicola sp.

Platyhelminthes

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Appendix 7.7

River Habitat Surveys

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River Habitat Assessment

Location:

Western Tributary

Grid Ref Start: 256226, 242675

Grid Ref End: 255930, 343388

Morphology

~1m wide on average.

Moderate/high levels of siltation.

Substrate predominantly small stones ~5cm diameter

Chanel runs straight along field boundaries.

Riffle/pool sequences absent.

Flow

Characteristics Low flow, perhaps only 10cm deep in places.

In stream species Varying from none to luxuriant growths of Nasturtium officinale.

Riparian species Acer psuedoplatanus, Fraxinus excelsior, Craetegus monogyna,

Hedera helix, Angelica sylvestris, Salix sp.

~%age of cover

during summer Varying from 100% where „tunnelling‟ is evident to 0%

Salmonid Adult

Habitat Absent

Salmonid Nursery

Habitat Absent

Salmonid

Spawning Habitat Absent

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Location:

Kinnegad River


Grid Ref End: 258258, 244330

Morphology

Canalised

~4m wide on average

Straight and deep – no riffle/pool sequence

Difficult to assess substrate condition due to the depth of the

water but thought to be silted due to general morphology and

abundance of in-stream vegetation.

Flow

Characteristics

Uniform

Fast moving

In stream species Luxuriant growths of N. officinale.

Riparian species Holcus lanatus, Dyctalis glomerata, Ulex europeaus, Urtica

dioecia, Epilobium montanum, Crataegus monogyna.

~%age of cover

during summer 0%

Salmonid Adult

Habitat Present

Salmonid Nursery

Habitat Absent

Salmonid


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Location:

Eastern Tributary


Grid Ref End: 258520, 242552

Morphology

Very narrow channel, only 50cm in places.

The channel runs straight along field boundaries.

Riffle/pool sequence absent.

Heavy erosion is evident in places while the river substrate is

heavily silted. Elsewhere, cutting of riparian hedges has filled the

river with cuttings and woody debris.

Flow

Characteristics Low flow.

In stream species Excessive growths of N. officinale

Riparian species

Hedgerow species – Salix sp., Fraxinus excelsior, Rubus fruticosis,

Crateagus monogyna, with rushes and grasses, Juncus effussus

and Dyctalis glomerata.

~%age of cover

during summer Consistently ~50% along the full length of this stretch.

Salmonid Adult

Habitat Absent

Salmonid Nursery

Habitat Absent

Salmonid


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