7 x 11.5 long title - Assets - Cambridge University...

Index

Page numbers for principal cases are in italic type.

A. v. Federation Internationale des Luttes Associees,816–822

AAA (American Arbitration Association), 762, 788AAM. See American Association of MuseumsAAMD. See Association of Art Museum DirectorsAAMD Revises Guidelines for Acquisition of

Antiquities – Again (Flescher), 419–421Abandoned Movable Property Law (Cyprus),

528–529Abandoned Shipwreck Act of 1987, 279–280, 317,

343Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission,

617Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Heritage

Protection Act of 1984 (Australia),469–471

Abouloff v. Oppenheimer (1882), 237–238Abramson, Harold, 49Academy of Certified Archivists, 223Accent discrimination, 963–972, 978Accommodation, right to public, 784–787Acidic paper, 271“Acquisition of Archaeological Materials and

Ancient Art” (AAMD), 419Act for the Protection of the Traditional Intellectual

Creations of Indigenous Peoples of 2007(Taiwan), 668–671

ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990),784–787

Adaawk (oral history), 653–657Adams, R. E. W., 247Adat (animistic system of beliefs), 869–871Administration and Probate Act 1969 (Australia),

663Administrative Procedure Act (APA), 446ADR. See Alternative dispute resolutionAdvertising Age on network advertising, 690Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, 274Afghanistan, cultural heritage in, 206, 294–296,

356–357, 611–612Afo-A-Kom statue, 403

Africacustomary law in, 167–168language rights in, 931–938looting in, 255manuscript preservation in, 273religious rights in, 860–861

African Americans, 881, 972–978African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, 889Age certifications, Olympic, 798Agreement Concerning the Imposition of Import

Restrictions on Categories ofArchaeological Material Representing thePre-Classical, Classical and ImperialRoman Periods of Italy (U.S.–Italy),381–384

Agreement Concerning the Shipwrecked VesselR.M.S. Titanic, 343

Ahayu:da (wooden figures of twin gods), 430The Aims of the 1970 UNESCO Convention on the

Means of Prohibiting and Preventing theIllicit Import, Export and Transfer ofOwnership of Cultural Property and ActionBeing Taken by UNESCO to Assist in ItsImplementation (Clement), 406–410

Ainslie, Patricia, 715Air New Zealand, 626–627Akinnaso, Niyi, 931Akiyama v. U.S. Judo, Inc. (2002), 787–793Albania, linguistic rights in, 922–923Albanian schools case. See Minority Schools in

AlbaniaAlberta First Nation, 285Albright-Knox Art Gallery, 714Aleem v. Aleem (2008), 79–85, 86Alexander VI (Pope), 859Algonquin First Nation, 473All Blacks rugby team, 640ALR. See Art Loss RegisterAlternative dispute resolution (ADR), 603–613

advantages of, 604–610animistic, 869–871

981

www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press978-0-521-86550-0 - Cultural Law: International, Comparative, and IndigenousJames A. R. Nafziger, Robert Kirkwood Paterson and Alison Dundes RentelnIndexMore information

http://www.cambridge.org


http://www.cambridge.org/9780521865500

982 Index

Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) (cont.)consensual processes for, 49–52Principles for Cooperation in the Mutual

Protection and Transfer of CulturalMaterial, 610–611, 613

religion and, 859, 910–913Altmann, Austria v. (2004), 574–585, 598Altmann, Maria, 599, 605Amateur Sports Act of 1978, 762, 774, 776–780, 783,

787–788Amato, Christopher A., 456American Anthropological Association, 221American Arbitration Association (AAA), 762, 788American Association for State and Local History,

222American Association of Museums (AAM)

ethics code of, 221, 418, 424, 724, 735Holocaust claims and, 373museums, definition of, 676

American Bar Association, 959American Camping Association, 93American Ceramic Society, 209American Civil Liberties Union, 955American Commission on Human Rights, 176–177American Convention on Human Rights, 176–178,

180–197, 888–889, 948American Council for Cultural Policy, 209American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of

Man, 888American Indian Religious Freedom Act of 1978,

280American Indian Ritual Object Repatriation

Foundation, 691–692American Institute for Conservation of Historic and

Artistic Works, 735American Jurisprudence, 154American Legion, 959American Museum of Natural History, 428, 441, 681American (National) Association of Dealers in

Ancient, Oriental & Primitive Art, 483American Peace Society, 857American Protective Association, 958Americans for the Arts, 686American Sign Language, 963American Society of Composers, Authors and

Publishers, 92–93American Society of Contemporary Artists, 222Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA),

784–787America’s Cup, 797–798America’s First Pastime (Pauketat), 744–746Ami peoples, 625–626Anahuacalli Museum, 219Ancient Monuments Society, 222Anderson, Jerry L., 743Ando, Tadao, 270Andrews, Bradford L., 71And the Winner Is . . . (Wolfe), 861–862

L’Ange Gardien treasures, 537–542Anglican Church, 860Ang v. Proctor & Gamble (1991), 966–967Animal cruelty, 70–71Animal sacrifices, religious uses of, 43–48Animal smuggling, 54–56, 74–75Animism, 869–871Anthropology and anthropologists

as actors in cultural heritage law, 221culture defined in, 125–131

contemporary defense of concept, 129–131early definitions, 125–126later definitions, 126–127postmodern theory and cultural studies,

127–129religion defined by, 844

Anti-doping. See Doping in sportsAntique Tribal Art Dealers Association, 209Antiquities, ownership of, 500–508Antiquities Act of 1906, 274Anti-Semitism, 1–7Antons, Christoph, 616APA (Administrative Procedure Act), 446APEC (Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation), 32Apoxyomenos bronze, 677Appellate review in Islamic law, 867–868Aqudas Chasidei Chabad v. Russian Fed’n (2006),

599Arab League Educational, Scientific and Cultural

Organization, 294Arbitration, 10–11, 607–608, 814–829Archaeological Heritage Protection Act 1991,

proposed (Canada), 285–286Archaeological Institute of America, 221, 419Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979

(ARPA)archaeological resources, federal control of,

274archaeological value under, 476Kennewick Man and, 443, 446, 454private land, application to, 274–279seizure and forfeiture of cultural materials under,

481Archaeology and archaeologists

as actors in cultural heritage law, 221archaeological value, 475–477resources, threats to, 252–258, 280

Archaeology magazine, 251Architecture, threats to, 269–270Archives and archivists, 208, 222–223, 271–273Arctic peoples, language of, 918Are Religious Experiences Just a Side Effect of Brain

Chemistry? (Vedantam), 845–846Arewa, Olufunmilayo B., 620, 627Aristotle, 90Arizona, repatriation of cultural heritage law,

457–458Arla Foods (Danish dairy company), 837






Index 983

Armed conflicts and protection of cultural material,345–357. See also Wars

customary humanitarian law, 351–352Geneva Convention IV of 1949 and Protocol I,

348–349Hague Convention of 1954, 349–351Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907, 347–348ICTY, ICC, and Afghanistan and Iraq crises,

352–356Armenia, definition of religion in, 842ARPA. See Archaeological Resources Protection Act

of 1979Art Antiquity and Law (journal), 251Art as Politics in the Third Reich (Petropoulos), 699Art Conservation: Problems Encountered in an

Unregulated Industry (Botha), 728Art Dealers Association of America, 209, 374,

545Art galleries, 208, 220–221. See also specific galleriesArt historians, 208, 222–223, 224Article 38 of Statute of the ICJ, 148, 150–151Artistic rights, threats to, 258–269Artists in cultural heritage law, 208, 222Art Loss Register (ALR)

art theft and, 209, 227Holocaust claims and, 366–367, 369–370, 373,

374, 376IFAR and, 558Rosenberg family and, 513–514UNESCO and, 408

Art Museums and the Ritual of Citizenship(Duncan), 683–685

The Art Newspaper, 251The Art of Primitive Peoples (Hooper), 689The Art of War (Sun Tzu), 18The Arts of Contest (Parlett), 740–742Art thieves, 226–241Art Workers Guild, 222Asad, Talal, 848Ashmolean Museum, 414Asian Cup, 754, 758Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), 32Assembly of First Nations, 702Association, freedom of, 803, 840–842Association for Preservation of Technology

International, 222Association of Art Museum Directors (AAMD),

368–369, 418, 419–421, 724–725, 735Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN),

32Athens Olympic Games, 799The Athletic Congress of the United States, Inc.

(TAC), 762–764, 766, 768–770, 773–774,775, 777

Atlanta Olympic Games, 626Attribution, right of, 632Auckland War Memorial Museum Act 1996 (New

Zealand), 701

Auction houses, art, 208–220. See also Christie’s;Sotheby’s

Augury (ritual magic-religious beliefs), 869–870Austin, John, 137Australia

human remains protection in, 469–471indigenous groups, repatriation to, 425–426intangible cultural heritage protection in,

657–668traditional knowledge in, 616–617UNESCO Convention (1970), 425

Australian National Gallery, 658–659Australian Olympic Committee, 799Autocephalous Greek-Orthodox Church of Cyprus

and the Republic of Cyprus v. Goldberg(1990), 209–215, 216, 515–516, 525–535,536, 553, 554–557

Axtell, Roger E., 132

Bacon, Francis, 136Bahaism, 857Bair Family Trust, In re (2008), 711–713Bakr, Abu, 857Balfour, Henry, 688–689Ballantyne, Davidson and McIntyre v. Canada

(1989), 945, 948–949, 950Ballard, Robert, 338Bangkok Declaration, 33Bangladesh, marriage customs and, 78–79Banishment, punishment of, 172–173Bantu Language Act (South Africa), 936Barcelona Olympics, 763Barnes Foundation, 708–710Barnes Foundation, Re the (1996), 724Barotse people, 169–172Barr, Franklin J., 244Baseball, 747, 756Basic Law (FRG), 140–141Basmati rice, 623–624, 625Bass, George F., 418Batson, Daniel, 846Battle of Baghdad, 354Bauer, Joseph, 215–216Bay of Plenty Maori tribe, 361Bazyler, M.J., 363Beagle Channel dispute, 859Beason, Joe, 70–71Beijing Olympic Games, 757, 758, 798Beijing Olympic Organizing Committee, 132Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, 273Belarussia, definition of religion in, 841Belgian Linguistics Case. See Case Relating to

Certain Aspects of the Laws on the Use ofLanguages in Education in Belgium (1968)

Belgium, language rights in, 938, 940–943Benedict, Ruth, 126Benedict XVI (Pope), 98, 858Benefit-sharing strategies, 192–197, 620, 624–625






984 Index

Beneveto Cathedral, 739Benin, removal of cultural heritage from, 390Bennett, T.W., 167Bentham, Jeremy, 147Benton, Thomas Hart, 220, 414Bergson, Henri, 66Berlin Wall cases, 138–145Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and

Artistic Works, 261–262, 267–268, 621,631, 632, 640

Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988, 262Bernier, Paul-Etienne, 540–541Bet din (Jewish religious court), 62, 866BFOQ exceptions (Bona Fide Occupational

Qualification), 965–966Bhutan, gross national happiness in, 134Biblioteca Ambrosiana, 271Biculturalism, museums and, 700–704Bilateral agreements, 379–386Bilingualism, 920–921, 932, 957, 963Bill of Rights 1689 (U.K.), 721–722Bills of sale, 497–498Bingham, Hiram, 404Biodiversity, 74“Bionicle” action toys, 627Biopiracy, 623, 627Black, Ann, 869, 871Black markets, 217Blacks. See African AmericansBlackstone, William, 153Blackwell rules, 317Blair, Tony, 33Blaskic, Tihomir, 352Bloch-Bauer, Ferdinand, 373Blue Poles (Pollock), 414B’nai B’rith Klutznick National Jewish Museum,

366Boas, Franz, 126Body language, cultural meaning of, 23, 132–134Bohannan, Laura, 918Bohannan, Paul, 172Bona Fide Occupational Qualification (BFOQ)

exceptions, 965–966Bona fide purchasers

art theft and, 227discovery rule and, 553foreign court decision, enforcement of, 514good title and, 525, 528in Guggenheim case, 550–551laches doctrine and, 570in municipal law, 604quantum meruit compensation for, 603recovery of object and, 600

Bones of Contention: A Comparative Examination ofLaw Governing Human Remains fromArchaeological Contexts in FormerlyColonial Countries (Seidemann), 464–472

Bonnard, Pierre, 513

Bonn Guidelines on Access to Genetic Resources andthe Fair and Equitable Sharing of BenefitsArising out of Their Utilization, 620

Bonnichsen v. United States (2004), 443–454Book games, 742Bordewich, Fergus M., 434Bormann, Martin, 363Borrowing statutes, 547, 564Bosman case. See Union Royale Belge des Societe de

Football Ass’n v. BosmanBotha, Sarah E., 728Botswana, proselytizing in, 861Boucher, Francois, 517–518Boxberger, Daniel, 453–454Boxer M decision, 798–799Boycotts of Olympic Games, 760Bracton, Henry de, 153, 155Brain chemistry, religious experiences and,

845–846, 855Brandeis, Louis D., 961Brazil, football/soccer in, 755Breyer, Stephen G., 165British Antique Dealers Association, 209British Columbia Heritage Conservation Act 1996

(Canada), 285–286British Library, 739British Museum

Benin, bronze sculptures from, 390deaccessioning and, 719–723Elgin Marbles in, 394–395, 398, 400–401, 610Rosetta Stone in, 405

British Museum Act 1753 (U.K.), 719–720British Museum Act 1963 (U.K.), 720, 721, 722Brooklyn Museum, 418, 692Brown, Michael, 624Browne-Wilkinson, Nicolas, 422Bruker v. Marcovitz (2007), 88Brunei, animistic dispute resolution in, 869–871Brysac, Shareen Blair, 393“Buddhist Dead Sea Scrolls,” 612Buddhist monuments, Taliban’s destruction of, 206,

270, 292–294Buenos Aires Draft Convention on the Protection of

the Underwater Cultural Heritage of 1994,250, 340–341

“Buffalo Bill” Cody, 429–430Buffalo Fine Arts Academy, 714Bull, Hedley, 28Bulun Bulun v. R&T Textiles (1998), 666–669Bumper Dev. Corp. v. Comm’r of Police for the

Metropolis (1991), 227–235, 236, 237,238–241, 515

Burial sites, 456–460. See also Human remainsBurland, Cottie, 689Business judgment rule, 734Business transactions, international, 12–18Byrne-Sutton, Quentin, 605Byron, Lord, 215






Index 985

Cahokia (ancient North American city), 745–746Cali drug cartel, 478California

Holocaust art claims in, 564–565language rights in, 963

CambodiaUNESCO Convention (1970), 408–410UNIDROIT Convention, 414–415

Canadabiculturalism in, 701–703cooperation in cultural matters in, 359–361cultural heritage protection in, 284–287export controls and, 302–305, 313–315Hague Convention of 1954, 355human remains protection in, 471–472indigenous groups, repatriation to, 425–426intangible cultural heritage protection in,

651–657language rights in, 938–939lex rei extra commercium in, 536–542moral rights in, 267UNESCO Convention (1970), 425

Canada National Parks Act 2000, 285Canada Post, 66Canada’s Cultural Property Export and Import Act:

The Experience of Protecting CulturalProperty (Walden), 313–315

Canada Shipping Act 2001, 285Canadian Archaeological Association, 472Canadian Art Museum Directors Organization, 424Canadian Conservation Institute, 735Canadian Museum of Civilization, 473, 713Canadian Museums Association (CMA), 221, 424,

472, 702, 715, 735Canadian Sentencing Commission, 173Cancuen panel, 242Capital punishment. See Death penaltyCAR. See Commission for Art RecoveryCara Sucia archaeological site, 380, 386Care, duty of, 726–735Carnivals, 753, 754Caroll v. Elliott Personnel Services (1989), 968Carrassava, Anthee, 401Carse, James, 741Carter, Amy, 963Carter, Jimmy, national monuments and, 274Carter v. Helmsley-Spear, Inc. (1995), 258–267The Cartoon Riots: A New Cultural Diplomacy

(Kampmark), 834–837CAS. See Court of Arbitration for SportCasanova, Jose, 848Case method of instruction, 146–147The Case of the Treasures of L’Ange Gardien: An

Overview (Pelletier), 537Case Relating to Certain Aspects of the Laws on the

Use of Languages in Education in Belgium(1968), 940, 941–943

Cassin, Rene, 858

Castiglione, Dario, 919Castle doctrine, 169Castro Romero v. Becker (2001), 440Catalan language, 926, 929Catalan Statute of Autonomy of 1932, 926Cavel International, Inc. v. Madigan (2008), 71–73CBD. See Convention on Biological DiversityCenter for Contemporary Cultural Studies, 129Chagall, Marc, 549Chagall gouache, theft of, 548–553The Challenge of Multilingualism (Castiglione),

919–921Chamizal dispute, 21Chang, P.C., 858Charitable trusts, 704–707, 711Charities Act 1993 (U.K.), 723Charles M. Bair Family Museum, 711–713Charming Betsy principle, 166Chea, Sokheng, 70Chew, Pat K., 49Cheyenne tribe, 175The Cheyenne Way (Llewellyn & Hoebel), 146–147Chiba, Masaji, 201Chicleros (grave robbers), 241Child marriage, 86Children and Young Person’s Act of 1933 (U.K.), 159China

Constitution of, 881export controls and, 301looting in, 255negotiation in, 14–18religion in, 7, 841, 846–850, 851–852, 881–882sports in, 754–755, 813–814

China Orchestra Plays for Pope for First Time,Hinting at Thaw (Povoledo), 98

China Philharmonic Orchestra, 98China’s Confounding Religious Revival (Madsen),

846–850Chinese language, 962Chinese Olympic Committee, 798Chirot, Daniel, 35–36Choctaw Nation, 649Chogha Mish collection, 543Choice of law, 519–543Chorzow Factory rule, 403Choses hors commerce (things outside of commerce),

638–639. See also Objets hors de commerce;Res extra commercium

Chow, Daniel C.K., 12, 17Christian Friendly Society, 857Christianity, 831–832Christie’s

ethics codes and, 422–423Goldberg case and, 211Holocaust claims and, 373, 374Klimt paintings sold at, 599looted material from Iraq, 356mediating role of, 611






986 Index

Chunkey (Native American game), 744–746Church of England, 857Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye, Inc. v. City of

Hialeah (1993), 43–48, 49Cicero, 135CITES (Convention on International Trade in

Endangered Species of Wild Fauna andFlora), 74

City of Amsterdam v. Goldreyer (1995), 735City of Westminster Social & Community Services

Department v. IC (2008), 78–79Civil Code (Honduras), 492–494, 498Civil Code (Italy), 520Civil Code (Netherlands), 422Civil Code (Switzerland), 817Civil Code (Turkey), 891Civil Code of 1852 (Peru), 404Civil Code of Lower Canada, 539–540, 542Civil Conciliation Law of 1951 (Japan), 10Civil law, 151, 155–157Civil Rights Act of 1964, 787–793, 843, 962, 963,

965, 969–971Civil Rights Act of 1991, 580CLAE (Commission for Looted Art in Europe), 366,

721Clash of civilizations, 25–36, 831The Clash of Civilizations (Huntington), 35A Clash of Civilizations or of Paradigms? (Chirot), 35Clavir, Miriam, 731Clement, Etienne, 406Cleveland Museum, 609Clifford v. Commonwealth (1999), 972–978Clinton, Bill

ban on importation of Taiwanese animalproducts, 74

Grand Staircase-Escalante, 274Clovis people, 455CMA. See Canadian Museums AssociationCoast Salish Big House Tradition, 173Code Civil (France), 156Code Napoleon, 156Code of Ethics (ICOM), 408, 417, 418, 612,

674–675, 735Code of Ethics and Standards of Practice for Art

Conservators, 735Code of Ethics for Art Historians and Guidelines for

the Professional Practice of Art History(College Art Association), 224

Code of Hammurabi, 158, 390Code of Practice for the Control of International

Trading in Works of Art, 408Codes of Ethics: Form and Function in Cultural

Heritage Management (O’Keefe), 421–424Codes of Ethics for Conservation (Sease), 729–731Codex Atlanticus (da Vinci), 271Cody, William F. (“Buffalo Bill”), 429–430Cody American Legion Post, 430Coe, Michael, 246

Coggins, Clemency Chase, 417–418Cohen, Raymond, 19, 911Coke, Edward, 136, 153Coke on Littleton (Coke), 153Collections Endowment Fund, 717Collectors and collecting, 208–220, 252–256,

687–695. See also MuseumsCollege Art Association, 222, 224Colombia, pre-Columbian from, 390Colombia v. Peru (1950), 149–150Colonial Museum (New Zealand), 700–701Colorado State University, 625Color symbolism, 132Colson, Elizabeth, 147Columbian Exposition of 1893, 269Columbia Plateau Indians, 452Comity, principle of, 6–7, 8, 82Command responsibility principle, 353Commentaries on the Laws of England (Blackstone),

153Commerce Department, U.S., 683Commercial activity test, 595–597, 599Commercial Arbitration Tribunal, 788Commercialization

of indigenous cultural heritage, 225of intangible cultural heritage, 629–630of sports, 749–751, 760, 812–813

Commissioner of Hindu Religious Endowments v. SriLakshimdra Thirtha Swamiar (1954), 851

Commission for Art Recovery (CAR), 366, 367, 370Commission for Looted Art in Europe (CLAE), 366,

721Commission for the Prevention of Crimes, UN, 408Commission on Civil Rights, U.S., 649–650Commission on Folk Law and Legal Pluralism, 221Commission on Human Rights, 173–174, 856Commission on International Religious Freedom,

888Committee for Conservation (ICOM), 727Committee on the Elimination of Racial

Discrimination, UN, 183, 193Common heritage of humankind

Imperial Hotel and, 270international return and restitution and, 391–405

Common lawin comparative law, 151, 152–156of export controls, 305–312sacred objects under, 542–543

Common Law (Orth), 152–156Commonwealth Association of Museums, 221Commonwealth Games, 816Communal property, right to, 181–182Comparative law, 151–173

beyond common and civil traditions, 157–158civil law tradition, 151, 156–157common law tradition, 152–156customary law, 166–173foreign law, judicial use of, 158–166






Index 987

Comparative Law and African Customary Law(Bennett), 167–168

Comparative Law in a Global Perspective: The LegalSystems of Asia and Africa (Menski),200–202

Comparative Perspectives on Property Rights: TheRight to Exclude (Anderson), 743–744

The Concept of Culture (Kluckhohn & Kelly),100–123

Conciliation, 10Confederation Internationale des Negociants en

Oeuvres d’Art, 209Conference of Jewish Material Claims against

Germany, 373Conference on Human Rights of 1993 (Vienna), 33Conflict, Convergence, or Coexistence? The Relevance

of Culture in Reframing World Order(O’Hagan), 24–35

Confucius and Confucian philosophy, 9–11, 51, 858Conscientious objectors, 839–840, 843Consent to marriage, 78–79Conservation and the Antiquities Trade conference,

410Conservation of art, 727–735Conservator-restorers, 727Constitution, U.S., cultural heritage and, 273. See

also Eighth Amendment; FirstAmendment; Fourteenth Amendment;Sixth Amendment

Constitution Act 1982 (Canada), 651, 938–939Consultation, right to, 191–192Consumerism, 690–691Contiguous zones, 399The Continuing Power of Cultural Tradition and

Socialist Ideology: Cross-CulturalNegotiations Involving Chinese, Korean,and American Negotiators (Downing),14–17

Contract law, intangible cultural heritage and,635–636

Controlled Substances Act, 872–874, 876–877,879–880

Convention (II) with Respect to the Laws andCustoms of War on Land (HagueConvention of 1899), 66, 289, 293,347–348, 389

Convention (IX) Concerning Bombardment byNaval Forces in Time of War (HagueConvention of 1907)

cultural heritage protection in, 66, 347–348Hague Convention of 1954 and, 289on illegality of military plunder, 389Martens clause of, 293sovereign immunity and, 598U.S. party to, 354–355

Convention for the Protection of the World Culturaland Natural Heritage of 1972 (WorldHeritage Convention), 249, 290–291, 292

Convention for the Safeguarding of the IntangibleCultural Heritage of 2003, UNESCO, 249,292, 614–615, 628

Convention No. 169 on Indigenous and TribalPeoples, ILO, 68, 182

Convention of November 16 and 19, 1885, regardingthe establishment of a concert pitch, 95

Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD),618–620, 624, 641–642

Convention on Cultural Diversity. See Conventionon the Protection and Promotion of theDiversity of Cultural Expression of 2005

Convention on Cultural Property ImplementationAct of 1983 (CPIA)

bilateral agreements and, 379–381emergency provisions in, 355–356, 384–385,

386–387export control enforcement and, 312in Goldberg case, 532illicit trafficking of cultural property and, 279NSPA and, 505–506pre-Columbian art and, 479stolen property under, 482, 507UNESCO Convention (1970) and, 534

Convention on International Trade in EndangeredSpecies of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES),74

Convention on Spectator Violence, 755Convention on the Law of the Sea, UN (UNCLOS),

338–341Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the

Diversity of Cultural Expression of 2005,8, 67–68, 249, 250–251, 292–293

Convention on the Protection of Cultural Propertyin the Event of Armed Conflict (HagueConvention of 1954)

Canada party to, 355in Goldberg case, 532–533intentional destruction of cultural heritage,

293protection of cultural material under, 249, 347,

349–351Stela of Matara and, 346U.S. party to, 354–355

Convention on the Protection of the ArchaeologicalHeritage of 1992, 249

Convention on the Protection of the UnderwaterCultural Heritage of 2001, 250, 291–292,340–343

Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement ofForeign Arbitral Awards, UN (New YorkConvention), 765, 815

Convention on the Rights of Persons withDisabilities, UN, 68–69, 77–78

Convention on the Rights of the Child, UN, 68, 159,161

Conway, Ann, 55Cooper, Abraham, 369






988 Index

Cooperation in cultural matters, 357–388international agreements on, 379–388settlements and partnerships, 358–379

Holocaust-related claimants and possessors,363–379

indigenous peoples and museums, 359–363in Canada, 359–361in New Zealand, 361–362in United States, 362–363

Cooper v. Eugene School District No. 41 (1986),904–908

Copyrightfair use in, 8–9indigenous cultural heritage and, 630–632,

658–666music and, 89–94, 97open source and, 63“ownership” in, 667–668

Copyright Act 1968 (Australia), 658–666Corporate sponsors, 814Corpus Juris Civilis, 135, 155–156Corrow, United States v. (1997), 442Corwin, Edward S., 136Costa Rica, looting in, 254Coubertin, Pierre de, 757Council for Museums and First Peoples, 702Council for Scientific and Industrial Research,

624–625Council of Europe

archaeological heritage protection, 249artistic expression, freedom of, 268European Convention for the Protection of

Human Rights and FundamentalFreedoms, 889

FCNM and, 950Goldberg case and, 211sports rights and, 800Turkey and, 902

Council Regulation 391/92 (1992) on licensing ofcultural material, 300

Countryside and Rights of Way Act of 2000 (U.K.),744

Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS), 814–829as case-specific tribunal, 796on honest ‘field of play’ decisions, 799lex sportiva and, 760, 830in Meca-Medina & Majcen, 806–807nonreviewable rules and, 798–799prosthetic devices and, 794swimsuit case before, 799

Covenant of the League of Nations, 883, 884Cow-slaughter case, 851Cox, Brian, 910Cox, Robert, 31–32CPIA. See Convention on Cultural Property

Implementation Act of 1983Cranach, Lucas, 367

Crazy Horse, 650Creation’s Journey, Native American Identity and

Belief (Hill), 693Crime and Custom in Savage Society (Malinowski),

172Criminal Code (France), 3–4Criminal Code (GDR), 139, 143Criminal Justice Act 1948 (U.K.), 159Criminal justice issues in cultural heritage law,

473–514Critical legal studies, 146Cruelty to animals, 70–71Crystal, David, 954Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art, 713Cuba, sports in, 756Cudahy, Richard, 536Cuius regio principle, 883Cults, 849–850“Cultural blue berets,” 293Cultural defense, 54–61Cultural diversity, 1–12, 89–94Cultural genocide, 294Cultural heritage law, 206–251. See also Cultural law

definitional framework for, 206–208individual and nongovernmental organization

actors, 208–248anthropologists and archaeologists, 208, 221artists, 208, 222criminals and criminal organizations, 208,

223–248forgers, fakers, and defrauders, 223–226grave robbers and other illegal excavators,

241–242smugglers, 242–248thieves, 226–241war criminals, 248

historic preservationists, archivists, and arthistorians, 208, 222–223

indigenous and minority ethnic groups, 208,221–222

museums and art galleries, 208, 220–221private dealers, auction houses, and collectors,

208–220international legal framework for, 248–251

“Cultural Heritage” or “Cultural Property”? (Prott &O’Keefe), 207–208

Cultural identity, paradigms of, 24–36Cultural imperialism, 50Cultural internationalism, 391–393, 401Cultural law, xxv, 64–99. See also Cultural heritage

law; Cultural-legal interaction; Culture,concepts of

definition of, 64human rights, 66–88

applicable law, 66–69claims, 69–88

disabilities, 77–78






Index 989

environment, 74–77family life and marriage, 78–88food, 69–74

music, 88–99cross-cultural differences, standards and rights,

94–96cultural attributes and expressions, 89–94cultural expressions and symbols, 97–99legal rules, 96–97norm formalization, 88–89

terminology of, 64–66Cultural-legal interaction, 36–64

cultural defense, 54–61globalization of mass culture, 62–64legal protection of cultural values, 36–49relativism and universalism in legal process,

49–53separate legal systems, 61–62

Cultural nationalism, 391–392, 393, 401Cultural patrimony

under NAGPRA, 434parameters of, 442patrimony laws, 247, 500–503protection of, 297–299

Cultural Property Advisory Committee, 313, 381,483

Cultural Property Export and Import Act (Canada),239, 286, 302–305, 313–315, 414

Cultural relativism, 887Cultural sovereignty, 439–440Cultural studies, 127–129Cultural Survival (indigenous organization), 222Culture (Malinowski), 125–126Culture: A Crucial Review of Concepts and

Definitions (Kroeber & Kluckhohn),127

Culture, concepts of, xxvi, 100–134anthropological definitions, 125–131

contemporary defense of, 129–131early definitions, 125–126later definitions, 126–127postmodern theory and cultural studies,

127–129enculturation, 131–134issues in, 100–123

descriptive concept, 115–121explanatory concept, 105–115utility of culture concept, 121–123

relativism and incommensurability, 123–124Culture: Contemporary Views (Shweder), 130–131Culture and the Digital Copyright Chimera: Assessing

the International Regulatory System of theMusic Industry in Relation to CulturalDiversity (Curtis), 89–94

Culture Clash or Animal Cruelty? Two CambodianRefugees Face Trial after Killing Dog forFood (Haldane), 70–71

Cuno, James, 420, 696Cuomo, Andrew, 551–552Curie, Marie, 66Curtis, Johnlee Scelba, 89Customary law

aboriginal, 651–657, 668in comparative law, 166–173humanitarian law, 351–352in international law, 149–150

Customary Legal Norms (Woodman), 166–167Customer preference defense, 969–971Customs agents, 478Customs Cooperation Council, 408Custos, Dominique, 904, 908Czechoslovak language, 926Czech Republic, Jewish-owned property in, 481

Daes, Erica, 617Dalı, Salvador, 225Dampier rock art, 206Dana House, 269Dancesport, 822–828Danchin, Peter G., 883Daniute v. International Dancesport Federation

(2006), 822–828, 829Darfur, genocide in, 758Da Vinci, Leonardo, 271Deaccessioning in museums, 713–726The Deaccessioning Strategy at Glenbow (Ainslie),

715–719Deaf people, 78Dealing in Cultural Objects (Offences) Act 2003

(U.K.), 242Death penalty, 56–57, 60, 158–164, 165Declaration Card of the Canada Border Services

Agency, 301–302Declaration Concerning the Intentional Destruction

of Cultural Heritage, 292–293, 294Declaration of Rights of 1689 (England), 159Declaration of Sports, 812Declaration of the International Decade of the

World’s Indigenous People, 222Declaration on the Elimination of all Forms of

Intolerance and of Discrimination Basedon Religion or Belief, UN, 856, 886

Declaration on the Importance and Value ofUniversal Museums, 697–698, 699–700

Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples,UN, 174, 191, 222, 426, 432, 671–672

Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging toNational or Ethnic, Religious andLinguistic Minorities, 940, 943–944

“Deep Forest” album, 625–626Defamation, 765, 766, 768–769, 772–773“Degenerate art,” 700Delacroix, Eugene, 728Delgado, James, 257






990 Index

Delgamuukw v. British Columbia (1997), 651–657,671, 673

Deloria, Vine, Jr., 435, 694Demand-and-refusal rule, 546–553, 570Demarest, Arthur, 247Denmark, cartoon of Prophet Muhammad in,

834–837Denning, Alfred, 310Dennis v. Buffalo Fine Arts Academy (2007), 714, 715Department of the Environment Act (Canada), 285Department of Transportation Act, 280Derivative works, 631Detinue, actions in, 519Devil’s Island Museum, 738DeWeerth v. Baldinger (1987), 563De Witte, Bruno, 921Diaz, United States v. (1974), 274Difanis, Anita, 364Digging Sacred Ground: Burial Site Disturbances and

the Loss of New York’s Native AmericanHeritage (Amato), 456–460

Digital copyright, 89–94Digital preservation, 271–273Diglossia, 920Diplomacy

in legal discourse, 18–24music and, 97–98“ping-pong,” 98, 757religion and, 834–837, 838, 910–913“soccer,” 98“tennis,” 98

Diplomacy in the Holy Sepulchre (Cohen), 911–913Directive 93/7 (1993) on illegal trafficking in

cultural material, 300Disability rights, 68–69, 77–78Discovery rule, 545, 553–564, 568–570Discrimination

accent, 963–972, 978in sports, 784–795

Disney Company, 13Dispute resolution, 514–613

alternative dispute resolution, 603–613advantages of, 604–610animistic, 869–871consensual processes for, 49–52Principles for Cooperation in the Mutual

Protection and Transfer of CulturalMaterial, 610–611, 613

religion and, 859, 910–913codes of ethics and, 735Confucian philosophy of, 9–11cooperation and, 357cultural diversity and, 1–12litigation, 514–603

choice of law, 519–543alternative approaches, 519–536lex rei extra commercium, 536–543

foreign sovereign immunity, 573–600

jurisdiction, 516–519laches doctrine, 514, 570–572remedies, 600–603repose doctrine, 514, 572–573standing, 514, 515–516statutes of limitations, 514, 543–570

“California” rule, 545–546demand-and-refusal rule, 546–553, 548–553,

570discovery rule and fraudulent concealment

doctrine, 553–564, 568–570procedural or substantive, characterization

as, 564–570negotiation, 14–23

Divorce, 79–88Dixon, Willie, 626DNA analysis of human remains, 473Dodge, David L., 857Dogs, consumption of, 70–71Domestic law, cultural heritage rights in, 638–639Dominican Republic, sports in, 756Donovan, James M., 844Doping Control Review Board (TAC), 762, 766, 768Doping in sports

CAS decisions on, 816–828defined, 761European law on, 805–811legal framework for, 760national litigation on, 761–783

Downing, Richard W., 14, 18A Draft Model Law on Freedom of Religion with

Commentary (Shelton & Kiss), 860–861Dreaming stories, 175–176, 659–662Dress (Regulations) Act of 3 December 1934

(Turkey), 891Dress, religious, 889–909Drugs, religious use of, 872–880Dubrovnik, military targeting of, 352, 354Due diligence

Art Loss Register and, 369under discovery rule, 560laches doctrine and, 571statute of limitations and, 570

Dugot, Monica, 366, 367, 371, 374Dumbarton Oaks Institute for Byzantine Studies,

211Duncan, Carol, 683Dundas, Robert J., 715Dundas collection of Canadian First Nations

artifacts, 714–715Durer, Albrecht, 546Durham, W. Cole, Jr., 840, 842, 853Durkheim, Emile, 753, 852–853Dutch language, 941–943Dutfield, Graham, 619Duty of care of museum managers, 726–735Dwarf throwing, 77–78Dying languages, 951–955






Index 991

Eagle feathers for religious purposes, 75–77Eakins, Thomas, 713–714“Ear witnesses,” 978–979East Timor, military intervention in, 33Echo-Hawk, Roger, 604ECHR. See European Court of Human RightsECJ (European Court of Justice), 761, 800Ecole francaise d’Extreme-Orient, 410Economic activity, freedom of, 800–811Economic and Social Council, UN, 222Ecuador, return of stolen cultural property, 480Edelson, Gilbert, 374Education

public schools, religious dress in, 904–908right to, 941–943, 950

Education Code (France), 894Education Services (Merger) Act of 3 March 1924

(Turkey), 891Edwards, Val, 243, 245–246EEOC (Equal Employment Opportunity

Commission), 964, 965–967EEZ (Exclusive economic zone), 340Effective assistance of counsel, right to, 57, 59–60Egypt

return of cultural material to, 405stolen antiquities from, 248, 500–508

Ehrenreich, Barbara, 751Eighth Amendment (U.S. Constitution), 158–160,

173Einsatzstab Rosenberg, 348Einstein, Albert, 66Eitzen, D. Stanley, 749, 755Ekecheiria (sacred truce), 757The Elementary Forms of Religious Life (Durkheim),

852–853Elginism, practice of, 477Elgin Marbles, 298, 390, 393–401, 610Elia, Ricardo J., 216–217, 252, 257Elicofon, Edward I., 546–547Eli Lilly and Co., 624El Salvador, U.S. bilateral agreement with, 380E-mail communications, 978The Emergence and Structure of Religious Freedom in

International Law Reconsidered(Danchin), 883–885

Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 832Employment, language use and, 928–929Enculturation, 131–134Endangered Language Fund, 951Endangered species, 74–75Enforcement of foreign judgments. See Foreign

judgments, enforcement ofEnglish First, 953–954Enigma (music group), 626Environmental rights, 74–77Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

(EEOC), 964, 965–967Equality, rights to (linguistic), 921–923, 925–927

Equity, law of, 152, 238Erasmus, George, 360, 702Erisoty v. Rizik (1995), 557–563Eritrea, Stela of Matara and, 345–347Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission, 345–347Eritrea-Ethiopian Boundary Commission, 345Establishment clause of First Amendment (U.S.

Constitution), 442–443, 878, 882Establishment of religion, governmental, 860–872Ethical considerations of museums, 735–739Ethical Guidelines (CMA), 715The Ethics/ of Collecting (Sackler), 690–695The Ethics of Collecting Property: Whose Culture?

Whose Property? (Messenger), 691Ethiopia, Stela of Matara and, 345–347Ethnic cleansing, 30Ethnography, 128–129, 172The Ethnology of Law (Pospısil), 202–205EU. See European UnionEuphronios Vase, 254Euro Disney, 13Europa Nostra, 211European Bureau for Lesser Used Languages, 951European Commission on Human Rights, 890, 948European Community (EC)

language rights in, 937, 938sports rights in, 800

European Convention on Human Rights andFundamental Freedoms

artistic expression, freedom of, 268association, freedom of, 803language rights in, 940–943, 949religious rights in, 426, 889retroactive criminal laws and, 138right to roam and, 744sports rights in, 799–800Streletz case and, 141–144in Turkish headscarf case, 896–901

European Court of Human Rights (ECHR)artistic expression, freedom of, 268–269on fair trial rights, 162on gays, 165language rights and, 940religious dress and, 902religious organizations and, 903–904sports rights and, 800Streletz case, 138, 139, 141–145

European Court of Justice (ECJ), 761, 800European Football Championship, 816European Sports Model, 800, 812, 813European Union (EU)

common heritage alternatives and, 392Elgin Marbles and, 395export controls in, 300regionalism of, 32sports law in, 761

Ex aequo et bono, 148, 151, 815Exclusive economic zone (EEZ), 340






992 Index

Expanding Secularism’s Scope: An Indian Case Study(Yildirim), 850–851

Exploring and Establishing Links for a Balanced Artand Cultural Heritage Policy (Hoffman),667–668

Export controls, 299–315Canadian model on, 302–305enforcement of, 305–315

England and U.S., common law of, 305–312under UNESCO Convention (1970), 312–315

implementation problems, 300–302international law on, 299–300regional law on, 300

Export quotas, 299Export restrictions, foreign, 504–505Expression, freedom of, 268–269, 639, 944–950Expressive culture, 625–626Ezeonu, Gregory, 60–61

Fabrique Act (Canada), 539–540Face, concept of saving, 17, 19, 57Face painting in sports, 752–753Facilitating Freedom of Religion or Belief through

Religious Association Laws (Durham),840–842

Fagan, Brian, 691Fair trials, right to, 928Fair use in copyright, 8–9Faith-Based Diplomacy: An Ancient Idea Newly

Emergent (Cox & Philpott), 910–911Fakes, art, 223–226Falk, Richard, 32Falun Gong, 850Families-of-law approach to comparative law,

151–152, 157Family life, rights in, 78–88FCNM (Framework Convention for the Protection

of National Minorities), 950Federal Bureau of Investigation, 209Federal Constitution Court (FRG), 140–141, 144Federal Drug Administration, 956Federal Register, cultural property listed in, 482–483Federation Internationale de Football Association

(FIFA), 813, 815Federation Internationale de Natation (FINA), 799,

806–807Federation Internationale des Luttes Associees

(FILA), 816–822Feliciano, Hector, 365, 698Feminists, 49–50, 69Ferris, Neal, 471, 472Fiduciary duties of museum managers, 710–735Field Museum of Natural History, 418, 543, 725FIFA (Federation Internationale de Football

Association), 813, 815“Fighting Sioux,” 649FILA (Federation Internationale des Luttes

Associees), 816–822

FINA (Federation Internationale de Natation), 799,806–807

Final actions, meaning of, 510–512Finds, law of. See Salvage and finds, common law ofFine Art and Antiques Trade (U.K.), 408Finkelman, Paul, 958, 962Finland

linguistic rights in, 926, 927, 930UNESCO Convention (1970), 425

First Amendment (U.S. Constitution)in Cooper case, 905establishment clause of, 442, 878, 882free exercise under, 36–48, 843, 864, 876, 880kosher foods and, 73secularism and, 862in Yahoo! case, 6–7

First Nations (Canada)biculturalism and, 701–703conservation of art and, 731–734cooperation efforts with, 359–361human remains protection and, 471–472repatriation to, 426

First Nations Sacred Ceremonial ObjectsRepatriation Act 2000 (Alberta), 285

Fishman, Joshua, 916, 917–918Flescher, Sharon, 419Florida State University Seminoles, 649Folk games, 742Folk law, 168–169Folklore, 125, 617Food in cultural law, 69–74Football, American, 642–649Football/soccer, 755, 756–757, 800–805, 813Forbes magazine on Hialeah, Florida, 49Foreign judgments, enforcement of, 237, 241, 525,

765, 815Foreign law, judicial use of, 158–166Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 2000 (FSIA),

573–599Foreign sovereign immunity, 573–600Forgery, art, 223–226Forum non conveniens doctrine, 326Four Basic Principles, 881Fourteenth Amendment (U.S. Constitution),

961–962Framework Convention for the Protection of

National Minorities (FCNM), 950France

Code of Hammurabi and, 390language rights in, 936lex rei extra commercium in, 536privacy protection in, 9religious dress in, 908–909religious rights, constitutional, 882secularism in, 903UNESCO Convention (1970), 406

Fraud claims, 736–737Fraudulent concealment doctrine, 553–564






Index 993

Freedom of Religious Belief in China, White Paperon (Chinese State Council), 882

Free exercise clause of First Amendment (U.S.Constitution), 36–48, 843, 872–873, 876,880

Frey, James H., 749, 755FRG. See Germany, Federal Republic ofFriendly, Henry, 241Friends of the Bair, 713“From Under the Delta” art exhibit, 731–732FSIA (Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 2000),

573–599Fuhrermuseum, 363, 699Fukuyama, Francis, 27–28, 32, 35Fuller, Lon, 137Fundamentalism, religious, 837–838, 854Fundamentalism and the Scholars (Marty), 837–838The Future of Faith (Updike), 913–914

Gaelic language, 918, 954Galbraith, John Kenneth, 24Games, definition of, 740–742Ganalbingu people, 667–668Gandhi, Mahatma, 911The Gap, culture of, 129Garcia v. Spun Steak Co. (1993), 963Gariepy, Joseph-Henri, 537, 538–539, 541Gays, 165, 640Geary, Patrick, 696Geertz, Clifford, 127, 147Gender equality, 69Gender-testing, 794General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT),

299–300, 392General jurisdiction, 780Genetic resources, 620Geneva Convention IV Relative to the Protection of

Civilian Persons in Time of War of 1949,289, 347, 348–349

Genocide, cultural, 294George Washington (submarine), 20Georgia, Russia’s attack on, 757Gerber, United States v. (1993), 274–279Gerigk, Herbert, 96German Constitutional Court, 902German Democratic Republic (GDR), Berlin Wall

cases and, 138–145German language, 958–962Germany, Federal Republic of (FRG), choice of law

and, 525Germany v. Sotheby’s and Cobert Finance (1998), 525Gervais, Daniel J., 615Gestures, cultural meaning of, 23, 132–134“Gestures: The Do’s and Taboos of Body Language

Around the World” (Axtell), 132Get (bill of divorce), 87–88Getty Conservation Institute, 735Getty kouros, 256

Getty Museum. See J. Paul Getty MuseumGhiya, Vaman, 403Giaquinto, Corrado, 557–558Gilligan, Carol, 24Ginsberg, Ruth Bader, 165Glanvill, Ranulf de, 153Glenbow-Alberta Institute, 716Glenbow Museum, 701–702, 715–719Globalization

clash of civilization and, 26cultural world order and, 31–34of mass culture, 62–64of religion, 831–839

Gluckman, Max, 169–170, 172GNSP (Gross National Sports Product), 749–750Goddard, Ives, 953God Is as God Does: Law, Anthropology, and the

Definition of “Religion” (Donovan), 844Goebbels, Joseph, 96Goering, Hermann, 363Golan, Oden, 223Goldberg, Peg, 515, 536Goldberg case. See Autocephalous Greek-Orthodox

Church of Cyprus and the Republic ofCyprus v. Goldberg

Goldenberg, Lloyd P., 369Golden Rule, 51Gonzalez v. O Centro Espırita Beneficiente Uniao do

Vegetal (2006), 872–880Good faith purchasers. See Bona fide purchasersGoodman, Stacy, 244–245Good offices, 859Goose Egg Hunt (Milpurrurru), 658Goren, Yuval, 224Goudstikker, Jacques, 373Governance of China’s Periphery: Balancing Local

Autonomy and National Unity (Potter),881–882

Graham, Douglas, 362Graham, Ian, 243Grand Canyon National Monument, 274Grand Council of the Cree, 222Grand Ronde tribe, 441–442Grand Staircase-Escalante, 274Grave robbers, 223, 241–242, 509Graves. See Burial sitesGreece

Elgin Marbles, demand for return of, 390,394–396, 398–401

illicit trafficking of artifacts, 481museums in ancient, 676–678

Greece Rejects a British Proposal on Elgin Marbles(Carrassava), 401

Griffin, Gillett G., 245Griffiths, Peter Hughes, 954Grogg, Ann Hofstra, 676The Gross Clinic (Eakins), 713Gross National Sports Product (GNSP), 749–750






994 Index

Grotius, Hugo, 135, 147, 392Guatemala

cultural patrimony of, 297–298export controls and, 301return of stolen cultural property, 480smuggling in, 242–243

Guggenheim, Peggy, 414Guggenheim, Solomon R., 549Guggenheim Museum, 357, 548, 553, 570, 588–589,

597Guggenheim v. Lubell (1991), 547, 548–553, 570Guidelines: Roles and Responsibilities of Museum

Boards of Trustees (CMA), 424Guidelines for the Establishment and Conduct of

Safe Havens for Cultural Material,296–297, 357

Gutenberg, Johan, 92Guttmann, Allen, 753Gymnastics, 798, 799

Hafstein, Valdimar, 63–64Hague Convention of 1954. See Convention on the

Protection of Cultural Property in theEvent of Armed Conflict

Hague II Convention of 1899. See Convention (II)with Respect to the Laws and Customs ofWar on Land

Hague IX Convention of 1907. See Convention (IX)Concerning Bombardment by NavalForces in Time of War

Hague Rules of Air Warfare, 348Haka (Maori dance), 640Halbertal, Moshe, 862–864Haldane, David, 70Hallucinogens, religious use of, 872–880Halsbury’s Laws of England, 154Hamlet (Shakespeare), 918Hamm, Paul, 799Hammurabi, Code of, 158, 390Hanan, Elizabeth, 362Hand, Augustus, 854Handler, Richard, 692–693Hansen, Richard, 243Harding, Tonya, 781Harding v. U.S. Figure Skating Ass’n (1994), 781Hard law, 11, 612Harjo v. Pro-Football, Inc. (1999), 642–649Harmony, cultural importance of, 14–15, 21Harmony Ideology: Justice and Control in Zapotec

Mountain Village (Nader), 172Hart, H. L. A., 137–138Hartford Fire Insurance Co. v. California (1993), 166Harvard Law Review, natural law debate in, 137Harvard Report (1971), 418Harvard University, 211, 543Harvey, Jean, 748Harvie, Eric L., 716, 718

Hate speech, 640Haught, John, 846Hausa language, 934, 935Hawaiian natives. See Native Hawaiian organizationsHCPO. See Holocaust Claims Processing OfficeHeadgear Act of 28 November 1925 (Turkey), 891Headscarf case, Turkish, 889–903Headscarf issue, Germany and France, 902–903Hecht, Robert, 216Heinemann Publishers Australia Pty. Ltd. et al.,

Attorney-General (U.K.) v. (1988), 311Helsinki Accords of 1976, 431Henry II, 152“Heritage resources,” 465, 467Hernandez v. New York (1991), 957Herscher, Ellen, 417L’Heureaux-Dube, Claire, 542Hieropoei (custodian to temple collections), 676Higher-Education Act (Turkey), 892High seas, 330–331, 333, 334Hill, Tom, 693Hindus, 73, 167Historical school of jurisprudence, 145–146Historic Articles Act 1962 (New Zealand), 307–308,

311Historic Places Act (New Zealand), 468Historic Places Initiative, 285Historic Sites and Monuments Act (Canada), 285Hitler, Aldolf, 3, 363–364, 699, 700Hitt, Jack, 951, 955Hmong people, 743Hoasca (sacramental tea), 872–880Hobbes, Thomas, 136Hobsbawm, Eric, 128Hockey, 754Hoebel, E. Adamson, 146Hoeflich, Michael H., 135Hoelzer v. City of Stamford, 600–603Hoffman, Barbara T., 667Hollinshead, United States v. (1974), 479Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr., 136, 146, 961, 962Holocaust Art Restitution Project, 366, 370Holocaust Claims Processing Office (HCPO), 366,

367, 376Holocaust era art claims

Art Loss Register and, 366–367, 369–370, 373,374, 376

cooperation in bringing, 358–359, 363–379repose doctrine and, 573statute of limitations and, 357–358, 514, 544,

547–548, 564–569Holocaust Justice: The Battle for Restitution in

America’s Courts (Bazyler), 363–371Holocaust Victims Redress Act of 1998, 565,

567–568Holy Sepulchre, 911–913Holy Valley Temple (North Korea), 99






Index 995

Homeland Security Department, 843Homo Ludens (Huizinga), 741Homosexuals, 165, 640Honan, William H., 242Honduras, moon rock theft from, 490–499Hoodia cactus, 624Hooker, Richard, 135Hooper, James, 688–690Hopewell Indian sites, 275–276, 281Horsemeat, consumption of, 71–73Hostis humani generis, 147Hoving, Thomas, 418H.R.H. Maharanee Seethadevi Gaekwar of Baroda v.

Wildenstein (1972), 516–518Hubbard, Sabina, 70Huizinga, Johan, 741Humanitarian law, customary, 351–352Human remains and human remains protection. See

also Burial sitescomparative examination of laws on, 464–472DNA analysis, 473inalienability of, 726Kennewick Man, 443–455under NAGPRA, 427–428, 437–438Native American views of, 436repatriation of, 426, 431, 432, 437–438Vermillion Accord on, 431, 472–473

Human rightsartistic expression, freedom of, 269burial rights in, 430cultural as, 66–88

applicable law, 66–69claims, 69–88

disabilities, 77–78environment, 74–77family life and marriage, 78–88food, 69–74

cultural relativism and, 50–51, 53cultural world order and, 32–34foreign law, judicial use of, 158–164intangible cultural heritage and, 671–672linguistic, 939–951mass culture and, 62NAGPRA in, 431–433of Native Americans, 431, 695religion and, 858–859, 860sports and, 796third-generation, 425

Human Rights Committee, UNdwarf throwing, 77expression, freedom of, 945–946, 948, 949–950ICCPR and, 67on religion, 841, 887Saramaka People case and, 183

Hungarian Nationalities Act of 1868, 927Hungarian Nationalities Law of 1867, 930Hungary, definition of religion in, 841

Hunting, 743–744, 746–747Huntington, Samuel, 25–27, 28, 29, 32, 35–36

IAAF. See International Amateur Athletic FederationICAS (International Council of Arbitration for

Sport), 806–807, 815ICC (International Criminal Court), 248, 353ICCPR. See International Covenant on Civil and

Political RightsICESCR. See International Covenant on Economic,

Social and Cultural RightsICJ (International Court of Justice), 838–839ICOM. See International Council of MuseumsICRC (International Committee of the Red Cross),

147, 351–352ICSID (International Centre for Settlement of

Investment Disputes), 65ICTY (International War Crimes Tribunal for the

Former Yugoslavia), 248, 352–353The Idol Thief (Keefe), 247, 403IFAR. See International Foundation for Art ResearchIFAR Journal, 251IFs. See International sports federationsILA. See International Law Association“Illicit Traffic in Pre-Columbian Antiquities”

(Coggins), 418Illinois Horse Meat Act, 72ILO. See International Labor OrganizationImmunity from Seizure Act, 591Immunity from seizure of cultural objects, 513–514Imperial Hotel (Tokyo), 269–270Import restrictions, 381–384In A Different Voice (Gilligan), 24Inalienability of land title, 652Inalienable property, 536, 725–726Incommensurability in culture, 123–124The Increasing Role of the Market in Settling Claims

(Lufkin), 372–374India

language policy in, 935religion in, 850–851

Indian Act (Canada), 286Indiana Historic Preservation and Archeology Act,

281–284Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990, 280–281,

637–638Indian Arts and Crafts Board, 638Indian Center for Scientific and Industrial Research,

624Indians, American. See Native AmericansIndigenous cultural heritage, 629–640, 650–668. See

also Intangible cultural heritageIndigenous peoples and law, 173–200, 208, 221–222In God We Trust motto, 864“Innocent owner” defense, 495In rem jurisdiction, 318, 319–338Institute for Archaeologists, 221






996 Index

Institute for Reconciliation, 910Institute of Historic Building Conservation, 222Intangible cultural heritage, 614–673

comparative approaches to protection of, 642–673in Australia, 657–668in Canada, 651–657in New Zealand, 650–651in Taiwan, 668–673in U.S., 642–650

intellectual property law, limits of, 629–640indigenous cultural heritage, failure to protect,

629–630indigenous cultural heritage and IPRs, 630–632

copyright, 630–632, 658–666IPR protection, appropriateness of, 632–639moral rights, 632patent law, 632

international regimes, 618–628CBD, 618–620UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of

the Intangible Cultural Heritage, 628WTO Agreement on TRIPs, 620–628

sui generis protection, 640–642, 651–652traditional knowledge, 615–617, 619–627

Intangible Cultural Heritage Fund, 628Integrity, cultural, 888Intellectual Property Rights (Dutfield), 619–620Intellectual property rights (IPRs)

appropriateness of protection, 632–639CBD and, 619–620indigenous cultural heritage and, 629–632limits of laws on, 629–640traditional knowledge and, 616–617, 620–627

Intention of universal application principle,203–204

Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, 74Inter-American Court of Human Rights, 198Intercultural communication studies, 918Intergovernmental Committee for Promoting the

Return of Cultural Property to itsCountries of Origin or its Restitution inCase of Illicit Appropriations, 416

Intergovernmental Committee for Safeguarding ofthe Intangible Cultural Heritage, 628

Intergovernmental Committee on IntellectualProperty and Genetic Resources,Traditional Knowledge and Folklore,620–621, 641

Internal Revenue Code, 152International Academy of Ceramics, 222International Amateur Athletic Federation (IAAF),

761–774, 775, 780, 794–795International Association of Dealers in Ancient Art,

209International Black Writers and Artists, 222International Business Transactions: Problems, Cases,

and Materials (Chow & Schoenbaum),12–14

International Centre for Settlement of InvestmentDisputes (ICSID), 65

International Centre for the Study of thePreservation and Restoration of CulturalProperty, 735

International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC),147, 351–352

International Conflict Resolution: Consensual ADRProcesses (Nolan-Haley, Abramson &Chew), 49–52

International Congress of Maritime Museums, 220International Convention against Doping in Sport,

761, 782International Council of Arbitration for Sport

(ICAS), 806–807, 815International Council of Museums (ICOM)

Cambodia, return of cultural heritage to, 409, 410Committee for Conservation, 727duty of care and, 727ethics code of, 408, 417, 418, 612, 674–675, 735Goldberg case and, 211Holocaust claims and, 370–371role of, 220Study on Principles, Conditions and Means for

Restitution or Return of CulturalProperty in View of ReconstitutingDispersed Heritages, 416–417

International Council on Archives, 223International Council on Monuments and Sites,

222, 292International Court of Justice (ICJ), 838–839International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

(ICCPR)capital punishment and, 161culture in, 67dwarf throwing and, 77language rights in, 939–940, 945–949religious rights in, 853, 885–886Saramaka People case and, 182–183, 190Streletz case and, 140, 141U.S. as party, 432

International Covenant on Economic, Social andCultural Rights (ICESCR), 66–67, 182,426, 858

International Criminal Court (ICC), 248, 353International DanceSport Federation, 822–828International Foundation for Art Research (IFAR),

209, 214, 227, 408, 558, 562–563International Gymnastics Federation, 798International Indian Treaty Council, 222, 431International Institute for Conservation of Historic

and Artistic Works, 734–735Internationalism, cultural, 391–393, 401International Journal of Cultural Property, 251International Labor Organization (ILO), 68, 174,

182International Law Association (ILA), 296–297, 357,

472, 610






Index 997

International League of Antiquarian Booksellers,209

International Museums Office, 728International Olympic Committee (IOC), 760,

796–797, 806–807, 811, 814International Organization for Standardization, 96International Religious Freedom Act of 1998, 888International Sea-Bed Authority, 340International sports federations (IFs), 760, 797, 798,

815–816International sports law, process of, 795–799International Standards Association, 95International Union of Anthropological and

Ethnological Sciences, 221International Union of Prehistoric and Protohistoric

Sciences, 221International War Crimes Tribunal for the Former

Yugoslavia (ICTY), 248, 352–353International Weightlifting Federation, 778International Whaling Commission, 77International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs,

222International Year for the World’s Indigenous

People, 658Internet

blurring of cultural differences by, 129freedom of speech on, 1–7music and, 89, 97new media and, 125

Interpol, 209, 227, 408, 409, 479The Interpretation of Culture (Geertz), 127–128Interpreters, role of, 957Intertribal Reinterment Committee (North

Dakota), 458–459Intervention in court cases, 777, 781“Invented tradition,” 128IOC. See International Olympic CommitteeIPRs. See Intellectual property rightsIran

antiquities from, 509cultural patrimony of, 543

Iran v. The Barakat Galleries Ltd. (2007), 312, 509Iraq

Code of Hammurabi and, 390customary humanitarian law and, 352looting in, 248, 348, 355–356military intervention in, 390

Ireland, Gaelic language in, 918Irish Football Association, 829Iroquois, 297Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, 226Islam

clash of civilizations and, 36cultural heritage protection and, 294customary law in, 167education and, 863headscarf case and, 889–901Huntington on, 27

marriage, 78–85Muhammad cartoon, 834–837Sharia and, 865, 867–868women athletes and, 794

Israel, religion in, 62, 865Israel Museum, 223Italy

choice of law and, 519–525religious rights, constitutional, 882return of cultural materials to, 405, 419secularism in, 904tombaroli, actions against, 509U.S. bilateral agreement on import restrictions

with, 381–384Italy and U.S. Museums Near Art Claim Deal

(Povoledo), 386Ius gentium, 149I Want to Speak Like Native Speaker: The Case for

Lowering the Plaintiff’s Proof in Title VIIAccent Discrimination Cases (Smith),963–971

J. Paul Getty Museum, 256, 405, 419, 686, 687Jackson, Sarah, 514Jackson Hole National Monument, 274James, William, 853–854, 914James Ossuary, 223–224Janis, Mark W., 833Janke, Terri, 617Japan

architectural influences from, 269baseball in, 747Confucian philosophy in, 9–11sports violence and, 754–755UNESCO Convention (1970), 406whaling in, 77

Jerusalem, suicide bombings in, 600Jeu parti, 741Jews and Judaism, 73–74, 87–88, 481, 883–884Jish (medicine bundles), 442John Paul II (Pope), 858, 859Johnson Wax Company, 269John XXIII (Pope), 858Joint authorship, 632Jokic, Miodrag, 352Jones, Steve, 96Journal of the Indian Medical Association, turmeric

patent and, 624Judaism. See Jews and JudaismJudicature Acts of 1873–75 (England), 152The Judicial Process among the Barotse of Northern

Rhodesia (Gluckman), 169–171Judicial review, 273–274, 781Judo, 787–793Jurisdiction issues in dispute resolution, 516–519.

See also General jurisdiction; In remjurisdiction; Personal jurisdiction; Tagjurisdiction






998 Index

Jurors, bilingual, 957Jus ad bellum, 354Jus cogens, 417Jus gentium, 324–325, 327, 330–336, 344Jus in bello, 348, 354

K.-H. W. v. Germany (2001), 138–145Kabul Museum, 253, 294Ka Mate haka, 640Kampmark, Binoy, 834Kanthoul, Vora H., 71Kauten, United States v. (1943), 854Kawesquar language, 951, 953Kaye, Lawrence M., 543, 553Keefe, Patrick Radden, 247, 403Kelly, William H., 100Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum, 725Kennedy, Anthony M., 158, 165Kennedy-Mateos accord of 1962, 21Kennewick Man, 443–455Khomeini, Ayatollah, 836Killing the White Man’s Indian (Bordewich),

434–436King, J.C.H., 688Kiss, Alexandre, 860Klimt, Gustav, 373, 575–576, 599, 605Kluckhohn, Clyde, 100, 127, 130Korean Olympic Committee, 799Kornstein, Daniel, 99Korte, Willi, 370Koru logos, 626–627Kosher foods, 73–74Kosovo, NATO intervention in, 33Kremnitzer, Mordechai, 864Kris (Roma dispute resolution mechanism), 152,

200Kroeber, A. L., 127, 130Kuhn, Thomas, 834Kuketz v. Petronelli (2005), 784–787, 793Kungax (oral history), 653–657Kunstkammer, Peter the Great’s founding of,

679Kurdish language, 947Kuwait Museum, 253Kwakiutls people, 24

Lacey Act of 1900, 54, 56, 74Laches doctrine, 514, 570–572Lacrosse, 746Ladd, William, 857La Forrest, Gerard, 238Laıcite (secularism), 903Land title, aboriginal, 651–657Lane, Hugh, 613Language and Culture (May), 915–918Language and Freedom of Expression in International

Law (Varennes), 944–950

“Language Death” (Crystal), 954Languages and linguistic expression, 915–979. See

also specific languagesaccent discrimination, 963–972, 978cultural identity and, 915–919dying languages, 951–955linguistic human rights, 939–951linguistic profiling, 972–979linguistic rights, 955–963multilingualism, state responses to, 919–939

Lanham Trademark Act of 1946, 642–650Laos, hunting rights in, 743–744Lassus, Orlando, 92Lasswell, Harold, 146Lauder, Ronald, 366, 599Lautsi v. Italy (2009), 904Lau v. Nichols (1974), 962–963Law, xxvi, 134–205. See also Cultural-legal

interaction; Legal process, culturaldimension of

comparative law, 151–173beyond common and civil traditions, 157–158civil law tradition, 156–157common law tradition, 152–156customary law, 166–173foreign law, judicial use of, 158–166

indigenous law, 173–200international law, 147–151

sources of, 148–151jurisprudential foundation of, 134–147

natural law and legal positivism, 135–145,200

other schools, 145–147legal pluralism, 200–205

Law-and-society movement, 146Law Concerning Religious Denominations 1969,

860Law of the Sea Conference, 857Law 117 (Law on the Protection of Antiquities,

Egypt), 500, 501–503, 507–508Law on Importation of Pre-Columbian

Monumental or Architectural Sculptureor Murals of 1972, 484

Laws for the Protection of Cultural Patrimony(Honduras), 493

Lazarus, Sarah, 70League of Nations, 392, 728, 883, 884Leclerc, Marc, 539Led Zeppelin, 626Lefort, Rene, 748Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in

the Occupied Palestinian Territory (2004),838–839

A Legal Perspective (De Witte), 921–930Legal positivism, 135–145A Legal Primer on Managing Museum Collections

(Malaro), 729






Index 999

Legal process, cultural dimension of, 1–36. See alsoCultural-legal interaction

cultural identity paradigms, 24–36dispute resolution and cultural diversity,

1–12legal discourse, 12–24

diplomacy, 18–24international business transactions, 12–18

relativism and universalism in, 49–53Legal Systems of Aboriginal and Indigenous Peoples

(Strouthes), 174–175Lego Corporation, 627Lending of artworks, 607, 609Leopold Museum, 513Lessig, Lawrence, 89Lester, Toby, 831A Letter Concerning Toleration (Locke), 862“Let Them Die” (Malik), 952Lex loci celebrationis, 78Lex loci delicti commissi rule, 526–527Lex mercatoria, 149, 830Lex non scripta, 134, 152, 168Lex posterior derogate priori, 150Lex rei extra commercium (“outside of commerce”

rule), 536–543, 604Lex situs, 521, 524. See also Choice of lawLex specialis, 829Lex sportiva, 149, 760, 830Lex talionis, 857Libraries, 271–273Library of Congress, 272Ligon, United States v. (2006), 473–477Lind, Robert, 676Linguistic expression. See Language and linguistic

expressionLinguistic nationalism, 923, 931Linguistic profiling, 972–979Linguistics Minorities in Democratic Context

(Williams), 955Linguistic Unification and Language Rights

(Akinnaso), 931–938Linz (Austria), Hitler’s planned museum in, 363,

699, 700Linz Project, 699Lisbon Treaty of 2009, 813List of Intangible Cultural Property in Need of

Urgent Safeguarding, 628List of Prohibited Substances and Methods, 826Litigation, 514–603

choice of law, 519–543cultural patrimony and, 298foreign sovereign immunity, 573–600in Japan, 11jurisdiction, 516–519laches doctrine, 514, 570–572remedies, 600–603repose doctrine, 514, 572–573

standing, 514, 515–516statutes of limitations, 514, 543–570

Littleton, Thomas, 153Llewellyn, Karl, 146Local knowledge. See Traditional knowledgeLocatelli crime syndicate, 478Locke, John, 136, 137, 862The Log from the Sea of Cortez (Steinbeck), 844–845Logos, sports. See Sports team logos and trademarksLoi du 16 janvier 1991 portant generalisation de

l’utilisation de la langue arabe (Algeria),947

London Olympic Games, 65Long-arm statutes, 765, 766–767, 769, 772Longhouses, dispute resolution in, 869–870Lookout Mountain (Colorado), 430Looting, 217–219, 248, 252–258, 348, 355–356. See

also SmugglingLooting, Collecting, and the Destruction of

Archaeological Resources (Elia), 252–256Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 599Los Angeles Museum of Contemporary Art,

686–687Los Angeles Olympic Games, 757The Lost Museum (Feliciano), 365The Lost Museum: The Nazi Conspiracy to Steal the

World’s Greatest Works of Art (Feliciano),698–699

Louisiana, German language in, 960Louvre, 357, 390Lowenthal, Constance, 370Lubicon Cree, 702Lubicon Lake First Nation, 701Lubow, Arthur, 404Ludovica, Anna Maria, 678Lufkin, Martha, 372, 379Lynch, Robert L., 686Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Ass’n

(1988), 36–43

MacGregor, Neil, 696Machu Picchu, 404Madchen aus den Sabiner Bergen (Winterhalter),

375–379Madonna (singer), 744Madonna and Child (Cranach), 367Madsen, Richard, 846, 851Maffi, Luisa, 952Magic, belief in, 124Magpie Geese and Water Lilies at the Waterhole

(Bulun Bulun), 667Mahathir, Tun, 33Mahr (bridal money), 87Maine, Henry, 146Malaro, Marie C., 729Malaysia, return of cultural heritage to, 390Malewicz v. City of Amsterdam (2005), 585–598, 599






1000 Index

Mali, protection of manuscripts in, 273Malik, Charles, 858Malik, Kenan, 952Malinowski, Bronislaw, 125, 172Malouf, Albert, 541–542Malraux, Andre, 478, 837Mandela, Nelson, 757Mansfield, Lord, 154Mansfield, Mike, 20–21Manuscripts, preservation of, 273Maori Heritage Council, 468Maori language (te reo Maori), 650Maori Language Act 1987, 650Maori people

cooperation efforts with, 361–362customary law and, 167deaccessioning and, 725haka and, 640human remains protection, 467–469koru logos and, 626–627offensive marks and, 650–651sale of objects of, 695Te Papa Tongarewa and, 701

Maori Trade Marks Advisory Committee, 651La Marquesa de Santa Cruz (Goya), 422Marriage rights, 78–88Marshall, John, 166Martens clause, 293Marty, Martin E., 837, 909, 910Martyrdom, 854Maryland, repatriation of cultural heritage law, 458Marzio, Peter, 420Masks, Navajo, 442Massachusetts Commission Against Discrimination,

784Mass culture, globalization of, 62–64Mataatua (Maori meeting house), 361–362Mataatua Declaration on the Cultural and

Intellectual Property Rights of IndigenousPeoples of 1993, 650

Matisse, Henri, 736–738May, Stephen, 915Mayagna (Sumo) Awas Tingni Community v.

Nicaragua (2001), 199Mayan culture, 242–243McCann, Anna Marguerite, 338McClain, United States v. (1979), 479, 483–490McDonald’s, 62, 73, 129McReynolds, James C., 961–962Meca-Medina & Majcen v. Comm’n (2006), 805–811,

813Mechel, Chretien de, 679–680Media, role in sports of, 750–751Medici family, 678Medicine bundles (jish), 442Medicines, traditional, 620, 623–625, 629–630, 632,

634, 635

Mehinaku people, 88Mein Kampf (Hitler), 3Memorandum on Distribution of Eagle Feathers for

Native American Religious Purposes, 75–76Menski, Werner, 200Mercedes-Benz, 814Merryman, John Henry, 395, 401Messenger, Phyllis Mauch, 691Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York), 254, 419,

681, 683, 686Mexico

cultural patrimony of, 297pre-Columbian art and, 390, 485–490religious freedom in, 861return of stolen cultural property, 480–481UNESCO Convention (1970), 425

Mexico Olympic Games, 794Meyer v. Nebraska (1923), 960–962Middle Ages, museums in, 677–678Migratory Bird Treaty Act, 442Milpurrurru v. Indofurn Pty. Ltd. (1994), 658–666Milwaukee Public Museum, 439Minimum-contacts test, 535, 766, 767–768, 770–771Minorities

as actors in cultural heritage law, 208, 221–222linguistic rights of, 923–930, 936–937, 940, 947,

950–951, 956, 958–963Minority Schools in Albania (1935), 885, 922, 938Mistake of law, defense of, 507–508Mithun, Marianne, 951“Mixed” systems of law, 151–152Model Provisions for National Laws on the

Protection of Expressions of Folkloreagainst Illicit Exploitation and OtherPrejudicial Actions, WIPO-UNESCO, 640

Mohawks, 702Moiwana Village v. Suriname (2005), 199MOMA. See Museum of Modern ArtMondrian, Piet, 298Monet, Claude, 513Montana State University, 712Montebello, Philippe de, 368, 420Montesquieu, Baron, 136, 145Mooney, Jerye, 70Moon rocks, theft of, 490–499Moral rights, 260–262, 267–268, 632Morgan, J. Pierpont, 681Morgenthau, Robert, 369Morguard Investments Ltd. v. de Savoye (1990), 238Morison v. Rawlinson (1940), 881Mormonism, 832Morning Star Pole sculpture, 631Moscow Olympic Games, 757, 778Mostaert, Jan, 373Mostar bridge, destruction of, 352, 354Movable Cultural Property Program, 314“Moveable property,” 493–494






Index 1001

Movement, freedom of, 801–805, 808–809Muhammad, cartoon of, 834–837Mullick v. Mullick (1925), 236–237, 515Multiculturalism, 51, 130–131Multilingualism, state responses to, 919–939. See

also BilingualismMummies, 454Munch, Edvard, 226Municipal Gallery of Modern Art (Dublin), 613Municipal Museum of The Hague, 298Murakami, Takashi, 686Musee du Quebec, 537–538, 542Museum of Fine Arts (Boston), 419Museum of Modern Art (MOMA), 366, 513, 586Museum of Natural History (Rouen, France), 725Museum of New Zealand (Te Papa Tongarewa),

700–701, 725Museum of the American Indian, 439Museums, 674–739. See also specific museums

as actors in cultural heritage law, 208, 220–221museum culture through history, 676–704

biculturalism, 700–704in Canada, 701–703in New Zealand, 700–701

collecting, culture of, 687–695generally, 676–683global museum, 695–700ritual of secular, 683–687

organization and governance of, 704–739ethical constraints, 735–739fiduciary duties of museum managers, 710–735

conservation of cultural material and duty ofcare, 726–735

deaccessioning, 713–726settlements and partnerships, 359–363

Museums Act 1990 (Canada), 713Museums and Galleries Act 1992 (U.K.), 720, 722,

724Museums Australia Incorporated, 675Musical Pitch and International Agreement

(Weinstein), 94–96Music in cultural law, 88–99The Music of the Laws (Kornstein), 99Music That Moves: Popular Music, Distribution and

Network Technologies (Jones), 96–97Muslims. See IslamMutual Educational and Cultural Exchange

Program, 592–593Mycenaean jewelry, 481The Myth of Nations: The Medieval Origins of Europe

(Geary), 696

Nader, Laura, 172NAFTA. See North American Free Trade AgreementNAGPRA. See Native American Graves Protection

and Repatriation ActNamanya (Sebei contract), 175

Napoleon Bonaparte, 680Naranjo, Tessie, 436National Academy Museum and School of Fine

Arts, 724–725National Antique and Art Dealers Association of

America, 422National Association of Women Artists, 222National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA),

750National Eagle Repository, 75–76National Endowment for the Arts, 686National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, 280National Gallery (London), 613, 723National Gallery of Art (Washington, DC), 373, 713National Gallery of Australia, 414National Gallery of Canada, 537–538, 542, 704, 713National Geographic Society, 404National Heritage Resources Act (South Africa),

464–466National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, 274National Hockey League (NHL), 754National Institute of Culture (Peru), 404Nationalism

comparative law and, 151cultural, 391–392, 393, 401ethnic, 30–31linguistic, 923, 931

Nationality issues in sports, 798, 813National monuments, establishment of, 274National Monuments Act (South Africa), 464–465National Museum Directors Conference, 739National Museum of African American History and

Culture, 675–676National Museum of Natural History, 444National Museum of New Zealand, 700National Museum of the American Indian, 700National Museum of the American Indian Act, 431,

466–467National origin discrimination, 964–965National Park Service, 441National Register of Historic Places, 223, 274National security, religion and, 838National Security Council, 888National Security League, 959National Stolen Property Act (NSPA)

CPIA and, 505–506cultural patrimony and, 299in Goldberg case, 534offenses under, 226pre-Columbian art and, 483–486, 489stolen, definition of, 479–480, 506–507stolen Egyptian antiquities, 500–504, 506–508

National Trust for Historic Preservation, 222–223Native American Graves Protection and

Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), 427–456archaeological resources, protection of, 280Australian aboriginal protection and, 469, 471






1002 Index

Native American Graves Protection (cont.)benefits of, 432–434collecting, ethics of, 691–695competing claims under, 439conservation of art and, 729–730cooperation efforts and, 362–363cultural patrimony defined in, 297human remains, repatriation of, 427–428,

437–438Kennewick Man and, 444–452, 454legal foundations for, 431–432museum obligations, 439origins of, 429–431review committee of, 429, 440–441sacred objects under, 542scientific study under, 438South African cultural heritage and, 466–467strengths and weaknesses of, 456summary of provisions, 427–429

Native American Graves Protection andRepatriation Act (Utah state law),459–460

Native American Rights Fund, 435Native Americans

assimilation, 172burial site protection, 456–460collecting material, ethics of, 690–695conservation of art and, 729–730eagle feathers for religious purposes, 75–76free exercise clause and, 36–43games of, 744–746NAGPRA and, 427–428, 430–443“redskins” trademark and, 642–649sports teams logos and, 626unredeemed artifacts of, 434–436worldviews of, 436–437

Native Hawaiian organizations, 427–428, 432–433,441

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), 33Natural Heritage List (Australia), 206–207Natural law, 135–145, 200Natural Law Theory (Hoeflich), 135Natural resources, right to use and enjoy, 176–197,

199Natural rights theory, 633Navajo people, 442, 443Nazis

cultural property damage by, 348Holocaust art claims and, 363–379, 547, 565–567“law” concept of, 137–138musical cultural and, 96Spoliation Advisory Panel and, 738stolen art and, 363–371, 698–699Ukraine, looting of materials from, 391Yahoo! case, sale of Nazi-related goods in, 1–7

Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act of 1998, 567NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic Association),

750

Nebraskaburial site protection in, 458German language in, 959, 960–962

Nebraska State Historical Society, 435Neem trees, 623Nefertiti, Bust of, 405Negotiating across Cultures: International

Communication in an InterdependentWorld (Cohen), 19–23

Negotiations, 14–23Nemo plus juris ad alium transferre potest quam ipse

habet, 535Netherlands, ethics code in, 422Nettle, Daniel, 952Neue Gallerie (New York), 599, 687Neues Museum (Berlin), 405Newman, Barnett, 735New Statesman on Art Loss Register, 370New York Convention (Convention on the

Recognition and Enforcement ofForeign Arbitral Awards, UN), 765,815

New York Peace Society, 857New York Statute of Limitations, 544, 547–553New Zealand

biculturalism in, 700–701cooperation efforts in, 361–362export controls in, 306–310human remains protection in, 467–469indigenous groups, repatriation to, 425–426intangible cultural heritage protection in,

650–651UNESCO Convention (1970), 425

New Zealand Historic Places Trust, 468New Zealand Maori Council, 725Ngati Awa tribe, 361–362Ngati Toa Rangatira (Maori tribal chiefs), 640NGOs (nongovernmental organizations), 208–209,

221–222NHL (National Hockey League), 754Nicaragua, baseball in, 756Nicholas, Lynn, 364, 365Nigeria

claims for return of cultural heritage, 390language rights in, 932–938Sharia in, 866–869

The Night Watch (Rembrandt), 678Nixon, Richard

Chamizal dispute and, 21China visit of, 22

“No-fire target list,” 350Nolan-Haley, Jacqueline, 49Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 208–209,

221–222Nonregistrable subject matter under Lanham Act,

642–650Noriega, Manuel Antonio, 859Norodom Sihanouk, 409






Index 1003

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA),32, 65–66, 392

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 33North Carolina Museum of Art, 367North Dakota, burial site protection in, 458–459North Korea

Holy Valley Temple and, 99music diplomacy and, 97–98

North Koreans Welcome Symphonic Diplomacy(Wakin), 97–98

Norton Simon Museum, 687Norway

UNESCO Convention (1970), 612whaling in, 77

Norwegian National Library, 612NSPA. See National Stolen Property ActNullum crimen sine lege principle, 138, 141, 143Number symbolism, 132Nuremberg trials, 145, 223, 248, 348, 363Nye, Joseph, 66Nyerere, Julius, 935

Oba, Abdulmumini Abebayo, 866Objets hors de commerce (inalienable property), 536,

725–726. See also Choses hors commerce;Res extra commercium

Obligatio, 203, 204Obscene materials, 268Oceanic Art Society, 209O’Connor, Sandra Day, 158L’Odalisque (Matisse), 367, 736–737Offensive marks, 650–651Office on International Religious Freedom,

888Of Myth and Memory art exhibit, 692Oh, Gods! (Lester), 831–832O’Hagan, Jacinta, 24, 66O’Keefe, Georgia, 545, 560O’Keefe, Patrick J., 207, 421O’Keefe v. Snyder (1980), 545Olivecrona, Karl, 200Olympic and Amateur Sports Act of 2000, 760Olympic Charter, 760, 795–798, 814Olympic Games

in Athens, 799in Atlanta, 626in Barcelona, 763in Beijing, 757, 758, 798boycotts of, 760CAS and, 815–816international relations and, 756in London, 65in Mexico, 794in Moscow, 757, 778in Sochi, 758women’s events in, 794

Olympic Movement, 147, 757, 760, 795–797, 816Omar, Mullah, 294, 295, 296

The One and the Many: America’s Struggle for theCommon Good (Marty), 909–910

One Lucite Ball Containing Lunar Material (2003),490–499

On Tenures (Littleton), 153On the Laws and Customs of England (Glanvill), 153Open Source as Culture – Culture as Open Source

(Vaidhyanathan), 63–64Open Source models, 63–64Operation Chameleon, 74Operation Dinero, 478Opinio juris, 149, 150, 343Opportunity Knocks (Waldbaum), 385–386Oral histories, 653–657Oregon, religious dress regulation in, 904–908Organization of African Unity, 889Organization of American States, 888Organization of the Islamic Conference, 294Oriental Institute, 543, 600Orientalism, 129Orientalism (Said), 696Orkin v. Taylor (2007), 565–569Orth, John V., 152Ortiz, Attorney-General of New Zealand v. (1982),

306–310, 311, 313Otago Museum, 361–362“Other”

fear of, 909–910Orientalism and, 129

Otis, Pauletta, 832, 838Otto-Preminger-Institut v. Austria (1994), 268Ou, Seng, 70“Our Culture: Our Future” (Janke), 617“Outside of commerce” rule (lex rei extra

commercium), 536–543, 604“Ownership” in copyright, 667–668Oxford University, 414

Pacem in terris (John XXIII), 858Pacific Arts Association, 222Pacific Regional Framework for the Protection of

Traditional Knowledge and Expressions ofCulture, 640–641

Pacta sunt servanda principle, 149, 150, 417, 857Palestine, wall case and, 838–839Pan-African New Partnership for African

Development, 273Pan American Games, 760Papal Nuncio, 859Paper, acidic, 271Paralympic games, 760Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial

Property, 621Paris Peace Conference of 1919, 883Parkinson v. Murdock (1958), 727Parkman, Francis, 436Parlett, David, 740Parthenon Marbles. See Elgin Marbles






1004 Index

The Parthenon Marbles Custody Case (Brysac),393–395

Partnerships for cooperation in cultural matters,358–379

Pataki, George, 514Patents, 623–625, 632, 634–635Patent & Trademark Office, U.S. (PTO), 623, 625,

642Patrimony, cultural. See Cultural patrimonyPatrimony laws, 247, 500–503Patterns of Culture (Benedict), 126Patterson, Leonardo, 244Pauketat, Timothy R., 744Pawnee Tribe, 435Pax Cahokiana, 745PCIJ. See Permanent Court of International JusticePeale, Charles Willson, 680–681Pelletier, B., 537Penal Code (Honduras), 495Peng Zhen, 881Pennsylvania Declaration of 1970, 418Pentacostalists, 753, 832People’s Police Act 1968 (GDR), 139, 141Peregoy, Bob, 435Performance-enhancing drugs. See Doping in sportsPermanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ),

885, 922–923, 938Persepolis collection, 543, 600Persian Gulf War of 1991, 350, 354Personality, athlete’s right of (Personlichkeitsrecht),

817Personal jurisdiction, 323, 736, 765–774Peru

looting in, 217–218, 254, 255religion, definition of, 842return of cultural objects to, 404–405, 480

Peter the Great, 679Petrarch, 479Petroglyphs, 206, 473–477Petropoulos, Jonathan, 363, 699Pettkus v. Becker (1980), 238Peyote exception, 877Pfizer, 624PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin (2001), 793Phillips, Herbert, 57–58Philpott, Daniel, 910Phoebe Hearst Museum, 441“Ping-pong diplomacy,” 98, 757Pinion, In re (1965), 705–707Pirates, 147Pistorius, Oscar, 794Pitch, musical, 94–96Pius II (Pope), 299Plato, 90Pledge of Allegiance, 864Pluralism, 200–205, 867, 909Pocahontas, 413

La Poesie (Boucher), 517Pollock, Jackson, 414Polygamy, 60–61, 86Portrait of a Courtier (Mostaert), 373Positivism, legal, 135–145, 200Poskocil, Sophia, 963–965Posner, Richard, 781Pospısil, Leopold J., 147, 202The Possessed (Lubow), 404–405Postcolonial theory, 129Potlatch ceremonies, 24Potter, Pitman B., 881Pound, Roscoe, 146Povoledo, Elisabetta, 98, 386Powhatan’s mantle, 413–414Pozol, 625Precautionary rule, 349Pre-Columbian art, 242–247, 390, 479, 483–490,

570–572Pre-Columbian Artifacts, United States v. (1993), 480Pre-Columbian Monumental or Architectural

Sculpture or Mural Statute, 480Preponderance-of-evidence test, 441Prescription statutes, 399Preservation, digital, 271–273Preservationists, historic, 208, 222–223Preservation of Historic and Archaeological Data

Act of 1974, 280Preserving Research Collections (Reed-Scott),

271–272Preserving What Is Valued: Museums, Conservation

and First Nations (Clavir), 731–734Prevost, Roger, 539, 542“Priam’s Treasure,” 253Princeton University Art Museum, 419Principles for Cooperation in the Mutual Protection

and Transfer of Cultural Material,610–611, 613

Principles with Respect to Nazi-Confiscated Art,359, 371–372

Prior declaration rule, 480Privacy, right of, 9, 630, 637, 639, 650Private dealers in art, 208–220Private international law, 148Probable cause, 496–497Profiling, linguistic, 972–979Property rights, 176–197, 199, 743–744Proposition 227 on English language usage, 963Proselytizing, 861, 906Prosthetic devices, runners’ use of, 794Protected Objects Act of 1975 (New Zealand), 695Protection of cultural material, 252–356

armed conflict and, 345–357customary humanitarian law, 351–352Geneva Convention IV of 1949 and Protocol I,

348–349Hague Convention of 1954, 349–351






Index 1005

Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907, 347–348ICTY, ICC, and Afghanistan and Iraq crises,

352–357cultural patrimony, 297–299export controls, 299–315

Canadian model on, 302–305enforcement of, 305–315implementation problems, 300–302international law on, 299–300regional law on, 300

general protections of cultural heritage, 273–297Canadian law, 284–287international law, 288–297Swiss law, 287–288U.S. law, 273–284

federal, 274–281state, 281–284

threats to cultural resources, 252–273archaeological, 252–258architectural, 269–270archival, 271–273artistic, 258–269

underwater cultural heritage, 316–345Protocol I of Geneva Convention IV of 1949, 347,

348–349, 351Protocol II of Geneva Convention IV of 1949,

350–351Prott, Lyndel V., 207Provenance: Twelve Collectors of Ethnographic Art in

England (Waterfield & King), 688–690Przeracki, David J., 9PTO. See Patent & Trademark Office, U.S.Public accommodation, right to, 784–787Publication, right of, 268Public domain, 634, 638Public goods problem, 633Public international law, 147Public policy, 238–240Purposeful availment, 771Putin, Vladimir, 758

Quakers (Society of Friends), 857Quantum meruit compensation, 600, 603Quareshi cow-slaughter case, 851Quasi-contract concept, 636Quebec

L’Ange Gardien treasures in, 537–542language rights in, 939, 945–946

Quebec Charter of the French Language, 939,945

Quedlinburg Indictment Comes Too Late(Redmond-Cooper), 509–512

Quedlinburg treasures, 509–512Quest International, 625

Rab, A.S.M. Abdur, 132Race, Thomas, 688

Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt OrganizationsAct (RICO), 226

Racquetball, 784–787Radbruch’s formula of statutory injustice, 144, 145Radwan v. Radwan (1972), 86–87Ramirez v. Plough (1993), 955–956Rape, statutory, 60–61, 86The Rape of Europa (Nicholas), 365Rare Pre-Columbian Relics, at Any Cost (Honan),

242–247Rasmussen, Anders Fogh, 834Ratio decidendi, 156Rawls, John, 52Reasonable care requirements, 780Recommendation on the Promotion and Use of

Multilingualism and Universal Access toCyberspace of 2003, 293

Recommendation on the Safeguarding ofTraditional Culture and Folklore,UNESCO, 628

Recommendation to Member States on theInternational Exchange of CulturalProperty, UNESCO, 416

Reconciliation, 910–911, 912Recording Industry Association of America, 89Rectification, 389–473

indigenous heritage, 425–473other approaches to, 464–473

Australia, 469–471Canada, 471–472New Zealand, 467–469South Africa, 464–467

in U.S. law, 427–464federal law, 427–456state law, 456–464

international return and restitution, 389–424adversarial model and common heritage

alternative, 391–405codes of ethics, 417–424UNESCO, UN, and ICOM resolutions,

416–417UNESCO Convention (1970), 405–410UNIDROIT Convention on Stolen or Illegally

Exported Cultural Objects, 410–416Redfield, Robert, 127Redmond-Cooper, Ruth, 509“Redskins” trademark, 642–649Reed-Scott, Jutta, 271Refugees, protection of, 859Regionalism, 32Reid tests, 265–266Relativism, cultural, 49–53, 123–124, 126–127,

887Religion Act (Russia), 904Religion and International Law (Janis), 833–834Religion and War in the Twenty-First Century (Otis),

832–833






1006 Index

Religions, 831–914. See also specific religionsdefinitional problem of, 839–856freedom of, 840–842, 872–909

comparative law, 904–909international law, 883–888national laws, 872–883regional law, 888–904religious association laws and, 840–842

free exercise clause and, 36–43globalization of, 831–839governmental establishment of, 860–872international system, functions in, 856–859

aspirational, 858creative, 857–858custodial, 858–859didactic, 858mediative, 859

museums and, 684sports and, 753–754, 787–793

Religious dress, regulation of, 889–909Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993, 789,

872–880Rembrandt van Rijn, 678Remedies in dispute resolution, 600–603Remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), 338Renvoi doctrine, 524Replevin actions

art theft and, 226–227demand-and-refusal rule and, 548, 550–551discovery rule and, 555Goldberg case and, 215, 527–528in Holocaust art claims, 377, 379

Report of the Committee on the Export of Works ofArt, etc. (Waverley Report), 302

Report of the Panel for a National Dialogue onMuseum/Native American Relations, 431

Repose doctrine, 227, 514, 572–573Representative List of the Intangible Cultural

Heritage of Humanity, 628“Repugnancy clauses,” 169Reserve Bank of Australia, 631Res extra commercium, 288, 297Res judicata doctrine, 174, 867Resolution Methods for Art-Related Disputes

(Byrne-Sutton), 605–610Res sacrae concept, 542Restatement Second of the Law of Trusts, 704Restoration of art, 727–728Restraint-of-trade exception, 782“Return of Innocence” (Enigma), 626Review Committee under NAGPRA, 429, 440–441Reynolds, Joshua, 728Reynolds v. International Amateur Athletic

Federation (1994), 761–774, 781, 782Ricardo, David, 392Ricci, Matteo, 846–847Rice, basmati, 623–624, 625

RiceTec, Inc., 623RICO (Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt

Organizations Act), 226The Rights of Minorities in Europe (Weller), 950–951Rights of Women: From Prohibition to Elimination of

Discrimination (Tomasevski), 887Ritchie, Guy, 744Rituals of secular, 683–685Rivera, Diego, 219–220Riveredge Collection, 716–717Roam, right to, 744Rodriguez, Alex, 65Roerich Pact of 1935, 248–249Rolland, Romain, 66Romaine, Suzanne, 952Romania, Jewish-owned property in, 481Romansh language, 924, 925, 927, 928, 930Roma people, 152, 200, 866Rome, museums in ancient, 676–677Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court,

353Ronald W. Reagan National Defense Authorization

Act for Fiscal Year 2005, 343Roney, Paul, 56Rooibos tea, 625Roosevelt, Eleanor, 858Roosevelt, Franklin D., Jackson Hole National

Monument and, 274Roosevelt, Theodore

Grand Canyon National Monument, 274on language issue, 958, 959

Roper v. Simmons (2005), 158–164Rosenberg, Alfred, 96, 348Rosenberg, Paul, 513Rosenberg v. Seattle Art Museum (1999), 736–737,

738Rosetta Stone, 405ROVs (Remotely operated vehicles), 338Royal Canadian Mounted Police, 209Royal Shakespeare Company, 640Rudio, Charles de, 738Rudolf, Beate, 138Rugby, 640, 747, 755, 757Rugby World Cup, 757Rushdie, Salman, 836Russia

Georgia, attack on, 757religious rights in, 904return of Jewish cultural property from, 599in Security Council, 390

Sackler, Elizabeth A., 690, 695Sacred truce (ekecheiria), 757“Safe conduct” legislation, 513Safe Havens Model Contract, 357Sahin v. Turkey (2005), 889–901, 902–903Said, Edward, 29, 31, 35, 129, 696, 697






Index 1007

St. Clair, William, 394Sale of Goods Act 1893 (U.K.), 520Salvage and finds, common law of, 316–317, 319,

326–329, 335–338, 344Sami languages, 924, 925, 928“Samuhel Evangeliar” (Samuhel Gospels), 510Sanchez v. Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania

(2005), 570–572Sanction authority, 203, 204–205Santeria, 43–49Sapir, Edward, 916Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, 915, 916, 918–919Sarajevo Olympic Games, 757Saramaka people, 176–198Saramaka People v. Suriname (2007), 176–197, 199Sassoferrato, Bartolus de, 857The Satanic Verses (Rushdie), 836Saudi Arabia

religious freedom in, 861Universal Declaration of Human Rights and,

859Savage, David G., 164Savigny, Karl von, 146Sawhoyamaxa Indigenous Community v. Paraguay

(2006), 198, 199Say No More (Hitt), 951–954Scalia, Antonin, 158, 164–165, 166, 793Scalia to Congress: Butt Out of Court’s Use of Foreign

Law (Savage), 164–165Schedel, Hartman, 909Schiele, Egon, 372–373, 513Schipper, Kristofer, 848Schliemann, Heinrich, 253Schoenbaum, Thomas J., 12, 17Schools. See EducationSchøyen, Martin, 611–612Schultz, United States v. (2003), 500–508, 509Scientology, Church of, 904Sea Hunt, Inc. v. The Unidentified Shipwreck Vessel or

Vessels (2000), 318Sease, Catherine, 729Seattle Art Museum, 367, 736–738Sebei people, 175Second Hickenlooper Amendment, 593Sects, 842, 872–880Secularism, 683–687, 862, 871, 890, 902–904Security Council, UN, 354, 356, 390Security Council Resolution 8727 of 1993

establishing ICTY, 352Seidemann, Ryan M., 464Selden, John, 392Self-determination

Australia, indigenous culture in, 657biculturalism and, 700burial rights and, 430human rights and, 66indigenous groups and, 425, 693

Jews and, 883Maori and, 651NAGPRA and, 432

Semenya, Caster, 794Seoul Olympic Games, 758Services, freedom to provide, 800–811Settlements for cooperation in cultural matters,

358–379Shabbats, 863Shahn, Ben, 220Shakespeare in the Bush (Bohannan), 918Shame, Thai concept of, 58Shanghai communique of 1972, 21–22The Sharia Court of Appeal in Northern Nigeria: The

Continuing Crisis of Jurisdiction (Oba),866–869

Sharia law, 200, 865–866, 865–869Shaybani, 857Shelton, Dinah, 860Shipwrecks, 279–280. See also Underwater cultural

heritage protectionShort Guide to the European Convention on Human

Rights (Gomien), 268A Short History of the Museum (Ullberg et al.),

676–683Shoshone people, 174–175Shweder, Richard A., 130The Siege of Corinth (Byron), 215Sikhs, 904–908Simon, Norton, 606–607Simon Foundation, 607Singapore, return of cultural heritage from, 390Singleness of work test, 263–264Sipan (Peru), looting from, 217–218Siripongs, Jaturun (“Jay”), 56–60Siripongs v. Calderon (1998), 56–60Siva sculpture, theft of, 227–2356 + 5 rule, 813Sixth Amendment (U.S. Constitution), 57, 59–60Sloane, Hans, 679Smith, Adam, 392Smith, Charles, 395Smith, Gerrit B., 963Smithsonian Institution, 418, 431, 435, 675–676,

704Smuggling, 54–56, 74–75, 217–218, 223, 242–248.

See also LootingSnow v. Eaton Centre Ltd. (1982), 267Snyder, Barry, 545Snyders, Frans, 373Soccer. See Football/soccer“Soccer diplomacy,” 98Sochi Olympic Games, 758Socialist law, 151, 157Society for American Archaeology, 221Society for the Preservation of Afghanistan’s

Cultural Heritage, 295






1008 Index

Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals,70–71

Society of Fine Art Auctioneers and Valuers, 209Society of Friends (Quakers), 857Society of Wildlife Artists, 222Sociological jurisprudence, 146Soft law, 173, 612, 672Soft power, 66Solicitudo rei socialis (John Paul II), 858Soller, Carl R., 245Somalia, language policy in, 935–936, 938Somers (brig), 257Sonderauftrag Linz, 699“Song of Joy,” 625–626Sontag, Susan, 687Sotheby’s, 211, 243–245, 373, 374, 479South Africa

human remains protection in, 464–467language rights in, 936sports in, 757–758, 761, 798

South Dakotaburial site protection in, 459German language in, 959

Southeast Asia, traditional knowledge in, 616–617Sovereign immunity, 573–599Sovereignty, cultural, 439–440S.P. Mittal v. Union of India (1983), 851Spanish language, 955, 957Special protection rule, 349Specificity, rule of, 811–812Specific jurisdiction, 767Speedo, 799Spiegler, Howard, 367The Spirit of the Laws (Montesquieu), 145–146“The Spirit Sings” art exhibit, 359–360, 701–702Spiritual but Not Intellectual? The Protection of

Sacred Intangible Knowledge (Gervais),615–616

Spoliation Advisory Panel, U.K., 721, 724, 738–739Sport and Society (Frey & Eitzen), 749–751, 755–756Sport as Culture in EC Law (Weatherill), 756–757Sports, 740–830. See also specific sports

characteristics of, 740–758commercialization of, 749–751doping in, 761–783, 805–811, 816–828legal framework of, 759–830

CAS, 814–829European law, 799–814international sports law, process of, 795–799lex sportiva, 760, 830national litigation, 761–795

discrimination, 784–795overview, 759–761

logos and trademarks, 626, 642–650violence in, 754–755, 756–757, 760

Sports Law of 1995 (China), 813–814Sri Lanka, language policy in, 935

Stalin, Joseph, 365Standards Regarding Archaeological Material and

Ancient Art (AAM), 424Standing to sue, 240, 514, 515–516, 708–710, 713Stare decisis, 156, 829State Borders Act 1982 (GDR), 139, 140–141State Commissioner of Transportation v. Medicine

Bird Black Bear White Eagle (2001),460–464

State Council for National Defense (Nebraska),959

State Council for National Defense (South Dakota),959

State Department, U.S., 843, 888Statement of Principles and Proposed Actions, 739Status Quo, 911, 912–913The Statute of Limitations in Art Recovery Cases: An

Overview (Kaye), 543–548Statute of the International Court of Justice, Article

38 of, 148, 150–151Statutes of limitations, 543–570

art theft and, 227“California rule,” 545–546demand-and-refusal rule, 546–553, 570discovery rule and fraudulent concealment

doctrine, 545, 553–564, 568–570Elgin Marbles and, 399Holocaust claims and, 357–358, 514, 544,

547–548, 564–569procedural or substantive, characterization as,

564–570Quedlinburg treasures and, 511–512

Statutory rape, 60–61, 86Stedelijk Museum, 586–588, 597–598Steinbeck, John, 844Stela of Matara (2004), 345–347Stern, Max, 373Stevens, John Paul, 165Stickball, 746Still-life with Fruit and Game (Snyders), 373Stolen art, 473–514, 519–525, 544Streletz, Kessler and Krenz v. Germany (2001),

138–145Strict liability rule, 817–821Strong, Roy, 719Strouthes, David, 174, 175Strugar, Pavle, 352–353Study of the Principles, Conditions, and Means for

the Restitution or Return of CulturalProperty in View of ReconstitutingDispersed Heritages (ICOM), 220,416–417

Suarez, Francisco, 147, 857Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination

and Protection of Minorities, UN, 617,855, 856

Submerged Lands Act of 1953, 280






Index 1009

Sui generis protection of intangible cultural heritage,640–642, 651–652

Sunken Military Craft Act of 2005, 343–344Sun Tzu, 18Superior responsibility principle, 353Supremacy clause (U.S. Constitution), 166Supreme Council for Sports in Africa, 761Supreme Council of Antiquities (Egypt), 405Supreme National Council (Cambodia), 409Survival (indigenous group), 222Survival or Extinction? Animistic Dispute Resolution

in the Sultanate of Brunei (Black), 869–871Sustainability in cultural heritage, 207Sutherland, George, 961, 962Sutherland, William, 951–952Swahili language, 935Sweden, UNESCO Convention (1970) and, 406Swimming, 799, 805–811Swimsuits, 799Swiss Federal Act on Private International Law, 830Swiss Federal Act on the International Transfer of

Cultural Property, 287–288Swiss Federal Tribunal, 815, 819Switzerland

Nazi stolen art and, 364protection of cultural heritage in, 287–288Swiss law in CAS, 815, 817, 826UNESCO Convention (1970), 406

“Symbolic ethnicity,” 918Symbols, use on warning labels of, 957Symeonides, Symeon, 535–536

TAC. See The Athletic Congress of the United States,Inc.

Taco Bell, 73Tag jurisdiction, 518Taiwan, intangible cultural heritage protection in,

668–673Talaq (divorce), 79–81, 83–85, 86–87Taliban, 206, 270, 293–295Tamaki Paenga Hira, 701The Taming of the Shrew (Shakespeare), 640Tarnished Reputations (Herscher), 417–418Task Force on Museums and First Peoples, 359,

702–703Task Force on the Spoliation of Art during the Nazi

World War II Era, 368–369Tate Gallery, 225, 723Taylor, Elizabeth, 565, 567–569Tennessee, burial site protection in, 460–464“Tennis diplomacy,” 98Te Paerangi National Services, 701Te Papa Tongarewa (Museum of New Zealand),

700–701, 725Terralingua, 952Territorial Lands Act (Canada), 285Terrorism, 354, 543

Thailandcultural values of, 56–60UNESCO Convention (1970), 410

Thames Conservancy, 688, 690Theodoratus Report, 41, 42Thieves, art, 226–241Thinking about the Elgin Marbles (Merryman),

395–401Thomas Aquinas, 135, 858Thomas Jefferson University, 713Thomas v. Norris (1992), 173Thoughts on Two Worldviews (Naranjo), 436–437Three Gorges Dam project, 207Tibetan civil law, 174Tillich, Paul, 854–855Titanic v. Haver (1999), 317–318, 319–338, 344Title to land, aboriginal, 651–657Tiv tribe, 918Tlingit tribe, 172–173Toi moko (preserved tattooed human heads), 468,

725–726Tokyo tribunals, 145, 248Toledo Museum of Art v. Ullin (2006), 570Tolofson v. Jensen (1994), 564Tomasevski, Katarina, 887, 888Tombaroli (tomb raiders), 241, 509Tomono, Kei, 54–56, 74–75Tomono, United States v. (1998), 54–56, 74–75Tomonowos (Willamette meteorite), 441–442Tortious injury test, 766, 769–774Totemism, 852–853“The Totems Museum,” 690Trade languages, 935Trademarks, 625, 637–638Trade Marks Act 2002 (New Zealand), 651Trademark Trial and Appeal Board, 649Trade Practices Act (Australia), 658Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property

Rights, Agreement on (TRIPs), 93,620–628, 637

Tradescant Collection, 414Trade secrets, intangible cultural heritage and, 637Traditional knowledge, 615–617, 619–627Traditional Knowledge and Intellectual Property

Rights in Australia and Southeast Asia(Antons), 616–617

Transacting business test, 766–769, 772Transsexuals, 794Treaty Establishing the European Community

(Treaty of Rome), 300, 801–805, 807–810Treaty of Amsterdam Amending the Treaty on

European Union and the TreatiesEstablishing the European Communities,812

Treaty of Berlin, 883Treaty of Rome. See Treaty Establishing the

European Community






1010 Index

Treaty of Saint-Germain, 95, 389–390Treaty of Sevres, 884Treaty of Tordesillas, 859Treaty of Trianon, 95Treaty of Versailles, 389, 884Treaty of Waitangi, 362, 468, 640, 650Trial of the Century, 223–224TRIPs. See Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual

Property Rights, Agreement onTRIPs and Traditional Knowledge: Local

Communities, Local Knowledge, andGlobal Intellectual Property Frameworks(Arewa), 620–627

True, Marion, 216Trustees of the British Museum, Attorney General v.

(2005), 719–723Trusts, charitable, 704–707, 711Tseycum First Nation, 428Tunis Model Law on Copyright for Developing

Countries, 640Tupuna Maori, Re Estate of (1988), 725Turkey, headscarf case in, 889–903Turmeric, patent on, 624Turner, Victor, 685Turning the Page: Forging New Partnerships Between

Museums and First Peoples (Task Force onMuseums and First Peoples), 359,702–703

Tutu, Desmond, 858–859Tylor, E. B., 125

Ubersee Museum, 725UCC (Uniform Commercial Code), 152, 225Ukiyo-e (Japanese “floating world” prints), 219Ukraine

Jewish-owned property in, 481looted objects, recovery of, 390–391

Ullberg, Alan, 676Ullberg, Patricia, 676UNCITRAL (United Nations Commission on

International Trade Law), 65UNCLOS (Convention on the Law of the Sea, UN),

338–341Understanding a Primitive Society (Winch), 124Underwater Cultural Heritage Convention. See

Convention on the Protection of theUnderwater Cultural Heritage of 2001

Underwater cultural heritage protection, 279–280,316–345

UNESCO. See United Nations Educational,Scientific, and Cultural Organization

UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibitingand Preventing the Illicit Import, Export,and Transfer of Ownership of CulturalProperty (1970)

AAMD Guidelines and, 420AIA ethics code and, 419antiquities, title to, 509

bilateral agreements under, 386in Bumper case, 237, 239common heritage of humankind and, 270cultural heritage protection under, 249–250,

289–290cultural patrimony under, 298export controls under, 300, 312–315foreign export controls under, 482in Goldberg case, 532–534illicit excavation and, 242indigenous heritage, repatriation of, 425international cooperation and, 312Peru’s claims against Yale University under, 404rectification under, 405–410, 416–417stolen cultural material, 355UNIDROIT Convention and, 410–411, 413

UNIDROIT Convention on Stolen or IllegallyExported Cultural Objects of 1995

ADR and, 607, 608antiquities, title to, 509cultural heritage protection under, 250cultural patrimony under, 298rectification under, 410–416repose doctrine and, 572

Unification Treaty (FRG–GDR), 139Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), 152, 225Uniform Conflict of Laws-Limitation Act, 564Union Royale Belge des Societe de Football Ass’n v.

Bosman (1990), 761, 800–805, 811–812United Kingdom

ethics codes in, 422–423export controls and, 305–312UNESCO Convention (1970), 406

United Methodist Church, 857United Nations

Charter of, 417Commission for the Prevention of Crimes, 408culture and policy issues before, 13language rights and, 932, 937as legal actor, 147resolutions on return of cultural heritage, 416sports and, 798

United Nations Commission on International TradeLaw (UNCITRAL), 65

United Nations Educational, Scientific, and CulturalOrganization (UNESCO)

cultural diversity and, 8cultural heritage protection and, 249, 294culture, definition of, 67Goldberg case and, 211, 214ICOM and, 220language rights and, 932musical pitch and, 94, 96sports discrimination and, 798

United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia(UNTAC), 409

United Parcel Services of America, Inc. (UPS),65–66






Index 1011

United Parcel Service v. Canada (2002), 66United States

cooperation efforts in, 362–363cultural patrimony of, 297El Salvador bilateral agreement with, 380export controls and, 305–312ICCPR and, 432indigenous groups, repatriation to, 425–426indigenous heritage protection in, 427–464intangible cultural heritage protection in,

642–650Italy bilateral agreement on import restrictions

with, 381–384museums in, 680–683 See also specific museumsprotection of cultural heritage in, 273–284religious rights, constitutional, 882treaty obligations of, 354–355UNESCO Convention (1970), 279, 380–381, 406,

407, 425, 482United States Figure Skating Association, 781United States Forest Service, 473–474United States Holocaust Assets Commission Act of

1998, 567United States Olympic Committee (USOC),

774–780, 788, 797Universal Declaration of Human Rights

language rights in, 939, 944NAGPRA and, 432Pope John XXIII on, 858religious rights in, 858, 885, 887Saudi Arabia’s abstention from, 859Streletz case and, 140

Universalism, cultural, 49–53Universality principle, 700Universal Military Training and Service Act, 839University of Birmingham, 129University of Chicago, 543, 600University of Fine Arts, 409University of Ghent, 221University of Minnesota, 625University of Mississippi Medical Center, 624University of North Dakota Fighting Sioux, 649University of Olso, 612University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology

and Anthropology, 418Unjust enrichment, 238, 636Unmarked Human Burial Sites and Skeletal

Remains Protection Act (Nebraska), 458UNTAC (United Nations Transitional Authority in

Cambodia), 409Updike, John, 913UPS (United Parcel Services of America, Inc.),

65–66Urice, Stephen K., 685–686USOC. See United States Olympic CommitteeUtah, burial site protection in, 459–460

Vaidhyanathan, Siva, 63–64

Valery, Paul, 66Value, archaeological, 475–477Vandalism to archaeological resources, 253Vang, Chai, 743Van Gogh, Vincent, 565–566“Vanishing Voices” (Nettle & Romaine), 952Varennes, Fernand de, 944Vatican, 857Vedantam, Shankar, 845, 855Vermillion Accord on Human Remains, 431,

472–473“Victory Boogie Woogie” (Mondrian), 298Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 149View from the Universal Museum (Cuno), 696–697Vineberg v. Bissonnette (2007), 375–379Violence in sports, 754–755, 756–757, 760Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, 373Visual Artists Rights Act of 1990, 260, 261–267Vitoria, Francisco de, 147, 857Vizenor, Gerald, 435The Volcano Lover (Sontag), 687–688Volksgeist (“spirit of the people”), 146Von Doussa, John, 668Von Gomperz, Philipp, 367Von Holst, Niels, 682Von Mehren, Arthur, 535

Wach, Joachim, 855WADA (World Anti-Doping Agency), 761, 782–783WAI 262 claim, 650Waitangi Tribunal, 362, 650Wakin, Daniel J., 97Waldbaum, Jane C., 385Walden, David A., 313, 394Wall case in Israel, 838–839Wall Street Journal on private sector support for

arts, 686Walt Disney Company, 13Walton, Alice L., 713Walton-Floyd v. U.S. Olympic Committee (1998),

774–780, 781, 782Wampum belts, 297Wang Zhaoguo, 882War criminals, 223, 248Wari empire, 24Warn, duty to, 955–957The War on German Language and Culture

(Finkelman), 958–962Warren, Earl, 154–155Warren, Karen J., 691Wars. See also Armed conflicts and protection of

cultural materialarchaeological sites, destruction of, 253linguistic rights in time of, 958–963religion and, 832–833, 837

Washington Conference on Holocaust-Era Assets,371

Washington Consumer Protection Act, 787






1012 Index

Washington Council for National Defense, 959Washington Law Against Discrimination, 787,

788Washington Redskins football team, 642–649Waterfield, Hermione, 688Waterlilies (Monet), 513Watson, Adam, 28Waverley Report (Report of the Committee on the

Export of Works of Art, etc.), 302Weatherill, Stephen, 756, 812Webber, Anne, 366Weimar, Kunstsammlungen zu v. Elicofon (1982),

546–547Weimar Museum, 546–547Weinstein, Jerry L., 94Welsh language, 954, 955Welsh v. United States (1970), 839–840Wembley Exhibition, 361West, Cromwell Ashbie Hawkins, 953West, W. Richard, 439Whaling, 77What’s A-O.K. in the U.S.A. Is Lewd and Worthless

Beyond (N.Y. Times), 132–134What’s in a Game? (Lefort & Harvey), 748–749Wheelchair users, 784–787Where the Wild Things Are: A Defense of Cheeseheads,

the Chop, and Ecstatic Religion in theStands (Ehrenreich), 751–754

Whitacre v. Indiana (1993), 281–284“Whole Lotta Love” (Led Zeppelin), 626Whorf, Benjamin, 916Wight, Martin, 28Wikipedia, 63Willamette meteorite (Tomonowos), 441–442Williams, Colin, 955Winch, Peter, 124Wingrove v. United Kingdom (1996), 268Winkworth v. Christie Manson and Woods Ltd.

(1980), 519–525, 535“Winter” (Giaquinto), 557–563Winterhalter, Franz Xaver, 375WIPO. See World Intellectual Property OrganizationWithdraw or repent artistic expression, right to, 268Wolfe, Alan, 861Women

cultural relativism and, 49–51cultural rights of, 887gender equality, 69moral reasoning of, 24religious dress of, 889–909religious tribunals and, 62in sports, 794–795

Wong, “Anson” Keng Liang, 74

Woodman, Gordon R., 166Working Group on Indigenous Populations, UN,

173–174, 615“Working It Out”: A Japanese Alternative to Fighting

It Out (Przeracki), 9–11Works made for hire, 265–267World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), 761, 782–783World Anti-Doping Code, 761, 782–783, 806World Archaeological Congress, 221, 431, 472World Bank, 932World Conference on Women, 49World Council of Churches, 857, 858World Council of Indigenous Peoples, 222World Cup (football/soccer), 98, 756, 758World Forum on the Protection of Folklore, 628World Heritage Committee, 291, 294–295World Heritage Convention. See Convention for the

Protection of the World Cultural andNatural Heritage of 1972

World Heritage List, 291, 294World Heritage sites, 350, 352World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO),

615–616, 617, 620–621, 628, 640World Jewish Congress, 366World order, culture in framing, 24–35, 66World Trade Organization (WTO), 13, 90, 299–300,

392, 621, 628World Wide Web. See InternetW.R. Grace & Co., 623Wrestling, 816–822Wright, Frank Lloyd, 219, 269–270Wrongful death actions, 778–779

Xenophobia, 958

Yahoo!, Inc. v. La Ligue Contre Le Racisme etL’Antisemitisme (2001), 1–7, 36

Yakye Axa Indigenous Community v. Paraguay(2005), 198, 199

Yale Museum (Peabody Museum of NaturalHistory), 404

Yale University, 273, 405–406Yang Tae Young, 799Yanomami case (1985), 74Yildirim, Seval, 850Yugoslavia, 1949 Hague Convention and, 350Yumbulul v. Reserve Bank of Australia (1991), 631,

666Yu v. United States Postal Service (2009), 967

Zande people, 124Zhou Enlai, 15, 16Zuni people, 297, 430, 694






7 x 11.5 long title - Assets - Cambridge University...

Documents

Transcript of 7 x 11.5 long title - Assets - Cambridge University...