7. the Preschooler
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Transcript of 7. the Preschooler
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The Preschooler
ages 3 through 5 yearsNur. 346
Dr. Manal Kassab
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General characteristics (Apperance)
Much calmer period in the childs development:growth is steady but slow
The 3-year-old may still have the prominentpotbelly of toddlerhood but will slim down overthe next few years
During preschool years, both boys & girls slim
down as trunks of their bodies lengthen
Although their heads are still somewhat large fortheir bodies, by end of preschool years most
children have lost their top-heavy look
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Biological development
The average child gains about 2.3 kg per yearand grows 6.757.5 cm/ year
The average weight is 14.6 kg at 3 years, 16.7
kgat 4 years and 18.7 kg at 5 years The average height is 95 cm at 3 years, 103cm
at 4 years and 110cm at 5 years
Motor development consists ofincreases instrength and refinement of previouslylearned skills
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Gross motor development
Walking, running, climbing and jumpingare well established by 36 months
By age of 3 the preschooler rides a
tricycle, walks on tiptoe, balances on onefoot for a few seconds and broad jumps
By age of 4: skips and hops proficiently
on one foot and catch a ball reliably
By age of 5: the child skips on alternatefeet, jumps rope.
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Fine motor development
Drawing shows severaladvancements in the perceptionof shape and the development of
fine muscle coordination
The 3-year-old child copies acircle and imitate a cross and
vertical and horizontal lines.
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Fine motor development
The 3-year-old is not
able to draw a complete
human figure but draws
a round circle, later addsfacial features, and by age
5 or 6 years can draw
several parts (head,
arms, legs, body & facial
features
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The Brain
Brain & head grow more rapidly than other part ofbody at a rate in early childhood less rapid thanduring infancy
By time children have reached 3 years of age brainis s of its adult size
By age 5 it has reached 9/10s of its adult size
Mylineation process where nerve cells are covered &insulated with layer of fat cells having effect ofincreasing speed of information traveling throughnervous system
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Visual Perception
Only toward end of early childhood are mostchildrens eye muscles adequately developed toallow them to move their eyes efficiently across aseries of letters
Functional Amblyopiaknow as lazy eyeresulting when one eye is used less than other-sometimes requires surgery
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Psychosocial development
Developing a sense of initiative positive response to the world's challenges,
taking on responsibilities,
learning new skills,
feeling purposeful.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PxwWr6T_O6s&feature=related(10:05)
Parents can encourage initiative by encouragingchildren to try out their ideas.
We should accept and encourage fantasy andcuriosity and imagination.
This is a time for play, not for formal education.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PxwWr6T_O6s&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PxwWr6T_O6s&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PxwWr6T_O6s&feature=related -
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Psychosocial development
Stage ofenergetic learning
The capacity for moral judgment has arrived. A parent has the responsibility, socially, to
encourage the child to "grow up -- you're not a
baby anymore!"
But if this process is done too harshly and tooabruptly, the child learns to feel guilty about his
or her feelings (over restriction and fear of
wrongdoing)
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Cognitive development
Preoperational Stage: Ages 27
Preconceptual phase: ages 24
Intuitive phase: ages 47
Now that child has mental representations (ability to let
a symbol (e.g., a word) stand for an object in the
environment), begins to utilize symbols
Egocentrismthinks everyone experiences the world exactly as they
do (Single view point)
Animistic: Inanimate objects have lifelike qualities just like
themselves
E.g., sun is angry at clouds and chased them away
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Moral Development
Preconventional level:Punishment obedience orientation: 24
Nave instrumental orientation (Nave hedonism) 47yrs
Actions are directed toward satisfying their needs.
Instrument ofreciprocityyou do something for me and
Ill do something for you
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Language Development
4 Years
Knows names offamiliar animals
Names common objects in picture books or magazines
Knows one or more colors They talk constantly regardless of whether anyone is
listening to or answering them
5 Years
Can count to ten
Speech should be completely intelligible, in spite of
articulation problems (stuttering)
Speech on the whole should be grammatically correct
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Play
At 4 years:
Associative play: group play in similar or identicalactivities but without rigid organization or rules
Imitative, imaginative and dramatic play:dress-up clothes, dolls, housekeeping toys, dollhouses,telephones, trains, trucks, planes
Imaginary playmates are so much a part of this age
period
At 5 years cooperative play:
more realistic activities, where the preschooler can obeyrules and regulations
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Solitary PlayA child is in a room full of other
children, but he/she is playing aloneand not paying attention to anyone.
Parallel PlayChildren are playing the same gameor activity. They are playing next to
each other, but they are not talking ordoing the same activity.
Associative PlayChildren areplaying the
same game,but they arenot workingtogether orconnectingwith one
another.
Cooperative PlayChildren are working together to playa game.
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Sleep and Sleep Problems
Average preschooler sleepsapproximately 12 hours a night
Somnambulism (sleepwalking)
during deepest stage of sleep
common in about 15% ofchildren and is related to socialrather developmental factors
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Nightmaresfrightening dreams that awakensleeper more often toward morning than just
after child has gone to bed
Night Terrors sudden arousal from sleep &
intense fear accompanied by number of
physiological reactions:
rapid heart rate & breathing,
loud screams,
heavy perspiration &
physical movement
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Sleep and Sleep Problems
Recommendation: a consistent bedtime ritual that
signal readiness for bed
Keeping a light on in the room
Providing transitional objectssuch as a favorite toy usually
soft & cuddly
Helping children to slow downbefore bedtime
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Fears
Occurs because their imagination is so
active.
Fear of dark. Fear of mutilation (simple injury, painful
procedures).
Fear of separation.
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Nutrition
Nutritional requirements for
preschoolers are fairly similar to those
of toddlers
The requirements for calories: 90
kcal/kg, average daily intake of 1800
calories
Fluid requirements 100 ml/kg daily Protein requirements are 1.2 g/kg daily
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Nutrition
Daily Eating Routines 3-year-old - fairly good appetite but prefers
small portions, will feed self independently
4-year-old - fluctuating appetite dislikescertain foods, likes to help in preparation ofmeal
5-year-old - eats well, but not every meallikes familiar foods & likes make own
breakfast.
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IMPORTANT NUTRIENTS FOR
PRESCHOOLERSNutrient Function Food Sources
Calcium Healthy bones
and teeth
Milk, cheese, yogurt, milk in puddings and
soups, calcium fortified beverages
Iron Healthy red
blood cells,
prevents
anemia.
Meat, fish, poultry, eggs, cooked beans and
lentils, peanut butter, nuts, seeds, fortified
breakfast cereals, dried fruit
Vitamin A Healthy skin,
eyes and nails,
protects against
infection.
Sweet potatoes, carrots, spinach, kale, dark
orange squash, cantaloupe, sweet red
peppers, apricots, broccoli
Vitamin C Healthy
muscles and
bone, increases
iron
absorption.
Oranges, kiwi fruit, 100% fruit juice (apple,
orange), grapefruit, strawberries, sweet green
and red peppers, broccoli, tomatoes, Brussels
sprouts
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IMPORTANT NUTRIENTS FOR
PRESCHOOLERSNutrient Function Food Sources
Vitamin D Healthy
bones and
teeth
Fish liver oils, fish (salmon, mackerel, sardines,
tuna), fortified milk and margarine. Moderate
exposure to sunlight also helps the body
produce vitamin D .Vitamin B12 Healthy red
blood cells
Found only in animal products such as meat,
fish, poultry, eggs, and milk products. Foods
fortified with vitamin B12 such as soy and rice
beverages, and soy-based meat substitutes.
Zinc Healthygrowth Red meats, some seafood (oysters), and wholegrains.
Fiber Healthy
digestion,
prevents
constipation
Breads and cereals made with whole wheat,
wheat bran, oats, rye flour, vegetables and
fruit, cooked beans and lentils.
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Common Health Problems
1. Infectious disorders:
Communicable diseases: Chicken Pox,Diphtheria, Measles, Pertussis, etc.
Conjunctivitis. Stomatitis.
2. Ingestion of injurious agents:
Cosmetics and personal care products, cleaning
products, plants, foreign bodies, gasoline. Heavy metal poisoning (mercury, iron, lead)
3. Enuresis
4. Tonsillitis: