7 breakthroughs in brain research Ascolot#2 2014 · 1. The Brain Circle and the “Color of...
Transcript of 7 breakthroughs in brain research Ascolot#2 2014 · 1. The Brain Circle and the “Color of...
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7 breakthroughs in brain research
Ascolot#2 2014
Idan Segev The Hebrew University
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Remarkable capabilities of the Human Brain
(Creativity, Thoughts, Language,Religion … )
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The CENTRAL challenge for 21st century
– Repairing Neurological and Psychiatric Diseases
1. We know of 560 such
diseases
2. Growing with aging
3. Tremendous suffering
+ cost to society
4. NO repair – no
understanding
5. WE MUST
UNDERSTAND for
Repairing
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The three Mega Brain projects worldwide (and more)
1. The MindScope (Allen Institute) – $300M
2. The Human Brain Project (EU) - 1B Euro
3. The B.R.A.I.N (USA) – $400M?
4. Japan – Monkey brain
5. Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (Hebrew University) -
$150M
6. Sainsbury Welcome Center (UCL) – 200M Pounds (first 5 years) ………….
The IBT and BRAIN prize by President Peres
Clearly – we are at an historical moment for the brain
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1. Brain Blossom Worldwide
The Jerusalem Brain
(Norman Foster)
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The Brain building in Jerusalem
(By Lord Norman Foster)
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• RECENT BREAKTHROUGHS
(*) mapping the human genome transcription (Allen Inst.)
1. The basis for learning in the brain
2. Newborn cells in the brain
3. Optogenetic (activating the brain with light)
4. Sensory substitution
5. Treating Parkinsons’
6. Brain machine interface
7. Modeling the brain in the computer (understanding diseases) – The Human Brain Project
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1. The plastic brain
Genetic staining of living brains + a new optical probe 2-photons microscope
for viewing plastic process at the synaptic level
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The“Brainbow” – a new method to study the fine anatomy of the brain
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The Color of Thoughts – Street Exhibition (Viviana) –
at the street of Corso Vittorio Emanuele in Milan 2011
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Prof. Adi Mizrach - with 2 the photon microscope
An optical voyage into the living brain
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New synaptic connections
are formed during learning
in living brain
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2.Watching newborn (stem) cells growing in the adult
brain
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Hausser a
nd S
mith
, Natu
re 2
007
Frontiers 3: OPTOGENETICS Frontier 3. Optogenetics
Optical stimulation (and recording) from single neurons in the living brain
Channel Rhodopsin opens with blue light
Causes spikes
Natronomonas pharaonis activated with yellow light
Prevents spikes
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Light-activated (~100 neurons) controlling mouse behavior
Courtesy of Karel Svoboda, Janelia Farm
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4. Sensory Substitution for the
Blind Prof. Amir Amedi
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Sensory substitution for the blind: Can we use sound?
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The EyeCane
Advantages:
• Distance estimation – up to 10 meter (vs. 1m with white cane)
• Distance estimation – any height (vs. 0-20cm from floor with white cane)
• Easy to learn, almost instant use.
• Light, comfortable, you don’t bump into individuals and objects (might be one reason why only 10% of blind in US and UK use white cane)
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The
Basal Ganglia Normal
Parkinson
Prof. Hagai Bergman
5. Fighting Parkinson
Deep Brain Stimulation (HU)
Parkinson - a wrong electrical code in the brain
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The
Basal Ganglia
Fighting Parkinson
Deep Brain Stimulation
Parkinson - a wrong electrical code in the brain
Normal
Parkinson
Prof. Hagai Bergman (HU)
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Implanting electrode in patient’s brain (fully alert)
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Deep Brain Stimulation
Patient: Male, 58 years old
PD Eight years (with extreme on-off)
Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem
(For ameliorating Parkison’s symptoms)
(Operation by Hagai Bergman and Zvi Israel)
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6. Brain-activated robot arm
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From Brain Activity to Moving a Robotic Arm
Directly from the brain
MI
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4. Moving robot arm directly from the brain
(BMI)
Prof. Eilon Vaadia
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Courtesy of Andrew Schwartz, Univ. Pittsburgh
Monkey’s brain activity used for self feeding with a robotic arm
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Future challenges
1. Develop chronic brain nano-chip +
“dust sensors” 2 . Develop telemetric communication
3 . Develop real-time signal
processing methods
(including sound
processing)
4 .“ closing the loop”
Stimulation + recording
together
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7. The Blue Brain Project
Simulating the Brain Markram (Lausanne) + NEW
Sakmann (Heidelberg)
Martin (Zurich)
SPAIN - Blue Brain Node
The Blue-Gene IBM Computer +team
10,000 processors; 0.05 Peta Flops/sec
Prof. Idan Segev
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The Blue Brain Project
Simulating the Brain Markram (Lausanne) + NEW
Sakmann (Heidelberg)
Martin (Zurich)
SPAIN - Blue Brain Node
The Blue-Gene IBM Computer +team
10,000 processors; 0.05 Peta Flops/sec
Prof. Idan Segev
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The cortical column
The “inventful” building block of the mammalian cortex
(1mm3 ) Size of a pin head
10,000 cells, 100 million connections (synapses)
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SPIKES - The electrical language of Neurons
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Modeling electrical activity of neurons
rm
ri
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è ç
ö
ø ÷
¶2V x,t( )¶x2
- rmcm¶V x,t( )
¶t-V x,t( ) = 0
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Using our Multiple Objective Optimization (MOO) method we can provide true-to-life model of all cell types
Experiment
Model
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The Blue Brain (IBM) Computer
20,000 processors, million*million operations/second
100,000 REAL CELLS (10 COLUMNS)
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So Lets start connect model components
10,000 model neurons; 1 billion model synapses
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FIRST-EVER COMPUTER VOYAGE INTO THE BRAIN
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Simulating (towards repairing) Neurological and Psychiatric Diseases
“Autistic” cortex
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Human Brain Project (HBP) understanding the brain, its diseases & deriving future technologies
Screening Informatics
Brain Probes
Diseasome
Modeling
Simulation Supercomputing Visualization Analytics
Computation
Neuromorphics
Neurorobotics
Education
Society Coordination Neuroscience
The Neuroscope
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2030! 2013
The Future of the Blue Brain Project
2005 - 0.05 PF/s - 0.002PB 20’000 times more powerful than today!
Time-line for BBP/HBP
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Face-to-Public
1. The Brain Circle and the “Color of thoughts ideas”
2. The MAGID lecture series in brain
3. The Heller lecture series
4. “Synapses, neurons and brains” (Coursera, 60,000 students)
5. “Brain and Cinema” – Jerusalem Cinimateque
6. Art & Brain encounter (100 “artists, book $10K/each –
fellowships)
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Toda Rabba