Env Sci Week 6 - Geology, Earth and the Lithosphere Geophysical Process of the Earth.
7-1 Inside the Earth · 2018. 1. 24. · Another way to divide the earth: Lithosphere •...
Transcript of 7-1 Inside the Earth · 2018. 1. 24. · Another way to divide the earth: Lithosphere •...
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7-1 Inside the Earth
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Did you know….
The deepest hole ever drilled was in
Russia. It was about 12 km deep
(Mt. Everest is about 9 km high).
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Finding Indirect Evidence
So if we’ve only drilled into the crust, how do we know about the mantle and core?
Geologists use seismic (earthquake) waves and study volcanoes.
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How seismic waves
move through the
earth:
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Note: temperature AND pressure increase
as you go deeper into the earth
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4 layers
• 1. Crust
• 2. Mantle
• 3. Outer Core
• 4. Inner Core
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CRUST (rocks, mountains, soil)
--outer skin of EARTH--
t h in n e s t la y e r
t h in n e s t un d e r o c e a n
( 5k m )
t h ic k e s t un de r
m o un t a in s ( 1 00k m )
Te m p e r a t ur e : 0 - 1 000 ° C
l e s s t h a n 1 % o f e a r t h ’ s m a s s
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Two Types of Crust
–o c e a n ic ba s a lt ( de n s e r )
–c o n t in e n t a l g r a n it e
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Crust and Upper Mantle
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Oceanic crust
Continental crust
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Mantle (hot/bendable rock)
• a b o u t 3 , 0 0 0 k m t h i c k ( t h i c k e s t l a y e r )
• m a k e s u p m o s t o f E a r t h ’ s m a s s ( 6 7 % )
• m o r e d e n s e t h a n c r u s t ( b e c a u s e o f m o r e m a g n e s i u m )
• 1 0 0 0 - 3 7 0 0 ° C
• N o t e f o r l a t e r : v e r y t o p o f m a n t l e i s s o l i d
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Inner layer--the CORE
(a little smaller than the moon)
made of mostly iron and some nickel (very
dense metals)
10-15% of Earth’s volume
about 30% Earth’s mass
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2 parts of the core:
1. Outer Core
• thick liquid metal
because it’s so hot
• 3700-5000 °C
• thickness= 2250 km
2. Inner Core
• SOLID metal due to
pressure
• 5000-7000 °C
• radius= 1200 km
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Questions:
--list the layers in order of density and
temperature (lowest to highest)
--list the layers in order of size (thinnest to
thickest)
--Which layer(s) can support life?
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Facts to ponder:
If you drove a car 100 kph (62 mph) from
the earth’s surface to the center of the
earth:
• 1/2 hour to drive through continental
crust
• 29 hours to drive through mantle
• about 35 hours to drive through the
core
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Other facts to ponder:
mantle makes up 80% of Earth’s total
volume
pressure at center may be 1 million times
greater than air pressure at sea level
density compare to water
• crust=2.5-3.0 times more dense
• mantle=3.3-5.5 times
• core is 10-13 times
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So what does this have to do
with plate tectonics?
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2 parts of the earth
1.
2.
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Another way to divide the earth:
Lithosphere
• (litho means “rock”)
• solid/rigid outer part of earth
• made of crust and rigid upper part of the mantle
• About 100 km thick
• broken into pieces called TECTONIC PLATES
Asthenosphere• the soft layer of the
mantle (like a hot plastic)
• made of solid rock that moves very slowly
• tectonic plates move in this soft layer
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• lithosphere FLOATS on asthenosphere
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3 methods of heat transfer
1. RADIATION
• heat (from sun) can travel through empty
space
2. CONDUCTION --through touching
3. CONVECTION
• heat moves through fluids (liquids/gases)
• warm (less dense) rises
• cold (more dense) sinks
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Convection Currents
heat comes from the
core
The heat rises to
create currents due to
density differences
Very important!!
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Questions:
List the 4 layers of Earth in order (beginning
with the surface).
In general, how does the density of material
in Earth’s layers change with depth?
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In Earth’s crust, what type of rock is found
under the ocean?
The thickest layer of the Earth is the
In what state/phase is the Earth’s INNER
core?
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Lithosphere vs Asthenosphere
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Lithosphere divided into 10
major tectonic plates—
know the continental ones
and the Pacific plate!
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Tectonic plates usually made of
oceanic and continental crust
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Look at California, what is so interesting?
Transform boundary at the San Andreas Fault
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Which of the following compositional
layers makes up the greatest percentage of
Earth’s mass?
• continental crust
• oceanic crust
• the mantle
• the core