The Human Body

What is A&P?

• Anatomy• Study of structure of the

body

• Physiology• Study of those structures

functions

Normal Anatomical Position

• Normal Anatomical Position• Standing erect• Feet together• Arms at side• Palms facing forward

Anatomical Directional Terms

• Superior• Further from the ground/Close to head

• Inferior• Close to the ground/Close to feet

• Anterior• Toward front of body (AKA. Ventral)

• Posterior• Toward back of body (AKA. Dorsal)

• Medial • Close to the midline

• Lateral• Farther away from the midline • Bilateral- Both R and L side

Anatomical Directional Terms

• Proximal• Closer to the trunk

• Distal• Farther away from the trunk

• Central• At, in, or near the core

• Peripheral • Away from the center of the body

Anatomical Divisionary Lines

• Midline • Divides body into Right and Left

halves.

Anatomical Divisionary Lines

• Mid-clavicular• Passes through middle of clavicles• Parallel to the midline • Used in assessing lung sounds

Anatomical Divisionary Lines

• Midaxillary• Passes vertically through

armpits• Divides body into

anterior/posterior halves

Anatomical Surfaces

• Palmer Surface• Palm of hands

• Plantar Surface• Sole of foot

Anatomical Positions

• Supine• Lying on back

• Prone• Lying face down

• Recumbent• Lying on side

Anatomical Positions

• Trendelenburg• Supine with feet elevated

and head down

• Fowlers• Sitting position

• Shock Position• Supine with feet elevated

8”-12”

Anatomical Motion Terms

• Abduction• “ab”=away• Movement away from body

• Adduction• “add”= toward• Movement toward to the

body • Flexion

• Bending of a joint• Extension

• Straightening of a joint

Body Systems

• Organization• Cells – Tissues – Organ - Organ System - Organism

• Tissue Types• Muscle

• Contract to allow motion• Smooth, Skeletal, Cardiac

• Nervous• Conduct impulses

• Epithelial• Protective and semi permeable

• Connective • Structure/protection/attachment • Extracellular matrix, bone, cartilage, blood

Skeletal System

• 14% total body weight• Function

• Shape, Movement, Storage (Calcium, Phosphorus, Iron)

• Protection of organs• Blood cell production• Endocrine Regularion

• Components• Bones

• Mineralized osseous tissue• Cartilage

• Soft connective tissue/Collagen• Flexible support

• Tendons• Attach muscle to bone• Collagen, Elastin, Proteogylcans

• Ligaments• Attach bone to bone • Collagen

• Axial Skeleton• Skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage

• Appendicular Skeleton• Upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbs

Axial SkeletonSkull

• Skull• 22 bones• Cranium + Face• Encases brain• Brain + CSF + Vessels

• Little space• Facial Bones

• Orbits• Eyes

• Nasal Bones• Maxilla

• Upper Jaw• Zygomatics

• Cheekbones • Mandible

• Lower Jaw

Axial SkeletalVertebral Column

• Function• Support

• Components • 33 Vertebrae• Intervertebral disks

• Divisions of Vertebrae• Cervical (C-) = 7 Neck

• C1 = Atlas• C2 = Axis

• Thoracic (T-)= 12 Chest• Lumbar (L-)= 5 Lower Back• Sacral (S-)= 5 Back of pelvis (fused) • Coccyx (C-)= 4 Tailbone (fused)

Axial Skeletal Thoracic Cage

• Function• Protection of thoracic cavity• Supports shoulder girdle

• Components • 12 pairs of ribs

• 1-10 attach to sternum• 11-12 “float”

• Sternum • Manubrium• Body• Xiphoid process

• Costal cartilage• Connect ribs to sternum

• Thoracic vertebrae (12)

Appendicular SkeletonUpper Extremities

• Clavicle• Scapula• Acromion (Tip of shoulder)• Humerus • Olecranon (elbow)• Radius• Ulna• Carpals (wrist)• Metacarpals (hands)• Phalanges (fingers)

Appendicular SkeletonLower Extremities

• Greater Trochanter (head of femur)• Acetabulum (socket of hip)• Femur (thigh)• Patella (knee)• Tibia (shin)• Fibula (lower leg)• Medial/Lateral malleolus (ankle)• Tarsals and metatarsals (foot)• Calcaneus (heel)• Phalanges (toes)

Appendicular SkeletonPelvis

• Function• Support and protection

• Components • Ilium

• Wings • Pubis

• Anterior portion• Ischium

• Inferior portion• Sacrum• Coccyx

Joints

• Definition• 2 or more bones connecting to bones

• Types• Ball and socket

• Hip/Shoulder• Wide Range of motion

• Hinge• Elbow/knee• Motion in 1 plane• Flexion and extension only

Body Cavities

Body Cavities

Cranial– Enclosed by skull– Contains: brain, eyes, ears

Vertebral– Enclosed by vertebrae– Contains: spinal cord

Thoracic– Enclosed by ribcage– Bounded by diaphragm – Contains: trachea, esophagus, lungs, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, heart, great vessels,

thymus gland, Abdominopelvic

– Abdominal Enclosed by ribcage and pelvis Contains: kidneys, ureters, stomach, large/small intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen Divided into quadrants (next slide)

– Pelvic Enclosed by pelvis Contains: urinary bladder, anus, reproductive organs

Abdominal Quadrants

Respiratory System

Respiratory System

• Function• Gas exchange with outside environment• Filtration/Humidification/Warming/Conduction of air

• Structures• Nose• Mouth• Naso/Oro/Laryngopharynx• Larynx• Bronchi

• Bronchioles• Lungs• Diaphragm

• Associated muscles • Alveoli

Upper Airway Nose/Mouth

• Function• Filters• Warms• Moistens

Upper Airway Pharynx

• Location• Posterior to mouth• Superior to esophagus,

larynx, trachea

• Function• Conducts air to bronchi

• 3 Divisions• Nasopharynx• Oropharynx• Laryngopharynx

Upper Airway Epiglottis

• Location• Sits posterior to larynx• Attached to tongue

• Structure• Leaf shaped cartilage

• Function• Prevents food/liquid from entering

larynx during swallowing • Guards opening to vocal cords

(glottis)

Upper Airway Larynx

• AKA: “Voice box”• Location

• Inferior to epiglottis• Superior to trachea

• Structure • Cartilaginous rings

• Thyroid Cartilage = “Adam’s Apple”

• Bulk of anterior wall• Cricoid Cartilage

• Firm rings forming lower aspect/base

• Function• Stops foreign objects that pass

epiglottis• Laryngospasm

• Voice production

Lower Airway Trachea

• AKA: “Windpipe” • Location

• Inferior to Larynx• Anterior to Esophagus• Bifurcates into primary bronchi

• Structure • Cartilaginous rings anterior

and lateral• Approx 15-20

• Smooth muscle tissue posterior

• Trachealis muscle • Why????

Lower Airway Bronchi

• Location• Bifurcation of trachea

• 2nd Intercostal space• Angle of Louis

• Right and Left main stem

• Structure• Smooth muscle• Irregular hyaline cartilage

rings

• Function• Conducts air to lungs

Lower Airway Bronchioles

• Location• Distal bifurcations of the

bronchi• Terminate at alveoli

• Function• Conduct air to alveoli

• Structure• 1st airways with NO cartilage• ALL muscle

• Bronchoconstriction • Bronchospasm

• < 1 mm wide =Tiny

Lower Airway Alveoli

• Location• Terminal sacs of bronchial tree• Distal to bronchioles• Particular to mammalian lungs• 150 million/lung

• Structure• 1 cell thick• Surface are= 75m2 (Tennis court)• Increased SA= Increased 02 absorption• 0.2-0.3 mm diameter • Covered in capillaries (70%)• Bathed in surfactant

• Function• Diffusion of gas with capillaries

Lower Airway Lungs

• Location• Bilateral of midline

• Structure• Divided into lobes

• Left= 2• Right= 3

• Function• Houses structure for gas exchange• Alteration of pH

Lower AirwayMucociliary Escalator

• Location• Along epithelium of primary

bronchi• Beat in rhythm

• Structure• Cilia projections• “Hair like”

• Function• Move debris up out of lungs

• Cough or swallow• Smokers…

• Prevent mucous accumulation

Respiratory PhysiologyHow we breathe…

• Ventilation• Mechanical movement of air into/out of the body

• Inhalation (Active)• Muscles Used

• Diaphragm & External Intercostals• Physiology

• Diaphragm contracts downward• External intercostals pull ribs up and out• Increases dimension of chest cavity• Increased diameter of chest drops intra thoracic pressure• Air rushes in until pressure is equalized

Respiratory PhysiologyHow we breathe…

• Ventilation• Mechanical movement of air into/out of the body

• Exhalation (Passive)• Physiology

• Diaphragm relaxes as well as intercostals• Chest cavity dimension decreases• Decrease in dimension increases intrathoracic pressure• Air rushes out • Lungs recoil

Respiratory PhysiologyGas Exchange

• Respiration• Process by which the body utilizes oxygen• Diffusion

• Net movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Respiratory PhysiologyGas Exchange

• Respiration• Process by which the body

utilizes oxygen• Alveolar/Capillary Exchange

• Physiology• O2 rich air enters alveoli• O2 poor blood in capillaries

pass alveoli• O2 diffuses down its

concentration gradient into the capillaries

• CO2 diffuses down its concentration gradient into the alveoli

• CO2 is exhaled and O2 transported to tissues

Respiratory PhysiologyGas Exchange

• Respiration• Process by which the body

utilizes oxygen• Capillary/Cellular Exchange

• Physiology• O2 rich blood passes cells• O2 diffuses across its

concentration gradient into the cells

• CO2 diffuses across its concentration gradient into the capillary

• CO2 is transported to the alveoli

Respiratory Evaluation

• Areas of assessment• Rate. Rhythm. Depth. Quality.

• Rate• Adult = 12-20 per minute• Child = 15-30 per minute• Infant -= 30-60 per minute

• Rhythm• Regular or irregular

• Depth• Tidal volume adequate or inadequate

• Amount of air breathed in/out in one ventilation• Approx 500 mL

Respiratory Evaluation cont’d.

• Quality• Breath sounds

• Midclavicular & Midaxillary lines• Present or diminished or absent

• Chest expansion• Unequal or symmetrical

• Increased effort• Accessory muscles • “Seesaw” breathing

• Infants• Nasal flaring • Retractions

• Above clavicles, between ribs• Cyanosis• Shortness of breath• Altered mental status

Accessory Muscle Use

Nasal Flaring

Retractions

Respiratory Evaluation cont’d.

• Cyanosis• Blue/pale coloring of skin

• Nail beds• Lips• Eyelids

• Why is this seen in these areas first???

• Indicates poor perfusion

Pediatric Considerations

• Mouth/Nose• Smaller and easily obstructed

• Pharynx• Tongue is BIG

• Trachea• Narrower• Softer and more flexible

• Cricoid Cartilage• Less developed/Less rigid = easily kinked

• Diaphragm • Chest is soft• Depend on diaphragm to do most of the work of breathing

• Seesaw Breathing….

The Circulatory System

The Circulatory SystemFunction/Components

• Function• Transport system of the body• Delivers O2 and nutrients to cells• Returns waste to liver/kidneys/lungs• Transports specialized cells to fight infection.

• Components• Blood• Blood vessels

• 60,000 – 100,000 miles• Heart

The Circulatory SystemThe heart

• Location• Just left of midline• Posterior to sternum• Anterior to T-spine

• Function• Pump for driving of blood

flow

The Circulatory SystemChambers of the Heart

• 4 Chambers• Divided by a septum• 2 Atria

• Receiving chambers• Contract together• Superior to ventricles

• 2 Ventricles • Pumping Chambers• Contract together• Inferior to atria

The Circulatory SystemValves of The Heart

• Function• Prevents backflow of blood• Create heart sounds

• Atrioventricular Valvues• Between each atria and its ventricle

• Tricuspid Valve• Between Right Atria/Ventricle

• Bicuspid/Mitral Valve• Between Left Atria/Ventricle

• Semilunar Valves• Between each ventricle and its artery

• Pulmonic Valve• Right Ventricle and Pulmonary Artery

• Aortic Valve• Left Ventricle and Aorta

The Circulatory SystemTypes of Circulation

• Separate Systems• Pulmonary

• Right ventricle• Blood to the lungs

• Oxygenation

• Systemic• Left ventricle• Blood to the body

• Perfusion

The Circulatory SystemConductive System

• Automaticity• Ability to create own

electrical signal• Pacemaker Sites

• Sinoatrail Node (SA)• 60-100 bpm

• Atrioventricular Node (AV)• 40-60 bpm

• Bundle of HIS• 40-60 bpm

• Purkinje Fibers• 20-40 bpm

The Circulatory SystemBlood Vessels

• Arteries Arterioles Capillaries

Venules Veins

The Circulatory SystemArteries

• Function• Conduct blood away from

heart• High pressure

• Structure• Endothelial lining• Connective tissue • THICK Smooth muscle• Connective tissue

• Allows for great expansion of vessels

The Circulatory SystemMajor Arteries

• Coronary• Supply heart with blood

• Aorta• Major artery from the heart to the

body• 1” diameter

• Pulmonary• Carries O2 poor blood to lungs

• Umbilical • Carries O2 poor blood to lungs

• Carotid• Major artery of the neck• Supplies the head with blood

• Femoral• Major artery of the thigh• Supplies lower extremities with

blood• Bifurcation of aorta at navel

• Radial• Major artery of the lower arm

• Brachial• Artery of the upper arm

• Posterior tibial• Artery running posterior to ankle

• Dorsalis pedis• Artery of the foot• Anterior

The Circulatory SystemArterioles

• Smallest branch of an artery• Leads to a capillary

• Structure• Thin smooth muscle wall (1-

2 layers)• Function

• Main site of vascular resistance

• Important in blood pressure

The Circulatory SystemCapillaries

• Structure• Tiny blood vessel

• 5-10 μm diameter• 1 endothelial cell thick

• Function• Connect arterioles to venules• Exchange of gases, nutrients,

etc.• Decrease pressure• Usually carries no more than

50% of the volume it could

The Circulatory SystemVenule

• Smallest branch of a vein leading from a capillary

• Structure• A vein on small scale• Internal valves

• Function • Conducts deoxygenated

blood out of capillaries into veins

The Circulatory SystemVeins

• Function• Return blood to the heart• Low pressure system

• Structure• Endothelial lining• Connective tissue • Thinner Smooth muscle• Connective tissue• Internal Valves

The Circulatory SystemMajor Veins

• Pulmonary• Carries O2 rich blood from lungs to left atrium

• Umbilical• Carries O2 rich blood from lungs to left atrium

• Vena Cava• Superior

• Drains head/upper extremities

• Inferior• Drains trunk/lower extremities

Path of blood through the heart

Putting it all together

• Pulmonary Circulation: • Blood from the body enters Right

atrium via venae cavae • Right Atrium contracts• Blood enters Right ventricle via

Tricuspid valve• Right Ventricle contracts• Blood enters Pulmonary artery via

Pulmonic Valve• Pulmonary artery carries blood to

lungs for gas exchange

Path of blood through the heart

Putting it all together

• Systemic Circulation:• Blood enters the L atrium via

Pulmonary veins• Atrium contracts• Blood enters the L ventricle via

Mitral/Bicuspid Valve• Ventricle contracts• Blood enters the aorta via Aortic

Valve• Aorta conducts blood to body • Pumps Your Blood Song

The Circulatory SystemBlood

• 5-6 Liters• Components• Plasma

• Fluid that carries blood cells/nutrients• 55%

• Formed Elements • 40%• Red Blood Cells

• Carry O2 to organs & CO2 away• Give blood its color• Hemoglobin• 45%, 4.2-6.1 million/mL

• White Blood Cells• Defense • 4,3000-10,800 WBC/mL

• Platelets • Clotting • 150,000 - 350,000/mL

The Circulatory System Physiology

Pulse

• Pulse• Palpable wave of blood sent though arteries after contraction of L

ventricle • Peripheral

• Radial• Brachial• Posterior tibial• Dorsalis pedis

• Central• Carotid • Femoral

The Circulatory System Physiology

Blood Pressure

• Blood pressure• Force exerted from blood on walls of

vessels • Phases of Cardiac Cycle

• Systolic• Pressure against the walls when the L

ventricle contracts• Diastolic

• Pressure against the walls when the L ventricle relaxes

The Circulatory System Physiology

Perfusion

• Perfusion• In an organ system:

• Delivery of O2/nutrients • Removal of waste products

The Circulatory System Pathology

Shock

• Shock/Hypoperfusion • Failure of the circulatory system to adequately perfuse and

oxygenate the tissues of the body

• Signs/Symptoms• Pale, cool, cyanotic, clammy skin• Rapid/shallow breathing• Restlessness/anxiety• Nausea/vomiting • Weak pulse• Low blood pressure/volume

Musculoskeletal System

Musculoskeletal System

• Function• Body shape• Protection of organs• Movement• Blood cell production

• Components • Muscle tissue

• Skeletal• Smooth

• Cardiac • Skeletal

• Ligaments• Tendons• Skeletal tissue

Musculoskeletal SystemSkeletal Tissue

• Skeletal• Voluntary• Attached to bone

• Tendons• Form major muscle groups of the body

Musculoskeletal SystemSmooth Tissue

• Involuntary• Location

• Walls of tubular structures • GI and urinary tract• Blood vessels

• Function• Control flow • Carry out automatic functions of the body

Musculoskeletal SystemCardiac Tissue

• Involuntary• Location

• Only in heart

• Function• Create/conduct electrical impulses

• Automaticity

The Nervous System

The Nervous System

• Function• Controls voluntary/involuntary activity

• Components • Central Nervous System (Computer)

• Brain• Brainstem • Spinal Cord

• Peripheral Nervous System (Communicator)• Associated nerves• Sensory- Carry info from body to brain• Motor – Carry info from the brain to the body• Divided into

• Somatic NS = voluntary• Autonomic NS= Involuntary

Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System

• Sympathetic• “Fight or flight”

• Parasympathetic• “Feed or breed”

OR

The Nervous System The Brain

• Cerebrum• Largest most superior portion of the brain• Divided into R & L hemispheres• Hemispheres divided into specialized lobes

• Frontal = Intellect and motor function• Occipital = Eyesight• Temporal = Smell/Hearing• Parietal = Sensory information

• Brainstem• Lower part of the brain• Circulation, Respiration, BP

• Cerebellum• Outpocketing of brain, posterior to brainstem• Coordination and movement

The Nervous System The Brain: Blood Supply

• Cerebral Blood Supply• 15% of Cardiac output• 80% of blood is supplied by

the carotid arteries• Vertebral arteries supply the

rest• Circle of Willis

• Each area of the brain has its own blood supply

• Sensitivity to Deprivation of glucose and O2

• Cannot store glucose itself• Deprivation = AMS

• Interruption in O2 supply• Unconsciousness 5-10

seconds • Blockage of O2 supply

• Neural death 4-6 minutes

Integumentary System Skin

Integumentary System Skin

• Function• Largest organ system in the body• Protection from environment • Temperature regulation• Senses

• Heat, Cold, Touch, Pressure, Pain, etc. • Vitamin D synthesis• Storage

• Structure• Epidermis

• Outermost layer• No blood vessels• Protection, absorption of nutrients homeostasis

• Dermis• Deeper layer• Contains sweat/sebaceous glands, hair folicles, blood vessels, nerve endings• Gives skin its flexibility

• Subcutaneous layer• Fat layer• Insulation, protective padding, energy storage

Endocrine System

• Function• Secretes chemicals (hormones) that regulate body activities

• i.e. Insulin & adrenalin • Structures

• Pituitary• Pineal gland• Hypothalamus • Thyroid• Parathyroid• Adrenals• Pancreas

• Islets of Langerhans• Ovaries• Testes

That does it