6_HELLENISM

8/9/2019 6_HELLENISM

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C O L O N I Z A T I O N A N D O R I E N T A L I S M

Hellenism


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Hellenic and Hellenistic

Hellenic means Greek.Hellenistic refers to the expansion of Greek culture

following the conquests of Alexander the Great.

It also refers to the rich style of art and architectureassociated with this period.


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Hellenism in Modern History

Hellenism and the Hellenic past can not beunderstood without an understanding of Europeancolonialism in the eighteenth, nineteenth, andtwentieth century.


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Is it really a Hybrid Culture?

Hellenistic civilization represents a fusion of theAncient Greek world with that of the Near East,Middle East and Southwest Asia.

It represents hybrid Greco-Asian cultures.

But it is pragmatic cultural adaptation by the elites ofsociety, for much of the populations, life probablycontinued as it before.


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Hellenism and Colonization

The Hellenistic period was characterized by a new wave ofGreek colonization.

But it was distinguished from the colonization in the 8th-6th centuries BC which established Greek cities and

kingdoms inAsia andAfrica.Those new cities were composed of Greek colonists who

came from different parts of the Greek world.But they were not from a specific "mother city".The main cultural centers expanded from mainland

Greece to Pergamon, Rhodes, and new Greek coloniessuch as Seleucia,Antioch andAlexandria.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergamonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleuciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleuciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergamonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia


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Characteristics of new Hellenistic cities

Hellenistic assumptions and attitudes unified social elites throughout the

Mediterranean World (Carthaginians, Romans, Egyptians, Jews).

All embraced Greek culture whether in Greek states or not

Elites, merchants, bureaucrats spoke a common language (koine Greek)

They were cosmopolitan, multiethnic, immigrant cities.

All shared aspects of Hellenistic architecture, art, religion, philosophy,

drama, entertainment.

They were the members of a broader world, not just of the city.


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he Known World. . .c B C E

he Known World. . .c B C E


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Hellenistic Culture

It is the blend of Greek culturewith Egyptian, Persian and

Indian influences.


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Alexandria

An Africancity whichwas thecenter fortrade and

Hellenisticculture.

This citybecame aninternational

communitywith a mix ofcustoms andtraditions.


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ibrary at Alexandria( . . .)33 B C Eibrary at Alexandria( . . .)33 B C E


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Ancient Library of Alexandria

Contained a

collection of500,000 papyrusscrolls andmasterpieces ofancient literature.

Was the first trueresearch library inthe world.

Scholars producedcommentaries onancient worlds ofliterature.


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Philosophy

SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT:1. Stoicism:The belief that there was a divine power that

controlled the universe.Believed everyone should live in harmony

with natural law.2. Epicureanism: -Taught that the universe was made of atoms and

ruled by gods who didnt care about humans.


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:ergamumNewHellenisicCity

:ergamumNewHellenisicCity

CosmopolitaosmopolitanCultureulture


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rade in theellenistic Worldrade in theellenistic World


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i d h l


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Science and Technology-Astronomy Aristarchus

estimated that the sunwas 300times bigger

than Earth and thatthe sunwas the center

.of the universe

Nobody accepted.this theory

Instead theythought the Earth

was the centerof

.the universe


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Math and Physics

Euclid Openedthe school forgeometry inAlexandria.

Archimedes

accuratelyestimated thevalue of pi( ).


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Hellenism and Orientalism

Orientalism refers to the Orientor East, in contrast tothe Occidentor West.

Orientalism can be regarded as a Western way oflooking to East.

But it is style for dominating, restructuring, andhaving authority over the Orient.

In the late eighteenth century Orientalism became

something more historically and materiallydefined.

It was closely linked to European and, later, Americanimperialism.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occidenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occidenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orient


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Orientalism and Edward Said

A central idea ofEdward Said is that Westernknowledge about the East is not generated fromfacts or reality, but from preconceived archetypes.

This view accepts that all "Eastern" societies are

fundamentally similar to one another, andfundamentally dissimilar to "Western" societies.This a priori knowledge establishes "the East" as

opposing to "the West".

Such Eastern knowledge is constructed with literarytexts and historical records that often are of limitedunderstanding of the facts of life in the Middle East.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Saidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Said


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EDWARD SAIDORIENTALISM


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Oriental Culture

In the nineteenth century, when more artists travelledto the Middle East, they began representing morenumerous scenes of Oriental culture.

In many of these works, they portrayed the Orient as

exotic, colorful and sensual.Istanbul is an Oriental city for many tourists.

Many tourists only visit Grand Bazaar.


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Anonymous Venetian orientalist painting, The Reception of the Ambassadors inDamascus', 1511, the Louvre. The deer with antlers in the foreground is not known

ever to have existed in the wild in Syria.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvre


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Cairo


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West and the Rest

Still, we see that the modern West has constructeditself as separate from the Orient.

The world was divided as the West and the Rest.

In the time of colonization from the 18th centuryonwards, this division became more visible anddominant in the western thought.

The origin of this division goes back to Ancient

Greece.


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Greek and Barbarian

Ancient Greece is inseparable from two hundred yearsof European colonialism.

There was a similar division like Greek andbarbarian.

Barbarian is a term for an uncivilized person, oftenused pejoratively.

The term originates in the ancient Greekcivilization,

meaning "anyone who is not Greek". Comparablenotions are found in non-European civilizations.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Antiquityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Antiquity


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Other

The Greeks used the term as they encountered scoresof different foreign cultures, including the Egyptians, Persians, Celts, Germans, Phoenicians, Etruscans,and Carthaginians. It, in fact, became a common

term to refer to all foreigners.Barbarians are like children, unable to speak or

reason properly, cowardly, effeminate, luxurious,cruel, unable to control their appetites and desires,

politically unable to govern themselves.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscan_civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscan_civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptians


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The End of Hellenistic Period

In the 2nd to 1st centuries BC, Rome conqueredGreece piece by piece.

With the conquest of Egypt in 30 BC, theRoman Empire controlled the Mediterranean.

Roman art and literature were copied uponHellenistic models.

Koine Greekremained the dominant language in theEastern part of the Roman Empire.

In the city of Rome, Koine Greek was in widespreaduse among ordinary people, and the elite spoke and

wrote Greek as fluently as Latin.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koine_Greekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koine_Greekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire

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