69158-144740-1-PB (1)

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Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management Vol 4 No2 2011

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INTRODUCTION

Nigeria has a vast crude oil and gas deposits and

attempts to explore it have left the country with

unique vulnerabilities (Nduka and Orisakwe 2009)

Rapid urbanization and industrialization of Warri and

its environment between 1968 and 1990 createdpollution potential that are as high as some sources of

pollution The rivers estuaries creeks and air have

been contaminated for decades (Egborge 1995)

Refinery and petrochemical plants generate solid

waste and sludge composed of organic inorganic

compounds including heavy metals Waste water

accumulation of toxic products in the receiving water

bodies with potentially serious consequences on the

ecosystem (Bay et al 2003) Crude oil is a complex

mixture of several polycyclic aromatic compounds

and other hydrocarbons The major hydrocarbon

classes found in crude oil are the normal alkanes

(rapidly degraded) branched alkanes andcycloalkanes (difficult to identify) the isoprenoids

(very resistant to biodegradation) the aromatics

(fairly identified and much more soluble than other

hydrocarbons) and finally the polar ones containing

mainly sulphur oxygen andor nitrogen compounds

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exploitation of crude oil The frequency of oil spilland untreated waste water discharge into water

bodies and the attendant negative impact on the

aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem is well known and

well documented over the years (Nduka and

Orisakwe 2009)

Presence of pollutants in natural waters alters

the quality and often pose serious threats to aquatic

life Various studies have shown positivecorrelation between pollutions from petrochemical

and refinery effluents and the health of aquatic

organisms (Otukunefor and Obiukwu 2005)

Previous observations suggested a correlation

between contaminants of water and sediments witharomatic hydrocarbons from refinery effluents and

compromised fish health (Kuehn et al 1995)

Though petroleum has played an important role

in the economy of the country over the past three

decades Niger delta ecosystem has been subjected

to destruction by petroleum product spillage and

other effluents resulting from operational activities(Adeniyi and Afolabi 2002) with increase in

processed petroleum products (effluents) that are

discharged with little regard to aquatic

environment The contents of the effluents haveserious toxicological effects on aquatic environmentand humans Refinery effluent containing oil when

discharged into water body can cause depletion of

dissolved oxygen due to transformation of organic

component into inorganic compounds loss of

biodiversity through a decrease in amphipodpopulation that is important in food chain and

eutrophication Short term toxicity in fishes

includes lymphocytosis epidermal hyperplasia

hemorrhagic septicaemia (Beeby 1993)

In Nigeria data on ecological risk assessment

of effluent discharge in aquatic environment

especially environmentally stressed Niger Delta

i i t Th i it f d t th

parameters of portable water of contiguous hostcommunitiesrsquo shows serious pollution burden from

effect of refinery effluent Recently study of Ubeji

creek revealed that fish and aquatic life were absent

at the site of effluent discharge and at each site

downstream to Ubeji River (Achudume 2009)

Present development suggests that Warri refineryand petrochemical company (WRPC) has taken the

issue of effluent treatment more seriously As part of

sustainable regulatory measure the aim of this studyis to determine the effect of effluent discharge on

water quality of Warri creek by identifying andevaluating the levels of major contamination it

receives

Materials and Methods Description of study area

The study area Ubeji is located in Warri DeltaState Nigeria at a surface location of 36614012 m

Easting and 17420008 m Northing The Ubeji

Community is situated beside the Warri Refinery

and Petrochemical Company (WRPC) Thelandforms consist essentially of sedimentary basins

and basement complex rocks (Ija and Antai 2003)

The implication of these rocks formations allows

permeability of fluids (Achudume 2009) All

industrial wastes untreated or minimally treated aredischarged into Ubeji Creek which runs immediately

downstream and eventually ends up in Ubeji River

which through Crawford Creek flows into Warri

River The occupation of the human population is

mainly fishing and they depend on the creek as an

outlet to the larger water The average atmospheric

temperature is 255ordmC in the rainy season and

3010ordmC in the dry season The daily relativehumidity values ranged from 555 in the dry

season to 96 in the rainy season The Ubeji creek

receives effluent directly from the refinery and

petrochemical company

Sample collection

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Sample of industrial effluent that had undergone

both chemical and biological treatments were

collected for comparison Sediment samples were

collected with benthic sampler from various

sampling locations (point of effluent discharge

100m upstream and 100m downstream) and bulked

together to form a composite sample The samplewas put in a polyethylene bag All samples were

taken to the laboratory in ice chest for analyses

Water AnalysisConductivity turbidity TSS TDS and pH were

measured using HACH water analysis kits (Model

following the procedures outlined in APHA (1995) A

Perkin Elmer 3100 atomic absorption spectrophotometer

was used for the determination of heavy metals including

nickel (Ni) lead (Pb) zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) copper

(Cu) chromium (Cr) arsenic (As) vanadium (V) and

cadmium (Cd)

Sediment AnalysisSediment sample was air dried by thinly spreading on

a clean laboratory bench surface at room temperature and

brought to a relatively homogenous state by thoroughly

mixing and sieving with 2mm mesh before being treated

The pH and the conductivity of the sediment were

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Results and DiscussionThe mean plusmn standard deviations of physico-

chemical parameters of the water samples arepresented in table 1 The pH mean value of the

upstream was 690 and the downstream 687 while

that of the treated effluent is 626 There was no

significant difference between the treated effluent

and both upstream the downstream sections (plt005)

and all within Federal Ministry of Environment

Nigeria (FMEnv) permissible limit of 65 ndash 85 The

result compares with the findings of Ogunlaja andOgunlaja (2007) and Nduka and Orisakwe (2009)

The authors found that the pH of the surface water

in the same environment and ranged between 65 -

85 and are within recommended limits both

nationally and internationally The temperature at

the time of study ranged from 2525ordmC for treated

effluent to 2315 ordmC for both upstream and

downstream of Ubeji Creek The observed higher

mean temperature at the point of discharge might bedue to fresh effluent from refinery plants and these

values pose no threat to the homeostatic balance of

the receiving wateand were in agreement with thereport of Jaji et al (2007)

Higher values of total suspended solids (TSS)

and turbidity were measured at the discharge point

(1060mgl and 5017NTU) and lower values of

(458mgl and 2165NTU) (458mgl and2167NTU) were obtained for upstream and

downstream respectively There were significant

difference in values obtained at the discharge point

and at upstream and downstream (Plt005) for both

TSS and turbidity The turbidity values obtained forall the locations were higher than WHO standards of

5NTU (WHO 2004) Excessive turbidity in water

can cause problem for water purification processes

such as flocculation and filtration which mayincrease treatment cost High turbid waters areassociated with microbial contamination (DWAF

1988) Again turbidity causes decrease in

photosynthesis process since turbidity precludes

deep penetration of light in water (Muoghalu and

Total Dissolve Solids (TDS) measured at the

discharge point was 57515mgl and the values at

the upstream and downstream were 7575mgl anddownstream 7572mgl respectively showing a

corresponding reduction of about 132 and 131

This reduction may be due to several

physiochemical reactions such as sedimentation

coagulation fixation amongst other factors like

oxidation and precipitation (Wasserman et al 2006)

There was significant difference for both upstream

and downstream (Pgt005) but within the FMEnvlimit

The highest mean value of total hydrocarbon

(THC) obtained at the point of discharge (881mgl)

indicates pollution traceable to oil and gas and the

lower mean value at the upstream (283mgl) and

that of the downstream (285mgl) may be due to

seasonal effects as well as surface runoffs and

flooding (Fatoki et al 2001) The results show

significant difference between the point ofdischarge and upstream (Plt005) and that of the

downstream (Plt005) However result obtained

reveal that effluent treatment plant is efficient atleast with regards to total hydrocarbon content

(THC) treatment The electrical conductivity at

the point of discharge was 115041microScm This

decreased markedly to 15150microScm for

downstream and upstream respectively Thiscorrelates with higher values of exchangeable ions

estimated in effluent discharge sample Dissolved

ions are responsible for electrical conductivity

However the values measured for receiving water

body were within the set limitsThe dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration of

treated effluent (418mgl) was observed to lower

than DO of the receiving water body (upstream

593mgl and downstream 598mgl) The lowervalue in treated effluent could be attributed to thepresence of degradable organic matter Decrease in

DO concentration could be attributable to

breakdown of organic matter by aerobic microbes

The oxygen required for this process is taken from

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Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) test is useful

in determining the relative waste loading and higherdegree therefore indicates the presence of large

amount of organic pollutant and relatively higher

level of microbial activities with consequent

depletion of oxygen content The value measured in

the treated effluent was 16225mgl and this was

higher than 819mgl and 644mgl Similarly the

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) which is the

amount of oxygen used up from a water sample by

organic and inorganic chemicals as they break downis far higher in sample collected from discharge point

(5843 mgl) than that of water receiving body

(Plt005)

Some of the impacts of excess salinization on

water sources include reduced crop yield increase in

formation of scale of added corrosion and increased

requirements for pre treatment of water for selected

industrial use such as boiler feed water There is nosignificant difference (plt005) between the salinity ofthe receiving water body for both upstream

(4526mgl) and downstream (4633mgl) and that of

treated discharge (4672mgl) these values are within

the DPR and FMENV standards

With regards to total hardness no distinctlydefined levels of what constitute a hard or soft water

supply The generally accepted classification for

hardness of water is 75 ndash 150mgL of CaCO3 for softand 150mgL and above for hard water (Deat 2000)

There was significant difference (Plt005) betweenthe point of discharge (1034mgl) and value

measured for upstream and downstream samples

Muoghalu and Omocho (2000) observed that when

waste are heavily laden with pollutant and dissolved

solids gain access to water bodies they need large

dose of oxygen for decomposition The mean value ofnutrients (total nitrogen total phosphate nitrate

sulphate bicarbonate orthophosphate and

ammonium) differs significantly between bodies

Unpolluted water usually contain only minute amount

of nitrate (Jaji et al 2007) Nitrate a very important

nutrient was observed to be within limits with

levels in nitrate have been reported to exhibit delayed

reactions to light and sound stimuli (Robillard et al2003)14 and can cause methaemogloobinemia

(Fatoki 2003) Phosphate was also found to be low

However nutrient and phosphate are essential

nutrients to plants lifebut when found in excess

quantities stimulates excessive plant growth such as

algae bloom(Igbinosu and Oko 2009)

The exchangeable ions concentrations of water

samples are shown in table 2 Exchangeable ionconcentration at the point of discharge ranges from

3474mgl for calcium to 274mgl for magnesium

Higher level of sodium and potassium was also

measured (773mgl and 526mgl respectively)

These values were lower in the upstream and

downstream 1369mgl (upstream) and 1345mgl

(downstream) for calcium with significant difference

(Pgt005) 668mgl (upstream) and 661mgl

(downstream) for sodium with no significant

difference (Plt005) 225mgl (upstream) and

261mgl (downstream) for potassium and 180mgl

(upstream) and 188mgl (downstream) formagnesium with a significant difference (Pgt005)

This suggests strongly that effluent is the source of

cation Sodium increase is as a result of oil leakage

(Callot and Ocampo 2000)7 However higher levels

were observed in calcium and sodium (Ca gt Na gt PgtMg)

Heavy metal concentrations in water samples arepresented in table 3 Heavy metal concentration in

water samples measured in ppm ranges from Nil to

429ppm Generally higher level of iron copper zinc

and chromium were determined (Fe gt Cu gt Zn gt Cr gt

Ni gt Pb ge As gt V ge Cd) The levels measured were

within the Federal Ministry of Environment(FMEnv) limit Nickel was Nil (000ppm) at the

point of discharge but was observed at a higher

concentration at the upstream (003ppm) and

downstream (003ppm) This higher concentrationfound in the receiving water body could be traceable

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The results of physiochemical properties

exchangeable ion and metals of sediment sample arepresented in fig 1 Generally higher values were

measured for the sediments than the water samples

The value obtained for pH agrees with that of

Swingle (2000) who reported that organic waste

reduces the pH of water and sediment to acidic level

The temperature found in the sediment (275ordmC) was

within set down standards and therefore suitable for

aquatic environment Nitrates and phosphate level in

the sediment (4530mgkg and 962mgkg) although

within the limit of FMEnv was observed to be higher

than that found in effluent discharge sample

(087mgl for nitrate and 001mgl for phosphate)

Therefore there is significant difference between the

effluent discharge for nitrate (plt005) and that of

phosphate (Plt005) It is obvious that this high level

of nitrate and phosphate in the sediment does not

emanate from effluent discharge but probably as aresult poor sanitations and leaches from nearby pit

latrines (Malomo et al 2000) and other industrial

waste Crude oil pollution has also been associated

with increase in nutritive salts (CO32-

SO42-

NH4+

and NO5) and salinity levels of aquatic ecosystem

(Rhykered et al 1995 and Ward et al 1980) Again

results obtained for some of the exchangeable ions

were observed to be higher in the sediment than the

value obtained for the effluent discharge

Exchangeable ion concentration ranges from

3633mgkg for sodium to 276mgkg for magnesium

(Na gt P gt Ca gt Mg)

Mean values of heavy metals determined were found

to range from 940ppm for Zinc(Zn) to nil in

Cadmium(Cd) (Zn gt Fe gt Pb gt Cu gt As gt Ni gt Cr gtV ge Cd ) Lead exposure has been associated with

hypochromic anaemia with basophilic stifling oferythrocytes (Emory et al 2001) Cadmium is highly

toxic and accumulates in the body and eventually

cause effects such as disturbances in calciumhomeostasis and metabolism (Emory et al 2001)

Most chromium compounds are carcinogenic long

kid li d d

Conclusion

This study revealed that there have been animprovement in the treatment of Warri Refinery and

Petrochemical effluent before it is been discharge

compared to the studies conducted in the recent past

(Achudume 2009 Nduka and Orisakwe 2009

Ogunlaja and Ogunlaja 2009) Efforts made to

collect untreated effluent sample from the plant were

unsuccessful though it was found that some of the

physicochemical parameters of effluent discharged

into this creek is within the limit set by Federal

Ministry of Environment Nigeria (FMEnv) while

some of the parameters determined for the receiving

water body renders Ubeji Creek water unsuitable for

domestic use This suggests other sources of pollution

beside refinery effluents may be responsible for

elevated levels of some physicochemical parameters

in the studied area The study also indicates the need

for continuous monitoring of surface water especiallyin rural community with high industrial activities

Acknowledgment

The authors are indeed very grateful to Dr Kelvin

Idehen and entire staff of Research Laboratory of

Petroleum Research Institute of Nigeria (PTI)

Effurum WarriDelta State Nigeria for their

assistance in samples collection and analyses of someparameters

References

Achudume A C (2009) The Effect of

Petrochemical Effluent on the Water Quality of UbejiCreek in Niger Delta RegionBull EnvironToxicol

83 410 ndash 415

Adeniyi A and Afolabi J (2002) Determination of

total petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals in

soils within the vicinity of facilities handling refinedpetroleum Environ Int 28 79 ndash 82

Adeniyi A and Okedeyi O (2004) Assessing the

speciation pattern of lead and zinc in surface water

collected from Abegede creek ijora Lagos Park J

8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)


983124983144983141 983109983142983142983141983139983156 983151983142 983122983141983142983145983150983141983154983161 983137983150983140 983120983141983156983154983151983139983144983141983149983145983139983137983148983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086 983125983162983151983141983147983159983141983084 983123983084983105 983078 983119983143983144983151983155983137983150983145983150983141983084 983110983086983105 983109983114983109983123983117 Vol 4 No2 2011

groundwater from Warri Nigeria Int J Environ Health

Res 12 61 ndash 72Bay S Jones BH Schiff K and Washburn L (2003)

Marine Environmental Research 56205-223

BeebyA(1993) Measuring the effect of Pollution

InApplying EcologyChapman and Hall London New

York

Callot H and Ocampo R (2000) Wetlands and Water

Pollution Boston coll Environ Aff LawRev 23 885 ndash

919Deat A (2000) White paper on integrated pollution and

waste management for South Africa A policy on

pollution prevention waste minimization impact

management and remediation Department of

Environmental Affairs and Tourism 80 274 -275DWAF (1998) Quality of Domestic Water Supplies

Assessment Guide 1 (2nd Edn) Department of Water

Affairs and Forestry Department of Health and Water

Research CommisionEgborge ABM (2001) Water quality index applicationand industrialization and heavy metal pollution in the

warri river Nigeria Environ Pollut 12 27 ndash 40

Egborge ABM(1995)Water Pollution in Nigeria

Biodiversity and Chemistry of Warri RiverBen Miller

Books Nigltd WarriEmory E Pattole R Archiobold E Bayorn M and

Sung F (2001) Neurobehavioral effects of low levelexposure in human Neonates Am J Obstet Gynecol

181 5 ndash 11

Fatoki S Muyima N and lujiza N (2001) Suitation

analysis of water quality in the Umtata river catchment

Water SA 27 67 ndash 74

Fatoki SOP and Ogumfowokan AO (2008) Pollution

assessment in the Keiskamma River and in the

impoundment downstream Water SA 29(3) 183 ndash 187

IgbinosaEO and Oko AI(2009) Impact of dischargewastewater effluents on the physiscochemical qualities of

a receiving watershed in a typical rural community Int

JEnvironSci Tech 6(2)175-182

Ija UJ and Antai SP (2003)Removal of Nigeria Light

Crude Oil in Soil over 12 months period Int

Jaji M Bamgbose O Arowolo T and Odukoya O

(2007) Water quality assessment of Ogun River southwest Nigeria Environ Monit Assess 133 447 ndash 482

KuehnRLBerlinKDHawkinsWEand Ostrander

GK(1995) Relationships among petroleum refinery

water and sediments contamination and fish health

Journ Of Toxic amp Environ Health 46101-116

Malomo S Okufarasin V and Olorunmwo M

(2000) Ground water chemistry of weathered zone

aquifers of an area underlam by basement complexrocks J Afr Earth Sci 11 57- 71

Muoghalu LN And Omocho V (2000) Environmantal

Health Hazards Resulting from Awka Abattoir African

Journal Environ Stud 272-73

Nduka JK and Orisakwe EO (2009) Effect ofEffluents from Warri Refinery amp Petrochemical

Company (WPRC) on water and soil qualities of

ldquoContigious Hostrdquo and impact on communities of Delta

State Nigeria The Open EnvironPollutToxico Journ(1)11-17Nduka k and Orisakwe E (2007) Heavy metals

levels and physiochemical quality of portable water

supply in warri Nigeria Annalt Di Chem 97 86 ndash 87

Odukuma LO and Okpokwasili GC (1993)

Seasonal Influence on Inorganic AnionMonitoring of New Calabar River Nigeria Environ

Manage 17 (4) 491-496OgunlajaA and Ogunlaja OO(2007)

Physicochemical analysis of water sources in Ubeji

Communities and their Histological impact on organs of

albino mice JApplSci Environ Manag 11(4)91-94OtokuneforTV and Obiukwu C(2005) Impact of

Rifinery Efflluent on physiscochemical Properties of a

water body in Niger Delta Applied Ecologyamp Environ

Research3(1)61-72

Rao P (2005) Textbook of environmental engineeringeastern economy practice of hall of India private

limited New Delhi chapter 3 Page 280

Revision of the WHO guidelines for drinking water

quality Draft for review and comments Nitrites and

Nitrates in drinking water World Health Organization

8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)


Table 1 The mean values plusmn standard deviation) of physicochemical properties of effluent discharge and

that of receiving river ( upstream and downstream)Parameters Effluent

Discharge

Upstream Downstream P-

VALUE

FMEnv Limit

(formerly

FEPA)

pH 62plusmn004 69plusmn006 687plusmn001 Plt005 6-9

TempordmC 2526plusmn006 2315plusmn007 2315plusmn007 pgt005 30

TSS(mgl) 10251095 420495 425484 30TDS(mgl) 5752057510 75507600 75537590 2000

Cond (microScm) 115041001 15100 071 1510615180Turbidity

(Nm)

50105023 21502180 21692164

DO (mgl) 417419 595590 5905605 20

BODs (mgl) 16221630 815822 643645 10

CODs(mgl) 58735810 12851210 11781138 30

TOC (mgl) 626plusmn000 134plusmn016 139plusmn023 pgt005 NA

THC( mgl) 881 283plusmn004 285plusmn004 pgt005 10

Salinity (mgl) 47434000 45324519 47434523

Phenol (mgl) 001plusmn000 001plusmn000 001plusmn000 Plt005Cyanide (mgl) 001plusmn000 001plusmn000 001plusmn000 Plt0050

NH+4 (mgL) 183plusmn001 096plusmn000 084plusmn005 pgt005

NO-3 (mgL) 425481 035034 023027 20

SO2-

4 (mgL) 18381845 834876 634652 50

HCO-3 18391834 122134 112145 50

3


Robillard PD Sharpe WE And Wistock BR(2003) Nitrates in Drinking Water Pennsylvania State

University Agric Biology Eng

Suleimanov RA(1995) Medicsina Trudai PromyShl

ennaia Ekologiia 1231-36

Swingle H (2000) Standardization of chemical

analysis for waters and pond meals FAO Fish Rep

44 394 ndash 421

Vilia- Elena S (2006) Parkinsonrsquos disease andexposure to manganese during welding Tech

DWelding Allied Process 2 106 ndash 111

WalkleyA and Black IA(1934) An examination of

the Dagtjareft method for determining soil organic

matter and a proposed modification of chromic acidtitration method Soil Science 3729-38

Ward DM Atlas RM Boehm PD And Calder

JA (1980) Microbial Biodegradation and The

Chemical Evolution of Amoco Cadiz Oil Pollutants

Ambio 9 277-283

Wasserman A liu X and Parvex F (2006) Water

manganese exposure and children intellectual

function in ararhazar bangle desh environhealth prospect Annalt Di Chem 114 24 ndash 29

World Health Organization(WHO) (2004)

ROLLING

8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)


Table 2 Exchangeable ion Concentration in Water Samples (mean plusmn deviation)

Parameters Effluent

Discharge

Upstream P-VALUE Effluent

Discharge

Downstream p- value DPR FMENV

Sodium mgl 773plusmn024 668plusmn034 Plt005 773plusmn024 661plusmn024 pgt005 NA NA

Potassium mgl 526plusmn004 225plusmn003 pgt005 526plusmn004 261plusmn023 pgt005 NA NACalcium mgl 3474plusmn009 1369plusmn033 pgt005 3474plusmn009 1345plusmn033 pgt005 NA NA

Magnesium mgl 274plusmn018 180plusmn006 pgt005 274plusmn018 188plusmn008 pgt005 NA NA

Results are given as mean plusmn standard deviation

FMEnv = Federal Ministry of Environment Nigeria DPR = Department of Petroleum Resources

NA = Not Available

Pgt005 = Significant difference Plt005 = No Significant difference

983089983089983093

8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)


Table 3 Heavy Metal Concentration in Water Samples (mean plusmnstandard deviation)

Parameters Effluent

discharge


discharge

Downstream p- value DPR

(ref)

FMENV

(ref)

Lead (Pb) ppm 001plusmn 001 001plusmn000 Plt005 001plusmn 001 001plusmn000 Plt005 NA lt1

Zinc (Zn) ppm 056plusmn047 015plusmn001 Plt005 056plusmn047 014plusmn001 Plt005 5 lt1Copper (Cu) ppm 074plusmn006 018plusmn001 pgt005 074plusmn006 016plusmn001 pgt005 NA lt1

Iron (Fe) ppm 429plusmn000 283plusmn004 pgt005 429plusmn000 276plusmn003 pgt005 NA 20

Chromium (Cr)

ppm

054plusmn003 001plusmn000 pgt005 054plusmn003 001plusmn000 pgt005 NA lt1

Arsenic (As) ppm 001plusmn000 000plusmn001 Plt005 001plusmn000 000plusmn001 Plt005 NA lt1

Nickel (Ni) ppm 000plusmn001 003plusmn001 Plt005 000plusmn001 003plusmn001 Plt005 NA lt1

Vanadium(v) ppm 000plusmn000 000plusmn000 Plt005 000plusmn000 000plusmn000 Plt005 NA lt1

Cadmium (Cd) 000plusmn000 000plusmn000 05 000plusmn000 000plusmn000 Plt005 NA lt1


FMEnv = Federal Ministry of Environment Nigeria NA = Not Available Pgt005 = Significant difference Plt005 = No Significant

difference

983089983089983094

8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)



exploitation of crude oil The frequency of oil spilland untreated waste water discharge into water

bodies and the attendant negative impact on the

aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem is well known and

well documented over the years (Nduka and

Orisakwe 2009)

Presence of pollutants in natural waters alters

the quality and often pose serious threats to aquatic

life Various studies have shown positivecorrelation between pollutions from petrochemical

and refinery effluents and the health of aquatic

organisms (Otukunefor and Obiukwu 2005)

Previous observations suggested a correlation

between contaminants of water and sediments witharomatic hydrocarbons from refinery effluents and

compromised fish health (Kuehn et al 1995)

Though petroleum has played an important role

in the economy of the country over the past three

decades Niger delta ecosystem has been subjected

to destruction by petroleum product spillage and

other effluents resulting from operational activities(Adeniyi and Afolabi 2002) with increase in

processed petroleum products (effluents) that are

discharged with little regard to aquatic

environment The contents of the effluents haveserious toxicological effects on aquatic environmentand humans Refinery effluent containing oil when

discharged into water body can cause depletion of

dissolved oxygen due to transformation of organic

component into inorganic compounds loss of

biodiversity through a decrease in amphipodpopulation that is important in food chain and

eutrophication Short term toxicity in fishes

includes lymphocytosis epidermal hyperplasia

hemorrhagic septicaemia (Beeby 1993)

In Nigeria data on ecological risk assessment

of effluent discharge in aquatic environment

especially environmentally stressed Niger Delta

i i t Th i it f d t th

parameters of portable water of contiguous hostcommunitiesrsquo shows serious pollution burden from

effect of refinery effluent Recently study of Ubeji

creek revealed that fish and aquatic life were absent

at the site of effluent discharge and at each site

downstream to Ubeji River (Achudume 2009)

Present development suggests that Warri refineryand petrochemical company (WRPC) has taken the

issue of effluent treatment more seriously As part of

sustainable regulatory measure the aim of this studyis to determine the effect of effluent discharge on

water quality of Warri creek by identifying andevaluating the levels of major contamination it

receives

Materials and Methods Description of study area

The study area Ubeji is located in Warri DeltaState Nigeria at a surface location of 36614012 m

Easting and 17420008 m Northing The Ubeji

Community is situated beside the Warri Refinery

and Petrochemical Company (WRPC) Thelandforms consist essentially of sedimentary basins

and basement complex rocks (Ija and Antai 2003)

The implication of these rocks formations allows

permeability of fluids (Achudume 2009) All

industrial wastes untreated or minimally treated aredischarged into Ubeji Creek which runs immediately

downstream and eventually ends up in Ubeji River

which through Crawford Creek flows into Warri

River The occupation of the human population is

mainly fishing and they depend on the creek as an

outlet to the larger water The average atmospheric

temperature is 255ordmC in the rainy season and

3010ordmC in the dry season The daily relativehumidity values ranged from 555 in the dry

season to 96 in the rainy season The Ubeji creek

receives effluent directly from the refinery and

petrochemical company

Sample collection

8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)


983124983144983141 983109983142983142983141983139983156 983151983142 983122983141983142983145983150983141983154983161 983137983150983140 983120983141983156983154983151983139983144983141983149983145983139983137983148983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086 983125983162983151983141983147983159983141983084 983123983084983105 983078 983119983143983144983151983155983137983150983145983150983141983084 983110983086983105 983109983114983109983123983117 Vol 4 No2 2011
















cadmium (Cd)






8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)






































































8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)


983124983144983141 983109983142983142983141983139983156 983151983142 983122983141983142983145983150983141983154983161 983137983150983140 983120983141983156983154983151983139983144983141983149983145983139983137983148983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086 983125983162983151983141983147983159983141983084 983123983084983105 983078 983119983143983144983151983155983137983150983145983150983141983084 983110983086983105 983109983114983109983123983117 Vol 4 No2 2011












(Plt005)
























































8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)
























SO42-

NH4+
















kid li d d

Conclusion


















Acknowledgment






References



83 410 ndash 415







8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)


983124983144983141 983109983142983142983141983139983156 983151983142 983122983141983142983145983150983141983154983161 983137983150983140 983120983141983156983154983151983139983144983141983149983145983139983137983148983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086 983125983162983151983141983147983159983141983084 983123983084983105 983078 983119983143983144983151983155983137983150983145983150983141983084 983110983086983105 983109983114983109983123983117 Vol 4 No2 2011






York
















181 5 ndash 11






































Research3(1)61-72


limited New Delhi chapter 3 80




8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)




Discharge


VALUE

FMEnv Limit

(formerly

FEPA)



TSS(mgl) 10251095 420495 425484 30TDS(mgl) 5752057510 75507600 75537590 2000


(Nm)

50105023 21502180 21692164

DO (mgl) 417419 595590 5905605 20

BODs (mgl) 16221630 815822 643645 10

CODs(mgl) 58735810 12851210 11781138 30



Salinity (mgl) 47434000 45324519 47434523



NO-3 (mgL) 425481 035034 023027 20

SO2-

4 (mgL) 18381845 834876 634652 50

HCO-3 18391834 122134 112145 50

3








44 394 ndash 421









Ambio 9 277-283





ROLLING

8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)



Parameters Effluent

Discharge


Discharge







NA = Not Available


983089983089983093

8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)



Parameters Effluent

discharge


discharge


(ref)

FMENV

(ref)




Chromium (Cr)

ppm








difference

983089983089983094

8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)


983124983144983141 983109983142983142983141983139983156 983151983142 983122983141983142983145983150983141983154983161 983137983150983140 983120983141983156983154983151983139983144983141983149983145983139983137983148983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086 983125983162983151983141983147983159983141983084 983123983084983105 983078 983119983143983144983151983155983137983150983145983150983141983084 983110983086983105 983109983114983109983123983117 Vol 4 No2 2011
















cadmium (Cd)






8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)






































































8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)


983124983144983141 983109983142983142983141983139983156 983151983142 983122983141983142983145983150983141983154983161 983137983150983140 983120983141983156983154983151983139983144983141983149983145983139983137983148983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086 983125983162983151983141983147983159983141983084 983123983084983105 983078 983119983143983144983151983155983137983150983145983150983141983084 983110983086983105 983109983114983109983123983117 Vol 4 No2 2011












(Plt005)
























































8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)
























SO42-

NH4+
















kid li d d

Conclusion


















Acknowledgment






References



83 410 ndash 415







8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)


983124983144983141 983109983142983142983141983139983156 983151983142 983122983141983142983145983150983141983154983161 983137983150983140 983120983141983156983154983151983139983144983141983149983145983139983137983148983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086 983125983162983151983141983147983159983141983084 983123983084983105 983078 983119983143983144983151983155983137983150983145983150983141983084 983110983086983105 983109983114983109983123983117 Vol 4 No2 2011






York
















181 5 ndash 11






































Research3(1)61-72






8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)




Discharge


VALUE

FMEnv Limit

(formerly

FEPA)



TSS(mgl) 10251095 420495 425484 30TDS(mgl) 5752057510 75507600 75537590 2000


(Nm)

50105023 21502180 21692164

DO (mgl) 417419 595590 5905605 20

BODs (mgl) 16221630 815822 643645 10

CODs(mgl) 58735810 12851210 11781138 30



Salinity (mgl) 47434000 45324519 47434523



NO-3 (mgL) 425481 035034 023027 20

SO2-

4 (mgL) 18381845 834876 634652 50

HCO-3 18391834 122134 112145 50

3








44 394 ndash 421









Ambio 9 277-283





ROLLING

8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)



Parameters Effluent

Discharge


Discharge







NA = Not Available


983089983089983093

8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)



Parameters Effluent

discharge


discharge


(ref)

FMENV

(ref)




Chromium (Cr)

ppm








difference

983089983089983094

8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)






































































8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)


983124983144983141 983109983142983142983141983139983156 983151983142 983122983141983142983145983150983141983154983161 983137983150983140 983120983141983156983154983151983139983144983141983149983145983139983137983148983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086 983125983162983151983141983147983159983141983084 983123983084983105 983078 983119983143983144983151983155983137983150983145983150983141983084 983110983086983105 983109983114983109983123983117 Vol 4 No2 2011












(Plt005)
























































8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)
























SO42-

NH4+
















kid li d d

Conclusion


















Acknowledgment






References



83 410 ndash 415







8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)


983124983144983141 983109983142983142983141983139983156 983151983142 983122983141983142983145983150983141983154983161 983137983150983140 983120983141983156983154983151983139983144983141983149983145983139983137983148983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086 983125983162983151983141983147983159983141983084 983123983084983105 983078 983119983143983144983151983155983137983150983145983150983141983084 983110983086983105 983109983114983109983123983117 Vol 4 No2 2011






York
















181 5 ndash 11






































Research3(1)61-72






8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)




Discharge


VALUE

FMEnv Limit

(formerly

FEPA)



TSS(mgl) 10251095 420495 425484 30TDS(mgl) 5752057510 75507600 75537590 2000


(Nm)

50105023 21502180 21692164

DO (mgl) 417419 595590 5905605 20

BODs (mgl) 16221630 815822 643645 10

CODs(mgl) 58735810 12851210 11781138 30



Salinity (mgl) 47434000 45324519 47434523



NO-3 (mgL) 425481 035034 023027 20

SO2-

4 (mgL) 18381845 834876 634652 50

HCO-3 18391834 122134 112145 50

3








44 394 ndash 421









Ambio 9 277-283





ROLLING

8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)



Parameters Effluent

Discharge


Discharge







NA = Not Available


983089983089983093

8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)



Parameters Effluent

discharge


discharge


(ref)

FMENV

(ref)




Chromium (Cr)

ppm








difference

983089983089983094

8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)


983124983144983141 983109983142983142983141983139983156 983151983142 983122983141983142983145983150983141983154983161 983137983150983140 983120983141983156983154983151983139983144983141983149983145983139983137983148983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086 983125983162983151983141983147983159983141983084 983123983084983105 983078 983119983143983144983151983155983137983150983145983150983141983084 983110983086983105 983109983114983109983123983117 Vol 4 No2 2011












(Plt005)
























































8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)
























SO42-

NH4+
















kid li d d

Conclusion


















Acknowledgment






References



83 410 ndash 415







8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)


983124983144983141 983109983142983142983141983139983156 983151983142 983122983141983142983145983150983141983154983161 983137983150983140 983120983141983156983154983151983139983144983141983149983145983139983137983148983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086 983125983162983151983141983147983159983141983084 983123983084983105 983078 983119983143983144983151983155983137983150983145983150983141983084 983110983086983105 983109983114983109983123983117 Vol 4 No2 2011






York
















181 5 ndash 11






































Research3(1)61-72






8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)




Discharge


VALUE

FMEnv Limit

(formerly

FEPA)



TSS(mgl) 10251095 420495 425484 30TDS(mgl) 5752057510 75507600 75537590 2000


(Nm)

50105023 21502180 21692164

DO (mgl) 417419 595590 5905605 20

BODs (mgl) 16221630 815822 643645 10

CODs(mgl) 58735810 12851210 11781138 30



Salinity (mgl) 47434000 45324519 47434523



NO-3 (mgL) 425481 035034 023027 20

SO2-

4 (mgL) 18381845 834876 634652 50

HCO-3 18391834 122134 112145 50

3








44 394 ndash 421









Ambio 9 277-283





ROLLING

8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)



Parameters Effluent

Discharge


Discharge







NA = Not Available


983089983089983093

8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)



Parameters Effluent

discharge


discharge


(ref)

FMENV

(ref)




Chromium (Cr)

ppm








difference

983089983089983094

8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)
























SO42-

NH4+
















kid li d d

Conclusion


















Acknowledgment






References



83 410 ndash 415







8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)


983124983144983141 983109983142983142983141983139983156 983151983142 983122983141983142983145983150983141983154983161 983137983150983140 983120983141983156983154983151983139983144983141983149983145983139983137983148983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086 983125983162983151983141983147983159983141983084 983123983084983105 983078 983119983143983144983151983155983137983150983145983150983141983084 983110983086983105 983109983114983109983123983117 Vol 4 No2 2011






York
















181 5 ndash 11






































Research3(1)61-72






8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)




Discharge


VALUE

FMEnv Limit

(formerly

FEPA)



TSS(mgl) 10251095 420495 425484 30TDS(mgl) 5752057510 75507600 75537590 2000


(Nm)

50105023 21502180 21692164

DO (mgl) 417419 595590 5905605 20

BODs (mgl) 16221630 815822 643645 10

CODs(mgl) 58735810 12851210 11781138 30



Salinity (mgl) 47434000 45324519 47434523



NO-3 (mgL) 425481 035034 023027 20

SO2-

4 (mgL) 18381845 834876 634652 50

HCO-3 18391834 122134 112145 50

3








44 394 ndash 421









Ambio 9 277-283





ROLLING

8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)



Parameters Effluent

Discharge


Discharge







NA = Not Available


983089983089983093

8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)



Parameters Effluent

discharge


discharge


(ref)

FMENV

(ref)




Chromium (Cr)

ppm








difference

983089983089983094

8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)


983124983144983141 983109983142983142983141983139983156 983151983142 983122983141983142983145983150983141983154983161 983137983150983140 983120983141983156983154983151983139983144983141983149983145983139983137983148983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086 983125983162983151983141983147983159983141983084 983123983084983105 983078 983119983143983144983151983155983137983150983145983150983141983084 983110983086983105 983109983114983109983123983117 Vol 4 No2 2011






York
















181 5 ndash 11






































Research3(1)61-72






8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)




Discharge


VALUE

FMEnv Limit

(formerly

FEPA)



TSS(mgl) 10251095 420495 425484 30TDS(mgl) 5752057510 75507600 75537590 2000


(Nm)

50105023 21502180 21692164

DO (mgl) 417419 595590 5905605 20

BODs (mgl) 16221630 815822 643645 10

CODs(mgl) 58735810 12851210 11781138 30



Salinity (mgl) 47434000 45324519 47434523



NO-3 (mgL) 425481 035034 023027 20

SO2-

4 (mgL) 18381845 834876 634652 50

HCO-3 18391834 122134 112145 50

3








44 394 ndash 421









Ambio 9 277-283





ROLLING

8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)



Parameters Effluent

Discharge


Discharge







NA = Not Available


983089983089983093

8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)



Parameters Effluent

discharge


discharge


(ref)

FMENV

(ref)




Chromium (Cr)

ppm








difference

983089983089983094

8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)




Discharge


VALUE

FMEnv Limit

(formerly

FEPA)



TSS(mgl) 10251095 420495 425484 30TDS(mgl) 5752057510 75507600 75537590 2000


(Nm)

50105023 21502180 21692164

DO (mgl) 417419 595590 5905605 20

BODs (mgl) 16221630 815822 643645 10

CODs(mgl) 58735810 12851210 11781138 30



Salinity (mgl) 47434000 45324519 47434523



NO-3 (mgL) 425481 035034 023027 20

SO2-

4 (mgL) 18381845 834876 634652 50

HCO-3 18391834 122134 112145 50

3








44 394 ndash 421









Ambio 9 277-283





ROLLING

8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)



Parameters Effluent

Discharge


Discharge







NA = Not Available


983089983089983093

8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)



Parameters Effluent

discharge


discharge


(ref)

FMENV

(ref)




Chromium (Cr)

ppm








difference

983089983089983094

8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)



Parameters Effluent

Discharge


Discharge







NA = Not Available


983089983089983093

8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)



Parameters Effluent

discharge


discharge


(ref)

FMENV

(ref)




Chromium (Cr)

ppm








difference

983089983089983094

8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)



Parameters Effluent

discharge


discharge


(ref)

FMENV

(ref)




Chromium (Cr)

ppm








difference

983089983089983094

69158-144740-1-PB (1)

Documents

Transcript of 69158-144740-1-PB (1)