8/10/2019 67146_fm

1/5

ModernPlastics

Handbook

Modern PlasticsandCharles A. Harper Editor in Chief

Technology Seminars, Inc.Lutherville, Maryland

McGraw-HillNew York San Francisco Washington, D.C. Auckland Bogot

Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City MilanMontreal New Delhi San Juan Singapore

Sydney Tokyo Toronto

8/10/2019 67146_fm

2/5

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Modern plastics handbook / Modern Plastics, Charles A. Harper (editor in chief).p. cm.

ISBN 0-07-026714-61. Plastics. I. Modern Plastics. II. Harper, Charles A.

TA455.P5 M62 1999668.4dc21 99-056522

CIP

Copyright 2000 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Printed in theUnited States of America. Except as permitted under the United StatesCopyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced

or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base orretrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DOC/DOC 0 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

ISBN 0-07-026714-6

The sponsoring editor of this book was Robert Esposito. The editingsupervisor was David E. Fogarty, and the production supervisor was

Sherri Souffrance. It was set in New Century Schoolbook per the MHT

design by Paul Scozzari and Deirdre Sheean of McGraw-HillsProfessional Book Group, in Hightstown, N.J.

Printed and bound by R. R. Donnelley & Sons Company..

This book was printed on recycled, acid-free paper containinga minimum of 50% recycled, de-inked fiber.

McGraw-Hill books are available at special quantity discounts to useas premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate trainingprograms. For more information, please write to the Director of Special

Sales, Professional Publishing, McGraw-Hill, Two Penn Plaza, NewYork, NY 10121-2298. Or contact your local bookstore.

McGraw-Hill

Information contained in this work has been obtained by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (McGraw-Hill) from sources believed to be reliable.However, neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or

completeness of any information published herein and neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, ordamages arising out of use of this information. This work is publishedwith the understanding that McGraw-Hill and its authors are supplyinginformation but are not attempting to render engineering or other pro-fessional services. If such services are required, the assistance of anappropriate professional should be sought.

8/10/2019 67146_fm

3/5

Contributors

Anne-Marie Baker University of Massachusetts, Lowell, Mass. (CHAP. 1)

Carol M. F. Barry University of Massachusetts, Lowell, Mass. (CHAP. 5)

Allison A. Cacciatore TownsendTarnell, Inc., Mt. Olive, N.J. (CHAP. 4)

Fred Gastrock TownsendTarnell, Inc., Mt. Olive, N.J. (CHAP. 4)

John L. Hull Hall/Finmac, Inc., Warminster, Pa. (CHAP. 6)

Carl P. Izzo Consultant, Murrysville, Pa. (CHAP. 10)

Louis N. Kattas TownsendTarnell, Inc., Mt. Olive, N.J. (CHAP. 4)Peter Kennedy Moldflow Corporation, Lexington, Mass. (CHAP. 7, SEC. 3)

Inessa R. Levin TownsendTarnell, Inc., Mt. Olive, N.J. (CHAP. 4)

William R. Lukaszyk Universal Dynamics, Inc., North Plainfield, N.J.(CHAP. 7, SEC. 1)

Joey Meade University of Massachusetts, Lowell, Mass. (CHAP. 1)

James Margolis Montreal, Quebec, Canada (CHAP. 3)

Stephen A. Orroth University of Massachusetts, Lowell, Mass. (CHAP. 5)Edward M. Petrie ABB Transmission Technology Institute, Raleigh, N.C.(CHAP. 9)

Jordon I. Rotheiser Rotheiser Design, Inc., Highland Park, Ill. (CHAP. 8)

Susan E. Selke Michigan State University, School of Packaging, EastLansing, Mich. (CHAP. 12)

Ranganath Shastri Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Mich. (CHAP. 11)

Peter Stoughton Conair, Pittsburgh, Pa. (CHAP. 7, SEC. 2)

Ralph E. Wright Consultant, Yarmouth, Maine (CHAP. 2)

8/10/2019 67146_fm

4/5

Preface

The Modern Plastics Handbook has been prepared as a third member

of the well-known and highly respected team of publications which

includes Modern Plastics magazine and Modern Plastics World

Encyclopedia. The Modern Plastics Handbook offers a thorough and

comprehensive technical coverage of all aspects of plastics materials

and processes, in all of their forms, along with coverage of additives,

auxiliary equipment, plastic product design, testing, specifications and

standards, and the increasingly critical subject of plastics recyclingand biodegradability. Thus, this Handbook will serve a wide range of

interests. Likewise, with presentations ranging from terms and defin-

itions and fundamentals, to clearly explained technical discussions, to

extensive data and guideline information, this Handbook will be use-

ful for all levels of interest and backgrounds. These broad objectives

could only have been achieved by an outstanding and uniquely diverse

group of authors with a combination of academic, professional, and

business backgrounds. It has been my good fortune to have obtainedsuch an elite group of authors, and it has been a distinct pleasure to

have worked with this group in the creation of this Handbook. I would

like to pay my highest respects and offer my deep appreciation to all

of them.

The Handbook has been organized and is presented as a thorough

sourcebook of technical explanations, data, information, and guide-

lines for all ranges of interests. It offers an extensive array of property

and performance data as a function of the most important product and

process variables. The chapter organization and coverage is well suited

to reader convenience for the wide range of product and equipment

categories. The first three chapters cover the important groups of plas-

tic materials, namely, thermoplastics, thermosets, and elastomers.

Then comes a chapter on the all important and broad based group

of additives, which are so critical for tailoring plastic properties.

Following this are three chapters covering processing technologies and

8/10/2019 67146_fm

5/5

equipment for all types of plastics, and the all important subject of

auxiliary equipment and components for optimized plastics process-

ing. Next is a most thorough and comprehensive chapter on design of

plastic products, rarely treated in such a practical manner. After this,

two chapters are devoted to the highly important plastic materials andprocess topics of coatings and adhesives, including surface finishing

and fabricating of plastic parts. Finally, one chapter is devoted to the

fundamentally important areas of testing and standards, and one

chapter to the increasingly critical area of plastic recycling and

biodegradability.

Needless to say, a book of this caliber could not have been achieved

without the guidance and support of many people. While it is not pos-

sible to name all of the advisors and constant supporters, I feel that I

must highlight a few. First, I would like to thank the Modern Plastics

team, namely, Robert D. Leaversuch, Executive Editor of Modern

Plastics magazine, Stephanie Finn, Modern Plastics Events Manager,

Steven J. Schultz, Managing Director, Modern Plastics World

Encyclopedia, and William A. Kaplan, Managing Editor of Modern

Plastics World Encyclopedia. Their advice and help was constant.

Next, I would like to express my very great appreciation to the teamfrom Society of Plastics Engineers, who both helped me get off the

ground and supported me readily all through this project. They are

Michael R. Cappelletti, Executive Director, David R. Harper, Past

President, John L. Hull, Honored Service Member, and Glenn L. Beall,

Distinguished Member. In addition, I would like to acknowledge, with

deep appreciation, the advice and assistance of Dr. Robert Nunn and

Dr. Robert Malloy of University of Massachusetts, Lowell for their

guidance and support, especially in selection of chapter authors. Last,but not least, I am indebted to Robert Esposito, Executive Editor of

the McGraw-Hill Professional Book Group, for both his support and

patience in my editorial responsibilities for this Modern Plastics

Handbook.

It is my hope, and expectation, that this book will serve its reader

well. Any comments or suggestions will be welcomed.

Charles A. Harper

xii Preface