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Transcript of 6/6/06William Horowitz RHIC & AGS Annual Users’ Meeting ‘06 1 Heavy Quark Energy Loss William...
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RHIC & AGS Annual Users’ Meeting ‘06 1
6/6/06 William Horowitz
Heavy Quark Energy Loss
William HorowitzColumbia University
June 6, 2006
With many thanks to Simon Wicks, Azfar Adil, Miklos Gyulassy, Magdalena
Djordjevic, and Brian ColeSimon Wicks Azfar Adil
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RHIC & AGS Annual Users’ Meeting ‘06 2
6/6/06 William Horowitz
RAA()=RAA(1+2v2Cos(2)+…)• Glue and Lights • Charm and
Bottom
•Correlations of back-to-back jets, etc.
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RHIC & AGS Annual Users’ Meeting ‘06 3
6/6/06 William Horowitz
Jets as a Tomographic Probe
• Tomography requires precision measurements AND precision, pQCD theory
Probe the unknown QGP with energy loss
Quark or Glue Jet probes: (, pT, - reac, MQ) init
Hadron jet fragments: (, pT, – reac ) final
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RHIC & AGS Annual Users’ Meeting ‘06 4
6/6/06 William Horowitz
to understand the medium
• If pQCD makes the correct predictions, we can use
Jets as a Tomographic Probe (cont’d)
•Otherwise, jet suppression is just another non-perturbative anomaly of A+A collisions (like J/ suppression)
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RHIC & AGS Annual Users’ Meeting ‘06 5
6/6/06 William Horowitz
Before the e- RAA, the picture looked pretty good:
– Null Control: RAA()~1
– Consistency: RAA()~RAA()
– GLV Prediction: Theory~Data for reasonable fixed L~5 fm and dNg/dy~dN/dy
Y. Akiba for the PHENIX collaboration, hep-ex/0510008
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RHIC & AGS Annual Users’ Meeting ‘06 6
6/6/06 William Horowitz
But with Hints of Trouble:
• Theory v2 too small
• Fragile Probe?
A. Drees, H. Feng, and J. Jia, Phys. Rev. C71:034909 (2005)(first by E. Shuryak, Phys. Rev. C66:027902 (2002))
K. J. Eskola, H. Honkanen, C. A. Salgado, and U. A. Wiedemann, Nucl. Phys. A747:511:529 (2005)
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RHIC & AGS Annual Users’ Meeting ‘06 7
6/6/06 William Horowitz
What Can Heavies Teach Us?
• Provide a unique test of our understanding of energy loss– Mass => Dead Cone => Reduction in E
loss
Bottom Quark =
(Gratuitous Pop Culture Reference)
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RHIC & AGS Annual Users’ Meeting ‘06 8
6/6/06 William Horowitz
Entropy-constrained radiative-dominated loss FALSIFIED by e- RAA
Problem: Qualitatively, RAA~ e- RAA
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RHIC & AGS Annual Users’ Meeting ‘06 9
6/6/06 William Horowitz
Inherent Uncertainties in Production Spectra
M. Djordjevic, M. Gyulassy, R. Vogt, S. Wicks, Phys. Lett. B632:81-86 (2006)
How large is bottom’s role?
– Vertex detectors could de-convolute the e- contributions
N. Armesto, M. Cacciari, A. Dainese, C. A. Salgado, U. A. Wiedemann, hep-ph-0511257
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RHIC & AGS Annual Users’ Meeting ‘06 10
6/6/06 William Horowitz
The BDMPS-Z-WS Approach
• Increase to 14 to push curve down
• Fragility in the model allows for consistency with pions
N. Armesto, M. Cacciari, A. Dainese, C. A. Salgado, U. A. Wiedemann, hep-ph-0511257
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RHIC & AGS Annual Users’ Meeting ‘06 11
6/6/06 William Horowitz
What Does Mean?
We believe it’s nonperturbative:– = .5 => dNg/dy ~ 13,000
R. Baier, Nucl. Phys. A715:209-218 (2003)
“Proportionality constant ~ 4-5 times larger than perturbative estimate”
K. J. Eskola, H. Honkanen, C. A. Salgado, and U. A. Wiedemann, Nucl. Phys. A747:511:529 (2005)
“Large numerical value of not yet understood”
U. A. Wiedemann, SQM 2006
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RHIC & AGS Annual Users’ Meeting ‘06 12
6/6/06 William Horowitz
Is this Plausible? Maybe• Flow nonperturbative at low-pT
• v2 possibly nonperturbative at mid-pT
• Asymptotic Freedom MUST occur– But at what momentum?
WH, nucl-th/0511052 D. Winter, QM2005
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RHIC & AGS Annual Users’ Meeting ‘06 13
6/6/06 William Horowitz
But what if we Neglected an Important Effect?
M. Mustafa, Phys. Rev. C72:014905 (2005) S. Wicks, WH, M. Gyulassy, and M. Djordjevic, nucl-th/0512076
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RHIC & AGS Annual Users’ Meeting ‘06 14
6/6/06 William Horowitz
Elastic History
(a) J. D. Bjorken, FERMILAB-PUB-82-059-THY (Quantal)(b) M. H. Thoma and M. Gyulassy, Nucl. Phys. B351:491-506 (1991) (Classical)(c) E. Braaten and M. H. Thoma, Phys. Rev. D24:2625-2630 (1991) (Quantal)(d) P. Romatschke and M. Strickland, Phys. Rev. D71:125008 (2005) (Quantal)
People have thought about Elastic Loss for a long time, and in different ways—all assume parton starts in asymptotic past
Bottom Charm
Most correct (infinite time) elastic loss calculation approximately bounded by BT and TG curves
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RHIC & AGS Annual Users’ Meeting ‘06 15
6/6/06 William Horowitz
Include Path Length Fluctuations with Realistic
Geometry– For fixed L~5 fm, Collisional+Radiative leads to pion overquenching
– Use Woods-Saxon density• hard production ~ TAA
• medium ~ participant
– This allows a self-consistent pion prediction
without “fixed L”approx
S. Wicks, WH, M. Gyulassy, and M. Djordjevic, nucl-th/0512076
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RHIC & AGS Annual Users’ Meeting ‘06 16
6/6/06 William Horowitz
Our Extended Theory
• Convolve Elastic with Inelastic energy loss fluctuations
• Include path length fluctuations in diffuse nuclear geometry
• Separate calculations with BT and TG collisional formulae provide a measure of the elastic theoretical uncertainty
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RHIC & AGS Annual Users’ Meeting ‘06 17
6/6/06 William Horowitz
Conservative Results
S. Wicks, WH, M. Gyulassy, and M. Djordjevic, nucl-th/0512076
•Elastic loss improves quench•keeping dNg/dy = 1000 s = .3• and No change in c or b production cross sections•Extended Theory is consistent with data for pT > 7 GeV
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RHIC & AGS Annual Users’ Meeting ‘06 18
6/6/06 William Horowitz
Consistency Test with Pions
Not flat, which requires a balance of many competing effects (Cronin, EMC, etc.) but not at odds with data
S. Wicks, WH, M. Gyulassy, and M. Djordjevic, nucl-th/0512076
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RHIC & AGS Annual Users’ Meeting ‘06 19
6/6/06 William Horowitz
El+Rad+Geom NOT a Fragile Probe
• Why? First, experimental error bars have shrunk considerably since 2004. Second, el < rad
WH, S. Wicks, M. Gyulassy, M. Djordjevic, in preparation
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RHIC & AGS Annual Users’ Meeting ‘06 20
6/6/06 William Horowitz
Why Widths are Vital
– The whole distribution is important: , but el < rad
S. Wicks, WH, M. Gyulassy, and M. Djordjevic, nucl-th/0512076
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RHIC & AGS Annual Users’ Meeting ‘06 21
6/6/06 William Horowitz
Elastic Objections• All derivations start parton at asymptotic
past: are there formation time effects?– Peigne et al. (Classical):
– This is unintuitive: one expects effects to disappear by L ~ 1/D ~ .5 fm, the screening scale; but perhaps there is a hidden factor
• What about interference effects?
S. Peigne, P.-B. Gossiaux, and T. Gousset, JHEP0604:011 (2006)
They claim NO elastic loss until L > 10 fm!
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RHIC & AGS Annual Users’ Meeting ‘06 22
6/6/06 William Horowitz
Adil et al. Classical Refutation of Peigne et al.
Two issues:– Peigne et al. do not disentangle
known radiative effects• small
– Peigne et al. neglect a term intheir classical current, therebyviolating current conservationand resulting in a spurious A. Adil, M. Gyulassy, WH, and S.
Wicks, nucl-th/0606010
subtraction of the (negative) binding energy of the quark-antiquark pair
•HUGE
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RHIC & AGS Annual Users’ Meeting ‘06 23
6/6/06 William Horowitz
Classical Finite Time Results
A. Adil, M. Gyulassy, WH, and S. Wicks, nucl-th/0606010
By L ~ 1/D, stable field reaches ~ 90% of the asymptotic10 GeV Charm 10 GeV Charm
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RHIC & AGS Annual Users’ Meeting ‘06 24
6/6/06 William Horowitz
Quantal Finite Time Results
Again, formation effects negligible beyond 1/D
X. N. Wang, nucl-th/0604040M. Djordjevic, nucl-th/0603066
No one as yet fully combines El+Rad with interference
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RHIC & AGS Annual Users’ Meeting ‘06 25
6/6/06 William Horowitz
Heavy Quark Tomography of the LHC
• Additional systematic tests of the energy loss theory– 2-3 times RHIC
medium densities
– Enormous pT range• At very high momenta,
GLV and BDMPS-Z-WS results converge, but elastic effects persist! WH, S. Wicks, M. Gyulassy, M. Djordjevic, in preparation
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RHIC & AGS Annual Users’ Meeting ‘06 26
6/6/06 William Horowitz
LHC Predictions
WH, S. Wicks, M. Gyulassy, M. Djordjevic, in preparation
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RHIC & AGS Annual Users’ Meeting ‘06 27
6/6/06 William Horowitz
Conclusions
– Fantastic new RHIC data challenging, surprising• Better understanding of heavy quark loss
mechanisms, production critical for interpreting experimental results
– Large uncertainties in ratio of charm to bottom contribution to non-photonic electrons• Direct measurement of D spectra would help
separate the different charm and bottom jet dynamics
• FONNLL would provide better information on theoretical production error
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RHIC & AGS Annual Users’ Meeting ‘06 28
6/6/06 William Horowitz
Conclusions (cont’d)
– BDMPS-Z-WS:• IF extreme is assumed• IF elastic loss is assumed to vanish• IF they assume fragility• Then not inconsistent with data• No hope for tomography
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RHIC & AGS Annual Users’ Meeting ‘06 29
6/6/06 William Horowitz
Conclusions (cont’d)
– DGLV: • Include elastic, inelastic, and path
length fluctuations
• Consistent results for high-pT e- RAA
• Pion RAA predictions agree well with data over large momentum range, are sensitive to changes in medium density, consistent with multiplicity constraints
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RHIC & AGS Annual Users’ Meeting ‘06 30
6/6/06 William Horowitz
Conclusions (cont’d)
– Far from finished:• Coherence and correlation effects between elastic
and inelastic processes that occur in a finite time over multiple collisions must be sorted out
• Fixed must be allowed to run; the size of the irreducible error due to integration over low, nonperturbative momenta, where > .5, needs to be determined
• Where will e- RAA data and theoretical calculations settle down as research progresses and error bars are reduced over time?
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RHIC & AGS Annual Users’ Meeting ‘06 31
6/6/06 William Horowitz
Conclusions (cont’d)
– AMY: a third approach?
• Produced a pion RAA; no calculation of e- RAA, a crucial consistency check
– The LHC will provide an excellent new testing ground for systematic study (falsification?) of energy loss theory
– Jet tomography is an elusive, but achievable goal
P. Arnold, G.D. Moore, and L. Yaffe, JHEP 011:057 (2001)S. Turbide, C. Gale, S. Jeon, G. D. Moore, Phys. Rev. C72:014906 (2005)
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RHIC & AGS Annual Users’ Meeting ‘06 32
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RHIC & AGS Annual Users’ Meeting ‘06 33
6/6/06 William Horowitz
Backup Slides
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RHIC & AGS Annual Users’ Meeting ‘06 34
6/6/06 William Horowitz
WH, S. Wicks, M. Gyulassy, M. Djordjevic, in preparation
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RHIC & AGS Annual Users’ Meeting ‘06 35
6/6/06 William Horowitz
S. Wicks, WH, M. Gyulassy, and M. Djordjevic, nucl-th/0512076
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RHIC & AGS Annual Users’ Meeting ‘06 36
6/6/06 William Horowitz
WH, S. Wicks, M. Gyulassy, M. Djordjevic, in preparation
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RHIC & AGS Annual Users’ Meeting ‘06 37
6/6/06 William Horowitz
WH, S. Wicks, M. Gyulassy, M. Djordjevic, in preparation
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RHIC & AGS Annual Users’ Meeting ‘06 38
6/6/06 William Horowitz
WH, S. Wicks, M. Gyulassy, M. Djordjevic, in preparation
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RHIC & AGS Annual Users’ Meeting ‘06 39
6/6/06 William Horowitz
K. J. Eskola, H. Honkanen, C. A. Salgado, and U. A. Wiedemann, Nucl. Phys. A747:511:529 (2005)
A. Dainese, C. Loizides, G. Paic, Eur. Phys. J. C38:461-474 (2005)
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RHIC & AGS Annual Users’ Meeting ‘06 40
6/6/06 William Horowitz
N. Armesto, M. Cacciari, A. Dainese, C. A. Salgado, U. A. Wiedemann, hep-ph-0511257
A. Dainese, C. Loizides, G. Paic, Eur. Phys. J. C38:461-474 (2005)
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RHIC & AGS Annual Users’ Meeting ‘06 41
6/6/06 William Horowitz
A. Dainese, C. Loizides, G. Paic, Eur. Phys. J. C38:461-474 (2005)
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RHIC & AGS Annual Users’ Meeting ‘06 42
6/6/06 William Horowitz
S. Wicks, WH, M. Gyulassy, and M. Djordjevic, nucl-th/0512076