65034902 Avionic Systems
Transcript of 65034902 Avionic Systems
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Combination of aviation and electronicsAvionics system or Avionics sub-system dependent on
electronics
Avionics industry- a major multi-billion dollar industry world
wide
Avionics equipment on a modern military or civil aircraft\
account for around
30% of the total cost of the aircraft
40% in the case of a maritime patrol/anti-submarine aircraft (or helicopter)
Over 75% of the total cost in the case of an airborne early warning aircraft
such as an AWACS
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To enable the flight crew to carry out the aircraft
mission safely and efficiently
Mission is carrying passengers to their destination
(Civil Airliner)
Intercepting a hostile aircraft, attacking a groundtarget, reconnaissance or maritime patrol (Military
Aircraft)
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To meet the mission requirements with the
minimum flight crew (namely the first pilot and the
second pilot)
Economic benefits like
Saving of crew salaries
Expenses and training costs
Reduction in weigh-more passengers or longer
range on less fuel
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IN THE MILITARY CASE
A single seat fighter or strike (attack) aircraft
is lighter
Costs less than an equivalent two seat version
Elimination of the second crew member
(navigator/observer/crew member)
Reduction in training costs
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OTHER VERY IMPORTANT DRIVERS FOR
AVIONICS SYSTEMS ARE
Increased safety
Air traffic control requirements
All weather operation
Reduction in fuel consumptionImproved aircraft performance and control
and handling and reduction in maintenance costs
* In the military case, the avionics systems are also being
driven by a continuing increase in the threats posed by the
defensive and offensive capabilities of potential aggressors
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COCKPIT DISPLAY Provides
Visual presentation of Information & Data
from A/c sensors and systems
PROVIDE THE PILOT WITH
Primary flight information
Navigation information
Engine data
Airframe data
Warning information
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MILITARY PILOT ALSO HAS WIDE
ARRAY OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
VIEW SUCH AS
Infra-red imaging sensors
Radar
Tactical mission data
Weapon aiming
Threat warning
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Head Up Display (HUD)
Helmet Mounted Display (HMD)
Forward Looking InfraRed (FLIR) video picture
through HUD Head position sensor
Night Vision Goggles (NVG) - HMD
HMDs & Virtual cockpit
Colored Head Down Display (HDD)
Multi-Function Display (MFD) with Multi -Function
Keys (MFK)
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Contd..
Two way communication between the ground
bases and the aircraft or between aircraft
Communication radio suite on modern aircraft is
a very comprehensive one and covers several
operating frequency bands
Long range - HF radios operating in the band
2-30 Mhz
Near to medium range (civil aircraft) by VHF
radios operating in the band 30-100 Mhz
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Contd..
VHF and UHF are line of sight propagation
systems
Equipment is usually at duplex level of
redundancy
VHF radios are generally by triplex level on a
modern airliner
SATCOM systems in many modern aircraftand provide very reliable world wide
communication
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Essential for the crew to interact with
the avionics systems
KEY BOARDS
TOUCH PANELS
DIRECT VOICE INPUT (DVI) CONTROL
EXPLOITS
SPEECH RECOGNITION
TECHNOLOGY
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TOUCH SCREENS
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Vocabulary size - required size is around
200-300 words
Fully Connected Speech
Must Be Able to Operate in the Cockpit
Environment
Speech template duration - Speech Template
Duration is around 5 Seconds
Contd..
Contd
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Duration of utterance - no restriction on the
max. duration of an input utterance
Syntax nodes - max. no. of syntax nodesrequired is 300
Vocabulary duration - Maximum duration
of the total vocabulary is around 160 Seconds
Contd..
Recognition response time - this must be in
real time
EYE TRACKERSImproved target designation accuracy
Data entry in conjunction with a helmet
mounted display
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TWO AREAS
Needed for most swept wing jet a/c
Lightly damped short period oscillatory motion
AUTO STABILISATION (or stability augmentation) systems
FBW FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEMS
Enables a lighter, higher performance aircraft designed
with relaxed stability
Good consistent handling which is sensibly constant
over a wide flight envelope and range of load conditions
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Continuous automatic stabilization of the aircraft by
computer control of the control surfaces
Auto pilot integration
Care free maneuvering characteristics
Ability to integrate additional controls automatically
such as
Leading edge slats/flaps and trailing edge
flaps to generate additional lift
Variable wing sweep
Thrust vector control nozzles and engine thrust
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Elimination of mechanical controls runs - friction,
backslash
Small control stick
Aerodynamics versus stealth - the concept of reducing
the radar cross section
Very high integrity, a failure survival system
Ability to exploit aerodynamically unstable configuration
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Air Data SystemsAccurate information on the air data quantities
Altitude
Calibrated airspeed
True airspeed
Vertical speed
Air stream incidence angle (angle of attack)
Mach number
Total air temperature
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Attitude and heading information are essential
for a/c mission
Autopilot
Navigation system
Weapon aiming
INERTIAL SENSORS
Gyros - mechanical - electromechanical - RLG-FOG
AccelerometerAHRS
Strap Down
Gimbaled systems
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ACCURATE NAVIGATION INFORMATIONAircraft's position, ground speed, track angle (direction
of motion of the aircraft relative to true north)
NEED FOR ACCURATE NAVIGATIONEffective operation of any a/c
Automatic because of speed
Density of air traffic on major air routes to fly in a
specified corridor defined by ATC authorities-3D-4D
(time) - high accuracy NAV is essential & forms part of
FMS
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For military operation - to enable the a/c to fly low &
take advantage of terrain screening from enemy radar
Use of weapon - released from several Kms away from
target also requires an accurate knowledge of the a/c
position in order to indicate the mid course inertialguidance of the missile.
DR systems
Position fixing systems
Contd..
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Self contained and independent of external systemsDR navigation systems used in aircraft are
Air data/heading reference system - lower accuracy
Doppler/heading reference systems - widely used
in helicopters
Inertial Navigation systems - most accurate and
widely used systems
Doppler/Inertial navigation system - combination
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POSITION FIXING SYSTEMS
Range and bearing (R/ ) radio navigation aids
VOR/DME
TACAN- Accuracy of 1-2 miles
HYPERBOLIC RADIO NAVIGATION SYSTEMS
LORAN C - positional accuracy of around 150 m
8 LORAN C chains comprising 34 ground station
transmitters
OMEGA - accuracy around 2 NM -VLF at 10 khz
using 8 ground stations
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GPS - most important & accurate position fixingnavigation System
Used by a/c, ships & land vehicles
Eqpt is passive & requires only a receiver
Accuracy
C/A code - 100 m
P- code 16m - position, 0.1 m/s - velocity
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APPROACH GUIDANCE TO THE
AIRFIELD/AIRPORT ILS, MLS
A full navigation suite on an aircraft include
INS, GPS, VOR/DME, ILS, MLS
Many of these systems are at duplex level andsome may be at triplex level
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Radar systems
Infrared sensor systems
All weather, night time operation
Transform the operational capability of
the aircraft
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Weather radar
Installed in all civil airliners & in many generalaviation aircraft
To detect water droplets and provide warning of
storms, cloud turbulence and severe precipitation-
aircraft can alter course and avoid such turbulentconditions
It should be noted that in severe turbulence,
the violence of the vertical gusts can subject the
aircraft structure to very high loads and stresses
These radars can also generally operate in
ground mapping and terrain avoidance modes.
Modern fighter aircraft generally
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Modern fighter aircraft generally
Have a ground attack role as well as the prime
interception role and carry very sophisticated multi-
mode radars
In the airborne interception mode, the radar, must
be able to detect aircraft upto 100 miles away and
track while scanning and keeping tabs on several
aircraft simultaneously (typically at least 12 aircraft)
The radar must also have a 'look down' capability
and be able to track low flying aircraft below it.
In the ground attack or mapping mode, the radar
system is able to generate a map type display from the
radar returns from the ground, enabling specific
terrain features to be identified for position fixing and
target acquisition.
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The term 'house keeping' management has been usedto cover the automation of the background tasks which
are essential for the aircraft's safe and efficient operation
Such tasks include
Fuel management. The embraces fuel flow and fuel
quantity measurement and control of fuel transfer
from the appropriate fuel tanks to minimize changes
in the aircraft trim
Electrical power supply system management
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Cabin/cockpit pressurization systems
Environmental control system
Warning systems
Maintenance and monitoring systems. Thesecomprise monitoring and recording systems which are
integrated into an on-board maintenance computer
system. This provides the information to enable speedy
diagnosis and rectification of equipment and system
failures by pin-pointing faulty units and providing all the
information, such as part numbers etc., for replacement
units down to module level in some cases
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Control and the efficient management and monitoring
of the engines
Electronic equipment involved in a modern jet
engine is very considerable
It forms an integral part of the engine and is
essential for its operation
Contd..
E i t l l t i i h i ll t d
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Engine control electronics is physically mounted
on the engine FADEC
Automatically controls the flow of fuel and respondto throttle command
Control system ensures the engine limits in terms of
temperatures, engine speeds and accelerations are not
exceed and the engine respond in an optimum manner
to the throttle command
Full authority in terms of the control it can
exercise on the engine and a high integrity failuresurvival control system is essential
A FADEC engine control system is thus similar in
many ways to a FBW flight control system
Other very important engine avionic systems
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Other very important engine avionic systems
include
Engine health monitoring systems which measure,
process and record a very wide range of parameters
associated with the performance and health of the
engines
Give early warning of engine performance deterioration,
excessive wear, fatigue damage, high vibration levels,
excessive temperature levels etc
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