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DENTAL MATERIALS High Tech Advances and New Materials
Stephen C. Bayne
Department of Operative Dentistry School of Dentistry University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7450
http: // www.dent.unc.edu / portfolios / bayne / dental-materials /
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A. Staying UP-TO-DATE B. Dental Materials TECHNOLOGIES > Advanced composites > Dentin bonding systems > Light-curing technologies > Sonic and ultrasonic cleaning devices > Lasers for cutting tooth structure > Advanced CAD/CAM > Procera crowns > Air-abrasion equipment > Amalgam / Hg recovery equipment > Computerized color analysis > Electronic caries detectors C. Office TECHNOLOGIES > Wearable computers > Wireless office networds
OVERVIEW
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http://www.net32.com/
Pat Cassidy, D.D.S. Durham, NC
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COMPOSITE REFINEMENTS
1950 1970 1960 2010 2000 1990 1980
Original Development
SELF-CURED
UV-CURED
VLC-CURED
MACROFILL Self-Cured
Composites
MIDIFILL Composites
MICROFILL Composites
MIDIFILL Composites
Midi-HYBRID Composites
Unbonded Composites
Acid-Etching and Enamel Bonding
Dentin-Bonded Composites
3c, 2c, 1c Dentin Bonding System
[QTH, PAC, Laser, LED]
Mini-HYBRID Composites
FLOWABLES
PACKABLES
CONTROLLED SHRINKAGE
NANO- COMPOSITE
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1990 2000 2010 The next generation.
Dental amalgam
Dental composite
Glass Ionomer, A.R.T.
Bonding systems
Dental cements
Ceramic restorations
CAD/CAM technology
Esthetic procedures
Computers
- - - - - - -, (A.R.T.)
Mini- (Micro-) Hybrid, Nano
Flowable Hybrid,
Packable Hybrid,
CS Composites
- - - , RMGI Cements, A.R.T.
(Bonding systems)
RMGI, Composite cements
ALL-CERAMIC restorations
CAD/CAM technology
ESTHETIC Procedures
COMPUTERS
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CURRENT COMPOSITES
HYBRIDS (or MIDI-HYBRIDS):
Filtek Z250 and Z100 (3M)
Prisma APH and TPH (Dentsply)
TPH Spectrum (Dentsply)
Herculite XRV and Prodigy (Kerr)
Ecusit Composite (DMG Hamburg)
Tetric Ceram (Ivoclar/Vivadent)
Renew (BISCO)
BisFil II and 2B (BISCO)
Synergy (Coltene-Whaledent)
Marathon (Denmat)
Clearfil AP-X (Morita)
MINI-HYBRIDS (MICRO-HYBRIDS):
Esthet-X (Dentsply)
Point 4 (Kerr)
Venus (Hereaus-Kulzer)
Vitalescence (Ultradent)
FLOWABLES: (later) PACKABLES: (later)
MICROFILLS:
Superlux (DMG Hamburg)
Heliomolar (Ivoclar/Vivadent)
MicroNew (BISCO)
Perfection (Denmat)
Filtek A110 = Silux Plus (3M)
Amelogen (Ultradent)
Virtuoso Sculptable (Denmat)
NANO-HYBRIDS:
Supreme (3M-ESPE)
Simile (Pentron)
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COMPOSITE WEAR
5 Wear Types: CFA = food bolus wear
OCA = impact wear
FCA = sliding wear
PCA = sliding wear
TBA = abrasive wear
CFA Wear
OCA Wear
FCA Wear
PCA Wear
TBA Wear
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Wilder AD, May KN, Bayne SC, Taylor DF, Leinfelder KF. 17-year clinical evaluation of UV-cured composite resins in posterior teeth. J Dent Res 1996; 75: 173, Abstr 2100.
100
200
300
1 2 5 10 20
TIME (years)
WE
AR
(C
FA
,
m)
R2 = 0.99
ENAMEL
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“MACRO” FILLER
“MIDI” FILLER
“MINI” FILLER
“MICRO” FILLER
40 m 4 m 0.4 m 0.04 m
FOOD BOLUS Abrasive
HYBRID (MIDIFILL)
HYBRID (MINIFILL)
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Rough Finished Fine Finished
AFM OF SURFACES
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FILLER PRODUCTION
BULK FILLER PRODUCTION:
Melting or vitrification.
Cooled to solid.
Ground and sifted.
Reground and sifted.
Key particle size is collected.
MACRO, MIDI, MINI
GAS PHASE PRECIPITATION:
Pyrolysis of reactants.
Gas phase formation.
Precipitation.
Cooling.
MICRO
SOL-GEL FORMATION:
Solution reaction.
Formation of tiny ceramic domains.
Domains may be single or clustered.
Gel dried and powdered.
MICRO, NEAR-NANO, NANO
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DECEPTIVE NAMES Nanocomposites = constituents mixed at a nano-length scale.
100 10-1 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6 10-7 10-8 10-9 10-10 10-2
1 m 1 cm 1 m 1 mm 1 nm 1 dm
0.01 1 m 0.1 10 100 0.001
Mega- Fill
Macro- Fill
Midi- Fill
Mini- Fill
Micro- Fill
Nano- Fill
1 Å
Atomic Dimensions Bacteria
METERS
Dentinal Tubule Width
Nanocomposites? Dental nanofillers?
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HYBRID NANOMER NANOCLUSTER
NANOCOMPOSITES
3M ESPE Filtek Supreme, Technical Product Profile, October 2002
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FILTEK SUPREME (3M-ESPE)
78.5 w/o filler loading
Nano-cluster size is 0.6-to-1.4 m
Called a micro- or nano-hybrid?
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SIMILE (Pentron)
Relatively high filler loading
Silicate cage size is 5-20 nm
Called a micro- or nano-hybrid?
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The “WAR” of the POWERED TOOTHBRUSHES
Colgate Actibrush
WaterPik Sensonic
Cybersonic Oral-B
3D Excel
Sonicare
Crest Spin Brush for Kids
Oralgenie
PTB’s are everywhere!
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SEM surface of biopsied 10-year
old posterior composite.
BIOFILM EFFECTS
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Dr. Bill Costerton, Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman
BIOFILM EFFECTS
pH, pO2
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FLOWABLE COMPOSITES
Definition: lower viscosity dental composite, generally with lowered filler content.
First Generation Flowable: AeliteFlo (BISCO) High 43% by volume Crystalessence (Confi-Dental) Low 41% by volume FloRestore (Den-Mat) Medium 48% by volume Flow-It (Jeneric/Pentron) Low 53% by volume Revolution (Kerr) Medium 41% by volume Star Flow (Danville Eng.) Low 41% by volume True Look (Denpac / 5 Star) Medium 53% by volume Ultraseal XT+ (Ultradent) Very Low 37% by volume Versaflo (Centrix) High 43% by volume
Second Generation Flowables: Filtek Flow (3M) Wave (SDI) Tetric Flow (Ivoclar/Vivadent) Heliomolar Flow (Ivoclar/Vivadent) Point-4 Flowable (Kerr) AeliteFlo LV (BISCO) Esthet-X Flo (Dentsply) Luxa-Flow (DMG) PermaFlo (Ultradent) Meta-Flo (Sun Medical) Aria (Danville Engineering) Star Flow (Danville Engineering) Flow-It-ALC (Pentron) Revolution Formula 2 (Kerr) Virtuoso Flow (Denmat) UltraSeal XT+ (Ultradent) UniFil Flow (GC America)
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Bayne SC, Thompson JY, Swift EJ Jr, Stamatiades P, Wilderson M. A characterization of first-generation flowable composites. J Am Dent Assoc 1998;129:567-577.
FLOW BUTTONS (area calculated in mm2)
Enamel
Dentin Flowable Composite
Composite
Second Generation Flowables
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Flowable
(Company)
Flow
(mm2)
,
PBNT
,
OSP
,
PLP
,
Glass
,
Mylar
StarFlow (Danville) 208 16 a 31 5 22 3 40 7 44 3 55 5
Wave (SDI) 206 20 ac 22 4 17 6 31 3 37 1 31 3
FlowLine (Kulzer) 197 31 ac 24 2 19 1 39 4 43 3 48 4
Heliomolar Flow (Ivoclar) 191 13 ac 26 2 19 1 44 1 45 4 46 2
UniFil Flow (GC) 173 21 ac 24 1 15 2 33 3 47 4 47 3
Revolution F2 (Kerr) 159 17 ac 23 1 34 3 61 5 66 7 62 8
LuxaFlow (DMG) 156 6 ac 39 4 37 5 55 3 52 2 62 4
Tetric Flow (Ivoclar) 156 13 ac 38 1 23 4 45 3 56 3 62 3
Flow-It ALC (Pentron) 152 10 bc 38 1 35 5 52 4 50 4 60 4
MetaFil Flo (Sun Dental) 148 27 b 41 5 47 7 72 4 63 4 62 8
Filtek Flow (3M-ESPE) 144 10 b 54 3 53 10 73 3 83 5 85 5
Point 4 Flowable (Kerr) 140 2 b 51 2 35 3 58 4 53 0 67 4
FLOW versus WETTING = 25
= 45
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PACKABLE RESTORATIVES available in November 2002
• SOLITAIRE and SOLITAIRE 2 (Hereaus-Kulzer) • A.L.E.R.T. CONDENSABLE (Jeneric-Pentron) • SUREFIL (LD Caulk) • GLACIER (Southern Dental Industries) • PYRAMID (BISCO) • PRODIGY CONDENSABLE (Kerr) • FILTEK P60 (3M) • SYNERGY COMPACT (Coltene / Whaledent) • HELIOMOLAR HB (Ivoclar-Vivadent)
• HI-DENSE CONDENSABLE GI (Shofu)
• FUJI IX PACKABLE (GC-America)
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L.D. CAULK SUREFIL PACKABLE COMPOSITE
SureFil Clinical Wear (Leinfelder Indirect) = 18 ± 32 m at 2 yrs
Clinical Performance Categories (% alfa): BL 6m 1y 2y
Color stability = 100 98 96 87
Resistance to marginal discoloration = 100 100 95 100
Resistance to secondary caries = 100 100 98 100
Resistance to occlusal wear = 100 100 98 94
Marginal adaptation = 100 97 95 96
Surface texture = 100 100 98 94
Maintenance of proximal contact = 97 97 96 98
Functional occlusion = 93 98 95 100
Axial contour = 100 100 100 100
Resistance to postoperative sensitivity = 100 98 100 100
Restoration retention = 100 100 100 100
Resistance to restoration fracture = 100 98 93 96
TOTAL FAILURES (%) = 0% 3% 3% 4%
Wear (ADA Proposed Type B Unrestricted) 50 m at 18 months
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0 25 50 75 100
0
2
3
4
5
CONVERSION (%)
SH
RIN
KA
GE
(%
)
1
65%
Conversion
15-25% =
Gellation
50% Filler
25% Bis-GMA
25% TEGDMA
POLYMERIZATION SHRINKAGE
Flow
Bond Stretching (External Contraction)
Porosity Formation (Internal Contraction)
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NEW COMPOSITE GENERATION = Low-Shrinkage or Controlled-Shrinkage Composites
C C
O
Oxiranes
C
C C
O
Oxetanes
SHRINKING Monomers:
EXPANDING Monomers:
CH 2 CHCH 2 O
C=C
H
H CH 3
COO OCH 2 CHCH 2 C
CH 3
CH 3
OOC
C=C
H
H H 3 C OH OH
BIS-GMA
Spiro-ortho-carbonates
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
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DOXADENT Mechanical Properties
0
100
200
300
400
500
Doxa Z250 Tytin
CO
MP
RE
SS
IVE
ST
RE
NG
TH
(M
Pa)
1h
24h
1w
4w
Composite Amalgam
Experimental
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BONDED COMPOSITE Challenges
50
1000
4000
3000
2000
BO
ND
ED
CO
MP
OS
ITE
(1m
m =
1000
m
)
[DENTIN] 1
Bacteria
[Bonding System]
[COMPOSITE]
[COMPOSITE]
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Re-Designing Bonding Systems
ETCHANT
PRIMER
BONDING AGENT
US Companies
1 =
2 =
Japanese Companies
= 1
= 2
???
E + nP + B or nEP + B E + nPB EPB Self-Etching Primer
Self-Etching Adh
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NEWER BONDING AGENTS 1-COMPONENT SYSTEMS (EPB) • AQBond (Sun Medical) or Touch-and-Bond (Parkell) • Adper Prompt or LP3 (3M-ESPE) • Solist (One-bottle-bond) (DMG Hamburg) • iBond (Hereaus-Kulzer) • Xeno III (Dentsply)
2-COMPONENT SYSTEMS (EP + B) • Clearfil SE Bond & LinerBond 2v (Kuraray) • Tyrian SPE (Bisco) • Optibond Solo SE Plus (Kerr) • Fluoro Bond (Shofu) • UniFil Bond (GC) • Mac Bond II (Tokuyama) • NanoBond (Pentron)
2-COMPONENT SYSTEMS (E + PB) • Prime&Bond NT (Dentsply) • Single-Bond (3M) • Optibond Solo and Solo Plus (Kerr) • One-Step (BISCO) • Excite (Ivoclar/Vivadent) • OSB Bonding System (ESPE)
• Syntac Single Component (Ivoclar) • Ecusit Primer/Mono (DMG Hamburg) • One Coat Bond (Coltene / Whaledent) • Bond-1 (Jeneric / Pentron) • Tenure Quik with Fluoride (Denmat) • Solid Bond (Hereaus-Kulzer) • Imperva Bond (Shofu) • EG Bond (Sun Chemical) • PQ1 (Ultradent) • Easy Bond (Parkell) • Paama 2 and Stae (SDI)
3-COMPONENT SYSTEMS (E + P + B) • Scotchbond Multipurpose Plus (3M) • Permaquick (Ultradent) • Bond-It (Jeneric / Pentron) • All-Bond 2 (BISCO) • Tenure A/B/S (Denmat) • ProBond (Dentsply)
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HOW
MUCH
SOLVENT?
Scotchbond Multipurpose Plus
3M Dental Products Division
(Ethanol and water solvent system)
3-STEP
Prime&Bond
Dentsply International
(Acetone solvent system)
2-STEP
Single Bond
3M Dental Products Division
(Ethanol and water solvent system)
2-STEP
1-STEP
Prompt L-Pop
3M ESPE Dental Products
(Ethanol and water solvent system)
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Etching
3-Component Systems (E+P+B)
Priming Agent
Bonding Agent
HYBRID LAYER
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Etching
Priming Agent
Bonding Agent
2-Component Systems (E+PB)
HYBRID LAYER
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2-Component Systems (EP+B) Self-Etching Primer
Infiltrated Smear Layer = Special Hybrid Layer
Infiltrated Dentin = Normal HYBRID LAYER
Bonding System
HYBRID LAYER
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1-Component Systems (EPB) Self-Etching Adhesive
Infiltrated Smear Layer = Special Hybrid Layer
Infiltrated Dentin = Normal HYBRID LAYER
Bonding System
HYBRID LAYER
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CURING LIGHT TYPES
• Quartz-Tungsten-Halogen (QTH) Lights > Continuous output -- normal intensity > Continuous output -- high intensity > Staged output (stepped, ramped, …)
• Plasma Arc Curing (PAC) Lights • Argon-Laser Curing (Laser) Lights
• Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Lights
QTH PAC Laser LED
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Curing Equipment
Factors
Procedural
Factors
Restoration
Factors
FACTORS AFFECTING CURE
• Bulb frosting or degradation • Light reflector degradation • Optical filter degradation • Fiber-optic bundle breakage • Light-guide fracture • Tip contamination by resin buildup • Line voltage inconsistencies • Sterilization problems • Infection control barriers
• Light tip direction • Access to restoration • DISTANCE from surface • Size of tip • Tip movement • TIME of exposure
• Restoration thickness • Cavity design • Filler - amount and size • Restoration shade • Monomer ratios
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WAVELENGTH (nm)
UV Visible IR CQ
INT
EN
SIT
Y
UV band-pass filter
IR band-pass filter
INTRAPULPAL HEAT, GINGIVAL IRRITATION
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180-800 mW/cm2
WAVELENGTH (nm)
Visible CQ
INT
EN
SIT
Y
LED LIGHTS Light Emitting Diodes
Advantages: Matched to CQ peak.
Reduced “I” needed.
Easy to clean.
Totally quiet; No fan.
Small; Handy.
No wires.
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Elipar FREELIGHT 1
Batteries
LEDs
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LED LIGHTS in the WORLD
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LED CURING LIGHTS
VLC LED Name: Company: Price: LEDs: Elipar FreeLight 3M ESPE $ 999 19 NRG Dentsply/Caulk $ 949 7 Ultra Lume LED 1 Ultradent $ 899 ($699) Ultra Lume LED 2 Ultradent $1299 ($999) CoolBlue Dental Systems $1195 Nova Curing Techologies $1495 7 GC e-Light GC America $1495 Allegro Denmat - - - - - 1 Elipar FreeLight 2 3M ESPE $1495 1 LEDemetron Kerr - - - - - 1 Ultra-Lume LED 5 Ultradent - - - - - 5
OUTPUT LED power, LED #, Light Collection, Focusing
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GIC
COMPOSITE
RM-GIC
GIC and
VLC Hydrophilic
monomer and polymer
CEMENTS
MM-GIC
GIC and
Metallic fillers
Cermet fillers
CORES
COMPOMER
VLC Composite and
F source
FILLING MATERIALS
RR-GIC
GIC and
Resin-Fillers
A.R.T. and
TEMPORARIES
GIOMER
VLC Composite and
Pre-reacted GIC powder
FILLING MATERIALS
HYDROGEL
Hydrophobic POLYMER
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A.R.T. TECHNIQUE (Atraumatic Restorative Technique)
Fuji IX
Now being used as permanent restoration in pedodontics.
Developed as temporary restorations for 3rd world countries.
First tested in African countries.
Now used widely in Asian countries.
Current technique = P/L or precapsulated mixture.
Original technique = scoop, finger mix, finger insertion.
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OVERVIEW
AMALGAM DIS-USE
Hg CONTROVERSY
IN-OFFICE ISSUES
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
F, Sealants, High-Cu Amalgam, Composites, Replacement Criteria
n=150 per100 patients
In United States n= 95 n=55
Hal Huggins
60 Minutes Program
Stone Phillips
Anti- Amalgamists
1980 2010 2000 1990
?
Precapsulated Dental Amalgams
ADA Hg Hygiene Statement
Chairside Filters Separators
Air, Water, Land, Food
US-EPA OSHA FDA NAS
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1. Dental Amalgam
(a) Spent Amalgam Capsules
(b) “Non-Contact” Amalgam (left-over from mixing procedures)
(c) Chair-side Traps (“contact-amalgam” trapped by coarse filter)
(d) Vacuum Pump Filter (“contact-amalgam” trapped by medium filter)
(e) Separator or Recapture Device (added before vacuum with fine filter)
(f) Plumbing and Sink Traps
(g) Hg Spill Kits 2. X-ray Wastes
(a) Fixer (Ag recovery or recycling processes)
(b) Developer (controlled discharge into sanitary sewer)
(c) Cleaners (Cr-containing cleaners must be recycled)
(d) Lead foil (must be recycled)
(e) Lead Shields (e.g., aprons) (must be recycled) 3. Chemical Sterilant Wastes
(a) Chemiclave/Chemical-Sterilant (dilute 4:1 with water before draining) 4. Waste Waters 5. Fluorescent Lamps and Batteries (recycle only)
Best Management Practices [ Use alternatives / Keep products separate / Recycle everything ]
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Hg-Spill
Amalgam Storage
HG HYGIENE PLUMBING
Amalgam Mixing
Sink Traps and Plumbing
Suction Mini-Trap
Chairside Filter
Separator
Vacuum Pump Filter or Trap
Vacuum Pump
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THANK YOU
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Lansing Evans, project manager for Nomad, Microvision's first commercial retinal scanning display product, models a prototype. The laser device projects information onto the retina.
http:// www.vrealities.com/ poma.html
Pen-enabled wearable computers.
(Ring-enabled; Eye-enabled)
Wearable Computers
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FUTURE NETWORKING
Dental Office
Reception
Waiting Room Office Lab and
Work Room
Operatory 1 Operatory 2 Operatory 3
INTERNET
Dental Office
Computers
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FUTURE NETWORKING
Dental Office
Reception
Waiting Room Office Lab and
Work Room
Operatory 1 Operatory 2 Operatory 3
INTERNET
Database
Networked Dental
Databases
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THANK YOU
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New Goals for VISIBLE LIGHT-CURING
• Fast • Stress-free • Consistency
= f { [CQ], I LIGHT, … } = f { slowed reaction rate } = f { curing domains, depth }
Restorative Dental Practice: Procedures/Day x = 5 Curing Cycles / Angle x = 2 Angles Per Procedure x = 3 VLC Seconds / Cycle x = 20 sec Days / Year x = 250 days TIME / Year = 150,000 sec = 42 hrs / year
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1 2
C=C
H CH 3
H COO-CH 2- CH-CH 2 -O-
CH 3
C
CH 3
C=C
H H 3 C
H -O-CH 2 -CH-CH 2 -OOC
OH OH
PBIS-GMA
Di-Glycidyl methacrylate adduct of bisphenol-A = BIS-GMA
1st end of BIS-GMA = 100% 2nd end of BIS-GMA = 30%
Degree of Conversion = 65%
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Curing Light
2. SHAPE-
OF-CURE
0 mm
1
2
3
4
3. DEPTH-OF-CURE
Z100
1. DEGREE-OF-
CONVERSION
65%
25%
45%
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VLC CURING ANIMATION
t1 t10 t20 65% 65% 65%
20% 35% 45%
3% 20% 25%
Degree of Conversion
100%
65%
COMPOSITE
VLC SOURCE
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Curing Equipment
Factors
Procedural
Factors
Restoration
Factors
FACTORS AFFECTING CURE
• Bulb frosting or degradation
• Light reflector degradation
• Optical filter degradation
• Fiber-optic bundle breakage
• Light-guide fracture
• Tip contamination by resin buildup
• Line voltage inconsistences
• Sterilization problems
• Infection control barriers
• Light tip direction
• Access to restoration
• DISTANCE from surface
• Size of tip
• Tip movement
• TIME of exposure
• Restoration thickness
• Cavity design
• Filler - amount and size
• Restoration shade
• Monomer ratios
I = “usable VISIBLE LIGHT” = f (curing equipment factors), = f (technique factors), and = f (restoration factors).
Polymerization Reaction = f (I1/2)
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CURING LIGHT TYPES
• Quartz-Tungsten-Halogen (QTH) Lights > Continuous output -- normal intensity > Continuous output -- high intensity > Staged output (stepped, ramped, …)
• Plasma Arc Curing (PAC) Lights • Argon-Laser Curing (Laser) Lights
• Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Lights
QTH PAC Laser LED
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CURING LIGHT OPERATION
• Power Supply
• Cycle Time (Circuit Board)
• Bulb / Reflector
• Filter
• Fan
• Fiber-Optic Train
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WAVELENGTH (nm)
UV Visible IR CQ
INT
EN
SIT
Y
UV band-pass filter
IR band-pass filter
INTRAPULPAL HEAT, GINGIVAL IRRITATION
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DEMETRON CURING LIGHT TIPS
Proximal Box Access
Standard Tips
INTENSITY =
Output / Area (mW / cm2) 8X increase from 11 mm to the 4 mm tip
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WAVELENGTH (nm)
Visible CQ
INT
EN
SIT
Y
PAC LIGHTS
? ?
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WAVELENGTH (nm)
Visible CQ
INT
EN
SIT
Y
LASER LIGHTS
LASER
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180-350 mW/cm2
WAVELENGTH (nm)
Visible CQ
INT
EN
SIT
Y
LED LIGHTS Light Emitting Diodes
DMD Systems APOLLO e.light
Advantages: Matched to CQ peak.
Reduced “I” needed.
Easy to clean.
Totally quiet; No fan.
Small; Handy.
No wires.
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Elipar FREELIGHT
Batteries
LEDs
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LED LIGHTS in the WORLD
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LED CURING LIGHTS
VLC LED Name: Company: Price: LEDs: Elipar Freelight 3M ESPE $ 999 19
NRG Dentsply/Caulk $ 949 7
Ultra Lume 1 LED Ultradent $ 899 ($699)
Ultra Lume 2 LED Ultradent $1299 ($999)
CoolBlue Dental Systems $1195
Nova Curing Techologies $1495 7
GC e-Light GC America $1495
OUTPUT LED power,
LED #,
Light Collection,
Focusing
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Pilo R, Oelgiesser D, Cardash HS.
A survey of output intensity and potential for depth of cure among
light-curing units in clinical use. J Dent 1999;27:235-241.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35N
um
ber
of
Cu
rin
g U
nit
s
LIGHT INTENSITY (mW/cm2)
<100
100-200
200-300
300-400
400-500
>500
SURVEY OF VLC UNIT OUTPUTS
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Check Fiber Optic Tips
Check Bulb
and Reflector
Clean Reflector
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LATEST GENERATION OF QTH LIGHTS
• Quantitative and automatic radiometers.
• Better filters and narrow range filtering.
• Output sampling and control.
• Selective programming of output.
• Bulb life monitoring and checking.
Curing Factors = Equipment + Manipulation + Material
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
% T
ran
sm
issio
n
Z100 XRV Pt-4 EsthX fE sE fD sD
MATERIALS
VL Transmission in E and D
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PACKABLE COMPOSITE Mechanical Properties
Ruddell DE, Thompson JY, Stamatiades PJ, Ward JC, Bayne SC, Shellard ER. Mechanical properties and wear behavior of condensable composites. J Dent Res 1999; 78 (Spec Issue):156, Abstr 407.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
ST
RE
NG
TH
(M
Pa)
CS DTS FS DPH
MECHANICAL PROPERTY
Solitaire
ALERT
SureFil
Prodigy C
Herculite
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WEAR RESISTANCE for Packable Composites
0
5
10
15
20
MIC
RO
NS
/ Y
R
Leinfelder Wear Machine
Solitaire
ALERT
SureFil
Prodigy C
Herculite
GOOD
BAD
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WEAR LEVELS for New Materials
100
200
300
1 2 3 5 10
TIME (years)
WE
AR
(C
FA
,
m) UV-Cured
Composites
VLC-Cured Composites
50 m / 18 Months ADA Type B = Unrestricted Use
75 m / Simulator ADA Type A = Restricted Use
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1 2
C=C
H CH 3
H COO-CH 2- CH-CH 2 -O-
CH 3
C
CH 3
C=C
H H 3 C
H -O-CH 2 -CH-CH 2 -OOC
OH OH
PBIS-GMA
Di-Glycidyl methacrylate adduct of bisphenol-A = BIS-GMA
1st end of BIS-GMA = 100% 2nd end of BIS-GMA = 30%
Degree of Conversion = 65%
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Curing Light
2. SHAPE-
OF-CURE
0 mm
1
2
3
4
3. DEPTH-OF-CURE
Z100
1. DEGREE-OF-
CONVERSION
65%
25%
45%
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GIC CERMETS
(Metal- Modified)
RMGI (RM-GIC)
COMPOMERS
GIOMERS
COMPOSITE Original
Development
MACROFILL Self-Cured
Composites
MIDIFILL Composites
MICROFILL Composites
MIDIFILL Composites
Midi-HYBRID Composites
Mini-HYBRID Composites
FLOWABLES
PACKABLES
CONTROLLED SHRINKAGE
1950 1970 1960 2010 2000 1990 1980
SELF-CURED
VLC-CURED
SELF-CURED
UV-CURED
VLC-CURED
GLASS IONOMERS
COMPOSITES
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DENTAL AMALGAM
Environmental Issues
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3M-ESPE “Freelight” LED Curing Unit
BASE UNIT:
> Recharging Cradle
> Pen-shaped portable unit CURING OPERATION:
> 40,30,20,10s curing cycle options
> Exponentially increasing or
standard duty cycle options.
On/Off
40-30-20-10s
Exp / Std
HELD IN A PEN GRASP
FOR USE.
Two ringed arrays of 8 LEDs.
Two batteries.
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GLASS IONOMERS
in Restorative Dentistry
The many faces of glass ionomers
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MANUFACTURERS’ WEBSITES
BISCO http://www.bisco.com/ Caulk http://www.caulk.com/ Denmat http://www.dentalmaterial.com/ Dentsply http://www.dentsply.com/ DMG Hamburg http://www.dentalmaterial.com/ 3M http://products.3m.com/... ESPE http://www.espe.de/english/ GC-America http://www.gcamerica.com/ Ivoclar http://www.ivoclar.com/ Jeneric-Pentron http://www.jeneric.com/ Kuraray http://www.kuraray.co.jp/dental/ Kerr Dental http://www.kerrdental.com/ Kulzer http://www.kulzer.com/ Morita http://www.jmorita.com/ SDI http://www.sdi.com.au/ Shofu http://www.shofu.com/ Sun Medical http://www.sunmedical.co.jp/ Ultradent http://www.ultradent.com/
http:// www.iadr.com/ dmg/