A PROJECT REPORT

A STUDY OF NON PERFORMING ASSETS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ICICI BANKIN PARTIAL FULFILLMEMT OF THE DEGREE OF MBA

SUBMITTED BY

PANKAJ BOHRA(EXAM. ROLL NO. 0201483907)

UNDER GUIDANCE OF

Mr. MANOJ VERMA(Faculty, Project guide)

MAHARAJA AGRASEN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AFFILATED TO GURU GOBIND SINGH INDRAPRASTHA UNIVERSITY

KASHMERE GATE, DELHI - 110008

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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project study titled A STUDY OF NON PERFORMING ASSETS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ICICI BANK, has been successfully completed by Pankaj Bohra, Enrollment No. 0201483907 . This is an original work and the same has not been submitted to any other Institute for the award of any other degree.

Signature of the guide Place. Date.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTWith profound veneration, first of all we recline ourselves before ALMIGHTY without whose blessings ourselves is cipher. It is my pleasure to be indebted to various people, who directly or indirectly contributed in the development of this work and who influenced my thinking, behavior, and acts during the course of study. As a student specializing in finance, I came to know about the ground realities in topics like Non Performing Assets with special reference to ICICI BANK. For this I am indebted to Mr. Manoj Verma, Faculty, MAIMS who took personal interest in my project and bore the associated headaches. It would be unfair if I do not mention the name of Dr.N.K. Kakkar, Director, MAIMS who gave me valuable tips to complete this project. Lastly, I would like to thank the almighty and my parents for their moral support and my colleagues with whom I shared my day-to-day experience and received lots off suggestions that improved my work quality.

Signature ----------------------Name: PANKAJ BOHRA

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ABSTRACTA strong banking sector is important for flourishing economy. The failure of the banking sector may have an adverse impact on other sectors. Non-performing assets are one of the major concerns for banks in India. NPAs reflect the performance of banks. A high level of NPAs suggests high probability of a large number of credit defaults that affect the profitability and net-worth of banks and also erodes the value of the asset. The NPA growth involves the necessity of provisions, which reduces the over all profits and shareholders value. The issue of Non Performing Assets has been discussed at length for financial system all over the world. The problem of NPAs is not only affecting the banks but also the whole economy. In fact high level of NPAs in Indian banks is nothing but a reflection of the state of health of the industry and trade. This report deals with understanding the concept of NPAs, its magnitude and major causes for an account becoming non-performing, projection with special reference to ICICI bank.

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CONTENTSCHAPTER NO. TOPICS CERTIFICATE DECLARATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT TABLE OF CONTENT 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND LITERATURE REVIEW RESEARCH METHODOLOGY INDUSTRY PROFILE HISTORY OF BANKING TRANSFORMATION IN BANKING CHALLENGES IN BANKING 6. COMPANY PROFILE INTRODUCTION HISTORY IMPACT OF FINANCIAL CRISIS 7. 8. 9. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUSION REFERENCES 58 63 65 70 90 101 48 53 55 PAGE NO. 2 3 4 5 6 7 11 13 38

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CHAPTER1. INTRODUCTION

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IntroductionThe crucial role of bank economists in transforming the banking system in India. Economists have to be more mainstreamed within the operational structure of commercial banks. Apart from the traditional functioning of macro-scanning, the inter linkages between treasuries, dealing rooms and trading rooms of banks need to be viewed not only with the day-to-day needs of operational necessity, but also with analytical content and policy foresight. Banking sector reforms in India has progressed promptly on aspects like interest rate deregulation, reduction in statutory reserve requirements, prudential norms for interest rates, asset classification, income recognition and provisioning. But it could not match the pace with which it was expected to do. The accomplishment of these norms at the execution stages without restructuring the banking sector as such is creating havoc. During pre-nationalization period and after independence, the banking sector remained in private hands Large industries who had their control in the management of the banks were utilizing major portion of financial resources of the banking system and as a result low priority was accorded to priority sectors. Government of India nationalized the banks to make them as an instrument of economic and social change and the mandate given to the banks was to expand their networks in rural areas and to give loans to priority sectors such as small scale industries, self-employed groups, agriculture and schemes involving women. To a certain extent the banking sector has achieved this mandate. Lead Bank Scheme enabled the banking system to expand its network in a planned way and make available banking series to the large number of population and touch every strata of society by extending credit to their productive endeavours. This is evident from the fact that population per office of commercial bank has come down from 66,000 in the year 1969 to 11,000 in 2004. Similarly, share of advances of public sector banks to priority sector increased form 14.6% in 1969 to 44% of the net bank credit. The number of deposit accounts of the banking system increased from over 3 crores in 1969 to over 30 crores. Borrowed accounts increased from 2.50 lakhs to over 2.68 crores. Without a sound and effective banking system in India it cannot have a healthy economy. The banking system of India should not only be hassle free but it should be able to meet new challenges posed by the technology and any other external and internal factors.

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For the past three decades India's banking system has several outstanding achievements to its credit. The most striking is its extensive reach. It is no longer confined to only metropolitans or cosmopolitans in India. In fact, Indian banking system has reached even to the remote corners of the country. This is one of the main reasons of India's growth process. Financial sector reform in India has progressed rapidly on aspects like interest rate deregulation, reduction in reserve requirements, barriers to entry, prudential norms and riskbased supervision. But progress on the structural-institutional aspects has been much slower and is a cause for concern. The sheltering of weak institutions while liberalizing operational rules of the game is making implementation of operational changes difficult and ineffective. Changes required to tackle the NPA problem would have to span the entire gamut of judiciary, polity and the bureaucracy to be truly effective. In liberalizing economy banking and financial sector get high priority. Indian banking sector of having a serious problem due non performing. The financial reforms have helped largely to clean NPA was around Rs. 52,000 crores in the year 2004. The earning capacity and profitability of the bank are highly affected due to this Non Performing Asset means an asset or account of borrower, which has been classified by a bank or financial institution as sub-standard, doubtful or loss asset, in accordance with the directions or guidelines relating to asset classification issued by The Reserve Bank of India. The level of NPA act as an indicator showing the bankers credit risks and efficiency of allocation of resource.

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NEED OF THE STUDY The banks not only accept the deposits of the people but also provide them credit facilities for their development. Indian banking sector has the nation in developing the business and service sectors. But recently the banks are facing the problem of credit risk. It is found that many general people and business people borrow from the banks but due to some genuine or other reasons are not able to repay back the amount drawn to the banks. The amount which is not given back to the banks is known as the non performing assets. Many banks are facing the problem of NPAs which hampers the business of the banks. Due to NPAs the income of the banks is reduced and the banks have to make the large number of the provisions that would curtail the profit of the banks and due to that the financial performance of the banks would not show good results. The main aim behind making this report is to know how public sector banks are operating their business and how NPAs play its role to the operations of the public sector banks. The report NPAs are classified according to the sector, industry, and state wise. The present study also focuses on the existing system in India to solve the problem of NPAs and comparative analysis to understand which bank is playing what role with concerned to NPAs. Thus, the study would help the decision makers to understand the financial performance and growth of public sector banks as compared to the NPAs. This report explores an empirical approach to the analysis of Non-Performing Assets (NPAs) with special reference of ICICI bank in India. The level of NPAs is one of the drivers of financial stability and growth of the banking sector. This report aims to find the fundamental factors which impact NPAs of banks. A model consisting of two types of factors, viz., macroeconomic factors and bank-specific parameters, is developed and the behavior of NPAs of the three categories of banks is observed. The empirical analysis assesses how macroeconomic factors and bank-specific parameters affect NPAs of a particular category of banks. The macroeconomic factors of the model included are GDP growth rate and excise duty, and the bank-specific parameters are Credit Deposit Ratio (CDR), loan exposure to priority sector, Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), and liquidity risk. The results show that movement in NPAs over the years can be explained well by the factors considered in the model for the public and private sector banks. The other important results derived from the analysis include the finding that banks' exposure to priority sector lending reduces NPAs.

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CHAPTER 2 BACKGROUND

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Background Granting of credit for economic activities is the prime duty of banking. Apart from raising resources through fresh deposits, borrowings and recycling of funds received back from borrowers constitute a major part of funding credit dispensation activity. Lending is generally encouraged because it has the effect of funds being transferred from the system to productive purposes, which results into economic growth. However lending also carries a risk called credit risk, which arises from the failure of borrower. Non-recovery of loans along with interest forms a major hurdle in the process of credit cycle. Thus, these loan losses affect the banks profitability on a large scale. Though complete elimination of such losses is not possible, but banks can always aim to keep the losses at . at a low level. Non-performing Asset (NPA) has emerged since over a decade as an alarming threat to the banking industry in our country sending distressing signals on the sustainability and endurability of the affected banks. The positive results of the chain of measures affected under banking reforms by the Government of India and RBI in terms of the two Narasimhan Committee Reports in this contemporary period have been neutralized by the ill effects of this surging threat. Despite various correctional steps administered to solve and end this problem, concrete results are eluding. It is a sweeping and all pervasive virus confronted universally on banking and financial institutions. main aim of any person is the utilization of money in the best manner since the India is country where more than half of the population has problem of running the family in the most efficient manner. However Indian people faced large number of problem till the development of the full fledged banking sector. The Indian banking sector came into the developing nature mostly after the 1991 government policy. The banking sector has really helped the Indian people to utilize the single money in the best manner as they want. People now have started investing their money in the banks and banks also provide goods returns on the deposited amount. The people now have at the most understood that banks provide them good security to their deposits and so excess amounts are invested in the banks. Thus, banks have helped the people to achieve their socio economic objectives.

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CHAPTER 3 LITERATURE REVIEW

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LITERATURE REVIEWNON PERFORMING ASSETS (NPA) Action for enforcement of security interest can be initiated only if the secured asset is classified as Nonperforming asset. Non performing asset means an asset or account of borrower, which has been classified by bank or financial institution as sub standard , doubtful or loss asset, in accordance with the direction or guidelines relating to assets classification issued by RBI . An amount due under any credit facility is treated as past due when it is not been paid within 30 days from the due date. Due to the improvement in the payment and settlement system, recovery climate, up gradation of technology in the banking system etc, it was decided to dispense with past due concept, with effect from March 31, 2001. Accordingly as from that date, a Non performing asset shell be an advance where i. Interest and/or instalment of principal remain overdue for a period of more than 180 days in respect of a term loan, ii. The account remains out of order for a period of more than 180 days, in respect of an overdraft/cash credit (OD/CC) iii. The bill remains overdue for a period of more than 180 days in case of bill purchased or discounted. iv. Interest and/or principal remains overdue for two harvest season but for a period not exceeding two half years in case of an advance granted for agricultural purpose, and v. Any amount to be received remains overdue for a period of more than 180 days in respect of other accounts With a view to moving towards international best practices and to ensure greater transparency, it has been decided to adopt 90 days overdue norms for identification of NPA s, from the year ending March 31, 2004, a non performing asset shell be a loan or an advance where; i. Interest and/or instalment of principal remain overdue for a period of more than 90 days in respect of a term loan, ii. The account remains out of order for a period of more than 90 days ,in respect of an overdraft/cash credit (OD/CC) iii. The bill remains overdue for a period of more than 90 days in case of bill purchased or discounted. iv. Interest and/or principal remains overdue for two harvest season but for a period not exceeding two half years in case of an advance granted for agricultural purpose, and

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v. Any amount to be received remains overdue for a period of more than 90 days in respect of other accounts Out of order An account should be treated as out of order if the outstanding balance remains continuously in excess of sanctioned limit /drawing power. in case where the out standing balance in the principal operating account is less than the sanctioned amount /drawing power, but there are no credits continuously for six months as on the date of balance sheet or credit are not enough to cover the interest debited during the same period ,these account should be treated as out of order. Overdue Any amount due to the bank under any credit facility is overdue if it is not paid on due date fixed by the bank.

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FACTORS FOR RISE IN NPAs The banking sector has been facing the serious problems of the rising NPAs. But the problem of NPAs is more in public sector banks when compared to private sector banks and foreign banks. A strong banking sector is important for a flourishing economy. The failure of the banking sector may have an adverse impact on other sectors. The Indian banking system, which was operating in a closed economy, now faces the challenges of an open economy. On one hand a protected environment ensured that banks never needed to develop sophisticated treasury operations and Asset Liability Management skills. On the other hand a combination of directed lending and social banking relegated profitability and competitiveness to the background. The net result was unsustainable NPAs and consequently a higher effective cost of banking services. The problem India Faces is not lack of strict prudential norms but i. The legal impediments and time consuming nature of asset disposal proposal. ii. Postponement of problem in order to show higher earnings. iii. Manipulation of debtors using political influence. Macro Perspective Behind NPAs A lot of practical problems have been found in Indian banks, especially in public sector banks. For Example, the government of India had given a massive wavier of Rs. 15,000 Crs. under the Prime Minister ship of Mr. V.P. Singh, for rural debt during 1989-90. This was not a unique incident in India and left a negative impression on the payer of the loan. Poverty elevation programs like IRDP, RREP, SUME, SEPUP, JRY, PMRY etc., failed on various grounds in meeting their objectives. The huge amounts of loan granted under these schemes were totally unrecoverable by banks due to political manipulation, misuse of funds and non-reliability of target audience of these sections. Loans given by banks are their assets and as the repayments of several of the loans were poor, the qualities of these assets were steadily deteriorating. Credit allocation became 'Lon Melas', loan proposal evaluations were slack and as a result repayments were very poor. There are several reasons for an account becoming NPA. * Internal factors * External factors

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EXTERNAL FACTORS Ineffective recovery tribunal The Govt. has set of numbers of recovery tribunals, which works for recovery of loans and advances. Due to their negligence and ineffectiveness in their work the bank suffers the consequence of non-recover, their by reducing their profitability and liquidity. Willful Defaults There are borrowers who are able to payback loans but are intentionally withdrawing it. These groups of people should be identified and proper measures should be taken in order to get back the money extended to them as advances and loans. Natural calamities This is the measure factor, which is creating alarming rise in NPAs of the PSBs. every now and then India is hit by major natural calamities thus making the borrowers unable to pay back there loans. Thus the bank has to make large amount of provisions in order to compensate those loans, hence end up the fiscal with a reduced profit. Mainly ours framers depends on rain fall for cropping. Due to irregularities of rain fall the framers are not to achieve the production level thus they are not repaying the loans. Industrial sickness Improper project handling , ineffective management , lack of adequate resources , lack of advance technology , day to day changing govt. Policies give birth to industrial sickness. Hence the banks that finance those industries ultimately end up with a low recovery of their loans reducing their profit and liquidity. Lack of demand Entrepreneurs in India could not foresee their product demand and starts production which ultimately piles up their product thus making them unable to pay back the money they borrow to operate these activities. The banks recover the amount by selling of their assets, which covers a minimum label. Thus the banks record the non recovered part as NPAs and has to make provision for it. Change on Govt. policies With every new govt. banking sector gets new policies for its operation. Thus it has to cope with the changing principles and policies for the regulation of the rising of NPAs. The fallout of handloom sector is continuing as most of the weavers Co-operative societies have become defunct largely due to withdrawal of state patronage. The rehabilitation plan worked out by the Central govt to revive the handloom sector has not yet been implemented. So the over dues due to the handloom sectors are becoming NPAs.

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Apart from these factors there may be others external factors which can cause of NPAs, these factors are: 1. Sluggish legal system - Long legal tangles Changes that had taken place in labour laws Lack of sincere effort. 2. Scarcity of raw material, power and other resources. 3. Industrial recession. 4. Shortage of raw material, raw material\input price escalation, power shortage, industrial recession, excess capacity, natural calamities like floods, accidents. 5. Failures, non payment\ over dues in other countries, recession in other countries, externalization problems, adverse exchange rates etc. 6. Government policies like excise duty changes, Import duty changes etc., INTERNAL FACTORS Defective Lending process There are three cardinal principles of bank lending that have been followed by the commercial banks since long. i. Principles of safety ii. Principle of liquidity iii. Principles of profitability i. Principles of safety By safety it means that the borrower is in a position to repay the loan both principal and interest. The repayment of loan depends upon the borrowers: a. Capacity to pay b. Willingness to pay Capacity to pay depends upon: 1. Tangible assets 2. Success in business Willingness to pay depends on: 1. Character 2. Honest 3. Reputation of borrower The banker should, there fore take utmost care in ensuring that the enterprise or business for which a loan is sought is a sound one and the borrower is capable of carrying it out successfully .he should be a person of integrity and good character. Inappropriate technology Due to inappropriate technology and management information system, market driven decisions on real time basis can not be taken. Proper MIS and financial accounting system is not

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implemented in the banks, which leads to poor credit collection, thus NPA. All the branches of the bank should be computerized. Improper swot analysis The improper strength, weakness, opportunity and threat analysis is another reason for rise in NPAs. While providing unsecured advances the banks depend more on the honesty, integrity, and financial soundness and credit worthiness of the borrower. 1. Banks should consider the borrowers own capital investment. 2. It should collect credit information of the borrowers from a. From bankers b. Enquiry from market/segment of trade, industry, business. c. From external credit rating agencies. Analyse the balance sheet True picture of business will be revealed on analysis of profit/loss a/c and balance sheet. 3. Purpose of the loan When bankers give loan, he should analyse the purpose of the loan. To ensure safety and liquidity, banks should grant loan for productive purpose only. Bank should analyse the profitability, viability, long term acceptability of the project while financing. Poor credit appraisal system Poor credit appraisal is another factor for the rise in NPAs. Due to poor credit appraisal the bank gives advances to those who are not able to repay it back. They should use good credit appraisal to decrease the NPAs. Managerial deficiencies The banker should always select the borrower very carefully and should take tangible assets as security to safe guard its interests. When accepting securities banks should consider the 1. Marketability 2. Acceptability 3. Safety 4. Transferability. The banker should follow the principle of diversification of risk based on the famous maxim do not keep all the eggs in one basket; it means that the banker should not grant advances to a few big farms only or to concentrate them in few industries or in a few cities. If a new big customer meets misfortune or certain traders or industries affected adversely, the overall position of the bank will not be affected.

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Like OSCB suffered loss due to the OTM Cuttack, and Orissa hand loom industries. The biggest defaulters of OSCB are the OTM (117.77lakhs), and the handloom sector Orissa hand loom WCS ltd (2439.60lakhs). Absence of regular industrial visit The irregularities in spot visit also increases the NPAs. Absence of regularly visit of bank officials to the customer point decreases the collection of interest and principals on the loan. The NPAs due to wilful defaulters can be collected by regular visits. Re loaning process Non remittance of recoveries to higher financing agencies and re loaning of the same have already affected the smooth operation of the credit cycle. Due to re loaning to the defaulters and CCBs and PACs, the NPAs of OSCB is increasing day by day. Apart from these the other internal factors are: 1. Funds borrowed for a particular purpose but not use for the said purpose. 2. Project not completed in time. 3. Poor recovery of receivables. 4. Excess capacities created on non-economic costs. 5. In-ability of the corporate to raise capital through the issue of equity or other debt instrument from capital markets. 6. Business failures. 7. Diversion of funds for expansion\modernization\setting up new projects\ helping or promoting sister concerns. 8. Willful defaults, siphoning of funds, fraud, disputes, management disputes, misappropriation etc., 9. Deficiencies on the part of the banks viz. in credit appraisal, monitoring and follow-ups, delay in settlement of payments\ subsidiaries by government bodies etc.,

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PROBLEMS DUE TO NPA 1. Owners do not receive a market return on there capital .in the worst case, if the banks fails, owners loose their assets. In modern times this may affect a broad pool of shareholders. 2. Depositors do not receive a market return on saving. In the worst case if the bank fails, depositors loose their assets or uninsured balance. 3. Banks redistribute losses to other borrowers by charging higher interest rates, lower deposit rates and higher lending rates repress saving and financial market, which hamper economic growth. 4. Non performing loans epitomise bad investment. They misallocate credit from good projects, which do not receive funding, to failed projects. Bad investment ends up in misallocation of capital, and by extension, labour and natural resources. 5. Non performing asset may spill over the banking system and contract the money stock, which may lead to economic contraction. This spill over effect can channelize through liquidity or bank insolvency: a) when many borrowers fail to pay interest, banks may experience liquidity shortage. This can jam payment across the country, b) illiquidity constraints bank in paying depositors .c) undercapitalised banks exceeds the banks capital base. What caused such high NPAs in the system until 1995? Some key reasons for huge NPAs until mid-1990s are as follows: Absence of competition: The entire banking sector was state-owned; there was complete absence of any kind of competition from the private sector. Lack of focus and control: The government-controlled operations of banks resulted in favoritisms in terms of lending, besides lack of focus on quality of lending. Managements of banks lacked any control on operations of their banks, while directors largely were influenced by the will of power-circles. Collateral-based lending and a dormant legal recourse system: Collateral was considered king. Under the name of collateral, large sums of loans were disbursed, and in the absence of an active legal recovery system, loan repayment and quality considerations took a back seat. Corruption and bureaucracy: Political interference and lack of supervision increased corruption and redtapism in the banking system. This resulted in complete dilution of credit quality and control procedures. Inadequacy of capital and tools relating to asset quality monitoring: Banks suffered from shortage of capital funds to pursue any meaningful investments in quality control, loan

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monitoring, etc. This inadequacy of funds, together with the absence of independent management, led to low focus on asset quality tracking and taking corrective actions. The situation changed after 1993, when the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) with the government's support, came up with several decisions on managing Indian banks that had a salutary impact, and the future never looked so much in control henceforth. There was a significant decline in the non-performing assets (NPAs) of SCBs in 2003-04, despite adoption of 90 day delinquency norm from March 31, 2004. The gross NPAs of SCBs declined from 4.0 per cent of total assets in 2002-03 to 3.3 per cent in 2003-04. The corresponding decline in net NPAs was from 1.9 per cent to 1.2 per cent. Both gross NPAs and net NPAs declined in absolute terms. While the gross NPAs declined from Rs. 68,717 crore in 2002-03 to Rs. 64,787 crore in 2003-04, net NPAs declined from Rs. 32,670 crore to Rs. 24,617 crore in the same period. There was also a significant decline in the proportion of net NPAs to net advances from 4.4 per cent in 2002-03 to 2.9 per cent in 2003-04. The significant decline in the net NPAs by 24.7 per cent in 2003-04 as compared to 8.1 per cent in 2002- 03 was mainly on account of higher provisions (up to 40.0 per cent) for NPAs made by SCBs. The decline in NPAs in 2003-04 was witnessed across all bank groups. The decline in net NPAs as a proportion of total assets was quite significant in the case of new private sector banks, followed by PSBs. The ratio of net NPAs to net advances of SCBs declined from 4.4 per cent in 2002-03 to 2.9 per cent in 2003-04. Among the bank groups, old private sector banks had the highest ratio of net NPAs to net advances at 3.8 per cent followed by PSBs (3.0 per cent) new private sector banks (2.4 per cent) and foreign banks (1.5 per cent) An analysis of NPAs by sectors reveals that in 2003-04, advances to non-priority sectors accounted for bulk of the outstanding NPAs in the case of PSBs (51.24 per cent of total) and for private sector banks (75.30 per cent of total). While the share of NPAs in agriculture sector and SSIs of PSBs declined in 2003-04, the share of other priority sectors increased. The share of loans to other priority sectors in priority sector lending also increased. Measures taken to reduce NPAs include reschedulement, restructuring at the bank level, corporate debt restructuring, and recovery through Lok Adalats, Civil Courts, and debt recovery tribunals and compromise settlements. The recovery management received a major fillip with the enactment of the Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest (SARFAESI) Act, 2002 enabling banks to realise their dues without intervention of courts and tribunals. The Supreme Court in its judgment dated April 8, 2004, while upholding the constitutional validity of the Act, struck down section 17 (2) of the Act as unconstitutional and contrary to Article 14 of the Constitution of India. The Government amended the relevant

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provisions of the Act to address the concerns expressed by the Supreme Court regarding a fair deal to borrowers through an ordinance dated November 11, 2004. It is expected that the momentum in the recovery of NPAs will be resumed with the amendments to the Act. The revised guidelines for compromise settlement of chronic NPAs of PSBs were issued in January 2003 and were extended from time to time till July 31, 2004. The cases filed by SCBs in Lok Adalats for recovery of NPAs stood at 5.20 lakh involving an amount of Rs. 2,674 crore (prov.). The recoveries effected in 1.69 lakh cases amounted to Rs. 352 crore (prov.) as on September 30, 2004. The number of cases filed in debt recovery tribunals stood at 64, 941 as on June 30, 2004, involving an amount of Rs. 91,901 crore. Out of these, 29, 525 cases involving an amount of Rs. 27,869 crore have been adjudicated. The amount recovered was to Rs. 8,593 crore. Under the scheme of corporate debt restructuring introduced in 2001, the number of cases and value of assets restructured stood at 121 and Rs. 69,575 crore, respectively, as on December 31, 2004. Iron and steel, refinery, fertilisers and telecommunication sectors were the major beneficiaries of the scheme. These sectors accounted for more than two-third of the values of assets restructured. Capital adequacy ratio The concept of minimum capital to risk weighted assets ratio (CRAR) has been developed to ensure that banks can absorb a reasonable level of losses. Application of minimum CRAR protects the interest of depositors and promotes stability and efficiency of the financial system. At the end of March 31, 2004, CRAR of PSBs stood at 13.2 per cent, an improvement of 0.6 percentage point from the previous year. There was also an improvement in the CRAR of old private sector banks from 12.8 per cent in 2002-03 to 13.7 per cent in 2003-04. The CRAR of new private sector banks and foreign banks registered a decline in 2003-04. For the SCBs as a whole the CRAR improved from 12.7 per cent in 200203 to 12.9 per cent in 2003-04. All the bank groups had CRAR above the minimum 9 per cent stipulated by the RBI. During the current year, there was further improvement in the CRAR of SCBs. The ratio in the first half of 2004-05 improved to 13.4 per cent as compared to 12.9 per cent at the end of 2003-04. Among the bank groups, a substantial improvement was witnessed in the case of new private sector banks from 10.2 per cent as at the end of 2003-04 to 13.5 percent in the first half of 2004-05. While PSBs and old private banks maintained the CRAR at almost the same level as in the previous year, the CRAR of foreign banks declined to 14.0 per cent in the first half of 2004-05 as compared to 15.0 per cent as at the end of 2003-04.

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The above picture is self-explanatory. Over the period of time, Indian commercial banks have shown tremendous improvement in terms of quality of credit. NPAs, both at gross and net levels, as a percentage of advances, have fallen consistently. The gross NPA/Advances ratio has fallen from 16% in FY97 to less than 2.5% in FY08. Banks displayed great control over credit quality, as even in times of falling IIP and GDP growth, they continued to show fewer NPAs. This is a very impressive indicator that highlights the fact that Indian banking has shown substantial improvement in terms of asset quality management even in adverse macroeconomic conditions. FY99, FY01 and FY02 saw considerable fall in industrial production from the then existing levels. However, this did not lead to any increase in bank NPAs. On the contrary, banks improved NPA ratios considerably through the exercise of strong asset quality monitoring programmes. The current environment is again indicating a decline in GDP, and IIP growth rates as slowdown hits demand and consumption across all major sectors. However, we strongly believe that managements of top Indian banks have put 'NPA Management and Control' as one of their top priorities, and that even though there would be a jump in NPAs as a proportion of total assets, the banking sector has the ability to withstand this jump and still emerge as a strong performer in these extremely difficult times.

What changed the scenario of NPAs after 1995?Some of the key factors that contributed to the fall in NPAs in the Indian banking

Introduction of competition: The RBI opened up gates for the private sectorparticipation in the Indian banking industry. HDFC, the principal mortgage lender, got the first approval to start a private bank in the reform-driven era. HDFC Bank was given

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permission to carry on commercial banking operations. Many new private banks and foreign banks were allowed later, which brought in the much-required competition in the Indian banking industry.

Guidelines on NPAs, income recognition, capital adequacy: One of the key reasons

for such a drastic fall in system NPAs was the introduction of asset and capital quality guidelines. These norms, introduced on the basis of the Narasimhan Committee report in 1993, had a revolutionary impact on the way banks managed and controlled their asset book.

Separation of control: Bank managements were given a free hand to run their

businesses as the Ministry of Finance and the RBI moved away from controlling positions to supervising and regulating positions. This enabled boards of Indian banks to take uninfluenced calls as to lending and asset control.

Improvement of the legal recourse mechanism: This is another significant step.

Through Debt Recovery Tribunal (DRT), Lok Adalat mechanism for small loans, and OneTime Settlement (OTS) mechanism for stressed loans in 1999, the central bank ensured that there is a quick clean-up of sticky assets, so as to enable banks to start functioning with a clean slate. The legal recourse for amounts lent has been an important contributor to asset quality improvement.

Capital infusion: Public banks were allowed to bring down the government holding to

51%, thereby enabling flow of fresh money for much-needed banks and also roping in investment interest from market participants. Board of directors now became more independent, and a mixed lot of individuals brought in experience from various segments of the financial world.

Establishment of CIBIL: Credit Information Bureau of India Ltd was established in

2000. This institution started to maintain a database of borrowers and their credit history. This served as a very effective tool for loan sanctioning and asset quality maintenance. Banks use the database to ensure credit does not fall in the hands of a borrower, with a bad credit record.

Asset Reconstruction Company: ARCs were permitted to operate from 2002; these

institutions helped the removal of bank's focus on bad assets by acquiring their bad loans, thereby strengthening their balance sheets.

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Corporate Debt Restructuring, SICA: The CDR mechanism, sick industries revival

enactments enabled addressing issues of troubled borrowers through effective hand-holding and bank support. This prevented further slippage of asset quality.

Exposure limits (sector-wise and borrower-wise): The RBI put in place strict

exposure limits for banks with respect to sensitive sectors like real estate and capital markets. In addition, limits on amounts a bank can lend to a specific borrower, or a borrower group helped in non-concentration of funds as loans in a few hands, thereby diversifying the risk of default.

Risk management tools: The RBI ensured that banks have effective risk

measurement, management and control systems in place, so as to avoid credit shocks. Asset liability management (ALM), value at risk (VAR), control on off-balance sheet exposures, credit risk weightages, etc. are few concepts that enabled banks to effectively control NPAs. In this context of a highly improved, dynamic and competitive domestic banking environment, we expect that Indian banks will exercise adequate caution in terms of the quality of their loan-books. In addition, some of the steps (underlined) can be effectively used again by RBI and the government, if the condition of NPAs worsens.

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Basel Report Framework and IndiaVarious risks in bank Liquidity Risk Market Liquidity Risk arises when a bank is unable to conclude a large transaction in a particular instrument near the current market price. Funding Liquidity Risk is defined as the inability to obtain funds to meet cash flow obligations. For banks, funding liquidity risk is more crucial. Interest Rate Risk Interest Rate Risk (IRR) is the exposure of a Banks financial condition to adverse movements in interest rates. Banks have an appetite for this risk and use it to earn returns. IRR manifests itself in four different ways: re-pricing, yield curve, basis and embedded options. Pricing Risk Pricing Risk is the risk to the banks financial condition resulting from adverse movements in the level or volatility of the market prices of interest rate instruments, equities, commodities and currencies. Pricing Risk is usually measured as the potential gain/loss in a position/portfolio that is associated with a price movement of a given probability over a specified time horizon. This measure is typically known as value-at-risk (VAR). Foreign Currency Risk Foreign Currency Risk is pricing risk associated with foreign currency. Market Risk The term Market Risk applies to (i) that part of IRR which affects the price of interest rate instruments, (ii) Pricing Risk for all other assets/portfolio that are held in the trading book of the bank and (iii) Foreign Currency Risk. Strategic Risk Strategic Risk is the risk arising from adverse business decisions, improper implementation of decisions, or lack of responsiveness to industry changes. This risk is a function of the compatibility of an organizations strategic goals, the business strategies developed to achieve those goals, the resources deployed against these goals, and the quality of implementation. Reputation Risk Reputation risk is the risk arising from negative public opinion. This risk may expose the institution to litigation, financial loss, or a decline in customer base. Transaction Risk

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Transaction risk is the risk arising from fraud, both internal & external, failed business processes and the inability to maintain business continuity and manage information. Compliance Risk Compliance risk is the risk of legal or regulatory sanctions, financial loss or reputation loss that a bank may suffer as a result of its failure to comply with any or all of the applicable laws, regulations, codes of conduct and standards of good practice. It is also called integrity risk since a banks reputation is closely linked to its adherence to principles of integrity and fair dealing. Operational Risk The term Operational Risk includes both compliance risk and transaction risk but excludes strategic risk and reputation risk. Credit Risk Credit Risk is most simply defined as the potential of a bank borrower or counter-party to fail to meet its obligations in accordance with agreed terms. For most banks, loans are the largest and most obvious source of credit risk. Banking Regulation and Supervision The Need for Regulation Banking is one of the most heavily regulated businesses since it is a very highly leveraged (high debt-equity ratio or low capital-assets ratio) industry. In fact, it is an irony that banks, which constantly judge their borrowers on debt-equity ratio, have themselves a debt-equity ratio far too adverse than their borrowers! In simple words, they earn by taking risk on their creditors money rather than shareholders money. And since it is not their money (shareholders stake) on the block, their appetite for risk needs to be controlled. Goals and Tools for Bank Regulation and Supervision The main goal of all regulators is the stability of the banking system. However, regulators cannot be concerned solely with the safety of the banking system, for if that was the only purpose, it would impose a narrow banking system, in which checkable deposits are fully backed by absolutely safe assets in the extreme, currency. Coexistent with this primary concern is the need to ensure that the financial system operates efficiently. As we have seen, banks need to take risks to be in business despite a probability of failure. In fact, Alan Greenspan puts it very succinctly, `providing institutions with the flexibility that may lead to failure is as important as permitting them the opportunity to succeed.

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The twin supervisory or regulatory goals of stability and efficiency of the financial system often seem to pull in opposite directions and there is much debate raging on the nature and extent of the trade-off between the two. Though very interesting, it is outside the scope of this report to elaborate upon. Instead, let us take a look at the list of some tools that regulators employ: Restrictions on bank activities and banking-commerce links: To avoid conflicts of interest that may arise when banks engage in diverse activities such as securities underwriting, insurance underwriting, and real estate investment. Restrictions on domestic and foreign bank entry: The assumption here is that effective screening of bank entry can promote stability. Capital Adequacy: Capital serves as a buffer against losses and hence also against failure. Capital adequacy is deemed to control risk appetite of the bank by aligning the incentives of bank owners with depositors and other creditors. Deposit Insurance: Deposit insurance schemes are to prevent widespread bank runs and to protect small depositors but can create moral hazard (which means in simple terms the propensity of both firms and individuals to take more risks when insured). Information disclosure & private sector monitoring: Includes certified audits and/or ratings from international rating agencies. Involves directing banks to produce accurate, comprehensive and consolidated information on the full range of their activities and risk management procedures. Government Ownership: The assumption here is that governments have adequate information and incentives to promote socially desirable investments and in extreme cases can transfer the depositors loss to tax payers! Government ownership can, at times, promote financing of politically attractive projects and not the economically efficient ones. Mandated liquidity reserves: To control credit expansion and to ensure that banks have a reasonable amount of liquid assets to meet their liabilities. Loan classification, provisioning standards & diversification guidelines: These are controls to manage credit risk. `Unfortunately, however, there is no evidence that any universal set of best practices is appropriate for promoting well-functioning banks; that successful practices in the United States, for example, will succeed in countries with different institutional settings; or that detailed regulations and supervisory practices should be combined to produce an extensive checklist of best practices in which more checks are better than fewer. There is no broad cross-

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country evidence on which of the many different regulations and supervisory practices employed around the world work best, if at all, to promote bank development and stability. The Basel I Accord Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) On 26th June 1974, a number of banks had released Deutschmarks to Bank Herstatt in Frankfurt in exchange for dollar payments that were to be delivered in New York. Due to differences in time zones, there was a lag in dollar payments to counter-party banks during which Bank Herstatt was liquidated by German regulators, i.e. before the dollar payments could be affected. The Herstatt accident prompted the G-10 countries (the G-10 is today 13 countries: Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom and United States) to form, towards the end of 1974, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS), under the auspices of the Bank for International Settlements (BIS), comprising of Central Bank Governors from the participating countries. BCBS has been instrumental in standardizing bank regulations across jurisdictions with special emphasis on defining the roles of regulators in cross-jurisdictional situations. The committee meets four times a year. It has around 30 technical working groups and task forces that meet regularly. 1988 Basel Accord In 1988, the Basel Committee published a set of minimal capital requirements for banks, known as the 1988 Basel Accord. These were enforced by law in the G-10 countries in 1992, with Japanese banks permitted an extended transition period. The 1988 Basel Accord focused primarily on credit risk. Bank assets were classified into five risk buckets i.e. grouped under five categories according to credit risk carrying risk weights of zero, ten, twenty, fifty and one hundred per cent. Assets were to be classified into one of these risk buckets based on the parameters of counter-party (sovereign, banks, public sector enterprises or others), collateral (e.g. mortgages of residential property) and maturity. Generally, government debt was categorised at zero per cent, bank debt at twenty per cent, and other debt at one hundred per cent. 100%. OBS exposures such as performance guarantees and letters of credit were brought into the calculation of risk weighted assets using the mechanism of variable credit conversion factor. Banks were required to hold capital equal to 8% of the risk weighted value of assets. Since 1988, this framework has been progressively introduced not

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only in member countries but also in almost all other countries having active international banks. The 1988 accord can be summarized in the following equation: Total Capital = 0.08 x Risk Weighted Assets (RWA) The accord provided a detailed definition of capital. Tier 1 or core capital, which includes equity and disclosed reserves, and Tier 2 or supplementary capital, which could include undisclosed reserves, asset revaluation reserves, general provisions & loanloss reserves, hybrid (debt/equity) capital instruments and subordinated debt. Value at Risk (VAR) VAR is a method of assessing risk that uses standard statistical techniques and provides users with a summary measure of market risk. For instance, a bank might say that the daily VAR of its trading portfolio is rupees 20 million at the 99 per cent confidence level. In simple words, there is only one chance in 100, under normal market conditions, for a loss greater than rupees 20 million to occur. This single number summarizes the bank's exposure to market risk as well as the probability (one per cent, in this case) of it being exceeded. Shareholders and managers can then decide whether they feel comfortable at this level of risk. If not, the process that led to the computation of VAR can be used to decide where to trim risk. Now the definition; `VAR summarizes the predicted maximum loss (or worst loss) over a target horizon within a given confidence interval. Target horizon means the period till which the portfolio is held. Ideally, the holding period should correspond to the longest period needed for an orderly (as opposed to a `fire sale) portfolio liquidation. Without going into the related math, it should be mentioned here that there exist three methods of computing VAR, viz. Delta-Normal, Historical Simulation and Monte Carlo Simulation, the last one being the most computation intensive and predictably the most sophisticated one. In a lighter vein, a definition of VAR that was found at the gloriamundi.org web site said, `A number invented by purveyors of panaceas for pecuniary peril intended to mislead senior management and regulators into false confidence that market risk is adequately understood and controlled. 1996 Amendment to include Market Risk In 1996, BCBS published an amendment to the 1988 Basel Accord to provide an explicit capital cushion for the price risks to which banks are exposed, particularly those arising from their trading activities. This amendment was brought into effect in 1998. Salient Features Allows banks to use proprietary in-house models for measuring market risks.

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Banks using proprietary models must compute VAR daily, using a 99th percentile, one-tailed confidence interval with a time horizon of ten trading days using a historical observation period of at least one year. The capital charge for a bank that uses a proprietary model will be the higher of the previous day's VAR and three times the average of the daily VAR of the preceding sixty business days. Use of `back-testing (ex-post comparisons between model results and actual performance) to arrive at the `plus factor that is added to the multiplication factor of three. Allows banks to issue short-term subordinated debt subject to a lock-in clause (Tier 3 capital) to meet a part of their market risks. Alternate standardized approach using the `building block approach where general market risk and specific security risk are calculated separately and added up. Banks to segregate trading book and mark to market all portfolio/position in the trading book. Applicable to both trading activities of banks and non-banking securities firms. Evolution of Basel Committee Initiatives

The Basel I Accord and the 1996 Amendment thereto have evolved into Basel II, as depicted in the figure above.

The New Accord (Basel II) Close on the heels of the 1996 amendment to the Basel I accord, in June 1999 BCBS issued a proposal for a New Capital Adequacy Framework to replace the 1988 Accord. The proposed capital framework consists of three pillars: minimum capital requirements, which seek to refine the standardised rules set forth in the 1988 Accord; supervisory review of an institution's internal assessment process and capital adequacy; and effective use of disclosure to strengthen market discipline as a complement to supervisory efforts. The accord has been

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finalized recently on 11th May 2004 and the final draft is expected by the end of June 2004. For banks adopting advanced approaches for measuring credit and operational risk the deadline has been shifted to 2008, whereas for those opting for basic approaches it is retained at 2006.

The Need for Basel II The 1988 Basel I Accord has very limited risk sensitivity and lacks risk differentiation (broad brush structure) for measuring credit risk. For example, all corporations carry the same risk weight of 100 per cent. It also gave rise to a significant gap between the regulatory measurement of the risk of a given transaction and its actual economic risk. The most troubling side effect of the gap between regulatory and actual economic risk has been the distortion of financial decision-making, including large amounts of regulatory arbitrage, or investments made on the basis of regulatory constraints rather than genuine economic opportunities. The strict rule based approach of the 1988 accord has also been criticised for its `one size fits all prescription. In addition, it lacked proper recognition of credit risk mitigants such as credit derivatives, securitisation, and collaterals. The recent cases of frauds, acts of terrorism, hacking, have brought into focus the operational risk that the banks and financial institutions are exposed to. The proposed new accord (Basel II) is claimed by BCBS to be `an improved capital adequacy framework intended to foster a strong emphasis on risk management and to encourage ongoing improvements in banks risk assessment capabilities. It also seeks to provide a `level playing field for international competition and attempts to ensure that its implementation maintains the aggregate regulatory capital requirements as obtaining under the current accord. The new framework deliberately includes incentives for using more advanced and sophisticated

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approaches for risk measurement and attempts to align the regulatory capital with internal risk measurements of banks subject to supervisory review and market disclosure. PILLAR I: Minimum Capital Requirements There is a need to look at proposed changes in the measurement of credit risk and operational risk.

Credit Risk Three alternate approaches for measurement of credit risk have been proposed. These are: Standardised Internal Ratings Based (IRB) Foundation Internal Ratings Based (IRB) Advanced The standardised approach is similar to the current accord in that banks are required to slot their credit exposures into supervisory categories based on observable characteristics of the exposures (e.g. whether the exposure is a corporate loan or a residential mortgage loan). The standardised approach establishes fixed risk weights corresponding to each supervisory category and makes use of external credit assessments to enhance risk sensitivity compared to the current accord. The risk weights for sovereign, inter-bank, and corporate exposures are differentiated based on external credit assessments. An important innovation of the standardised approach is the requirement that loans considered `past due be risk weighted at 150 per cent unless, a threshold amount of specific provisions has already been set aside by the bank against that loan.

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Credit risk mitigants (collaterals, guarantees, and credit derivatives) can be used by banks under this approach for capital reduction based on the market risk of the collateral instrument or the threshold external credit rating of recognised guarantors. Reduced risk weights for retail exposures, small and medium size enterprises (SME) category and residential mortgages have been proposed. The approach draws a number of distinctions between exposures and transactions in an effort to improve the risk sensitivity of the resulting capital ratios. The IRB approach uses banks internal assessments of key risk drivers as primary inputs to the capital calculation. The risk weights and resultant capital charges are determined through the combination of quantitative inputs provided by banks and formulae specified by the Committee. The IRB calculation of risk weighted assets for exposures to sovereigns, banks, or corporate entities relies on the following four parameters:

Probability of default (PD), which measures the likelihood that the borrower willdefault over a given time horizon.

Loss given default (LGD), which measures the proportion of the exposure that will belost if a default occurs.

Exposure at default (EAD), which for loan commitment measures the amount of thefacility that is likely to be drawn in the event of a default.

Maturity (M), which measures the remaining economic maturity of the exposure.Operational Risk Within the Basel II framework, operational risk is defined as the risk of losses resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people and systems, or external events. Operational risk identification and measurement is still in an evolutionary stage as compared to the maturity that market and credit risk measurements have achieved. As in credit risk, three alternate approaches are prescribed: Basic Indicator Standardised Advanced Measurement (AMA) PILLAR 2:

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Supervisory Review Process Pillar 2 introduces two critical risk management concepts: the use of economic capital, and the enhancement of corporate governance, encapsulated in the following four principles: Principle 1: Banks should have a process for assessing their overall capital adequacy in relation to their risk profile and a strategy for maintaining their capital levels.

The key elements of this rigorous process are: Board and senior management attention; Sound capital assessment; Comprehensive assessment of risks; Monitoring and reporting; and Internal control review. Principle 2: Supervisors should review and evaluate banks internal capital adequacy assessments and strategies, as well as their ability to monitor and ensure their compliance with regulatory capital ratios. Supervisors should take appropriate supervisory action if they are not satisfied with the result of this process.

This could be achieved through: On-site examinations or inspections; Off-site review; Discussions with bank management; Review of work done by external auditors; and Periodic reporting. Principle 3: Supervisors should expect banks to operate above the minimum regulatory capital ratios and should have the ability to require banks to hold capital in excess of the minimum. Principle 4: Supervisors should seek to intervene at an early stage to prevent capital from falling below the minimum levels required to support the risk characteristics of a particular bank and should require rapid remedial action if capital is not maintained or restored.

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Prescriptions under Pillar 2 seek to address the residual risks not adequately covered under Pillar 1, such as concentration risk, interest rate risk in banking book, business risk and strategic risk. `Stress testing is recommended to capture event risk. Pillar 2 also seeks to ensure that internal risk management process in the banks is robust enough. The combination of Pillar 1 and Pillar 2 attempt to align regulatory capital with economic capital.

PILLAR 3: Market Discipline The focus of Pillar 3 on market discipline is designed to complement the minimum capital requirements (Pillar 1) and the supervisory review process (Pillar 2). With this, the Basel Committee seeks to enable market participants to assess key information about a banks risk profile and level of capitalizationthereby encouraging market discipline through increased disclosure. Public disclosure assumes greater importance in helping banks and supervisors to manage risk and improve stability under the new provisions which place reliance on internal methodologies providing banks with greater discretion in determining their capital needs. There has been some confusion on the extent, medium, confidentiality and materiality of such disclosures. It has been agreed that such disclosures will depend on the legal authority and accounting standards existing in each country. Efforts are in progress to harmonise these disclosures with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) Board Standards (International Accounting Standards 30 & 32).

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Chapter 4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGYThe purpose of research is to discover answers to the questions through the application of scientific procedures. The main aim of research is to find out the truth which is hidden and which has not been discovered as yet. Though each research study has its own specific purpose, we may think of research objectives as falling into a number of following broad categories: To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it. To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or a group. To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is associated with something else. To test a hypothesis of a casual relationship between variables. Research methodology is a way to systematically solve the research problem . it may be understood as a science of studying how research is done scientifically. In it we study the various steps that are generally adopted by a researcher in studying his research problem along with the logic behind them. Research methodology has many dimensions and research methods do constitute a part of the research methodology. The scope of research methodology is wider than that of research methods. Thus, when we talk of research methodology we not only talk of the research methods but also consider the logic behind the methods we use in the context of our research study and explain why we are using a particular method or technique and why we are not using others so that research results are capable of being evaluated either by the researcher himself or by others. Why a research study has been undertaken, what data have been collected and what particular method has been adopted, why particular technique of analyzing data has been used and a host of similar other question are usually answered when we talk of research methodology concerning a research problem or study. Research is often described as active; diligent and systematic process of inquiry aimed at discovering, interpreting and revising facts. This intellectual investigation produces a greater understanding of events, behaviors or theories and makes practical application through laws and theories. In other words we can say, the purpose of research is to discover answers to the questions through the application of scientific procedures. The main aim of research is to find out the truth which is hidden and which has not been discovered as yet.

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Research methodology is a way to systematically solve the research problem. It may be understood as a science of studying how research is done scientifically. In it we study the various steps that are generally adopted by a researcher in studying his research problem along with the logic behind them. OBJECTIVE Following are the objectives of the study:

What types of challenges banking industry is facing with special reference to NPA. How ICICI bank cope with NPA and its impact in recent economic crisis. To find the factors that would effect level of NPAs. To analyze the significance of each variable that might effect the NPA level. To understand what is Non Performing Assets and what are the underlying reasons for the emergence of the NPAs. To understand the impacts of NPAs on the operations of the banks. To know what steps are being taken by the Indian banking sector to reduce the NPAs? To evaluate the comparative ratio of the banks with concerned to the NPAs.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The research methodology means the way in which we would complete our prospected task. Before undertaking any task it becomes very essential for any one to determine the problem of study. I have adopted the following procedure in completing my study report. 1. Formulating the problem 2. Research design 3. Determining the data sources 4. Analysing the data 5. Interpretation 6. Preparing research report

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(1) Formulating The Problem I am interested in the banking sector and I want to make my future in the banking sector so decided to make my research study on the banking sector. I analysed first the factors that are important for the banking sector and I came to know that providing credit facility to the borrower is one of the important factors as far as the banking sector is concerned. On the basis of the analysed factor, I felt that the important issue right now as far as the credit facilities are provided by bank is non performing assets. I started knowing about the basics of the NPAs and decided to do study on the NPAs. So, I choose the topic A STUDY OF NON PERFORMING ASSETS with special reference to ICICI BANK LTD. (2) Research Design The research design tells about the mode with which the entire project is prepared. My research design for this study is basically descriptive . Because I have utilized the large number of data of the banks. Descriptive research includes surveys and fact-finding enquiries of different kinds. The major purpose of descriptive research is description of the state of affairs, as it exists at present. The main characteristic of this method is that the researcher has no control over the variables; he can only report what has happened or what is happening. It is also called as ex post facto research. Most ex post facto research projects are used for descriptive studies in which researcher seeks to measure such items as, for example, frequency of shopping, preferences of people, or similar data. Descriptive research also includes attempts by the researcher to discover causes even when they cannot control the variables. The methods of research utilized in descriptive research are survey methods of all kinds. Why descriptive research? In this case descriptive study was most suitable because it helped in giving focus to the preferences, knowledge, beliefs & satisfaction of a group of people in a given population and characteristics of the successful and unsuccessful companies. Moreover it helped in determining the relationships between two or more variables. (3) Determining The Data Source The data source can be primary or secondary. The primary data are those for data which are used for the first time in the study. However such data take place much time and are also expensive. Whereas the secondary data are those data which are already available in the

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market. These data are easy to search and are not expensive too. For my study I have utilized totally the secondary data. Which is raw in state I analysed this data for my research purpose . Source Of Secondary Data Annual reports of banks Reports of RBI Internet Books etc.

source of primary data Data generated from ratio analysis For this purpose I used following ratios: Gross NPA ratio Net NPA ratio Provision ratio Capital adequacy ratio Operating expenses/total asset ratio Cost/income ratio Loan loss coverage ratio

Data generated by the comparison of banks: Comparison of credit growth with GNPA and NNPA Between credit growth and repo rate Comparison of unsecured loans Comparison of deposit growth Comparison of provision coverage

For this purpose I compare following facts or data of banks

(4) Analysing The Data The primary data would not be useful until and unless they are well edited, tabulated and analysed. When the person receives the primary data many unuseful data would also be there. So, I analysed the data and edited them and turned them in the useful tabulations. So, that it can become useful in my report.

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As no study could be successfully completed without proper tools and techniques, same with my project. For the better presentation and right explanation I used tools of statistics and computer very frequently. And I am very thankful to all those tools for helping me a lot. Basic tools which I used for project from statistics are- Bar Charts - Pie charts - Tables bar charts and pie charts are really useful tools for every research to show the result in a well clear, ease and simple way. Because I used bar charts and pie cahrts in project for showing data in a systematic way, so it need not necessary for any observer to read all the theoretical detail, simple on seeing the charts any body could know that what is being said. Technological Tools Ms- Excel Ms-Word Above application software of Microsoft helped me a lot in making project more interactive and productive. Microsoft-Excel had a great role in my project, it created for me a situation of you sit and get. I provided it simply all the detail of data and in return it given me all the relevant information.. And in last Microsoft-Word did help me for the documentation of the project in a presentable form. (5) Interpretation Of The Data With use of analysed data I managed to prepare my project report. But the analysing of data would not help the study to reach towards its objectives. The interpretation of the data is required so that the others can understand the crux of the study in more simple way without any problem so I have added the chapter of analysis that would explain others to understand my study in simpler way. In this segment I interpret my findings in the form of graphs and charts. All the data which I got form the market will not be disclosed over here but extract of that in the form of information will definitely be here. (6) Project Writing This is the last step in preparing the project report. The objective of the report writing was to report the finding of the study to the concerned authorities.

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LIMITATION OF THE STUDY The limitation that I felt in my study are: It was critical for me to gather the financial data of the every bank of the public sector banks so the better evaluation of the performance of the banks are not possible. Since my study is based on the secondary data, the practical operation as related to the NPAs are adopted by the banks are not learned. Since the Indian banking sector is so wide so it was possible for me to cover all the banks of the Indian banking sector.

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CHAPTER 5 INDUSTRY PROFILE

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BANKING INDUSTRYBanking in India Banking in India originated in the last decades of the 18th century. The oldest bank in existence in India is the State Bank of India, a government-owned bank that traces its origins back to June 1806 and that is the largest commercial bank in the country. Central banking is the responsibility of the Reserve Bank of India, which in 1935 formally took over these responsibilities from the then Imperial Bank of India, relegating it to commercial banking functions. After India's independence in 1947, the Reserve Bank was nationalized and given broader powers. In 1969 the government nationalized the 14 largest commercial banks; the government nationalized the six next largest in 1980. Currently, India has 88 scheduled commercial banks (SCBs) - 27 public sector banks (that is with the Government of India holding a stake), 29 private banks (these do not have government stake; they may be publicly listed and traded on stock exchanges) and 31 foreign banks. They have a combined network of over 53,000 branches and 17,000 ATMs. According to a report by ICRA Limited, a rating agency, the public sector banks hold over 75 percent of total assets of the banking industry, with the private and foreign banks holding 18.2% and 6.5% respectively.

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HISTORYEarly history Banking in India originated in the last decades of the 18th century. The first banks were The General Bank of India, which started in 1786, and the Bank of Hindustan, both of which are now defunct. The oldest bank in existence in India is the State Bank of India, which originated in the Bank of Calcutta in June 1806, which almost immediately became the Bank of Bengal. This was one of the three presidency banks, the other two being the Bank of Bombay and the Bank of Madras, all three of which were established under charters from the British East India Company. For many years the Presidency banks acted as quasi-central banks, as did their successors. The three banks merged in 1925 to form the Imperial Bank of India, which, upon India's independence, became the State Bank of India. Indian merchants in Calcutta established the Union Bank in 1839, but it failed in 1848 as a consequence of the economic crisis of 1848-49. The Allahabad Bank, established in 1865 and still functioning today, is the oldest Joint Stock bank in India. It was not the first though. That honor belongs to the Bank of Upper India, which was established in 1863, and which survived until 1913, when it failed, with some of its assets and liabilities being transferred to the Alliance Bank of Simla. When the American Civil War stopped the supply of cotton to Lancashire from the Confederate States, promoters opened banks to finance trading in Indian cotton. With large exposure to speculative ventures, most of the banks opened in India during that period failed. The depositors lost money and lost interest in keeping deposits with banks. Subsequently, banking in India remained the exclusive domain of Europeans for next several decades until the beginning of the 20th century. Foreign banks too started to arrive, particularly in Calcutta, in the 1860s. The Comptoire d'Escompte de Paris opened a branch in Calcutta in 1860, and another in Bombay in 1862; branches in Madras and Pondichery, then a French colony, followed. HSBC established itself in Bengal in 1869. Calcutta was the most active trading port in India, mainly due to the trade of the British Empire, and so became a banking center.

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The first entirely Indian joint stock bank was the Oudh Commercial Bank, established in 1881 in Faizabad. It failed in 1958. The next was the Punjab National Bank, established in Lahore in 1895, which has survived to the present and is now one of the largest banks in India. Around the turn of the 20th Century, the Indian economy was passing through a relative period of stability. Around five decades had elapsed since the Indian Mutiny, and the social, industrial and other infrastructure had improved. Indians had established small banks, most of which served particular ethnic and religious communities. The presidency banks dominated banking in India but there were also some exchange banks and a number of Indian joint stock banks. All these banks operated in different segments of the economy. The exchange banks, mostly owned by Europeans, concentrated on financing foreign trade. Indian joint stock banks were generally under capitalized and lacked the experience and maturity to compete with the presidency and exchange banks. This segmentation let Lord Curzon to observe, "In respect of banking it seems we are behind the times. We are like some old fashioned sailing ship, divided by solid wooden bulkheads into separate and cumbersome compartments." The period between 1906 and 1911, saw the establishment of banks inspired by the Swadeshi movement. The Swadeshi movement inspired local businessmen and political figures to found banks of and for the Indian community. A number of banks established then have survived to the present such as Bank of India, Corporation Bank, Indian Bank, Bank of Baroda, Canara Bank and Central Bank of India. The fervour of Swadeshi movement lead to establishing of many private banks in Dakshina Kannada and Udupi district which were unified earlier and known by the name South Canara ( South Kanara ) district. Four nationalised banks started in this district and also a leading private sector bank. Hence undivided Dakshina Kannada district is known as "Cradle of Indian Banking". From World War I to Independence The period during the First World War (1914-1918) through the end of the Second World War (1939-1945), and two years thereafter until the independence of India were challenging for Indian banking. The years of the First World War were turbulent, and it took its toll with banks

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simply collapsing despite the Indian economy gaining indirect boost due to war-related economic activities. At least 94 banks in India failed between 1913 and 1918 as indicated in the following table:

Years

Number of banks that failed

Authorised capital (Rs. Lakhs)

Paid-up Capital (Rs. Lakhs)

1913

12

274

35

1914

42

710

109

1915

11

56

5

1916

13

231

4

1917

9

76

25

1918 Post-independence

7

209

1

The partition of India in 1947 adversely impacted the economies of Punjab and West Bengal, paralyzing banking activities for months. India's independence marked the end of a regime of the Laissez-faire for the Indian banking. The Government of India initiated measures to play an active role in the economic life of the nation, and the Industrial Policy Resolution adopted by the government in 1948 envisaged a mixed economy. This resulted into greater involvement of the state in different segments of the economy including banking and finance. The major steps to regulate banking included:

In 1948, the Reserve Bank of India, India's central banking authority, was nationalized, and it became an institution owned by the Government of India. In 1949, the Banking Regulation Act was enacted which empowered the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) "to regulate, control, and inspect the banks in India."

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The Banking Regulation Act also provided that no new bank or branch of an existing bank could be opened without a license from the RBI, and no two banks could have common directors.

However, despite these provisions, control and regulations, banks in India except the State Bank of India, continued to be owned and operated by private persons. This changed with the nationalisation of major banks in India on 19 July, 1969. Nationalisation By the 1960s, the Indian banking industry has become an important tool to facilitate the development of the Indian economy. At the same time, it has emerged as a large employer, and a debate has ensued about the possibility to nationalise the banking industry. Indira Gandhi, the-then Prime Minister of India expressed the intention of the GOI in the annual conference of the All India Congress Meeting in a paper entitled "Stray thoughts on Bank Nationalisation." The paper was received with positive enthusiasm. Thereafter, her move was swift and sudden, and the GOI issued an ordinance and nationalised the 14 largest commercial banks with effect from the midnight of July 19, 1969. Jayaprakash Narayan, a national leader of India, described the step as a "masterstroke of political sagacity." Within two weeks of the issue of the ordinance, the Parliament passed the Banking Companies (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertaking) Bill, and it received the presidential approval on 9 August, 1969. A second dose of nationalization of 6 more commercial banks followed in 1980. The stated reason for the nationalization was to give the government more control of credit delivery. With the second dose of nationalization, the GOI controlled around 91% of the banking business of India. Later on, in the year 1993, the government merged New Bank of India with Punjab National Bank. It was the only merger between nationalized banks and resulted in the reduction of the number of nationalised banks from 20 to 19. After this, until the 1990s, the nationalised banks grew at a pace of around 4%, closer to the average growth rate of the Indian economy. The nationalised banks were credited by some, including Home minister P. Chidambaram, to have helped the Indian economy withstand the global financial crisis of 2007-2009.[1][2]

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Liberalisation In the early 1990s, the then Narsimha Rao government embarked on a policy of liberalization, licensing a small number of private banks. These came to be known as New Generation techsavvy banks, and included Global Trust Bank (the first of such new generation banks to be set up), which later amalgamated with Oriental Bank of Commerce, UTI Bank(now re-named as Axis Bank), ICICI Bank and HDFC Bank. This move, along with the rapid growth in the economy of India, revitalized the banking sector in India, which has seen rapid growth with strong contribution from all the three sectors of banks, namely, government banks, private banks and foreign banks. The next stage for the Indian banking has been setup with the proposed relaxation in the norms for Foreign Direct Investment, where all Foreign Investors in banks may be given voting rights which could exceed the present cap of 10%,at present it has gone up to 49% with some restrictions. The new policy shook the Banking sector in India completely. Bankers, till this time, were used to the 4-6-4 method (Borrow at 4%;Lend at 6%;Go home at 4) of functioning. The new wave ushered in a modern outlook and tech-savvy methods of working for traditional banks.All this led to the retail boom in India. People not just demanded more from their banks but also received more. Currently (2007), banking in India is generally fairly mature in terms of supply, product range and reach-even though reach in rural India still remains a challenge for the private sector and foreign banks. In terms of quality of assets and capital adequacy, Indian banks are considered to have clean, strong and transparent balance sheets relative to other banks in comparable economies in its region. The Reserve Bank of India is an autonomous body, with minimal pressure from the government. The stated policy of the Bank on the Indian Rupee is to manage volatility but without any fixed exchange rate-and this has mostly been true. With the growth in the Indian economy expected to be strong for quite some time-especially in its services sector-the demand for banking services, especially retail banking, mortgages and investment services are expected to be strong. One may also expect M&As, takeovers, and asset sales.

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In March 2006, the Reserve Bank of India allowed Warburg Pincus to increase its stake in Kotak Mahindra Bank (a private sector bank) to 10%. This is the first time an investor has been allowed to hold more than 5% in a private sector bank since the RBI announced norms in 2005 that any stake exceeding 5% in the private sector banks would need to be vetted by them. In recent years critics have charged that the non-government owned banks are too aggressive in their loan recovery efforts in connection with housing, vehicle and personal loans. There are press reports that the banks' loan recovery efforts have driven defaulting borrowers to suicide.

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THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE INDIAN BANKING SECTORThe financial sector reforms in the country were initiated in the beginning of the 1990s.The reforms have brought about a sea change in the profile of the banking sector. Our implementation of the reforms process has had several unique features. Our financial sector reforms were undertaken early in the reform cycle. Notably, the reforms process was not driven by any banking crisis, nor was it the outcome of any external support package. Besides, the design of the reforms was crafted through domestic expertise, taking on board the international experiences in this respect. The reforms were carefully sequenced with respect to the instruments to be used and the objectives to be achieved. Thus, prudential norms and supervisory strengthening were introduced early in the reform cycle, followed by interest-rate deregulation and a gradual lowering of statutory preemptions. The more complex aspects of legal and accounting measures were ushered in subsequently when the basic tenets of the reforms were already in place. The public sector banks continue to be a dominant part of the banking system. As on March 31, 2008, the PSBs accounted for 69.9 per cent of the aggregate assets and 72.7 per cent of the aggregate advances of the Scheduled commercial banking system. A unique feature of the reform of the public sector banks was the process of their financial restructuring. The banks were recapitalised by the government to meet prudential norms through recapitalisation bonds. The mechanism of hiving off bad loans to a separate government asset management company was not considered appropriate in view of the moral hazard. The subsequent divestment of equity and offer to private shareholders was undertaken through a public offer and not by sale to strategic investors. Consequently, all the public sector banks, which issued shares to private shareholders, have been listed on the exchanges and are subject to the same disclosure and market discipline standards as other listed entities. To address the problem of distressed assets, a mechanism has been developed to allow sale of these assets to Asset Reconstruction Companies which operate as independent commercial entities. As regard the prudential regulatory framework for the banking system, we have come a long way from the administered interest rate regime to deregulated interest rates, from the system of Health Codes for an eight-fold, judgmental loan classification to the prudential asset classification based on objective criteria, from the concept of simple statutory minimum capital and capital-deposit ratio to the risk-sensitive capital adequacy norms initially under Basel I

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framework and now under the Basel II regime. There is much greater focus now on improving the corporate governance set up through fit and proper criteria, on encouraging integrated risk management systems in the banks and on promoting market discipline through more transparent disclosure standards. The policy endeavor has all along been to benchmark our regulatory norms with the international best practices, of course, keeping in view the domestic imperatives and the country context. The consultative approach of the RBI in formulating the prudential regulations has been the hallmark of the current regulatory regime which enables taking account of a wide diversity of views on the issues at hand. The implementation of reforms has had an all round salutary impact on the financial health of the banking system, as evidenced by the significant improvements in a number of prudential parameters. Let me briefly highlight the improvements in a few salient financial indicators of the banking system.

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CHALLENGES FACING BANKING INDUSTRY IN INDIAThe banking industry in India is undergoing a major transformation due to changes in economic conditions and continuous deregulation. These multiple changes happening one after other has a ripple effect on a bank (Refer fig. 2.1) trying to graduate from completely regulated sellers market to completed deregulated customers market.

Deregulation: This continuous deregulation has made the Banking market extremely competitive with greater autonomy, operational flexibility, and decontrolled interest rate and liberalized norms for foreign exchange. The deregulation of the industry coupled with decontrol in interest rates has led to entry of a number of players in the banking industry. At the same time reduced corporate credit off take thanks to sluggish economy has resulted in large number of competitors battling for the same pie. New rules: As a result, the market place has been redefined with new rules of the game. Banks are transforming to universal banking, adding new channels with lucrative pricing and freebees to offer. Natural fall out of this has led to a series of innovative product offerings catering to various customer segments, specifically retail credit. Efficiency: This in turn has made it necessary to look for efficiencies in the business. Banks need to access low cost funds and simultaneously improve the efficiency. The banks are facing pricing pressure, squeeze on spread and have to give thrust on retail assets

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Diffused Customer loyalty: This will definitely impact Customer preferences, as they are bound to react t