630 US ISSN 0197-9310 March 1982 · Mycobacterium tuberculosis R.M. tuberculosis phlei Alternaria...

630 US ISSN 0197-9310 March 1982

HITAHR . College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources· University of Hawaii

Table of Contents

Page

Abstract 1I. Microbiostasis Induced

by Chemicals (Table 1) . . . . . . .. 1II. Microbiostasis Induced

by Natural Soil 2A. Soil Fungistasis (Table 2) 2B. Soil Actinostasis (Table 3) . . . .. 2C. Soil Bacteriostasis Cfable 4). . .. 3

III. Comparison of MicrobiostasisInduced by Chemicals andNatural Soil. 3

Table 1 4Table 2 25Table 3 .41Table 4 .42References .44

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This study was supported in part by agrant from the McIntire-Stennis Cooper-ative Forestry Research Program. I thankMr. Tsai-young Chuang for assistance.

AUTHOR

Wen-hsiung Ko is Professor, Departmentof Plant Pathology, University of Hawaii,Beaumont Agriculture Research Center,Hilo, Hawaii 96720.

EFFECTS OF NUTRITIONAL FACTORS ON CHEMICAL

AND SOIL MICROBIOSTASIS

Wen-hsiung Ko

ABSTRACT

The majority of reports concerning the effects of nutritional factors on inhibition ofmicroorganisms dealt with the inactivation of antimicrobial agents, and only a few casesof enhancement of antimicrobial activity of chemicals by nutrients were documented.The effects of nutritional factors on fungistasis was most extensively studied among thethree types of soil microbiostasis, followed by bacteriostasis and antinostasis. Agar,sulfur-containing amino acids, vitamins, and mineral salts which are very effective ininactivating considerable numbers of antimicrobial agents are, in general, ineffectivein annulment of ~oil microbiostasis. These differences suggest that soil microbiostasisis not due to chemical inhibition.

" \

Key Words: carbohydrates, fungistasis, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins.

I. MICROBIOSTASIS INDUCED BYCHEMICALS (TABLE I)

The effects of nutritional factors oninhibition of microorganisms by chemi-cals was reported as early as 1913 (145).However, most information on this sub-ject has been obtained since 1940. Thegreat majority of reports dealt with theinactivation of antimicrobial agents, andonly a few cases of enhancement of anti-microbial activity of chemicals by nutri-ents were documented. Comparisons ofantimicrobial activity of chemicals in thepresence or absence of a nutritional factorhave been made by measuring (I) sporegermination or mycelial growth offungi (33,309); (2) minimum inhibitoryconcentration (229,256); (3) effective dosefor 50 percent response (EDso) (53,137);(4) cell growth of bacteria (21,81,208,296,298); (5) viability of fungal spores (263)and (6) oxygen consumption (14,306).Mechanisms by which nutrition

Some of the nutritional factors werelisted in groups because of their similari-ties in chemical structure and function.When more than three microorganismswere used in the same tests, only thenumbers of microorganisms were indi-cated. Therefore, interested readers areurged to consult the original references fordetailed information.

II. MICROBIOSTASIS INDUCED BYNATURAL SOIL

Microorganisms including fungi, acti-nomycetes, and bacteria remain quiescentor decrease in number when they are intro-duced into natural soil (127,133). Suchmicrobiostasis is a general phenomenon ofnatural soil (133).

Tables 2-4 list the nutritional factorsthat are capable of decreasing or increasingsoil microbiostasis, and also the micro-organisms tested. Those nutrients shownto be ineffective are also included. Thegrouping of nutritional factors in thesetables is the same as that in Table I.

A. Soil Fungistasis (Table 2)

Although inability of fungi to multiplywhen added to soil was reported by Katz-nelson in 1940 (127), intensive research onsoil fungistasis started only after the reportby Dobbs and Hinson in 1953 (46). Inmicrobiostasis of soil, fungistasis has beeninvestigated most extensively, far /morethan have actinostasis and bacteriostasis.This probably is because most soil-borneplant diseases are caused by fungi, whichare the largest in size among the threegroups of microorganisms and, therefore,are the easiest to study.

Techniques for assaying the influenceof soil on germination of fungal propa-gules have been reviewed recently (160).To study the effect of nutritional factors onsoil fungi stasis, nutrients are usually

2

added to soil directly, or to agar discsplaced on soil or above soil (soil emana-tion), or, less frequently, added to- soilextracts. Since inhibition of spore germi-nation of most fungi in soil is complete,enhancement of fungistasis by nutrients isdifficult to detect unless insensitive fungiare used, or soils are made less fungistaticto provide partial germination of the testfungi. This, apparently, is one of thereasons why only very few examples offungistasis enhancement by nutrients havebeen reported (Table 2). Mechanisms con-cerning annulment of soil fungistasis bynutrients have been reviewed recently byLockwood (160).

B. Soil Actinostasis (Table 3)

Very few research works concerninginhibition of actinomycetes in soil havebeen reported even though it was noted asearly as 1940 by Katznelson (127) that acti-nomycetes introduced into soil did notincrease in number. For studying the effectof nutritional factors on actinostasis,nutrients were added to soil directly or toagar discs placed on soil. Percentage ofspore germination (159) or number ofpropagules (127) in soil, or colony size (30)in agar discs was measured afterincuba tion.

C. Soil Bacteriostasis (Table 4)

In 1909, Russell and Hutchinson (220)reported that the number of bacteria pergram of soil remained fairly constant innatural soil, whereas, in partially sterilizedsoil, bacteria multiplied rapidly. Thisphenomenon was subsequently shown byHutchinson and Theysen (108) in 1918 tobe due to lack of nutrients ~ather than thepresence of bacteriotoxins in soil. Sincethen, little research has been done on soilbacteriostasis until the report by Brown(30) in 1973 when the interes\ on this

subject was revived. The effects of nutri-tional factors on soil bacteriostasis havebeen studied by adding nutrients to soil, toagar discs placed on soil, or to soil extractand measuring the number of propagulesin soil (220) or soil extract (108), or thecolony size in agar discs (30).

III. COMPARISON OF MICROBIO-STASIS INDUCED BY CHEMICALSAND NATURAL SOIL

Significant discoveries of the effects ofnutritional factors on microbiostasisinduced by chemicals incl ude the follow-ing: 1) Reversal of bacteriostasis action ofsulfanilamide against certain bacteria byp-aminobenzoic acid (295); 2) protectionof fungi against polyene antibiotics bysterols (78); 3) detoxification of antimi-crobial agents by the sulfur-containingamino acid, cysteine (53); 4) reversal ofactivity of antimicrobial compounds bymetals (307); 5) degradation of antibioticsby enzymes (203). Considerable numbersof antimicrobial agents were inactivatedby agar (Table 1). This deserves specialattention because agar media havefrequently been used in the assay of inhibi-tory substances. A solidifying agent withminimal effect on activity of antimiCrobialsubstances was found recently by Ho andKo (Phytopathology 70:764-766, 1980).

The following generalizations regardingreversal of soil microbiostasis by nutrientsmay be recognized:

1. Different species or different clones ofthe same species may have differentnutrient requirements for annulmentof soil microbiostasis.

2. Soil microbiostasis of a given micro-organism may be reversed by differentnutritional factors.

3. Mixtures and complex substancescontaining carbon sources in general

I

are very effective in reversing soil,microbiostasis, whereas inorganic

salts are mostly ineffective.4. Effectiveness of a nutritional factor

on soil microbiostasis of a micro-organism may be affected by the assaymethod used.

Although chemical and soil microbio-stasis share some common nutritionalfactors in the reversal of the inhibitoryactivity, the following important differ-ences may'be recognized:

1. Agar is very effective in inactivatingantimicrobial agents, but is usuallyless effective or ineffective in reversingsoil microbiostasis. In fact, agar discshave been used frequently in assayingsoil microbiostasis.

2. Detoxification of antimicrobialagents by sulfur-containing aminoacids, especially cysteine, is a well-known phenomenon in chemicalmicrobiostasis. However, these com-pounds are generally ineffective inannulment of soil microbiostasis.

3. Vitamins and related compounds arecapable of reversing a number of anti-microbial agents, but are mostlyineffective in reversing soil micro-biostasis.

4. Inactivation of antimicrobial agentsby mineral salts is a common phe-nomenon in chemical microbiostasis.However, these compounds are, ingeneral, ineffective in annulment ofsoil microbiostasis. As a matter offact, they are the common constitu-ents of soil.

These differences suggest that soilmicrobiostasis is not due to chemical inhi-bition. Reversal of soil microbiostasis canbe explained as the result of fulfillment ofnutritional requirements for germinationand growth rather than inactivation ofinhibitory substances in soil (133,138).

3

TABLE 1. Effects of Nutritional Factors on Microbiostasis Induced by Chemicals

Nutritional factor Chemical affected Test microorganism Reference

I. Microbiostasis Decreased

Carbohydrates and Related Compounds

4

Glucose

Fructose

Xylose

Mannose

Sucrose

PyridinethioneBa(N03)2NH4C1,NaC1,CaC12,CuC 12,ZnC12,CoC1 2 ,CdC12,HgC1 2,NystatinNystatinEthylene thiuram

disulphide,Nabam,Dinocap,Triphenyltin acetate,6-Azauracil

Ethylene thiuramdisulphide

Pyridinethione


Streptomycin,Griseofulvin,AureomycinAureomycinAureomycin

CaC12,CuC12,ZnC12,CoC12,HgC1 2,NystatinNystatin

\

Collectotrichum phomoidesMonilia sitophilaM. sitophila

Saccharomyces cerevisiaeCandida albicansAlternaria brassicicola

A. brassicicola

Collectotrichum phomoides

Alternaria brassicicola

Pythium ul timum

R.. irregulareStaphylococcus aureus

Monilia sitophila

Saccharomyces cerevisiaeCandida albicans

217145146

25625650

50

217

50

274

274112

146

256256

Czapek's mineral salts Alternaria solani 137Czapek's mineral salts Calonectria crotalariae 137Czapek's mineral salts Helminthosporium maydis 137

Maltose Nystatin Saccharomyces cerevisiae 256Nystatin Candida albicans 256

Lactose Pyridinethione Colletotrichum phomoides 217Nystatin Saccharomyces cerevisiae 256Nystatin Candida albicans 256KCl. Monilia sitophila 146NaClZnC12.CdC12

Trehalose. Ethylene thiuram Alternaria brassicicola 50Gentiobiose disulphide

Starch Aureomycin Staphylococcus~ 112NaCl. Monilia sitophila 146CaC12.FeC13.CoC12.CdC12.

Dextrin Aureomycin Staphylococcus aureus 112

Pectin. Aureomycin Colpoda cucullus 158Chondroitin,Gum,Pneumococcal poly-

saccharides

Heparin, Aureomycin, C. cuctillus 158Alginic acid Dihydrostreptomycin,

Chlo"romycetinTerramycin

Agar Polymyxin, Staphylococcus aureus 93Neomycin,Kanamycin,StreptomycinStreptomycin, S. aureus 112Aureomycin,

5

6

Glycerol

Thioglycerol

Thioglycolate

Chloromycetin,PenicillinNystatinNystatin8 Phenolic compoundsPhenolLaurylamine11 Fatty amines5-Diazouracil,1-Methyl-3-nitro-1-

nitrosoguanidineCetavlonCeeprynZephiran,Phemerol,CetamiumMethylaminoacridineProflavineOctyl alcohol,Diamyl sodium sulfo-

succinate,Dibutyl sodium sulfo-

succinate,Sodium stearate,Potassium stearateSodium ricinoleate,Glycerol monooleate,Sodium oleyl sulphate,Sodium oleate,LecithinCuS04CuS04CuS04Dithane M-45,Mertect,ZnC12'ZnS04A1C13,FeS04,Na2HAs04,NaC1,KC1,

LaurylaminePhenol

Captan

Clavacin,Penicillic acidHgC1 2 ,Allyl-2-propene-1-

thiosulfinate

Candida albicansSaccharomyces cerevisiaeStaphylococcus aureus11 Bacteria9 BacteriaStaphylococcus~Escherichia coli

Staphylococcus aureusS. aureus- ---S. aureus

S. aureusS. aureus- ---Mycobacterium tuberculosis

M. tuberculosisR. phlei

Alternaria solaniCalonectria~alariaeHelminthosporium maydisAlternaria solani

15 Bacteria16 Bacteria

Saccharomyces pastorianus

5 Bacteria

Salmonella paratyphi

25625622281819283

204204, 210210

16, 17177

7

137137137137

8181

166

71

14

Quinaldic acid

Digitonin

N-acetylgluco-samine

Citrate

Acetate

Tartrate

Oxalate

Malic acid

Pyruvic acid,2-Ketoglutaric acid,2-Ketobutyric acid,Dimethyl pyruvic acid

Tetramethylene diiso-cyanate,

NabamArsphenamide,Neoarsphenamide,Silver arsphenamide,Arsenoxide,Bismuth,HgC1 2,

OxineOxine

Nystatin,Amphotericin B

Bacillin

CopperBordeaux mixtureOxamycin,Morin,PatulinUsnic acidJuglone

Propionate

OxamycinMorin,PatulinJugloneCopper

ActidioneJugloneOxamycin,Morin,PatulinUsnic acid

Copper

Sodium dimethyl-dithiocarbamate

Penicillium italicum,Aspergillus niger

Spirocheta pallida

Stemphylium sarcinaeformeS. sarcinaeforme,Monilinia, fructicola

Candida albicans

4 Bacteria

Mycobacterium phlei4 Fungi .Bacillus subtilis

B. subtilisB. subtilis

Streptococcus faecalis

B. subtilis

B. subtilisAlternaria alternata

Saccharomyces cerevisiaeBacillus subtilisB. subtilis

B. subtilis

Alternaria alternata

Penicllium italicum

123

53

308309

72

279

208174288

29258

98

288

25822

258258288

29

22

124

Proteins and Related Compounds

Asparagine AscochitineCopper

Cochliobolus miyabeanusAlternaria alternata

19822

7

8

Streptomycin, Pythium ultimum 274Griseofulvin,Actidione,AureomycinAureomycin P. irregulare 274

Aspartic acid Furacin Escherichia coli 82

Glutamine Ascochitine Cochliobolus miyabeanus 198

Glutamic acid Phenyl pantothenone Saccharomyces cerevisiae 297Copper Mycobacterium phlei 208Aureomycin, Escherichia coli 66Terramycin,DihydrostreptomycinEthylene thiuram Alternaria brassicicola 50

disulphide

Alanine Cycloserine Bacillus subtilis 67, 11Cycloserine Pediococcus cerevisiae 310Cycloserine Causal organisms of 189

psitacosis, pneumonitis,meningopneumonitis,felinepneumonitis

Cycloserine Staphylococcus aureus 26Cycloserine Streptococcus fecalis 240Cycloserine Mycobacterium acapulons.is 188Cycloserine Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 111

Escheri'chia coliAscochitine 'Cochliobolus miyabeanus 198

Arginine Canavanine Lactobacillus casei,L. arabinosus,~. delbruecki;l. 277

Furacin Escherichia coli 82Dihydrostreptomycin, E. coli 66TerramycinAscochitirie Cochliobolus miyabeanus 198L-Canavine Neurospora sp. 107

Glycine Aureomycin 11 Bacteria 66Terramycin Escherichia coli 66Sulfonamide E. coli 139Copper Alternaria alternata 22

Phenylalanine Furacin Escherichia coli 82Chloromycetin, E. coli 66DihydrostreptomycinHalogenate phenyla- Neurospora sp. 186

lanine

Proline Hydroxyproline Trichophyton sp. 218

\

Serine Sulfonamide Escherichia coli 139

Leucine Penicillin G, E. coli 66Terramycin

Isoleucine Furacin E. coli 82

Lysine Furacin E. coli 82- --Arginine Neurospora sp. 49

Valine Penicillin G. Escherichia coli 66

Tyrosine Penicillin G, Escherichia coli 66Chlorom'ycetin

Tryptophane Penicillin G E. coli 66Oxine Aspergillus niger 309

Threonine Borrelidin, Bacillus subtilis 205

Methionine 2-Chloro-4-benzoic Escherichia coli 280acid

Terramycin E. coli 66Selenate Chlorella vulgaris 241Selenium Aspergillus niger 289Sulfonamide Escherichia coli 139, 259Sulfan:Uamide, E. coli 94Sulfapyridine,Sulfadiazine,Sulfathiazole

Cystine Selenium Aspergillus niger 289

Cysteine Clavacin, 5 Bacteria 71Penicillic acidCobalt Proteus vulgaris 228HgC1 2, Salmonella paratyphi 14Allyl-2-propene-1-

thiosulfinatePhenylmercuric nitrate Escherich:f,a coli 262

Staphylococcus~,Eberthella typhosa

Tetramethylene diiso- Penicillium 'italicum, 123cyanate, Aspergillus niger

Nab amFerbam Neurospora sitophila 283Selenium Aspergillus niger 289Captan Saccharomyces pastorian,us 166Arsphenamide, Spirocheta pallida 53Neoasphenamide,Silver arsphenamide,Arsenoxide,Bismuth,

9

10

Homocysteine

Glycylcysteine,N-acetylcysteine

Histidine

8 Imidazole deri-vatives

Glutathione

D-Alanyl-D-alanine

HgC1 2Filipin


DifolatanOxine

Phenylmercuric nitrate

SeleniumCap tan

HgCI 2 ,Allyl-2-propene-l-

thiosulfinate

Phenyl pantothenoneCobaltOxine

OxinePenicillin GThiram

Sodium dimethyldithio-carbamate

Sodium dimethyldithio-carbamate

Phenylmercuric nitrate

FerbamSeleniumCaptanArsphenamide,Neoarsphenamide,Silver arsphenamide,Arsenoxide,Bismuth,HgC1 2Filipin

Difolatan

Cycloserine

Saccharomyces cerevisiae,Aspergillus flavus,Zygorhynchus moelleriAlternaria brassicicola

Saccharomyces pastorianusAspergillus nigerBotryoshaeria ribis

Escherichia coli,Staphylococcus aureus,Eberthella typhosaAspergillus nigerSaccharomyces pastorianus

Salmonella paratyphi

Saccharomyces cerevisiaeProteus vulgarisAspergillus niger,Botryosphaeria ribis!=. nigerEscherichia coliAspergillus niger

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Escherichia coli,Staphylococcus-aureus,Eberthella typhosaNeuropsora sitophilaAspergillus nigerSaccharomyces pastorianusSpirocheta pallida

Saccharomyces cerevisiaeZygorhynchus moelleri,Aspergillus flavusSaccharomyces pastorianus

Bacillus subtilis

79

50

164308, 309

262

289166

14

297228308

30966122

73

124

262

28328916653

79

164

67

Hadacidin

Urethan

Dithizone

Thiosulfate

Peptone

Tryptone

Polyamines

Spermine,Spermidine

Protein

Gelatin

Lipoprotein

6-Azauracil

SulfanilamideSulfanilamide

Sulfanilamide

Oxine

Clavacin,Penicillic acid

AtabrinePenicillin,Streptomycin,Aureomycin,Chloromycetin,Terramycin,BacillinSulfonamideSulfathiazolesSulfanilamideA1(N03~3,

Fe(N03)3CaC12,FeC13,CuC1 2,ZnC12,CoC12,CdC12,HgC1 2Diamidines

AscochitineSulfathiazole

Sulfonamide

Atabrine

AtabrinePropamidine,Quinine

Cephalothin,Cephaloridine,Cefazolin

CuS04

BoromycinEnniatin (D, S),

Escherichia coli

Luminous bacteriaVibrio phosphorescen,Photobacterium phosphoreumStreptococcushemolyticus,Escherichia coli

Stemphylium sarcinaeforme

5 Bacteria

Escherichia coliE. coli

E. coliSal~lla enteritidisStreptococciMonilia sitophila

M. sitophila

Staphylococcus aureus,Balantidium coliCochliobolus~abeanusStaphylococcus aureus

·Escherichia coli

E. coli

E. coli

E. coliE. coli

Sarcina lutea

Alternaria solani

Bacillus subtilisB. subtilis

239

117118

180

308

71

24565

139, 167190161145

146

21

197237

167

245

184, 245184

281

137

199198

II

Albumin

Casein

Enzyme

Nanactin,Polymyxin B,Valinomycin,Cetyl-trimethylammo-

nium bromide

Penicillins eX, G, K,Dihydro F)

SulfonamideNystatinCopper dimethyldithio-

carbamate 0Sulfaethylthiadiazole,Sulfisoxazole,Sulfamethoxypyridazine,SulfadiazineSulfonamide

CefuzolinPenicillinPenicillinChloromycetin

ChloromycetinGentamicinsGentamicinKanamycinKanamycinStreptomycinDihydrostreptomycinNeamineNeamineButirosin A,RibostamycinLividomyc-in AParomamineNeomycin,Hybrimycin,NebramycinColistinThiram,Copper, dimethyldithio-

carbamate

Streptococcus hemolyticus

Escherichia coliSaccharomyces-cerevisiaeGlomerella cingulata

Escherichia coli

EO. coli- --Staphylococcus~S. aureusEsche'ti'Chia coliProteus vulg~,Bacillus subtilisEscherichia coliStaphylococcus aureusEscherichia coliBacillus subtiIisEscherichia coliE. coli, --E. coliE. coliBac~s subtilis~. subtilis

~. subtilisEscherichia coliE. coli

E. coliGlo~lla cingulata

264

42147263

9

167

641, 153203

-246

1953118304, 30518, 195, 19619619518305305

14119618

110263

Nucleic Acids and Related Compounds

12

Purine

Adenine

SulfanilamideSulfonamide

Sulfanilamide,Sulfadiazine,Sl,l1fapyridine,Sulfathiazole

Lactobacillus arabinosusEscherichia coli


250139

175

Guanine

Xanthine

Hypoxanthine

Uracil

Adenosine

Guanosine

Xanthosine

Inosine

Cytidine

Nucleic acid

Nicotinamide-ribose nucleo-tide

Lumichrome

Coenzyme A

Coenzyme I

BenzimidazoleCycloheximide5-Amino-7-hydroxy-

triazolo pyrimidine

Benzim,idazole2-Heptadecyl-2-imi-

dazoline

Cycloheximide5-Amino-7-Hydroxy-

triazolo pyrimidine

2-Heptadecyl-2-imi-dazoline

Cycloheximide5-Amino-7-hydroxy-

triazolo pyrimidine

Aza-adenine

CycloheximideAureomycin

Nystatin

Amphotericin BAureomycin

2-Heptadecyl-2-imidazoline

Aureomycin

Adenosime

Aureomycin,Dihydrostreptomycin,Chloromycetin,TerramycinDiamidines

Stilbamidine

Sulfapyridine

Aureomycin

Captan

Sulfapyridine

Saccharomyces cerevisiaeFornes annosus~stomamultiannulata,Lentinus amphalodes

Saccharomyces cerevisiaeSclerotinia frutcticola

Fomes annosus~stoma multiannulata

Sclerotinia fruticola

Fomes annosus

Ophiostoma multiannulata

Lactobacillus brevis,L. arabinosus

Fomes annosus~richia coli

Candida albicans

C. albicansEscherichia coli

Sclerotinia fructicola

11 Bacteria

Neurospora sp.

Colpoda cucullus

Staphylococcus aureusBalantidium coliLeishmania don6Vani,Trichomonas vaginalis

Lactobacillus arabinosus

11 Bacteria

Saccharomyces pastorianus


2988868

298292

8868

292

88

68

301

88

72

7266

292

66

163

158

21

21

261

66

166

261

13

Lipids and Related Compounds

Palmitic acid, NystatinStearic acid

Oleic acid NystatinNystatinAmphotericin BAscosin,Fradicin,Prodigiosin,FungicidinCerulenin

Linoleic acid NystatinNystatinAmphotericin BAscosin

Linolenic acid Ascosin

Pentadecanoic acid Cerulenin

Aliphatic acids Penicillin


S. cerevisiaeCandida albicansC. albicansSaccharomyces cerevisiae

S. cerevisiae

S. cereVl.Sl.aeCandida albicansC. albicansSaccharomyces cerevisiae

S. cerevisiae

S. cerevisiae

Micrococcus pyogenes var.aureus,

Streptomyces faecalis

253

253727297

193

253727297

97

193

15

14

Tween 80

Sterols

Cholesterol

Ascosin,Fradicin,Prodigiosin,FungicidinBoromycin

Filipin

Fungichromin,Amphotericin B,Trichomycin,Rimocidin,Candicidin CA, B),Ascosin,Nystatin

FilipinFilipinFilipinFungichromin,Sodium laurylsulfonateNystatinNystatin,Amphotericin BAntimycoin


Bacillus subtilis

Hansenula subpelliculosa,Penicillium oxalicumP. oxalicum

31 FungiHansenula subpelliculosaSaccharomyces cerevisiaeS. cerevisiae

§.. cereVl.Sl.aeCandida albicans

Aspergillus niger,Saccharomyces cerevisiae

97

199

78

78

797814879

14872

148

Sitosterol

Ergosterol

Stigmasterol

Lichesterol

Lanosterol,Ergosterone

Lecithin,Phytol

Thiotic acid

Filipin

An timyco inFungichromin,Amphotericin B,Trichomycin,Rimocidin,Candicidin (A, B),Ascosin,Nystatin

FilipinFilipinAntimycoinAmphotericin B,NystatinCerulenin

FilipinAntimycoin

Filipin,Nystatin,Amphotericin B

Filipin

Boromycin

Propionate

Penicillium oxalicum,Hansenula subpelliculosaAspergillus nigerPenicillium oxalicum

Hansenula subpelliculosaNeurospora crassaAspergillus. nigerNeurospora crassa

'Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Hansenula subpelliculosaAspergillus niger

Neuospora~

Hansenula subpelliculosa

Bacillus subtilis

Streptococcus· faecalis

78, 79

14879

78120148120

193

78148

120

78

199

99

Vitamins and Related Compounds

Vitamin A.(Retinol)

Vitamin B1(Thiamine)

Cocarboxylase(Diphosphothiamine)

Nystatin,Amphotericin B

FuracinAureomycin,ChloromycetinPyrithiamine

Pyrithiamine,2-Methyl-6-amino-

pyrimidine,2-Methyl-5-ethoxy-

methyl-6-amino-pyrimidine

Candida albicans


Phycomyces blakesleeanus,Ustilago violacea

Penicillium digitatum

72

8266

174

224

15

16

Vitamin B2(Riboflavin)

Vitamin B3(Nicotinamide)

Niacin(Nicotinic acid)

Vitamin B5(Pantothenic acid)

Vitamin B6(Pyridoxine)

Pyridoxamine

Vitamin B12(Cyanocobalamine)

Vitamin BX(p-Aminobenzoic

acid)

Aureomycin2, 6-Dichlororibo-

flavin

FuracinSulfapyridinePyridine-3-sulfonamide

Sulfapyridine

PropionateFuracinAureomycinTaurinePantoyltaurine

FuracinAureomycin

Aureomycin

1, 2-D1chloro-4, 5-diaminobenzene

Sulfanilamide

SulfanilamideSulfanilamideSulfanilamideSulfanilamideSulfanilamideSulfanilamideSulfanilamide

SulfanilamideSulfanilamideSulfanilamideSulfanilamideSulfanilamideSulfanilamideSulfanilamideSulfanilamideSulfapyridineSulfapyridineSulfapyridineSulfapyridineSulfapyridineSulfapyridine

11 BacteriaEremothecium ashbyi

Escherichia coliLactobacillu~abinosusStaphylococcus~


Streptococcus faecal isEscherichia coliE. coliLactObacillus arabinosusStreptococcus ileliiOTy:tICiis,Diplococcus pneumoniae,Clostridium diphtheriae


E. coli

Ophiostoma multiannulata

Escherichia coli

Streptococcus hemolyticus~. pyrogenesStaphylococcus aureusStreptobacteriu~tarumLactobacillus arabinosusPneumococcus sp.Vibrio phosphorescen,Photobacterium phosphoreumLuminous bacteriaClostridium acetobutylicum7 BacteriaMycobacterium tuberculosisPlasmodium gallinaceumNeurospora~Saccharomyces cerevisiaeTrichophyton purpureumEscherichia coliMycobacterium-tUberculosisLactobacillus arabinosusPneumococcus sp.Saccharomyces cerevisiaeNitzschia palea var.debilis

66174

82261180

261

988266249180

8266

66

300

63, 162, 180,202, 259162, 180238151187250238118

1172203036316957, 2601494563, 128, 25963261179149293

Vitamin H(Biotin)

Desthiobiotin,Heterothiobiotin

Oxybiotin

Vitamin K(Menadione)

Vitamin M(Folic acid)

Choline

SulfadiazineSulfadiazineSulfadiazineSulfathiazoleSulfathiazoleSulfathiazoleSulfathiazoleSulfathiazoleSulfathiazoleSulfathiazole

SulfaguanidineSulfaguanidineSulfaguanidineSulfonamideSulfonamideSulfonamideSulfonamide

P-NitrobenzoateAureomycinCycloheximide

AureomycinAcidomycin

DesthiobiotinDesthiobiotin sulfoneOxybiotin sulfone

Desthiobiotin sulfone

Oxybitotin sulfone

2, 3-Dichloro-1, 4-Naphthoquinone

Aureomycin

Phosphoxylcholine,Betaine,Arsenocholine,Triethylcholine,Dimethylethylhydroxy-

ethyl-ammoniumhydroxide

Escherichia coliMycobacterium tuberculosisStaphylococcus~Escherichia coliStaphylococc~ureusMycobacterium t~losisSalmonella enteritidis7 BacteriaSaccharomyces cerevisiaeNitzschia palea var.

debilisEscherichia coliStaphylococcus-aureusSaccharomyces cerevisiaePseudomonas pyocyaneaAcetobacter suboxydansAspergillus ruberStreptobacterium plantarumNitzschia palea var.

debilis ---StreptOCoccus viridansEscherichia coliFomes annosu-s--

Escherichia coliMycobacteri~berculosis

var. aviumSordari~icolaSaccharomyces cerevisiaeS. cerevisiae

S. cerevisiae

S. cerevisiae

S. cerevisiae

Escherichia coli

Neurospora sp.

636315163, 128128, 15163190303149293

25915114927015025111293

1836688

6689

15552 -103

52

103

299

66

106

17

Mn*

Cu*

Co-t+

AureomycinAureomycinTerramycinTerramycinTetracyclinePolymyxinVancomycinMitomycin D

D-SerineAtabrineOxineCitrate

AureomycinAureomycin,Terramycin

TerramycinTetracycline,Gentamicin,CarbenicillinPolymyxin BStrep tOinycinDihydrostreptomycin,Neomycin,Carbomycin,Bacitracin,OleandomycinNovobiocinNystatinNocardicin A

AtabrineAtabrine12-Methyltridecanoic

acidCopper

OxamycinThujaplicin5-Phenyl oxine,5-Amyl oxineOxineCopper oxinate

Oxine

OxineOxineOxine2-picolinic hydrazide

Bacillus subtilisEscherichia coliBacillus subtiJl:isPseudomonas aeruginosaBacillus subtilisPseudomonas aeruginosaP. fluorescensP. fluorescens,Flavobacterium sp.Flavobacterium sp.Escherichia coliMicrococcus pyogenesLactic acid bacteria

Escherichia coliMicrococcus pyogenes var.

aureus

P.seudomonas aeruginosaP. aeruginosa

P. aeruginosaKlebsiella pneumoniaeMicrococcus pyogenes var.

aureus

Gram negative bacteriaSaccharomyces cerevisiaePseudomonas aeruginosa,P. mirabilisMicrococcus lysodeikticusEscherichia coliFusarium roseum

Alternaria alternata

Pseudomonas fluorescensSaccharomyces cerevisiaeAspergillus niger

A. nigerA. niger

Bacillus subtilis,Micrococcus lysodeckticusGram-positive bacteriaAspergillus nigerMicrococcus pyogenesMycobacterium tuberculosis

2842252842852841915151

5124470168

223209

20941

41, 20948209

287253140

34244152

22

28821133

27623, 276

60

61717059

19

Zn++- Oxine Gram negative bacteria 6Oxine Pythium ultimum 176Oxine Ceratocystis ulmi, 307

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.lycopersici

Ba++- Atabrine Escherichia coli 244Streptomycin Klebsiella pneumoniae 48Novobiocin Gram negative bacteria 287

Ni++- Copper oxinate Curvularia lunata 23

Sr++- Novobiocin Gram negative bacteria 287

Rb++- Nystatin Saccharomyces cerevisiae 172

K+ Boromycin Bacillus subtilis 199Copper Alternaria alternata 22

Na+, . Copper A. alternata 22H+

S04-- Selenium Chlorella vulgaris 241Selenium Aspergillus niger 289

P04--- Oxamycin, Bacillus subtilis 288Morin,PatulinUsnic acid B. subtilis 29Nystatin Candida stellatoidea 27

Mn04- Oxamycin, Bacillus subtilis 288Morin,PatulinTerramycin Pseudomonas aeruginosa 285

Miscellaneous Compounds

EDTA Oxamycin, Bacillus subtilis 288Morin,PatulinNovobiocin Gram negative bacteria 287Oxine Aspergillus niger 33, 309Sodium dimethyldithio- Saccharomyces cerevisiae 73

carbamateCopper Alternaria alternata 22

Dithizone Oxine Aspergillus niger 309Stemphylium sarcinaeforme,Monilinia fructicola

Oxine Copper oxinate Curvularia lunata 23

20

Hemin Isoniazid,Salicylidene,Benzylidene hydrazone,p-Aminosalicylic acid

hydrazide,Picolinic acid hydra-

zide,Glycine hydrazide

Mycobacterium tuberculosisvar. hominis

62

Mixture and Complex Substances

Casamino acids(casein hydrolysate)

Yeast extract(Basamine)

Blood

Chloromycetin,TerramycinStreptomycin,Aureomycin,Bacillin,PenicillinPenicillin GNocardicin A

QuinacrineSulfathiazoleOxineOxineSelenium

Aureomycin

AureomycinStreptomycinStreptomycin

DihydrostreptomycinChloromycetin,TerramycinBacillin,PenicillinPenicillin GGriseofulvin,ActidioneAscochitineAscosinNocardicin A

AtabrineSulfanilamide

Diamidine

Sulfanilamide

Escherichia coli

E. coli

E. coliPse~onas aeruginosa,P. mirabilisEscherichia coliSalmonella enteritidisBotryospheria ribisAspergillus nigerA. nigerPythium ultimumR.. rostratum,R.. irregulareEscherichia coliE. coliPytw:;m; ultimumP. rostratumEscherichia coliE. coli

E. coli

E. coliPytw:;m; ultimum,P. rostratumCochliobolus miyabeanusSaccharomyces cerevisiaePseudomonas aeruginosa,P. mirabilisEscherichia coliE. coli, ----Strept;coccus hemolyticusStapbylococcus aureus,Balantidium coliStreptococcus sp.

65, 66

65

66140

214190308308, 309289

274

65, 6665274

6665, 66

65

66274

19797140

245162

21

69

21

22

Serum

Plasma

Bile salts

Milk

Urine

Vitamin mixture

Purine + Pyrimidine

Animal tissues andextracts

Oxacillin,Nafcillin,Ancillin,Methicillin,Cephalothin,Novobiocin,Penicillin (G, V)Penicillin (X, G, K,

dihydro F)Penicillin (G, V),Phenethicillin,Propicillin,CloxacillinHQ-RifamycinsNystatinPhenol,Cetyl-trimethyl-

. ammonium bromide,Hexylresorcinol,Cetylpyridinium chlorideMerthiolate,Castor oilSulfapyridine

NystatinSulfaethylthiadiazole,Sulfaisoxazole,Sulfamethoxypyri-

dazine,Sulfadiazine

Ristocetin,VancomycinPolymyxinAmphotericin B,Nystatin,Chlorquinaldol,Gentian violet

Cetyl-trimethyl-ammonium bromide

Sulfanilamide

Penicillin G,Chlorornycetin

Penicillin G,Aureomycin,Chloromycetin,Dihydrostreptomycin

Penicillin,Streptomycin,Aureomycin,

Staphylococcus sp.


Staphylococcus~

S. aureus·Can"did"aalbicansStaphylococcus aureus

Escherichia coli

Pneumococcus sp.

Candida albicansEscherichia coli

Staphylococcus aureus,Streptococcus faecalis6 BacteriaCandida albicans

Staphylococcus aureus

Streptococcus sp.

Escherichia coli

E. coli

E. coli

144

264

219

10256104

54

25

2569

230

230229

104

69

66

66

65

Plant tissues andextracts

Chloromycetin,Terramycin,BacillinAscosinSulfonamideSulfapyridineDiamidine

MitomycinThiramCopperCopper

CopperCopper oxychlorideCopper dimethyldithio-

carbamate

Saccharomy~es cereV1S1aeEscherichia coliLactobacillus arabinosusStaphylococcus ~,Balantidium coli

Bacillus subtilisGlomerella cingulataAlternaria alternataNectria galligenaGloeosporium perennansSclerotinia fructicolaMacrosporium sarcinaeformeGlomerella cingulata

97139, 16726121

80215, 216, 26322, 102102

17896263

23

II. Microbiostasis Increased

24

N-Acetylgalactosa-mine,

Methionine

Cholesterol

Aliphatic acid

EDTA

Sodium caseinate

Serum

Bile salts

Cu ++

Co++

Zn++

Bi+++-

Plant exudates


Filipin

Streptomycin

5-Phenyl oxine,5-Amyl oxine

Selenium

Iodine

Penicillin,NeomycinNeomycin

OxineOxine sulphate,Pyridine-N-oxide-2~

thiolSodium dimethyldithio-

carbamateIsoniazidJuglone

ChloromycetinStreptomycin,Penicillin,BacitracinAspergillic acidJugloneCap tan

Cap tanSodium dimethyldithio-

carbamateJuglone

Juglone

Aspergillic acid

Zineb

Alternaria brassicicola

Mycoplasma laidlawii

Micrococcus pyogenese var.aureus,

St~occus faecalis

Aspergillus niger

A. niger



Streptococcus faecalis

Aspergillus nigerA. niger


Mycobacterium tuberculosisBacillus subtilis

B. subtilisMicrococcus pyogenes

Mycobacterium tuberculosisBacillus subtilisSaccharomyces pastoriuanus

S. pastorianusS. cerevisiae

Bacillus subtilis

B. subtilis


Aspergillus niger

50

282

15

33

289

104

230

230

8, 33125

74

206258

267267

75258165

16574

258

258

76

142

TABLE 2. Effects of Nutritional Factors on Soil Fungistasis

MaterialNutritional amended with Type of

factor nutrients Test microorganism propagule Reference

I. FUNGISTASIS DECREASED


Glucose Soil Mucor ramannianus Sporangiosponis' 86,87Soil M. silvaticus Sporangiospores 202Soil Phytophthora cinnamomi Chlamydospores 185Soil R. parasi tica Mycelia 268Soil Pythium aphanidermatum Oospores 254Soil P. ultimum Sporangia 5,255Soil Penicilli.um freguentans Conidia 46,47Agar disc P. citrinum Conidia 115Soil Aspergillus fumigarus Conidia 290Soil Fusarium solani Chlamydospores 84Soil F. solani Conidia 87Soil F. solani f. sp. phaseoli Chlamydospores 40,233,234Soil E.. oxysporum Chlamydospores 265Soil E.. oxysporum Conidia 87Soil extract E.. oxysporum!.:.. ~_ cubense Conidia 257Agar disc Trichoderma koningii Conidia 235Agar disc T. viride Conidia 55Agar disc Thielaviopsis basicola Endoconidia 28Agar disc Pestalotia macrotricha Conidia 235Soil Glomerella cingulata Conidia 138Soil Neurospora tetrasperma Conidia 132Soil Helminthosporium victoriae Conidia 132Soil Verticillium albo-atrum Microsclerotia 56Soil Macrophomina phaseolina Sclerotia 13Soil Ustilago hordei Chlamydospores 291

Fructose Soil Pythium ultimum Sporangia 5Agar disc Penicillium citrinum Conidia 115Soil Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia 290Soil Verticillium albo-atrum Microsclerotia 56Soil Macrophomina phaseolina Sclerotia 13Agar disc Trichoderma koningii Conidia 235Agar disc Pestalotia macrotricha Conidia 235

Galactose Agar disc Penicillium citrinum Conidia 115Soil Cochliobolus sativus Conidia 36Soil Verticillium albo-atrum Microsclerotia 56Soil Macrophomina phaseolina Sclerotia 13

25

26

Arabinose Soil Pythium ultimum Sporangia 5Agar disc Penicillium citrinum Conidia USSoil Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia 290Soil Verticillium albo-atrum Microsclerotia 56-----Soil Macrophomina phaseolina Sclerotia 13Agar disc Trichoderma koningii Conidia 235

Xylose Agar disc Penicillium citrinum Conidia USSoil Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia 290Agar disc Trichoderma viride Conidia 55Agar disc T. koningii Conidia 235

Mannose Agar disc Penicillium citrinum Conidia USAgar disc Trichoderma viride Conidia 55Soil Verticillium albo-atrum Microsclerotia 56-----

Sorbose Agar disc Trichoderma viride Conidia 55Agar disc T. koningii Conidia 235

Ribose Soil Macrophomina phaseolina Sclerotia 13

Sucrose Soil Pythium irregulare Sporangia 274Soil P. ultimum Sporangia 5Soil Fusarium solani f. sp. Chlamydospores 40, 233, 234

phaseo~Agar disc Penicillium citrinum Conidia USSoil Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia 290Soil Verticillium albo-atrum Microsclerotia 56Soil Macrophomina phaseolina Sclerotia 13Soil Ustilago hordei Chlamydospores 291

Maltose Soil Pythium ultimum Sporangia 5Soil Fusarium solani f. sp Chlamydospores 233, 234

phase~Agar disc Penicillium citrinum Conidia USSoil Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia 290Agar disc Trichoderma viride Conidia 55Agar disc T. koningii Conidia 235Soil Macrophomina phaseolina Sclerotia 13

Lactose Agar disc Penicillium citrinum Conidia USSoil Verticillium albo-atrum Microsclerotia 56Agar disc Trichoderma koningU- Conidia 235

Cellobiose Soil Pythium ultimum Sporangia 5Soil Verticillium albo-atrum Microsclerotia 56-----

Raffinose Agar disc Penicillium citrinum Conidia 115Soil Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia 290Soil Cochliobolus sativus Conidia 36

Rhamnose Soil Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia 290

Sorbitol

Dulcin

Mannitol

Succinic acid

Citric acid

Malonic acid,Tartaric acid,Oxalic acid,Ethanol

Acetaldehyde,Methanol,Isovaleraldehyde

Shikimic acid,Quinic acid,Malic acid

Vanillic acid,Coumalic acid,Cinnamic acid,Ferulic acid,Phlorizin,p-Oxybenzoic acid,Quercetin,Quercitrin

Soil Pythium ultimum Sporangia 5Soil Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia 290

Soil Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia 290

Soil Pythium ultimum Sporangia 5Agar disc Glomerella cingulata Conidia 157Agar disc Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Conidia 157

lycopersiciAgar disc Penicillium frequentans Conidia 157

Agar disc Glomerella cingulata Conidia 157Agar disc Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Conidia 157

lycopersiciAgar disc Penicillium frequentans Conidia 157

Soil Penicillium frequentans Conidia 47Soil Macrophomina phaseolina Sclerotia 13

Soil Macrophomina phaseolina Sclerotia 13

Soil Sclerotium rolfsii Sclerotia 156

Soil Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Chlamydospores 90lilii


Chestnut tannin Soil Thielaviopsis basicola Chlamydospores 200Soil T. basicola Endoconidia 200


Asparagine Soil Phytophthora cinnamomi Chlamydospores 185Soil P. parasitica Mycelia 268Soil Pythium aphanidermatum Oospores 254Soil k. irregulare Sporangia 274Soil P. ultimum Sporangia 5Soil Fusarium solani f. sp. Chlamydospores 40, 233,

phaseo~ 234

27

Soil E. oxysporum Chlamydospores 265Soil Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia 290Soil Macrophomina phaseolina Sclerotia l3

Aspartic acid Soil Pythium ultimum Sporangia 5Soil Fusarium solani f. sp. Chlamydospores 233, 234

phaseoliAgar disc F. oxysporum f. sp. Conidia 157

lycopersiciAgar disc Glomerella cingulata Conidia 157Agar disc Penicillium frequentans Conidia 157Agar disc Trichoderma viride Conidia 55Soil Verticillium albo-atrum Microsclerotia 56Soil Macrophomina phaseolina Sclerotia 13

Glutamine Soil Pythium ultimum Sporangia 5Soil Fusarium solani f. sp. Chlamydospores 40, 234

phaseo~Soil Macrophomina phaseolina Sclerotia 13

Glutamic acid Soil Pythium ultimum Sporangia 5Soil Fusarium solani f. sp. Chlamydospores 233, 234

phaseo~Soil extract F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense Conidia 257Agar disc F. oxysp6rum f. sp. Conidia 157

lycopersiciAgar disc Glomerella cingulata Conidia 157Agar disc Penicillium freguentans Conidia 157Agar disc Trichoderma viride Conidia 55Soil Verticillium alpo-atrum Microsclerotia 56Soil Macrophomina phaseolina Sclerotia 13

Alanine Soil Pythium ultimum Sporangia 5Soil Fusarium solani f. sp. Chlamydospores 234

phaseo~Soil Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia 290Agar disc Trichoderma viride Conidia 55Soil Verticillium albo-atrum Microsclerotia 56Soil Macrophomina phaseolina Sclerotia 13

Arginine Soil Pythium ultimum Sporangia 5Soil Fusarium solani f. sp. Chlamydospores 234

phaseo~Soil Verticillium albo-atrum Microsclerotia 56Soil Macrophomina phaseolina Sclerotia 13

Glycine Soil Pythium ultimum Sporangia 5Soil Fusarium solani f. sp. Chlamydospores 40, 234

phaseoliSoil Macrophomina phaseolina Sclerotia 13

Phenylalanine Soil Fusarium solani f. sp. Chlamydospores 40, 234phaseo~

Soil Macrophomina phaseolina Sclerotia 13

28

-

Proline Soil Pythium ultimum Sporangia 5Soil Fusarium solani f. sp. Chlamydospores 234

phaseoliSoil Macrophomina phaseolina Sclerotia 13

Serine Soil Pythium ultimum Sporangia 5Agar disc Trichoderma viride Conidia 55Soil Verticillium albo-atrum Microsclerotia 56Soil Macrophomina phaseolina Sclerotia 13

Leucine, Soil Pythium ultimum Sporangia 5Valine, Soil Macrophomina phaseolina Sclerotia 13Lysine

Histidine Soil Pythium ultimum Sporangia 5Agar disc Trichoderma viride Conidia 55

Threonine Soil Pythium ultimum Sporangia 5

Cysteine Soil Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia 290

Y-Aminobutyric Soil Pythium ultimum Sporangia 5acid

Peptone Agar disc Glomerella cingulata Conidia 157Agar disc Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Conidia 157

lycopersiciAgar disc Penicillium freguentans Conidia 157

Soy bean Soil Thielaviopsis basicola Chlamydospores 200protein Soil T. basicola Endoconidia 200


Linoleic acid, Soil Thielaviopsis basicola Chlamydospores 200Palmitoleic Soil T. basicola Endoconidia 200

acid,Trilinolenin,Trilinolenin,Lecithin

Vitamins

Vitamin C Soil Cochliobolus sativus Conidia 36, 37, 38

Vitamin E Soil Thielaviopsis basicola Chlamydospores 200Soil T. basicola Endoconidia 200

Mineral Salts

(NH4) 2S04 Soil Phytophthora cinnamomi Chlamydospores 185Agar disc Penicillium citrinum Conidia US

29

NH4C1 Agar disc Penicillium citrinum Conidia 115

KOH Soil Neurospora tetrasperma Ascospores 134Soil extract N. tetrasperma Ascospores 135

Ca(OH)2 Soil Neurospora tetrasperma Ascospores 134

Mixtures and Complex Substances

Molasses Soil Cochliobolus sativus Conidia 36, 37, 38

Yeast Soil Pythium irregulare Sporangia 274Extract Soil P. ultimum Sporangia 5

Soil Thielaviopsis basico]a Chlamydospores 200Soil T. basicola Endoconidia 200Soil extract Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Conidia 257

cubenseAgar disc Trichoderma koningii Conidia 235Agar disc Pestalotia macrotricha Conidia 235

Malt extract Agar disc Trichoderma koningii Conidia 235Agar disc Pestalotia macrotricha Conidia 235

Aureomycin + Soil Fusarium solani f. sp. Chlamydospores 2Streptomycin phaseol-i---

Penicillin + Soil Fusarium solani f. sp. Chlamydospores 40Streptomycin phaseoli

Vancomycin + Soil Phytophthora cinnamomi Chlamydospores 185Nystatin

Glucose + Soil Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia 132Vitamin C Soil Penicillium frequentans Conidia 132

Glucose + Soil Neurospora tetrasperma Conidia 134Peptone

Glucose + Soil Fusarium oxysporum Chlamydospores 247Asparagine Soil F. oxysporum f. sp. batatas Chlamydospores 247

Soil F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense Chlamydospores 247Soil F. oxysporum f. sp. Chlamydospores 247

lycopersici

Sucrose + Soil extract Zygorhynchus moelleri Mycelia 272Yeast

extract Soil extract Pythium irregulare Mycelia 272Soil extract P. rostratum Mycelia 272Soil extract R.. sylvaticum Mycelia 272Soil extract P. ultimum Mycelia 271Soil extract Trichoderma hamatum Mycelia 272Soil extract Fusarium oxysporum Mycelia 272Soil extract Penicillium janthinellum Mycelia 272Soil extract Gyrodon merulioides Mycelia 272

30

Soil extract Cortinarius sp. Mycelia 272Soil extract Thanatephorus praticola Mycelia 272, 273Soil extract Cenococcum graniforme Mycelia 272

Sucrose + Soil Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi Chlamydospores 39(NH4)2S04

Glucose + Soil emanation Fusarium solani f. sp. Macroconidia 85NH4C1 phaseoli

Glucose + Soil emanation Aspergillus flavus Conidia 85Alanine +Glutamic acid +Glycine +Proline

Palmitic acid + Soil Thielaviopsis basicola Chlamydospores 201Stearic acid + Soil T. basicola Endoconidia 201Oleic acid +Linoleic acid +Palmitoleic acid

(NH4) S04 +CaH4(P04)2 +K2S04 +Na2S04 +MgS04

Plant organicmatter

Soil

SoilSoilSoilSoilSoilSoilSoilSoilSoilSoilSoilSoilSoilSoilSoilSoilSoilSoilSoilSoil

SoilSoilSoil

Penicillium citrinum

. Mucor silvaticusPythium ultimumFusarium culmorumF. roseumE. solani f. sp. phaseoliAspergillus sp.!. fumigatusArthrobotrys conoides!. arthrobotryoidesCochliobolus sativusCladosporium sp.~. cladosporiodesTrichoderma sp.T. viridePeniCiiIIum notatumR.. roquefortiMonotospora daleaeStachybotrys~Verticillium albo-atrumThielaviopsis basicola

T. basicolaUstilago hordeiU. hordei- ---

Conidia

SporangiosporesSporangiaConidiaConidiaChlamydosporesConidiaConidiaSporesConidiaConidiaConidiaConidiaConidiaConidiaConidiaConidiaConidiaConidiaMicrosclerotiaChlamydospores

EndoconidiaSporesChlamydospores

114

202535202154, 232351385817024, 35, 36352023520235202202352313, 200,248, 2693, 20035291

31

32

Plant extracts Soil Mucor ramanianus Mycelia 109Soil Phytophthora parasitica Chlamydospores 268Soil Fusarium roseum f. sp. Mycelia 109

cereali-s---Soil F. oxysporum Chlamydospores 265Soil extract F. oxysporum f. sp. Conidia 257Soil cubenseSoil F. oxysporum f. sp. Chlamydospores 265

vas infectumSoil F. solani Chlamydospores 265Soil F. solani f. sp. Chlamydospores 265, 266

phaseoliSoil F. solani f. sp. pisi Mycelia 109- ---Soil Cochliobolus sativus Conidia 24, 36Soil C. sativus Mycelia 109Soil Thielaviopsis basicola Chlamydospores 200, 249,

269Soil T. basicola Endoconidia 200Soil T. basicola Mycelia 109Soil Sclerotium rolfsii Sclerotia 156Soil Alternaria alternata Mycelia 109Soil Aspergillus fumigatus Mycelia 109Soil A. terreus Mycelia 109Soil A. ustus Mycelia 109Soil Botrytis cinerea Mycelia 109Soil Curvularia lunata Mycelia 109Soil Glomerella cingulata Mycelia 109Soil Helminthosporium Mycelia 109

victoriaeSoil Myrothecium verrucaria Mycelia 109Soil Neurospora tetrasperma Mycelia 109Soil Penicillium frequentans Mycelia 109Soil P. variabile Mycelia 109Soil Stemphylium sarcinae- Mycelia 109

formeSoil Trichoderma viride Mycelia 109Soil Verticillium albo-atrum Mycelia 109

Plant exudates Soil Pythium aphanidermatum Oospores 254Soil P. aphanidermatum Sporangia 254Soil P. ultimum Sporangia 255Soil Cochliobolus sativus Conidia 38Soil Fusarium solani Conidia 113Soil F. solani--- Chlamydospores 113Soil F. solani f. sp. Chlamydospores 232, 233

phaseoliSoil F. solani s. sp. pisi Chlamydospores 39Soil Verticillium albo-atrum Microsclerotia 231Soil Gliocladium roseum Conidia 113Soil Paecilomyces marguandii Conidia 113

Animal organic Soil Arthrobotrys conoides Spores 58matter and Soil Cochliobolus sativus Conidia 36sercretion Soil Penicillium citrinum Conidia 114

II. FUNGISTASIS INCREASED

Carbohydrates and Realted Compounds

Glucose,Frutose,Galactose,Mannose,Arabinose,Xylose,Sorbose,Naltose,Sucrose,Lactos,e,Raffinose,Inulin,Mannitol,Sorbitol,

Soil Sphacelotheca reiliana Spores 143


Asparagine Soil

llineral salts

CaO SoilSoilSoil

CaC03 Soil

NH4N03 SoilSoil

Cellulose

Chitin,Laminarin

Soil

SoilSoilSoil

Fusarium solani f. sp. Chlamydospores 4phaseo~

Verticillium dahliae Conidia 121V. dahliae Nicrosclerotia 121v. dahliae l1ycelia 121

Phytophthora parasitica Chlamydospores 268

Zygorhynchus vuilleminii Spores 105Penicillium chrys ogenum Conidia 105Trichiderma viride Conidia 105

Sphacelotheca reiliana Spores 143

Phyophthora parasitica Chlamydospores 268Sclerotium rolfsii Sclerotia 12

llixtures and Complex Substances

Amino acids

Plant organicmatter

Animal organicmatter andsecretions

Soil Sphacelotheca reiliana Spores 143

Soil Verticillium albo-atrum Conidia 207Soil dahliae ----- Conidia 121V.Soil V. dahliae llicrosclerotia 121Soil V. dahliae Nycelia 121Soil Arthrobotrys arthrobo- Conidia 170

tryoides

soil Arthrobotrys arthrobo- Conidia 170tryoides

33

III. FUNGISTASIS NOT AFFECTED


Glucose Soil Phytophthora parasitica Chlamydospores 268Agar disc Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Conidia 157

lycopersiciSoil F. decemcellulare Conidia 87Soil R. roseum Conidia 202Soil F. solani Conidia 87Agar disc Glomerella cingulata Conidia 157Agar disc Penicillium frequentans Conidia 157Soil P. frequentans Conidia 87, 152Soil I. roqueforti Conidia 202Soil Arthrobortys conoides Spores 58Soil Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia 132Soil Thielaviopsis basicola Chlamydospores 200Soil T. basicola Endoconidia 200Soil Trichoderma viride Conidia 202Soil Cladosporium cladosporioides Conidia 202Soil Monotospora daleae Conidia 202Soil Cochliobolus sativus Conidia 36

Frutose Soil C. sativus Conidia 36Soil Fusarium solani f. sp. Chlamydospores 234

phaseol-i---Agar disc Trichoderma viride Conidia 55

Arabinose Soil Cochliobolus sativus Conidia 24, 36, 27Agar disc Trichoderma viride Conidia 55Agar disc Pestalotia macrotricha Conidia 235

Xylose Soil Pythium ultimum Sporangia 5Soil Cochliobolus sativus Conidia 36Agar disc Pestalotia macrotricha Conidia 235

Mannose Soil Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia 290Soil Cochliobolus sativus Conidia 36

Sorbose Soil Pythium ultimum Sporangia 5Agar disc Pestalotia macrotricha Conidia 235

Ribose Soil Pythium ultimum Sporangia 5Soil Verticillium albo-atrum Microsclerotia 56-----

Sucrose Soil Cochliobolus sativus Conidia 36Soil Glomerella cingulata Conidia 157Soil Penicillium frequentans Conidia 157Soil Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Conidia 157

lycopersici

Maltose Agar disc Pestalotia macrotricha Conidia 235

34

Lactose Soil Cochliobolus sativus Conidia 36Soil Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia 290Agar disc Trichoderma viride Conidia 55Soil Macrophomina phaseolina Sclerotia 13Agar disc Pestalotia macrotricha Conidia 235

Melibiose Soil Pythium ultimum Sporangia 5Soil Cochliobolus sativus Conidia 36

Raffinose Soil Pythium ultimum Sporangia 5Agar disc Trichoderma vir ide Conidia 55

Rhamnose Soil Pythium ultimum Sporangia 5

Sorbitol Agar disc Glomerella cingulata Conidia 157Agar disc Penicillium frequentans Conidia 157Agar disc Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Conidia 157

lycopersici

Cellulose Soil Sphacelotheca reiliana Spores 143

Starch Soil Pythium ultimum Sporangia 5Soil Cochliobolus sativus Conidia 36Soil Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia 290Soil Sphacelotheca reiliana Spores 143Soil Ustilago hordei Chlamydospores 291

Glycogen, Soil Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia 290Inulin,Arbutin

Dextrin Soil Pythium ultimum Sporangia 5

Agar Soil ·Cochliobolus sativus Conidia 36

Citric acid Soil Pythium ultimum Sporangia 5Soil Cochliobolus sativus Conidia 36Soil Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Chlamydospores 90

lilii

.Malonic acid, Soil Pythium ultimum Sporangia 5Fumaric acid

Lactic acid, Soil Cochliobolus sativus Conidia 36Tartaric acid,Sodium acetate,Sodium pyruvate

Galacturonic acid, Soil Verticillium albo-atrum Microsclerotia 56-----Glyceraldehyde

Isobutyraldehyde Soil Scerotium rolfsii Sclerotia 156

35

Methanol Soil Macrophomina phaseolina Sclerotia 13

Naphthalene, Soil Cochliobolus sativus Conidia 36acetic acid,Indolebutyric

acid,Indoleacetic

acid


Asparagine Soil Cochliobolus sativus Conidia 36Soil Penicillium frequentans Conidia 46, 47Agar disc P. citrinum Conidia 115Soil Thielaviopsis basicola Chlamydospores 200Soil T. basicola Endoconidia 200

Aspartic acid Soil Cochliobolus sativus Conidia 36

Glutamic acid Soil Cochliobolus sativus Conidia 36Soil Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia 290

Alanine Soil Cochliobolus sativus Conidia 36Agar disc Penicillium citrinum Conidia 115Agar disc Trichoderma viride Conidia 55

Arginine Agar disc Trichoderma viride Conidia 55

Glycine Soil Cochliobolus sativus Conidia 36Agar disc Glomerella cingulata Conidia 157Agar disc Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Conidia 157

lycopersiciAgar disc Penicillium frequentans Conidia 157Soil Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia 290

Phenylalanine Agar disc Glomerella cingulata Conidia 157Agar disc Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Conidia 157

lycopersiciAgar disc Penicillium frequentans Conidia 157Agar disc Trichoderma viride Conidia 55

Proline Soil Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia 290Agar disc Trichoderma viride Conidia 55

Serine Soil Fusarium solani f. sp. Chlamydospores 234phaseol-i---


Leucine Soil Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia 290Soil Fusarium solani f. sp. Chlamydospores 234

phaseorr-Agar disc Penicillium citrinum Conidia 115Agar disc Trichoderma viride Conidia 55

36

Isoleucine Soil Fusarium solani f. sp. Ch1amydospores 234phaseo1i

Agar disc Trichoderma viride Conidia 55

Valine Soil Fusarium solani f. sp. Ch1amydospores 234phaseo~

Soil Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia 290Agar disc Trichoderma viride Conidia 55

Lysine Soil Cochliobo1us sativus Conidia 36Soil Fusarium solani f. sp. Ch1amydospores 234

phaseo~Agar disc Trichoderma viride Conidia 55

Histidine Agar disc G10mere11a cingu1ata Conidia 157Agar disc Penicillium frequentans Conidia 157Agar disc Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Conidia 157

1ypcopersiciSoil F. solani f. sp. phaseoli Ch1amydospores 234

Cystine Agar disc G10mere11a cingu1ata Conidia 157Agar disc Penicillium ffequentans Conidia 157Agar disc Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Conidia 157

1ycopersiciSoil Macrophomina phaseo1ina Sclerotia 13

Cysteine Agar disc G10mere11a cingu1ata Conidia 157Agar disc Penicillium frequentans Conidia 157Agar disc Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Conidia 157

1ycopersici

Tyrosine Agar disc G10mere11a cingu1ata Conidia 157Agar disc Penicillium frequentans Conidia 157Agar disc Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Conidia 157

lycopersiciSoil F. solani f. sp. phaseo1i Ch1amydospores 234Soil Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia 290

Threonine Soil Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Ch1amydospores 2341ycopersici

Agar disc Trichoderma viride Conidia 55

Tryptophane Soil Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Ch1amydospores 2341ycopersici

Soil Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia 290Agar disc Trichoderma viride Conidia 55

Methionine Agar disc Trichoderma vir ide Conidia 55Soil Macrophomina phaseo1ina Sclerotia 13Agar disc G10mere11a cingu1ata Conidia 157Agar disc Penicillium frequentans Conidia 157Agar disc Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Conidia 157

1ycopersici

37

Aminobutyricacid,

Aminoadipicacid,

Pipecolic acid

Urea

Peptone

Zein

Casein,Albumin

Soil

SoilSoil

SoilAgar discAgar discAgar disc

Agar disc

SoilSoil

Soil

Fusarium solani f. sp.phaseoli

Pythium ultimumMacrophomina phaseolina

Cochliobolus sativusGlomerella cingulataPenicillium frequentansFusarium oxysporum f. sp.

lycopersiciPenicillium citrinum

Thielaviopsis basicolaT. basicola

Cochliobolus sativus

Chlamydospores

SporangiaSclerotia

ConidiaConidiaConidiaConidia

Conidia

ChlamydosporesEndoconidia

Conidia

234

513

36157157157

115

200200

36


Synthetic leci-thin

Oils

SoilSoil

Soil

Thielaviopsis basicolaT. basicola


ChlamydosporesEndoconidia

Conidia

200200

36

Vitamins and Related Compounds

Vitamin Bx

Vitamin Bl,Vitamin B5,Vitamin B6,Vitamin B12,Vitamin E,Vitamin G,Vitamin H,Niacin

Mineral Salts

CaO

Ca(OH)2

38

Agar discAgar discAgar disc

Soil

Soil

Soil

Soil

SoilSoil

Glomerella cingulataPenicillium frequentansFusarium oxysporum f. sp.

lycopersiciCochliobolus sativus


Gonatobotrys simplex

Fusarium culmorum

Arthrobotrys conoidesNeurospora tetrasperma

ConidiaConidiaConidia

Conidia

Conidia

Conidia

Spores

SporesConidia

157157157

36

36

105

127

58134

HCl

KOH

NaNOz

NaNG3

KNOZ,KZS04'MgS04,KZHP04,(NH4)ZHP04

Soil

Soil

Soil

Soil

SoilSoilSoilSoilSoilSoilSoil

SoilSoilSoilSoil

SoilSoil

Soil


Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.lilii

Neurospora tetrasperma

Pythium ultimum

Mucor silvaticusPYthIum ul timumFusarium roseumPenicilliu~uefortiTrichoderma virideCladosporium~sporioidesMonotospora daleae

Pythium ultimumThielaviopsis basicolaT. basicolaMacrophomina phaseolina

Macrophomina phaseolinaFusarium solani f. sp.

phaseoli

Macrophomina phaseolina

Conidia 38

Chlamydospores 90

Conidia 134

Sporangia 5

Sporangiospores ZOZSporangia 5Conidia ZOZConidia ZOZConidia ZOZConidia ZOZConidia ZOZ

Sporangia 5Chlamydospores ZOOEndoconidia ZOOSclerotia 13

Sclerotia 13Chlamydospores 40

Sclerotia 13

Mixtures and Complex Substances

Casaminoacids

Agar discSoilSoilSoil

Penicillium citrinumThielaviopsis basicolaT. basicolaCochliobolus sativus

Conidia 115Chlamydospores ZOOEndoconidia ZOOConidia 36

Sucrose + Soil extractYeast extract Soil extract

Soil extract

Alternaria alternataGliocladium fimbriatumAgaricus silvicola

MyceliaMyceliaMycelia

Z73Z73Z73

Glucose +Peptone

SoilSoilSoilSoilSoilSoilSoilSoil

Mucor ramanianusemanation M. ramanianus

Aspergillus fumigatusemanation~. fumigatus

Penicillium freguentansemanation~. frequentans

Trichoderma virideemanation T. viride

SporangiosporesSporangiosporesConidiaConidiaConidiaConidiaConidiaConidia

136136136136136136136136

39

40

Mineral salts Soil Penicillium frequentans Conidia 47Soil Sphacelotheca reiliana Spores 143

Plant organic Soil Ustilago nuda Spores 35matter Soil U. hordei Chlamydospores 291

Soil F. solani f. sp. phaseoli Chlamydospores 4Soil Arthrobotrys conoides Spores 58Soil Cochliobolus sativus Conidia 36

Animal organic Soil Cochliobolus sativus Conidia 36matter and Soil Arthrobotrys conoides Spores 58secretions Soil Fusarium culmorum Spores 127

TABLE 3. Effects of Nutritional Factors on Soil Actinostasis

Nutritional factor

Material

Amended with nutrients

Test

Microorgantsms Reference

I. ACTINOSTASIS DECREASED

Glucose Agar disc Nocardiq spp. 30Soil Streptomyces spp. 177

Peptone Soil Streptomyces spp. 159

Peptone + yeast extract Agar disc Nocardia spp. 44

Casamino acids, Soil Streptomyces sp. 294Chitin

Plant exudates Agar disc Nocardia spp. 30

Plant organic matter Soil An actinomycete 35Soil Streptomyces sp. 294

II. ACTINOSTASIS DECREASED

Glucose

Plant organic matter,Animal secretions

Soil

Soil

Streptomyces sp.

Streptomyces cellulosae

294

127

III. ACTINOSTASIS NOT AFFECTED

FructoseSucrose,Casamino acids,Yeast extract

Starch

Agar disc

Soil

Soil

Nocardia spp.

Streptomyces sp.

Streptomyces cellulosae

30

294

127

41

TABLE 4. Effects of Nutritional Factors on Soil Bacteriostasis

Nutritional factorMaterial

Amended with NutrientsTest

Microorganisms Reference

42

Glucose

Mannitol

Peptone

Casein

Glucose + peptone

Peptone + yeast extract

Plant exudates

Plant organic matter

Animal organic matter.and secretion

CaC03

I. BACTERIOSTASIS DECREASED

Agar disc Achromobacter spp. 30Agar disc Alcaligenes spp. 30Agar disc Pseudomonas spp. 30Agar disc Flavobacterium spp. 30Agar disc Brevibacterium spp. 30Agar disc Arthrobacter spp. 30Soil Escherichia coli 131Soil Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus 131

Soil Azotobacter chroococcum 126

Soil extract Bacillus prodigiosus 108

Soil Bacillus thuringiensis 221

Soil Agrobacterium radiobacter 13

Agar disc Achromobacter spp. 44Agar disc Arthrobacter spp 44Agar disc Bacillus sp. 43, 44Agar disc Pseudomonas spp 44Agar disc Sarcina sp. 44

Agar disc Achromobacter spp. 30Agar disc Alcaligenes spp. 30Agar disc Pseudomonas spp. 30Agar disc Flavobacterium spp. 30Agar disc Brevibacterium spp. 30Agar disc Arthorbacter spp. 30

Soil Pseudomonas fluorescens 127Soil Azotobacter chroococcum 126Soil Bacillus thuringiensis 221

Soil Pseudomonas fluorescens 127Soil Azotobacter chroococcum 126

Soil Bacillus prodigiosus 108Soil Azotobacter chroococcum 126

MgC03 + Na2Mo04

Mineral salts

Soil

Agal.' discAgar discAgar discAgar discAgar discAgar disc

Azotobacter chroococcum

Achromobacter spp.Alcaligenes sppPseudomonas spp.Flavobacterium spp.Brevibacterium spp.Arthrobacter spp.

126

303030303030

II. BACTERIOSTASIS NOT AFFECTED

Fructose, Agar disc Achromobacter spp. 30Sucrose, Agar disc Alcaligenes spp. 30Casamino acids, Agar disc Pseudomonas spp. 30Yeast extract Agar disc Flavobacterium spp. 30

Agar disc Brevibacterium spp. 30Agar disc Arthrobacter spp. 30

Animal organic matter Soil Azotobacter chroococcum 126

CaC03 Soil Pseudomonas fluorescens 127

NH4N03 Soil Escherichia coli 131

NaMo04, Soil Azotobacter chroococcum 126K2HP04,CaH4(P04)2,MgC03

43

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630 US ISSN 0197-9310 March 1982 · Mycobacterium tuberculosis R.M. tuberculosis phlei Alternaria...

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