Numerical Distance Protection and Teleprotection Testing with ...
62388014 Fundamentals of Teleprotection Systems
Transcript of 62388014 Fundamentals of Teleprotection Systems
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Power Systems Communication
Fundamentalsof
TeleprotectionSystems
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Power Systems Communication
Teleprotection - Introduction
• What is it ?-> Tele-Communication + Protection - Signalling
• Where is it used ?-> Mainly at the higher and highest voltage levels
• Why is it used ?-> Clearance of faults within the shortest possible time
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Power Systems Communication
TPS Standards and Publications
IEC standards:
IEC 60834-1 Teleprotection equipment of power systems - Performance and testing Part 1: Narrow-band systems (First edition, 1988)Part 1: Command systems (Second edition, 1999)
IEC 60834-2 Performance and testing of teleprotection equipment of power systemsPart 2: Analogue comparison systems (First Edition 1993)
CIGRE publications:
"Teleprotection Guide", Study Committees 34 + 35, Joint Working Group on Teleprotection, 1969;
Revised Version "Protection Systems Using Telecommunication", 1985Revised Version "Protection Using Telecommunications", 2000 (in preparation)
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Power Systems Communication
Protection System Architecture
Substation A
HV-line
Substation B
PhysicalLink
Telecommunication System
Tele-protectionEquipment
Tele-protectionEquipment
Teleprotection System
ProtectionRelay
ProtectionRelay
Protection System
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Power Systems Communication
Protection Signal Transmission
Type of Information:
• Continuous signals
• Magnitude and/or phase of power frequency currents
• Command type signals (on/off)
• Trip / do not trip
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Power Systems Communication
Protection Systems
Local Information Information from all points
Signal-transmissionnot required
Signal-transmissionrequired
Not selective Selective
with time delay No time delay
conditionally selective
Protection system based on:
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Power Systems Communication
Signal Transmission for Line Protection
Amplitudeand/orPhase
command =Blocking
of breaker tripping
command =Permission of / direct
breaker tripping
Quantitative (analogue)Information
Binary (yes / no)Information
commands
SIGNAL TRANSMISSIONIS
ESSENTIAL
SIGNAL TRANSMISSIONIS
SUPPLEMENTARY
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Power Systems Communication
Distance Protection
B
A, B, C StationsRA,RB, RC Protection RelayTA1, TA2, TA3 Operating Times, Relay ATB1, TB2, TB3 Operating Times, Relay B
Typical stepped distance/time characteristics
RA RB RC
A C
Distance
Operating Time
ZONE 1
ZONE 2
ZONE 3
TA2
TA1
TB2
TB1
TA3
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Power Systems Communication
Distance Line Protection
NSD
RBC
NSD
RCB
LBC
BC1
CB1
L
FB C
B, C SubstationsLBC Protected line sectionRBC,RCB Protection relayBC1, CB1 Zone 1 reach, 85% of line section
F Line fault
L Communication channel(PLC, Microwave, Cable)
Permissive Underreach Transferred Tripping (PUTT)
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Power Systems Communication
Distance Line Protection
NSD
RBC
NSD
RCB
LBC
BC1
CB1
L
FB C
B, C SubstationsLBC Protected line sectionRBC,RCB Protection relayBC1, CB1 Zone 1 reach, 130% of line section
F Line fault
L Communication channel(PLC, Microwave, Cable)
Permissive Overreach Transferred Tripping (POTT)
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Power Systems Communication
Distance Line Protection
NSD
RBC
NSD
RCB
LBC
BC1
CB1
L
FB C
B, C SubstationsLBC Protected line sectionRBC,RCB Protection relayBC1, CB1 Zone 1 reach, 85% of line section
F Line fault
L Communication channel(PLC, Microwave, Cable)
Direct Transfer Tripping (DTT)
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Power Systems Communication
Transformer ProtectionExample for direct tripping
L
B
C
P Pilot cable
L HV Transmission Line or -Cable
NSD 70C
NSD 70C
P
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Power Systems Communication
Distance Line Protection
NSD
BCe
NSD
RCB
LBC
BCi
CBi
L
FB C
B, C SubstationsLBC Protected line sectionRBC,RCB Protection relayBCi, CBi Zone 1 reach, 130% in direction of the protected line sectionBCe, CBe Range of protection relay in direction of busbars
F Line faultL Communication channel
(PLC, Microwave, Cable)
Blocking
RBC
CBe
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Power Systems Communication
Teleprotection command transmission
Transmissiontime
Commandinput (local)
Commandoutput (remote)
GenuineCommand
Disturbance,Impairments
MissingCommand
Dependability
UnwantedCommand
Security
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Power Systems Communication
Telecommunication Channel Impairments
Impairments resulting from interference and noise
• Isolater / breaker operation• 50/60 Hz harmonics (pilot cables)• Corona noise (PLC channels)• Fading (microwave channels)• Jitter (digital networks)• Temporary loss of synchronism (digital networks)• Signal interruptions• etc.
Disturbed signals may cause protection equipment to maloperate
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Power Systems Communication
Bandwidth or Data Rate
Optimization / Exchange according to application
TransmissionTime
Performance Criteria for Teleprotection
Dependability
(Probabilityof missingcommand)
Security
(Probability of unwanted command)
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Power Systems Communication
Line Protection
Designation Short description Typical distance Requirements for trans-relay setting (%) mission channel as regards
Step 1Speed Security Dependability
1 Permissive underreach Starting of distance relay 85 M-H M-H Htransferred tripping permits tripping
2 Permissive overreach Directional comparison 130 H M Htransferred tripping (signal permits tripping)
3 Permissive underreach Carrier acceleration 85 (130*) H L-M Htransferred acceleration by extension of step (*)
4 Blocking (direct overreach, Blocking signals are transmitted 130 S L Htransferred blocking) over healthy lines
5 Blocking Signal inhibits step extension (*) 85 (130*) H-S L M
6 Unblocking Loss of guard signal permits 130 H M Mtripping for limited time only
7 Direct underreach Status of relay at receiving end 85 M-H S Htransferred tripping not taken into account
L = Low M = Medium H = High S = Very severe requirements
Possible Signal Connections Between two Distance Relays
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Power Systems Communication
Total Fault-Clearance-Time
• Time delay between fault occurrence and line tripping
• The fault-clearance time results from:• Relay-time (fault detection) TREL
• Command transmission time TAC
• Switching delay of line breaker TBR
• Typical values:TTotal = TREL + TAC + TBR
75 ms = 20 ms + 15 ms + 40 ms
• Target: TTotal = less than 100 ms, Worst Case = 4.5 to 5 cycles max. (50 Hz)
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Power Systems Communication
Typical requirements for different applications
• Line protection with permissive transfer tripping:• Transmission time T0 = 10 ... 20 ms• Dependability Plost command 10-2 ... 10-3
• Security Pfalse command 10-3 ... 10-4
• Line protection with blocking system:• Transmission time T0 = 6 ... 15 ms• Dependability Plost command 10-3
• Security Pfalse command 10-2
• Direct transfer tripping (e.g. transformer protection):• Transmission time T0 = 20 ... 50 ms• Dependability Plost command 10-3 ... 10-4
• Security Pfalse command 10-5 ... 10-6
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Power Systems Communication
Command Systems, Typical Figures
Blocking• short transmission time Tac < 15 ms < 10 ms• moderate security Puc < 1E-2 < 1E-6• high dependability Pmc < 1E-3 < 1E-3
Permissive tripping• moderate transmission time Tac < 20 ms < 10 ms• moderate to high security Puc < 1E-3 ....1E-4 < 1E-6• moderate to high dependability Pmc < 1E-2 ....1E-3 < 1E-3
Direct tripping• moderate transmission time Tac < 40 ms < 10 ms• very high security Puc < 1E-5 .... 1E-6 < 1E-9• very high dependability Pmc < 1E-3 < 1E-3
Analog systems Digital systems
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Power Systems Communication
Teleprotection Equipment Command Systems
NSD 50 / NSD550• Plug in unit for multi-purpose Power Line Carrier type ETL
NSD 70, NSD 70C• for analog bearers
• cables• speech channels of analog and digital links• power line carrier channels
NSD 70D• for digital bearers
• digital multiplexers• digital radio, fibre optic links
• with plug-in fibre optic line unit for dedicated fibres
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Power Systems Communication
Digital Networks
High capacity = large number of channels
Basic channel capacity = 64 kbit/s
PDH (Plesiochronous digital hierarchy)• Multiplexing into 2 Mbit/s ( 30 channels)
8 Mbit/s (120 channels)etc. ( ..... channels)
SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy)• Multiplexing of n * 64 kbit/s or n * 2 Mbit/s into 155 Mbit/s etc.
Cross-connect functionality
Radio or optical fibre links
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Power Systems Communication
POTT1
PUTT Permissive underreach trippingNSD 70 indirect
POTT 1 Permissive overreach trippingNSD 70 indirect
POTT 2 Permissive overreach trippingNSD 50 indirect
RM 91 Directional comp. prot.NSD 70 indirect
RE 93 Earth fault protectionNSD 50 indirect
BFP Breaker fail protectionNSD 50 direct
GSD Generator protectionNSD 50 direct
A
B
C
D
A
B
NSD 50
ETL 81
PLC I
NSD 70
Coupling
HV transmission line
A
B
C
D
B
NSD 50
ETL 81
PLC II
NSD 70
PUTT
POTT1
POTT2
RM91
RE93
LINE PROT
I
POTT2
RM91
RE93
LINE PROT
II
GSDfrom
generator
Breaker Transducers
BFP
A
PUTT
800 kV redundant Line Protection (with NSD 50 and NSD 70)
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Power Systems Communication
TeleprotectionEquipment
NSD70, NSD70C,NSD70D
11.02.2002
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Power Systems Communication
Communication channels for teleprotection
NSD70,NSD70C,NSD70D
NSD70,NSD70C,NSD70D
PLCETL
PLCETLPower Line
ProtectionCommands
Audio Frequencymodulated signal
Private CableLeased PTT Line(e.g. AF Cable)
Port 1Port 2Port 3Port 4
Port 6Port 5
Port 1Port 2Port 3Port 4
Port 6Port 5
Optical Fibre
Communicationchannel
Audio Frequencymodulated signal
Radio Link
ProtectionCommands
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Power Systems Communication
Operating Principle NSD 70 / 70C (mode 1)
Test Command A
One uncodedCommand A
Frequency
Guard
Two uncodedCommandsA, B
Guard
Test
Command B
Command A&BCommand A
Frequency
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Power Systems Communication
NSD 70 / 70C
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Power Systems Communication
NSD70, NSD72, NSD70C
NSD 70• single tone guard / single tone command(s)• for 1 or 2 commands• 1 or 2 NSD 70 in 1 subrack
NSD 72 ( = 2 x NSD 70)• dual tone guard / dual tone command(s)• for 1 or 2 commands• 1 NSD 72 in 1 subrack
NSD 70C• single tone guard / dual tone command(s)• 1 NSD 70C in 1 subrack with 1 to 4 commands• 2 NSD 70C in 1 subrack with 1 to 3 commands each
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Power Systems Communication
Transformer ProtectionExample for direct tripping
L
B
C
P Pilot cable
L HV Transmission Line or -Cable
NSD 70C
NSD 70C
P
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Power Systems Communication
NSD 70D
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Power Systems Communication
NSD 70D for Digital Channels
NSD 70 hardware platform
Complete set of line interfaces• electrical (conforming to CCITT and EIA standards)• fibreoptic transceiver
1 to 6 commands with common guard code
Subrack accommodates 1 or 2 NSD 70D• 1 NSD 70D with up to 6 commands• 2 NSD 70D with up to 3 commands each
Addressing facility
Remote alarm message transfer
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Power Systems Communication
Digital Channels for NSD70D
NS D 70D64 kb /s- CC ITT G.703- X .21/V .11- RS 422A- RS 449- RS 530
MUX
MUX
Digital radio
Optical fibres
6 c omma nd s
Digital telecommunication systemTeleprotectionequipment
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Power Systems Communication
NSD70D over Dedicated Optical Fibres
OE
OE
1 to 6protectioncommands
NSD 70D
OE
OE
1 to 6protectioncommands
NSD 70D
optical fibres
Notes:- Operates on multi-mode fibres up to 18 km- Operates on single-mode fibres up to 35 km
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Power Systems Communication
NSD 70D in FoxNet
OE
OE
FOX-U (FOX 20) FOX 6Plus
Note: The 6 commands of NSD 70D use only one 64 kbit channel in FOX
1 to 6 protection commands
speech, data etc.
optical fibres up to
OPGW
(120 km 30 km
120 km
with FOX 20) with FOX 6Plus with FOX-U
NSD 70D
OE
OE
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Power Systems Communication
Digital Cross-Connect Networks
Network -Management
Network management activities may have a detrimental impact on a protection system, unless adequate precautions are taken
Digital Cross-Connect
Protection terminal
Digital network
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Power Systems Communication
Digital Cross-Connect Precautions
Restricted authorisation for re-routing
Inhibit auto-rerouting (possibility of excessive delay)
Use (tele)protection equipment with addressing facility
Use dedicated channels for protection signalling which are non-cross-connectable
Use dedicated links for protection signalling
Incr
easi
ng S
ecur
ity