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Level 2 NVQ Diploma in

Plumbing and Domestic

HeatingUnit 010 No 7

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Objectives

By the end of this session you will be able to:

Describe bathroom layouts.

Explain basic requirements for bathroom installation.

Give details of testing procedures.

Describe blockage clearing and basic maintenance tasks.

Installation, testing and maintenance

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When installing bathroom appliances consideration must be

made to allow for the minimum space requirements for each

appliance for personal use and supervise bathing of children.

British Standard BS 6456-2 :1996 give advice on these space

requirements.

In addition there must be a minimum amount of appliances

within a dwelling based on the number of people occupyingthe property and this information is detailed in

BS 6465-1:2006 +A1:2009.

Installation

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Appliances required per dwelling

Sanitary

appliance

Number per dwelling Notes

WC One for up to four people

Two for five people or more

There should be a wash

basin adjacent to every

WC in every property

Wash basin One

Bath or shower One for every four people

Kitchen ssink One

Table no 1

Ratio of appliances per person

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Space provision in bathrooms

Illustration no 1

Space provision

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It is not always possible to achieve the recommended

dimensions especially in small bathrooms thereforethe British Standard has made allowances for overlaps

of the appliance space.

These overlaps also apply to cloakrooms and

downstairs WCs.

Installation

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Over lap provision in bathrooms

Illustration no 2

Space provision

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Over lap provision in downstairs WC

Illustration no 3

Space provision

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Quick questions

Which British Standard gives guidance on the

minimum space required around sanitary appliances?

Which British Standard give guidance on the ratio ofappliances to occupants in a dwelling?

How many WCs are required for a dwelling with five

people?

What is the space required in front of a wash basin?What is the activity space overlap allowed between a

WC and wash basin?

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Once the installation of sanitary appliances to a new

soil stack have been completed soundness testing can

begin. In the case of multi storey property

installations then testing of appliances on a floor to

floor basis is required.

The installation needs to be checked in accordance

with BS 12056 -2:2000 to ensure that there are no

leaks.

Soundness testing

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The testing preparation includes filling all the traps with water

and sealing the stack with drain plugs and or drain testing bags.

The excess water from the traps will accumulate at the lowest

plug or bag to create a seal.

A manometer, which is basically a small U shaped tube filled

calibrated in mm and then filled with water is used as the test

instrument. A hose is then connected via a tee piece to one

end of the manometer and the other hose to a hand pump.As the medium we are filling the system with and therefore

testing with is air.

Soundness testing

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The test procedure is to make sure the water in the

manometer is level at zero. Ensure that there is water in the

traps. Gently squeeze the hand pump until the water level in

the gauge reaches 38mm and wait for 3 minutes.If there is not drop seen on the gauge during that time then the

system is sound. If there is a drop then there is a leak

somewhere and this can be detected by applying leak

detection fluid to all of the joints while the system is underpressure and bubbling will reveal any leaks.

Smart tip: Always test the test equipment before use!

Soundness testing

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Testing an installation

Illustration no 4

Soundness testing

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Once a successful soundness test has been completed

a performance test can be carried out. The purposesof the test is to ensure that after simultaneous

operation of the appliances connected to the same

soil stack, the traps seal depths remaining should be

at least 25mm.

Performance testing

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The performance testing procedure is as follows:

1/ Check the depth of seal using a black dip stick and

make a note.

2/ Fill all the appliances to overflow level and

discharge simultaneously.

3/ Flush the WCs at the same time.

4/ After all of the appliances have been discharged,

check the traps again with a dipstick to ensure that

the seal is not less than 25mm.

Performance testing

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Performance testing

Dipstick used to test trap seal

A matt black wooden

dip stick is inserteduntil it reaches the

bottom of the trap

Illustration no 5

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Decommissioning and maintenance

Maintenance should be carried out on installations to

ensure efficient and hygienic operation of the

appliances. This is especially important when working

on older installations where the materials originallyused in there pipework construction were cast iron or

even asbestos which can break down over time and

cause health and safety problems.

On housing contracts or larger systems a maintenanceschedule should be referred to which will give details of

the types of system and specific properties to be

checked.

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Basic maintenance tasks

Traps. The residue from soap, hair or even grease that travel

through a trap will eventually build up and restrict the flow from

the appliance. Cleaning of traps is carried out by either removing

the fittings from the appliance and manually cleaning self or using

chemicals in situ. PPE should always be used and especially when

using cleaning chemicals as burns to the skin can occur. Rubber

gloves and eye protection is therefore recommended.

Never mix different chemicals as explosive mixtures or dangerous

fumes could be created.Overflows should always be cleaned especially on Belfast sinks

which may require rodding with a firm wire then flushed through.

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Access covers should be checked for leakage and the

rubber seal inspected. Silicone grease can be applied

to the bolts to prevent rusting.

Pipework should be inspected to make sure there are

no leaks, clipping is intact and there is no

deterioration because of exposure to the weather onexternal runs. Ensure that the cage is still in position

at the top of the stack.

Basic maintenance tasks

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Overflowing WC cisterns Anycauses can be corrected

by adjusting the water levels within the cistern. Then

checking the FOV for example in the fault condition

and checking that there are no leaks on the external

warning pipework.

Always make a note of faults and action taken on the

maintenance report.

Basic maintenance tasks

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Itumescent collars

Whenever a soil or vent pipe penetrates a wall or a ceiling an

itumescent collar is fitted around the soil pipe to prevent the risk

of fire spreading between areas. A PVCu pipe will melt if exposed

to excessive heat and the space where the pipe once occupied

could create a venturi effect for fire and fumes. Therefore

wherever these fittings are installed fitted they must be checkedto confirm they are still fit for use. Referring to manufacturers

instructions will help to verify if they have been installed

correctly.

Basic maintenance checks

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Basic maintenance checks

Itumescent collar on soil pipe through floor

Itumescent

collar

Picture no 1

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What is the minimum seal required in a trap after

performance testing?

What medium are sanitary system tested with?

Name the pressure and time period for a soundness test?

Describe the device used to test the depth of trap seals?

Identify the danger of mixing chemicals when cleaning

traps in situ?

Where would you find information on the types of system

and property details when carrying out maintenance on

sanitary systems?

Quick questions

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The PPE required when dealing with blockages ranges from a

full boiler suit, wellington boots to rubber gauntlets, eye

protection and face mask.

This is because it is a potentially hazardous and certainly

unpleasant job to carry out.

Sometimes a broken drain can be the cause of a blockage and

often there is not much a plumber can do about this exceptarrange for a cctv inspection.

.

Blockages

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Ground movement or compression are often the cause for

broken drains. Sometimes a tree root can break and even

penetrate a drain.Very often it is a physical object flushed from a WC which has

become trapped in the drain.

Drain rods can be used to remove the obstruction. They come

with a range of screw on accessories to deal with different

types of blockages.

Blockages

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Drain rods and accessories

Picture no 2

Tools for clearing blockages

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Blockages in sinks, basins and baths can often be cleared

with a force cup. The method for use is as follows:

Fill the appliances with water and place force cup over

waste then press down several times. On the downwardthrust a positive pressure is created and un the upward

movement, negative pressure is achieved in the waste

pipe below.

This action is usually sufficient to break up eventuallydislodge the obstruction which can be then flushed

through.

Blockages

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A special device called a WC plunger is used to unblock

WCs and external gullies. It works on a similar principle

as a force cup.

A device called a hand spinner can clear a blockedwaste pipe. It is device with an auger fitted at the end of

a strong flexible metal extendable wire which is

attached to a disc which is spun by hand when inserted

into a waste pipe. Sometimes pneumatic devices can beused to blow away the obstruction. Care should always

be taken when cleaning pipework with push fit fittings.

Blockages

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Hand spinner WC plungerForce cup

Picture no 3

Devices for clearing blockages

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When taking older systems out of services PPE must be

worn. It is likely that you will come across a range of

materials such as cast iron, lead and asbestos.

A risk assessment must be carried out before

commencing any decommissioning work as some of the

work will involve removing appliances but other work

could involve the complete removal of a soil and ventstack.

Decommissioning

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Cast iron is a very heavy material and PPE is required for

the face, hands, feet and ears, even a hard hat. When

removing a bath often the easiest way is to break it into

four pieces starting at the waste outlet using a clubhammer. Always take care that your whole body is

protected from the sharp edges which can begin flying

when you start breaking the bath.

Let the customer know what is going on and give themyou plan of how you intend to proceed with the job.

Make sure you protect their property.

Recycle any scrap metal.

Decommissioning

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Cast iron pipework is a heavy to handle. The fixings

comprise of nails and pipe spacers. These nails are

driven into the gauge of the brickwork when installed.

Taking pipework down requires removal section bysection and often support is required for all the

pipework length to prevent stack collapse.

Working at height on a scaffold requires that the areabelow is protected from falling debris and warning

signs are in place to inform people about what you are

doing especially the customer.

Decommissioning

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Painted cast iron sanitary pipework installation

Picture no 4

Decommissioning

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Cast iron pipework

Care must be taken to make block offthe pipe at low

level perhaps with a drain plug and retaining device as

there is always a danger that broken pieces of pipe

can fall down inside the existing stack and lead to a

blocked drain.

Appropriate PPE is always required and riskassessments should be carried out.

Recycle any scrap metal.

Decommissioning

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Side view End view

Drain plug

Picture no 5

Decommissioning/Drain plugs

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Asbestos

If you think that any material that you are working on

could contain asbestos you seek advice from your

supervisor before commencing any work.

If you did break the material it could release potentially

dangerous fibres into the atmosphere.

Asbestos must be removed by a specialist contractor.

Decommissioning

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Asbestos gutter section with makeshift PVCu connection on rotting fascia board

Picture no 6

Decommissioning

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Decommissioning

LeadLead is a very heavy material and was used widely in

sanitation installations in the past. There is not so much

of it around now but you may come across it on public

or historic buildings and even older council properties

especially in the form of branch pipework.

Over a period of time lead can corrode and produces a

white powder called lead oxide which is very dangerous

and can be inhaled into the body if proper PPE is not

worn.

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Picture no 7

Lead soil pipe and separate vent into cast Iron stack

Lead vent pipe

Lead soil

pipe

Cast iron

stack

HOT

Decommissioning

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Lead

Risk assessments must always be carried out.

PPE will include barrier cream for the hands or wear

gloves. A face mask and goggles and shoes withprotection. Lead is so heavy so the correct manual

handling method should be applied when lifting and

moving it.

Lead has scrap value and should be recycled

accordingly.

Decommissioning

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Give reasons for blockages in below ground drainage.

How would you remove such a blockage?

What is a hand spinner?

Where would you use a force cup?

How would you remove a cast iron bath on the first floor?

What is the procedure if you suspect asbestos is present?

What are the dangers when working with lead?

StretcherHow would you prevent pipework blockages

when decommissioning a soil stack and how would you

secure any device that prevents such blockages?

Quick questions