6.1 Who were the opposing sides in the Am. Rev.? 6 notes-1.pdf · 6.1 Who were the opposing sides...

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6.1 Who were the opposing sides in the Am. Rev.? The Opposing Sides British advantages: strongest navy in world well‐trained army $ from King larger population (8 mil to 2.5 mil Am.) Colonist disadvantages: no regular army, weak navy few weapons little experience ighting militia (short‐term commitment) not everyone supported war Loyalists/Tories Americans who supported British 1 in 5 were Loyalists strongest in Carolinas & Georgia weakest in New Eng. feared job security,trivial issue promised African‐Am. freedom if fought for Brit. Loyalty divided friends & family Patriot advantages: ighting on own land for a cause Brit. had to ship troops, supplies overseas vs. mercenaries/Hessians (hired soldier) only ighting for $ Geo. Wash. ‐ excellent commander Continental Army Continental Congress didn't have power to raise army or $$ each colony responsible for recruiting (enlisting) soldiers to Cont. Army only signed up for 1 yr., but needed longer dificult to recruit oficers Women helped too (Margaret Corbin,Molly Pitcher, Deborah Sampson)

Transcript of 6.1 Who were the opposing sides in the Am. Rev.? 6 notes-1.pdf · 6.1 Who were the opposing sides...

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6.1 Who were the opposing sides in the Am. Rev.?

The Opposing SidesBritish advantages:• strongest navy in world• well‐trained army• $ from King• larger population (8 mil to 2.5 mil Am.)

Colonist disadvantages:• no regular army, weak navy• few weapons• little experience ighting• militia (short‐term commitment)• not everyone supported war

Loyalists/Tories• Americans who supported British • 1 in 5 were Loyalists• strongest in Carolinas & Georgia• weakest in New Eng.• feared job security, trivial issue• promised African‐Am. freedom if fought for Brit.• Loyalty divided friends & family

Patriot advantages:• ighting on own land for a cause• Brit. had to ship troops, supplies overseas• vs. mercenaries/Hessians (hired soldier) only ighting for $• Geo. Wash. ‐ excellent commander

Continental Army• Continental Congress didn't have power to raise army or $$• each colony responsible for recruiting (enlisting) soldiers to Cont. Army• only signed up for 1 yr., but needed longer• dificult to recruit oficersWomen helped too (Margaret Corbin, Molly Pitcher, Deborah Sampson)

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Early CampaignsGen. William Howe ‐ British commandersmall battles so far, Brit. sent more troops

Patriot Defeat on Long Island• late Aug. 1776 ‐ Pat. poorly equipped, no shoes, etc.• Nathan Hale: spy for Patriots, caught by Brit, & hung• let GW retreat 

A Low Point for the Patriots• Cont. Army needs more troops

African Americans in battle• by war's end, all states but SC had enlisted Afr. Am. to ight (5,000 joined Patriots)• Peter Salem: Afr. Am. who fought at Concord & Bunker Hill, got his freedom

Battles of Trenton & Princeton• Battle of Trenton, Dec. 25, 1776 • Am. victory boosted their spirits, got supplies

British Strategy:• wanted to separate New Eng. from Middle colonies• take Albany NY & control Hudson River• Brit. Gen. Burgoyne S from Canada, St. Leger move E, Gen. Howe move N from NYC

The British capture Philadelphia• Howe takes Phila, but decides to stay for winter instead of going to Albany

The Battle of Saratoga ‐ Oct. 1777• Patriots slow the British• St. Leger & Burgoyne held up getting to Albany• Gen. Horatio Gates & Benedict Arnold: Patriot leaders• Brit. Gen. Burgoyne surrenders at Saratoga• Patriot victory changed course of the war

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6.2 The War Continues

Gaining AlliesFrance• secretly supported the US• after US victory @ Saratoga Fr. supported publicly• gave $$, equipment, & troops

Spain• declared war on Brit.• helps US by dividing Brit. attention• fought Brit. in LA, MS, AL, FL

Winter at Valley Forge 1777‐1778• Cont. Army camped @ Valley Forge in horrible winter conditions• lacked food, clothing, shelter, medicine• could have been the end of Cont. Army

Foreigners help on the battleield• Marquis de Lafayette: French & became Wash.'s aide• Friedrich von Steuben: Prussian; turned Cont. Army into effective army• Juan de Miralles: Spanish; loaned $$• Cont. Army still needed $$ to ight war

Life on the Home FrontProblems in the Economy• Cont. Congress has no power to raise taxes• to raise $ Congress & states printed own $ (w/ no gold or silver to back it)• leads to inlation (it takes more $ to buy the same amount of goods)

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New Ways of Thinking: women wanted more rights

Questioning Slavery: Afr. Am. & some whites wanted to end slavery for it wasn't fair

Treatment of Loyalists: bad; violence & shunned by neighbors

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6.3 Battlegrounds Shift

Fighting in the West• More Natives sided w/ British (less of a threat)• Joseph Brant: Nat. Am. chief; led attacks on settlers in SW NY & N'ern PA;• Brit. paid some Natives for settlers' scalps• VA militia leader George Rogers Clark set out to end Brit attacks in West• captured Brit. post at Kaskaskia (IL) & Brit. city of Vincennes (IN)• strengthened Am position in the West

The War at Seablockade: prevented supplies & reinforcements from reaching Cont. ArmyBrit controlled the Seaprivateers (privately owned merchant ships w/ weapons)Am. Navy not strong so they paid  who captured many Brit. ships

Am. Naval HeroJohn Paul Jones: daring Am. naval oficer• battle off coast of Gr. Britain btn Bonhomme Richard and Serapis• Am. Bonhomme Richard won; Jones a hero

Fighting in the South• Am. victories in S (Battle of Moore's Creek NC & Charles Town SC)• Brit new plan to end war; focus on S where most Loyalists were

Early Brit. Success• Brit. troops to Savannah GA• Brit. Gen. Clinton to Charles Town (worst American defeat of the war)• Brit. Gen. Cornwallis defeated Gen. Gates (Am.) in Camden SC

Guerilla Warfare: hit‐and‐run technique of ighting• Brit. got less help than expected from Loyalists in S• Francis Marion: "Swamp Fox"; successful Am. guerilla leader

Spain's Help• Galvez (Gov. of LA) gave $$, troops; raised army to ight Brit. in Gulf of Mexico region

Am. Successes• Brit. moved N; threatened Am. along way ‐> angered ‐> Kings Mountain (Pat. victory)• new support from S'erners to end war that destroyed their homes & farms• Nathanial Greene: replaced Gates as commander of Cont. forces in S; 

regrouped

Cornwallis Retreats• Cornwallis abandoned Carolina campaign; marched N to VA• Am. Gen. Wayne & Lafayette went to meet Cornwallis• Cornwallis camped at Yorktown to await orders from Clinton

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Create a foldable with the following information:

Patriots ­ Victories, Leaders, Allies

British ­ Victories, Leaders, Allies

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6.4 The Final  Years

Victory at Yorktown• Fr. ‐ Rochambeau met up with GW; plan to attack Brit.

Washington Leaves for VA• Lafayette had Cornwallis (Br.) trapped @ Yorktown, VA (peninsula)• de Grasse (Fr. leet‐helping Am.) heading to Chesapeake Bay• Wash. & troops head to Yorktown

A Trap at Yorktown• Am. & Fr. (14,000) trap Cornwallis & Hessians (8,000) @ Yorktown• Clinton can't send aid cuz Fr. blocked Chesapeake Bay• No escape for Brit.

Victory over Cornwallis• Br. supplies low, soldiers wounded• Hopeless situation ‐> Cornwallis surrendered• "Yankee Doodle" & "World turned upside down"• Patriots won battle of Yorktown ‐ Oct. 1781

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Independence Achieved• ratify: approve• Br. realized war too costly to pursue (continue)• Am. send Franklin, J. Adams, John Jay to Paris• Sept. 1783 Treaty of Paris• Br. recognized  US as indep. nation• Br. withdraw troops from Am.• ishing rights off coast of Canada to US• US promised to pay Br. merchants• advised states to return Loyalist properties

A Conspiracy Against Congress• soldiers not paid ‐> threatened force against Congress• GW urged patience & cooperation

Washington Returns Home• Dec. 1783 Resigns as Commander of US troops, planned to live quietly

Why the Americans Won• Fought on own land• ambush: surprise attack• Help from other nations (Spain & France)• People's movement ‐ determination & spirit of all Patriots

American Revolution inspired French Revolution and independence of St. Domingue (Haiti)

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