6.1 Introduction to Basic Structure of the Human Body

The human body often described as an efficient, organized machine.

When functions incorrectly disease occurs

To know what is abnormal, we start with what is normal

So we begin by studying the normal Anatomy: the structure and form of an organism and the

Physiology: the study of the processes of living organisms

6.1 Introduction

Pathophysiology: the study of how disease occurs and the responses of living organisms to disease processes.

Cells: Microscopic structures that perform all the functions of life

The human body contains trillions of cells

They vary in shape, size, and function

Intro Most cells have these

basic parts: Cell Membrane –

outer protective covering

Cytoplasm – semi-fluid inside the cell

Organelles – structures help cell to function located in cytoplasm

Nucleus – mass in the cytoplasm, the “brain”

Nucleolus – located inside the nucleus, important for cell reproduction

Chromatin – Located in the nucleus, made of DNA

Centrosome – Located in the cytoplasm near nucleus, contains 2 centrioles

Intro & Cells Mitochondria – rod-

shaped organelles located throughout the cytoplasm

Golgi apparatus – stack of membrane layers in the cytoplasm

Endoplasmic Reticulum – Fine network of tubular structures

Lysosomes – oval or round bodies found throughout the cytoplasm

Pinocytic Vesicles – Pocket like folds in the cell membrane

Cell Reproduction

Mitosis – Form of asexual reproduction, the process of a cell dividing into two identical cells

Meiosis – This process uses two separate cell divisions to produce four new cells ( Sex cells divide this way)

Scientists are attempting to determine if stem cells can be transplanted into the body and used to cure diseases such as diabetes mellitus, Parkinson's Heart disease , osteoporosis and arthritis

Tissue Tissue – Cells of same

type join together for a common purpose

Tissue Fluid - is 60 – 90 % H2O

Dehydration – Insufficient amount of tissue fluid

Edema – Excess amount of tissue fluid (Swelling of Tissues)

Four main groups of Tissues:

Epithelial Tissue – Covers the surface of the body (Main tissue of the skin)

Connective Tissue – Supporting fabric of organs and other body parts

Two main types: Soft Connective ex.

Adipose (fatty tissue) Fibrous ex. Ligaments and

tendons

Tissues Continued Connective Continued Hard connective tissue –

cartilage and bone Nerve Tissue – Made up

of special cells called neurons (Nerves, Brain, and Spinal Cord)

Muscle Tissue – Produces power and movement by contraction of muscle fibers.

3 Main types of Muscle Tissue:

Skeletal – attach to bones for movement

Cardiac – Causes the heart to beat

Visceral (Smooth) – Present in walls of respiratory, digestive, urinary tract, and blood vessels.

Organs and Systems

Organ – 2 or more tissues joined together for a specific function

System – Organs and other body parts joined together to perform a particular function

There 12 basic systems of the body:

Integumentary – Skin Skeletal – Bones Muscular – Muscles Circulatory – Heart Lymphatic – Lymph Nervous – Brain,

Nerves, Spinal Cord

Systems Continued: Special Senses –Eyes,

Ears, Taste, Smell , Sense of Balance

Respiratory – Lungs Digestive – Stomach,

Intestines Urinary(Excretory) –

Kidneys Endocrine – Glands Reproductive – Sex

Organs

Summary: Cells combine to form tissues, tissues combine to form organs, organs and other body parts combing to form systems.