6.002x CIRCUITS AND ELECTRONICS - edX · 2013-02-21 · 6.002x CIRCUITS AND ELECTRONICS...
Transcript of 6.002x CIRCUITS AND ELECTRONICS - edX · 2013-02-21 · 6.002x CIRCUITS AND ELECTRONICS...
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6.002x CIRCUITS AND ELECTRONICS
Introduction and Lumped Circuit Abstraction
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6.002x is Exciting!
What’s behind this?
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…and this
Chip photo of Intel’s 22nm multicore processor codenamed Ivy Bridge
Photograph courtesy of Intel Corp.
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n Prerequisites
n AP level course on electricity and magnetism; e.g., MIT’s 8.02 (check it out on MIT OpenCourseware)
n It is also useful to have a basic knowledge of solving simple differential equations
n Textbook Agarwal and Lang (A&L) Underlined readings (in course-at-a-glance handout) are very important as they stress intuition
n Weekly homeworks and labs must be completed by the deadline indicated on the assignment
n Assessments
ADMINISTRIVIA
Homeworks 15% Labs 15% 1 Midterm 30% Final exam 40%
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What is engineering?
What is 6.002x about?
Purposeful use of science
Gainful employment of Maxwell’s equations From electrons to digital gates and op-amps
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xper
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Phys
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Consider
V
Suppose we wish to answer this question: What is the current through the bulb?
The Big Jump from physics
to EECS
Lumped Element Abstraction
Reading: Skim through Chapter 1 of A&L
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Apply Maxwell’s
Faraday’s
Continuity
Others
tBE∂∂
−=×∇
tJ
∂∂
−=⋅∇ρ
0
Eερ
=⋅∇l l l
tdlE B
∂∂
−=⋅∫φ
tqdSJ∂∂
−=⋅∫
0εqdSE =⋅∫
l l l
We could do it the Hard Way…
Integral form Differential form
V
I ?
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Instead, there is an Easy Way… First, let us build some insight: Analogy
I ask you: What is the acceleration? You quickly ask me: What is the mass?
I tell you:
You respond:
Done ! ! !
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Instead, there is an Easy Way…
In doing so, you ignored l the object’s shape l its temperature l its color l point of force application l …
Point-mass discretization
F a?
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The Easy Way… Consider the filament of the light bulb.
We do not care about l how current flows inside the filament l its temperature, shape, orientation, etc.
A
B
We can replace the bulb with a discrete resistor for the purpose of calculating the current.
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The Easy Way…
Replace the bulb with a discrete resistor for the purpose of calculating the current.
A
B
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The Easy Way…
R represents the only property of interest! Like with point-mass: replace objects with their mass m to find
mFa =
In EECS, we do things the easy way…
A
B
A
B
R
I + – V R
VI =
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RVI =
V-I Relationship
R represents the only property of interest!
and RVI =
relates element V and I R
called element v-i relationship
A
B
R
I + – V
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R is a lumped element abstraction for the bulb.
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Lumped circuit element described by its vi relation
Power consumed by element = vi
Lumped Elements
+
-‐
Voltage source
+"–"V i
v
i
v
+
-‐
Resistor i
v
i
v
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Lumped element examples whose behavior is completely captured by their V–I relationship.
Demo only for the sorts of questions we as EEs would like to ask!
Exploding resistor demo can’t predict that! Pickle demo can’t predict light, smell
Demo
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Not so fast, though … A
B Bulb filament
Although we will take the easy way using lumped abstractions for the rest of this course, we must make sure (at least for the first time) that our abstraction is reasonable.
are defined for the element V I In this case, ensuring that
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A
B
black box
I +
–
I must be defined.
V
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I
I into = I out of
True only when in the filament! 0=∂∂tq
AImust be defined. True when
BA II = only if 0=∂∂tq
We’re engineers! So, let’s make it true!
So, are we stuck?
BI
AS BS
AS
BS
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V
defined when ABV 0=∂∂tBφ
outside elements dlEVABAB ⋅= ∫
see A & L Appendix A.1
Must also be defined.
So let’s assume this too!
So
Also, signal speeds of interest should be way lower than speed of light
A
B
I +
–
V
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Welcome to the EECS Playground The world
The EECS playground Our self imposed constraints in this playground
0=∂∂tBφ Outside
0=∂∂tq Inside elements
Bulb, wire, battery
Where good things happen
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Connecting using ideal wires lumped elements that obey LMD to form an assembly results in the lumped circuit abstraction
Lumped Matter Discipline (LMD)
0=∂∂tBφ outside
0=∂∂tq inside elements
bulb, wire, battery
Or self imposed constraints:
More in Chapter 1 of A & L
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Replace the differential equations with simple algebra using lumped circuit abstraction (LCA).
What can we say about voltages in a loop under the lumped matter discipline?
+"–"1R
2R
4R
5R
3R
a
b d
c
V
So, what does LMD buy us?
For example:
Reading: Chapter 2.1 – 2.2.2 of A&L
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What can we say about voltages in a loop under LMD?
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL): The sum of the voltages in a loop is 0.
Remember, this is not true everywhere, only in our EECS playground
+"–"1R
2R
4R
5R
3R
a
b d
c
V
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What can we say about currents?
+"–"
1R
2R
4R
5R
3R
a
b d
c
V
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aWhat can we say about currents? S
caI daI
baI
Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL): The sum of the currents into a node is 0.
simply conservation of charge
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KVL:
KCL:
KVL and KCL Summary
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Remember, our EECS playground
0=∂
∂
tBφ
0=∂
∂
tq
Outside elements
Inside elements
Allows us to create the lumped circuit abstraction
wires resistors sources
Summary Lumped Matter Discipline LMD: Constraints we impose on ourselves to simplify our analysis
Also, signals speeds of interest should be way lower than speed of light
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Lumped circuit element +
-‐
v
i
power consumed by element = vi
Summary
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KVL:
loop KCL:
node
0=∑ j jν
0=∑ j ji
Review Summary
Maxwell’s equations simplify to algebraic KVL and KCL under LMD.
This is amazing!