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Students with Physical or Health Disabilities

By

Dr. Mohibullah Khan MarwatSUIT Peshawar

dsmarwat@yahoo.com

Cell. 03333161616Cell. 03113161616

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The Nature of Disability

Disability is the Umbrella Term that covers Impairments, Activity Limitations, and Participation Restrictions (WHO, 2009a).

World Health Organization. 2009a. Milestones in Health Promotion. Statements from Global Conferences. Geneva: World Health Organization Press.

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Disability means Substantial Restriction in the Capacity of a person to promptly carry on a Profession, Business or any Mental or Physical Activity

OrDisability Limits active participation in Social

or Cultural life because of long-term Physical, Sensory, Mental or Intellectual Impairment.

The Nature of Disability

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Over a Billion people are estimated to live in One or the other form of Disability.

It corresponds to about 15% of the world's population.

Between 110 Million (2.2%) and 190 Million (3.8%) people 15 years and older have significant difficulties in functioning (WHO Report 2015).

The U.S. Census 2000 counted 49.7 Million people with Some Type of Disability.1  

1 Waldrop J, Stern SM. Disability status: 2000 [Census 2000 brief]. Washington: U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau; 2003 Mar.

The Nature of Disability

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In 1993 the Australian Bureau of Statistics estimated that 3.2 Million Australians (18% of the total population) had some form of Physical Disability (Stuifbergen et al., 1990).

Stuifbergen, A. K., Becker, H. and Sands, D. (1990) Barriers to health promotion for individuals with disabilities. Family and Community Health, 13, 11–22.

The Nature of Disability

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There are many types of Physical Disabilities, including Mobility-related Disabilities, Health Disabilities, and Disabilities Associated with Brain Injuries.

In some cases, Physical Disability is Visible; but in some other, it is Hidden and the person looks fit but in fact s/he suffers from a Physical Disability or Health related Disability.

The Nature of Disability

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Physical Disabilities may affect someone’s ability to Stand, Sit, Walk, or Move Around.

Some Physical Disabilities are Episodic; they Appear, Disappear and Re-appear.

Some persons with Physical Disabilities may be

accompanied by a Personal Support Person.

The Nature of Disability

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Physical and Health Disabilities

Both Physical and Health Impairments are considered Disabilities when they Interfere with Education and other activities of daily living.

With reference to Special Education, Physical Disability or Orthopedic Impairment includes Severe Disabilities that Adversely Affect Educational Performance. (Contd)

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The term Health Impairment refers to a variety of Health problems that create the Need for Special Medical or Educational Services.

Health Impairments include Mental

Disorders, Heart Disorders, Cell disease, Asthma, Rheumatic Fever, Cancer, AIDS, Hemophilia (a medical condition in which the ability of the blood to clot is severely reduced, causing the victim to bleed severely from even a slight injury).

Physical and Health Disabilities

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Any other Chronic or Acute Health Problem that limits:-

Strength of any Organ, Part or System, Vitality, and Capacity or Alertness and Adversely affects the student's

Educational Development.

Physical and Health Disabilities

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PHYSICAL DISABILITIES

 Some of the Disabilities included in this Broad Category are Cerebral Palsy, Limb Deficiencies, Muscular Dystrophy, (which is a group of muscle diseases that weaken the Musculoskeletal System and hamper Locomotion like walking or moving in some way), and

(Contd)

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Spinal Cord Injuries; (the damage to the Spinal Cord that causes changes in its Function, either Temporary or Permanent.

These changes reflect in the form of loss of

Muscles Function, Sensation, or Autonomic Function in parts of the body served by the Spinal Cord below the level of the injury.

PHYSICAL DISABILITIES

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Characteristics of Student with Physical Disabilities

Exhausts more quickly than others Have Excessive Absences due to Medical

Problems

Experience Difficulty in performing Gross

Motor TasksAre unable to or have difficulty in completing

Controlling Activities, such as Holding a Pencil, Cutting, Drawing, and stringing Beads. (Contd)

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Have difficulty in Distinguishing differences in Size, Depth, and Spatial relationships (common among children

with Cerebral Palsy)

Are socially Delayed due to lack of

Interaction with other children. (Continued)

Characteristics of Students with Physical Disabilities

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A Physical Problem can hamper a student's Mobility, Coordination, Working Capacity, Communication, or Learning Abilities to such an extent that

Educational Objectives are difficult to Accomplish and

Special Education Intervention is required. (Contd)

Characteristics of Students with Physical Disabilities

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For example, children with Cerebral Palsy typically have Deficits in Gross and Fine Motor Development as well as Speech and Communication Problems.

Some children may have extremely Incapacitating Physical Conditions that result in Low Intellectual Functioning, Serious Limitations in activities, and Multiple Primary Handicaps.

Characteristics of Students with Physical Disabilities

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POSSIBLE CAUSES:The nature of Causes of Physical and Health

Impairments is Diverse. In some cases Smoking causes Cardiac

Arrest, Some other disorders are caused Genetically, Some problems occur as a result of an Injury, Some problems are associated with Bad

Housing, Some problems are linked with Unhygienic

Food, while some are still unknown.

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Historical Perspectives of Physical and Health Disabilities

In 350 B.C., we have the first known Description of Epilepsy (a Neurological Disorder marked by Sudden Recurrent Episodes of Sensory Disturbance, Loss of Consciousness).

Cerebral Palsy first described in 1800s

(Continued)

(Contd)

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AIDS is one of the most recent health Disabilities. In 1959, the first known case of HIV in a human occurs in a man who died in Congo, (from his preserved blood samples) confirmed as having HIV Infection.[2][3]

2. Jump up^Pence, G. E. (2008). Preventing the Global Spread of AIDS. In Medical Ethics Accounts of the Cases That Shaped and Define Medical Ethics (p. 330). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

3. ^ Jump up to:aZhu T, Korber BT, Nahmias AJ, Hooper E, Sharp PM, Ho DD (February 1998). "An African HIV-1 sequence from 1959 and implications for the origin of the epidemic". Nature391 (6667): 594–7. doi:10.1038/35400. PMID 9468138

(Continued)

Historical Perspectives of Physical and Health Disabilities

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Typhoid In 430 BC, Typhoid Fever, killed one-third

of the population of Athens (Greece).[40] A physician in Paris First described Typhoid

Fever in 1829. The First Vaccine to prevent Typhoid Fever was introduced in 1896.

40.  Papagrigorakis MJ, Yapijakis C, Synodinos PN, Baziotopoulou-Valavani E (2006). "DNA examination of ancient dental pulp incriminates typhoid fever as a probable cause of the Plague of Athens". Int J Infect Dis 10 (3): 206–214. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2005.09.001. PMID16412683

(Continued)

Historical Perspectives of Health Disabilities

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TUBERCULOSIS

In 2014, results of a new DNA study of a Tuberculosis Genome reconstructed from remains in Southern Peru suggest that human Tuberculosis is less than 6,000 years old.

Researchers theorize that Humans first acquired it in Africa about 5,000 years ago.[1] 

1.  Carl Zimmer, "Tuberculosis Is Newer Than Thought, Study Says", New York Times, 21 August 2014

(Continued)

Historical Perspectives of Health Disabilities

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Malaria

The first historical report of Malaria dates back to the Ancient Egyptians (Around 1550 B.C.) and the Ancient Greeks (around 413 B.C.). 

Discovery of the Malaria Parasite (6th November 1880) by Charles Louis, a French Army Surgeon stationed in Algeria. He was the First to notice its Parasites in the blood of a Malarial patient.

(Continued)

10. Neghina R, Neghina AM, Marincu I, Iacobiciu I (2010). "Malaria, a Journey in Time: In Search of the Lost Myths and Forgotten Stories". Am J Med Sci 340 (6): 492–498.  doi:10.1097/MAJ.0b013e3181e7fe6c. PMID 20601857. line feed character in|title= at position 56 (help)

Historical Perspectives of Health Disabilities

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CholeraThe First documented case of Cholera was in

1563 in the Indian Medical Report but in more modern terms, the story of the Disease begins in 1817 when it spreaded from the Ganges Delta in India to the rest of the world. 

Every year 3-5 Million People around the world are infected with Cholera and 100,000- 120,000 people die from it, (World Health Organization). 

Historical Perspectives of Health Disabilities

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Categories of Physical and Health Disabilities

There are Three Categories 1. Other Health Impairment (OHI)

Disorder resulting in Limited Strength, Vitality or Alertness with respect to the Educational Environment

It includes Asthma, Diabetes, Epilepsy, Heart Disorders, Hemophilia (a medical condition in which the ability of the blood to Clot is Extremely Reduced), (Continued)

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Leukemia (the Bone Marrow and other blood-forming organs produce increased numbers of immature or abnormal leucocytes), Nephritis, rheumatic fever, Tourette’s Syndrome, sickle cell anemia, etc.

(Continued)

Categories of Physical and Health Disabilities

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2. Orthopedic Impairment (OI) Disease such as Polio, Clubfoot, Bone Tuberculosis,

Cerebral Palsy, Spina Bifida (a Congenital defect of the spine), Muscular Dystrophy (Hereditary condition marked by Progressive Weakening and Wasting of the muscles), Amputations (is the Removal of a Limb by Medical grounds, or Surgery), Fractures, or Burns that adversely affect Educational Performance

(Continued)

Categories of Physical and Health Disabilities

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3. Brain Injury (TBI) An Acquired Injury to the Brain caused by

External Physical Force, resulting in Total or Partial Functional Disability that adversely affects Educational Performance, includes Open or Closed Head Injuries

Categories of Physical and Health Disabilities

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Prevalence of Physical and Health Disabilities

Among Students Aged 6-21

◦ About . 10% - Orthopedic Impairments

◦ About . 85% - Other Health Impairments

◦ About 04% - Brain Injury

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Diagnostic Procedures for Physical/Health Disabilities

Identification is usually completed through Medical Diagnostic Procedures including

1. Ultrasound,  also referred to as a Sonogram, Diagnostic Sonography, and Ultrasonography, is a device that uses High Frequency Sound Waves to Create an Image of some part of the Inside of the body, such as the Stomach, Liver, Heart, Tendons, Muscles, Joints and Blood Vessels etc.

(Continued)

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2. CT Scans, A Computed Tomography (CT) Scan uses X-rays to make detailed Pictures of Structures inside of the body. 

3. EEGs, Electrocardiogram, also called an EKG or ECG, is a Simple Painless Test that records the Heart's Electrical Activity. 

(Continued)

Diagnostic Procedures for Physical or Health Disabilities

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4. PET Scans, A Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan is a type of imaging test. It uses a Radioactive Substance called a Tracer to look for disease in the body. A PET Scan shows how organs and tissues are working.

5. CAT Scans, or Computerized Axial Tomography, more commonly known as CT or CAT Scan, is a Diagnostic Medical Test that, produces Multiple Images of the Inside of the Body.

Diagnostic Procedures for Physical or Health Disabilities

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Coping with the Students with Physical or Health Disabilities

◦ Always address their Specific Needs◦ Teach Life Skills, Social skills, Self-

determination Skills Development, and Transition to Adult living

◦ Use of Assistive Technology such as Teleconferences and Distance Education, if the child is Hospitalized, can support access to the General Education Curriculum.

◦ Adjust the curriculum to Meet the student’s Needs.

◦ Teach Special Healthcare Skills.

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Individualized Health Plans (IHP)◦ Communication, Medications, Lifting,

Mobility, Eating and Feeding, Toileting, Respiratory Management, Ventilator Management

Proper Positioning of the PersonBehavioral/Social Skill SupportSupport for Parents/Siblings

Caring the Person with Physical/Health Disabilities

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Interaction with a Student with a Physical Disability

Arrange Easy Furniture Ensure Friendly Environment Most Power Wheelchairs are controlled by a hand-held

device and should be left for the Individual to control. If the interaction session is expected to last longer, use the

space that is comfortable for all parties to be seated. Speak Directly to the Person, not to the accompanying

Support Person. If you are not Sure what to do, ask, “Can I help You?”

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Considerations for the Instructional Environment

Adjust the Environment based on Specific Needs of individual students.

Education may take place at Schools, Hospitals, Rehabilitation Centers, and at Homes.

Provide Related Services and Trained Staff to properly deliver the required Special Services.

Adjust placement as Child’s Needs Change.Make Materials Portable and Accessible. Make Environments Accessible.

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Common Instructional Technology

Decisions must be based on Individual Needs and Assistive Technology Assessment.

Assistive Technology include:-◦ Wheelchairs, Specialized Keyboards,

Adaptive Devices such as Self-help Skills Equipment, Communication Devices, Specialized Computer Programmes and Monitors, Switches, etc.

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Considerations for General Education Teacher

Work Closely with Medical and Other Services Personnel to provide Appropriate Services.

Make the Physical Environment Friendly & Safe.

Adjust Assistive Technology.Schedule Instructional Times which Suit All. Ensure students take part in Recreational

Activities.Help Students Develop Friendships.

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General Principles for DealingAlways talk Directly to the Student, Not

about the student to the Caretaker.

Monitor small group work to make sure the student is included.

Make a real effort to Include the student in Class Discussion.

Accommodate the student’s Needs without Embarrassing him/her.

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Teacher Motivation is Key

Parental Involvement Makes the Difference

Addressing Classmates Concerns

General Principles for Dealing

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