6 Kingdoms Anticipation Guide: Just to get you thinking! T/FAll bacteria are harmful! T/FOnly...
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Transcript of 6 Kingdoms Anticipation Guide: Just to get you thinking! T/FAll bacteria are harmful! T/FOnly...
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6 Kingdoms Anticipation Guide:Just to get you thinking!
T/F All bacteria are harmful!T/F Only animals move.T/F All animals are
vertebrates.T/F Humans are not animals.T/F Mushrooms are plants.T/F Viruses are living cells.
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Section 17.3 - Domains and Kingdoms
• Today’s biological classification system has six kingdoms within three domains. The three domains are:– Archaea– Eubacteria (Bacteria)– Eukarya (Eukaryota)
• Organisms are classified into domains according to cell type and structure.
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Domains and Kingdoms (cont.)
• Within the domains are six kingdoms:– Archaea (or Archaebacteria)– Eubacteria– Protists– Fungi– Plantae– Animalia
• Organisms are arranged into kingdoms based on cell type, structure, and nutrition.
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(BACTERIA)
(BACTERIA)
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Domain Archaea• Kingdom Archaea or Archaebacteria
– Prokaryotes that reproduce asexually– More ancient than bacteria– No peptidoglycan in cell walls– Diverse in nutrition requirements
• Most are heterotrophic• Some are autotrophic
– Called extremophiles because they live in extreme environments• Boiling hot springs, salty lakes,thermal vents on
ocean floor, mud of marshes where there is no oxygen
• So may or may not need oxygen to live
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Archaea (Extremophiles)
http://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/sfs/images/life_ext.jpg
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Domain Eubacteria (Bacteria)• Kingdom Eubacteria – prokaryotes whose
cell wall contains peptidoglycan – a strong polymer of two alternating sugars– A diverse group that can survive in many
different environments and that reproduce asexually.
– All are unicellular– Some are:
• Aerobic (require oxygen) OR• Anaerobic (die in presence of oxygen)
– And they are either• Autotrophic (produce their own food) OR• Heterotrophic (get their food from other organisms)
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Eubacteria
(Peptidoglycan)
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EubacteriaStreptococcus pyogenes
Escheria coli
http://www.microscopyconsulting.com
http://lenta.ru/news/2005/09/30/bacteria/
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Domain Eukarya
• Eukaryotes• Contains the following Kingdoms:
– Protista– Fungi– Plantae– Animalia
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The Domain Eukarya (or Eukaryota)
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Kingdom Protista• Domain Eukarya• Eukaryote• Unicellular & Multicellular• Autotrophic & Heterotrophic• Require oxygen (aerobic)• Reproduce sexually or asexually
or both• Plant-like – may or may not have
cell walls
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Kingdom ProtistaEuglena
http://www.utsc.utoronto.ca/~olaveson/Euglena.html, by Mary Olavsen http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/
faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20102/Bio%20102%20lectures/Protists/protists.htm
Amoeba proteus
Giant Sea Kelp
http://www.eco-pros.com/giant.htm
Slime Mold
www.genome.gov
www.pantransit.reptiles.org
Paramecium caudatum
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Fungus-like
Animal-like
Plant-like
Major Groups of Protista:
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Kingdom Fungi• Domain Eukarya• Eukaryotes• Cell wall, chitin• Unicellular or Multicellular• Heterotrophic• Aerobic• Reproduce sexually, asexually or
both
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Kingdom FungiShelf Fungus
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/fungi/fungi.html
Penicillium notatum
http://www.consilia-sa.ch/Francais/Analytes_A-Z/Allergenes/f_allerg.htm
Yeasts
www.sbs.utexas.edu
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Major GroupsGroups Examples
Zygomycota Bread molds
Ascomycota Sac fungi, yeasts & molds
Basidiomycota Club fungi, shelf fungi, (mushrooms)
Deuteromycota Parasitic molds, athlete’s foot
Major Groups of Fungi
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Blue-green “algae” or cyanobacteria
Chemoautotrophs
Spirillus (spiral-shaped)
Bacillus (rod-shaped)
Coccus (spherical-shaped)
Major Groups
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Kingdom Plantae• Domain Eukarya• Eukaryotes• Cell wall made of cellulose• Multicellular• Autotrophic (all do photosynthesis)• Oxygen required• Reproduce sexually, asexually or
both.
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Kingdom Plantae
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Plant DiversityBryophytes (non-vascular)Pterophytes (seedless, vascular)Coniferophytes (naked seed,
vascular & cone-bearing)Anthophytes (covered seed,
vascular & flowering)
Major Groups
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Kingdom Animalia• Domain Eukarya• Eukaryotes• No cell wall• Multicellular• All are heterotrophic
–Digestion takes place inside the body.
• All require oxygen• Reproduce sexually, asexually or both.
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Kingdom Animalia
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Sponges
Worms
Insects
Fish
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals
Major Groups of Animals
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Characteristic Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
Domain Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
Cell type (prokaryote or eukaryote)
Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
Cellularity (single-celled or multi)
Unicellular Both Multicellular
Nutrition Autotrophic & Heterotrophic Hetero- Auto- Hetero-
Reproduction(sexual or asexual)
Both(binary fission &
conjugationBoth
Both Protista are mostly asexual while animalia are
mostly sexual.
Special features and/or new adaptations
Cell wall with peptidoglycan.
Autotrophs have pigmentation.
Classified by shape, cell wall & movement.
Oldest and can live in harsh conditions.
Classified by cell wall & movement, lack of shape.
Fungi-like: Cell wall of chitin.Plant-like: Cell wall of cellulose.Chloroplasts & pigments.
Classified by movement & nutrition.
Cell wall of chitin.
Specialized cells.
Classified by reproduction
Cell wall of cellulose.
Specialized cells & tissues.
Classified by derived characters
Lacks cell wall
Specialized cells, tissues, organs, organ systems
Classified by derived characters
Habitat EVERYWHERE BUT EXTREMES EXTREMES
MOIST ENVIRONMENT
MOIST ENVIRONMENT
LAND & WATER
LAND & WATER
Major groups or phyla
CyanobacteriaGram + / -
Salt-lovers &Methane producers
Fungi, Plant, Animal-LIKE
Molds, mushrooms, spore-forming, parasitic
Nonvascular, vascular/seedless, vascular/seeded (flowering or non-flowering)
Sponges, worms, insects, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
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What About Viruses?
Why don’t we classify them?
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Viruses are Non-living!• Viruses are nonliving strands of genetic
material within a protein coat.• Not classified into a domain as they are not
considered to be living due to the following:– 1. don’t exhibit all 8 characteristics of life– 2. no organelles to take in nutrients or use
energy– 3. can’t make proteins– 4. can’t move– 5. can’t replicate on their own – require a host
to do so
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Viruses (cont.)• Origin: Viruses may have evolved from parts
of cells.• Structure:
– Capsid = outer layer made up of proteins.– Inside capsid is genetic material which is either
• DNA OR• RNA, BUT NEVER BOTH!
• Types: Classified by the type of nucleic acids they contain.– DNA Virus, example = smallpox– RNA Virus called a RETROVIRUS = HIV
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Bacteriophage:CAPSID
This type of virus infects bacterial cells.
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Virus Infecting a Host Cell