Peninsular Malaysia Electricity Supply Industry Outlook 2014
6. History of Electricity Supply Industry
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Transcript of 6. History of Electricity Supply Industry
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6. History of Electricity Supply Industry
Keith ToveyН.К.Тови М.А., д-р технических наук
Energy Science Director
CRed Project
ENV-2E02 Energy Resources
2004 - 2005
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• Prior to 1900 - numerous small utilities sprang up in towns and cities. Many operated on DC (Direct Current).
• Early 20th Century, Local Authorities in control of supply. – Supply switched to AC, – Some areas still had DC until after Second World War.
• In 1924 there were about 435 power stations supplying electricity.
• In 1930s, the Central Electricity Board began establishing a National Grid, initially at 33kV, then 66 kV and finally by the early 1950's, 132 kV.
• Higher voltages for transmission minimise transmission losses.
• The CEB built larger stations connected to grid
6. Early Background 1900 - 1957
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• At end of War, the number of stations had dropped to 345.
• cf 240 in 1965
• 168 in 1976
• 78 in 1986
• 1947 Electricity Act (effectively Nationalisation)
• In most other countries, supply of electricity, gas etc. remained in the control of the Local Authority.
• The Act also set up the BRITISH ELECTRICITY AUTHORITY as the successor company to the CEB.
6. Early Background 1900 - 1957
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• ELECTRICITY AUTHORITY as the successor company to the CEB.
• Finally in mid 1950's, the BRITISH ELECTRICITY AUTHORITY was reorganised as follows:-
• CEGB - responsible for generation and supply to the local Electricity Boards. CEGB only operated in England and WALES, and was divided into 5 regions. The CEGB operated nuclear, coal, oil, gas, and hydro stations.
• ELECTRICITY BOARDS - purchased electricity from the CEGB and distributed it to customers. There were 12 Area Boards (e.g. MANWEB, SEEBOARD etc). These Boards did not generate electricity.
• ELECTRICITY COUNCIL - This was a body covering the whole
Electricity Industry, and had a Research Centre at Capenhurst.
6. Early Background 1900 - 1957
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• SCOTLAND, the organisation was different.
• SOUTH OF SCOTLAND ELECTRICITY BOARD. (essentially area covered by SCOTTISH POWER)
– Generated and supplied electricity to customers in the South of Scotland. It also operated nuclear power stations.
• NORTH OF SCOTLAND HYDRO BOARD.
– Generated electricity mostly by Hydro-electricity and supplied electricity to the North of Scotland and the outlying islands. Fossil Fired power stations were built, and the hydro component became less than 50%.
• The NSHB exchanged electricity with SSEB who in turn exchanged electricity with the CEGB.
• A low power link was also installed to link the CEGB with Electricite de France (EdF).
6. Early Background 1900 - 1957
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• CEGB began installing Super-grid at voltages of 275 kV and finally 400 kV.
• Decision taken in early 1960's to build new power stations to avoid shortages of late 1950's and early 1960's.
• Sited on coal fields or on coast (Nuclear and Oil). • Electricity became National Electricity Vector•
• Consequences:-
• Less coal by rail - closure of lines in 1960's• More Grid Lines needed
– ( even today there are parts of the country which are vulnerable eg SW and SE).» Made implementation of CHP difficult.» Power stations became very » Large stations did not have nearby heat sink for CHP.
6. DEVELOPMENTS ELECTRICITY SUPPLY 1957-90
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6.1. Change in Demand for Electricity
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6.1. Change in Efficiency of Generation of Electricity
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6.1. Installed Capacity
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UK (DNC)
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6.1. Maximum Demand
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4th - 10th January 2003
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Typical UK Electricity Demand in Winter
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For an up to date indication of actual demand – consult
www.bmreports.com
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Typical UK Electricity Demand in Summer
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1st August 2002
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• Electricity CANNOT be stored, and generating capacity at any instant must be closely matched to demand.
• FORECAST DEMAND AS ACCURATELY AS POSSIBLE.
• FACTORS AFFECTING DEMAND:-
Weekdays have generally similar demand pattern Weekends have a different but generally consistent demand
pattern.
Minor variations occur:-
– e.g. larger morning peak on Mondays, more spread out evening peak on Fridays.
6.2. Forecasting Demand
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Weather affects demand by shifting curve upwards:-
• *Dominant factors:-
• EXTERNAL TEMPERATURE
(approx. 8% increase in heating demand per 1o C drop in temperature).
– INDUSTRIAL DEMAND (these are usually constant for a given day)
Other factors:-
• * Wind chill • * Solar gain
• - affect consumption by a few percent at most.
Seasonal factors shift evening peak to late evening as daylight hours increase.
6.2. Forecasting Demand
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• MADE BY NATIONAL GRID TRANSCO
• 1) LONG TERM:- Strategic planning of requirements of period of years.
• 2) SHORT TERM:- (about 1 week ahead)
• on basis of long range weather forecasts
• 3) 24-HOUR FORECAST:- (previous afternoon)
• on basis of latest weather information.
• indirectly influences which generating plant are used.
• 4) SHORT TERM FLUCTUATIONS:-
• equipment failures,
• television adverts etc.
– dealt with by use of pumped storage schemes, use of GAS TURBINES etc.
• A reserve of about 0.5 - 1.0% is usually provided by running generators slightly under full load.
6.3. Levels of Forecasting
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• FORECASTS FOR SPECIAL OCCASIONS ARE VERY DIFFICULT
• SPECIAL SPORTING EVENTS can cause minor problems
• (e.g. the CUP FINAL going to extra time),
• Electricity cannot be stored except in small quantities so power stations are called into use as needed.
• If a station is cold it may need up to 1 day to come on line. Even when hot most will need at least 20 minutes to come up to full power.
Cheapest marginal plant were run first Then base-load Coal - most efficient coal.
• Above plant are run continuously for several days on end as demand is always above output (at least in short term)
The cost for running a particular plant will depend on how warm the plant is.
6.4. Meeting Demand - former CEGB Method
6.3. Levels of Forecasting