Contents · .6 Gases 1 6.1 Properties of Gases 195 EXPLORE YOUR WORLD Forming a Gas 198 6.2 Gas...

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Contents

Prologue

A

BChemistry and Chemicals P-2

Scientific Method: Thinking like a ScientistENVIRONMENTAL NOTEDDT:Good Pesticide, Bad Pesticide P-7

A Study Plan for Learning Chemistry P-7C

1 Measu rements

1.1 Units of Measurement 2

1.2

EXPLORE YOUR WORLDUnits Listed on labels 5

Measured Numbers and

Significant Figures 8

Significant Figures in Calculations

Prefixes and Equalities 14

Writing Conversion Factors 18EXPLORE YOUR WORLD

SI and Metric Equalities onProduct labels 20

Problem Solving 22CAREER FOCUS

Veterinary Technician (VT) 26

Density 28EXPLORE YOUR WORLDSink or Float? 30

H£AlTH NOTE

Determination of Percentage ofBody Fat 32HEALTH NOTE

Specific Gravity of Urine 33

Chapter Review 33

Key Terms 34

Additional Questions and Problems 34

Understanding the Concepts 35Questions for Teamwork 36Answers 37

101.3

1.41.5

1.6

1.7

. 2 Energy and MatterP-4

2.1 Energy 40ENVIRONMENTAL NOTE

Global Warming 44

Energy and Nutrition 44EXPLORE YOUR WORLD

Counting Calories 46HEALTH NOTE

losing and Gaining Weight 47

Temperature Conversions 47CAREER FOCUS

Surgical Technologist 49HEALTH NOTE

Variation in BodyTemperature

Specific Heat 52

States of Matter 55

Changes of State 57CAREER FOCUS

Histologist 58HEALTH NOTESteam Burns 61

Chapter Review 65

Key Terms 66



51

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

. 3 Atoms and Elements

3.1 Classification of Matter 71

3.2 Elements and Symbols 75

3.3 The Periodic Table 78

HEALTH NOTEElements Essential to Health 79

HEALTH NOTE

Some Important Trace Elements in the Body 83

3.4 The Atom 84

EXPLORE YOUR WORLD

Repulsion and Attraction 87

3.5 Atomic Number and Mass Number 88

CAREER FOCUS

Optician 89

3.6 Isotopes and Atomic Mass 91

3.7 Electron Energy levels 93HEALTH NOTE

Biological Reactions to UV Light 97

3.8 Periodic Trends 97

ChapterReview 103

KeyTerms 104


Understanding the Concepts 106

Questions for Teamwork 107Answers 107

. 4 Compounds andTheir Bonds

4.1 Octet Rule and Ions 111

HEALTH NOTESome Uses for Noble Gases 113

HEALTH NOTE

Some Important Ions in the Body 115

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4.2 Ionic Compounds 116CAREER FOCUS

Physical Therapist 118

Naming and Writing Ionic Formulas

Polyatomic Ions 123HEALTH NOTE

Polyatomic Ionsin Bones andTeeth 125

Covalent

Compounds 128

Electronegativity andBond Polarity 135

Shapes and Polarity ofMolecules 138

Chapter Review 143

Key Terms 144

Additional Questions andProblems 144



1194.3

4.4

4.5

4.6

4.7

5 Chemical Reactionsand Quantities

5.1

5.2

5.3

Chemical Changes

Chemical Equations

Types of ReactionsHEALTH NOTE

Smog and Health Concerns 161

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 162

EXPLORE YOUR WORLD

Oxidation of Fruits and Vegetables 164

The Mole 166

Molar Mass 170

EXPLORE YOUR WORLD

Calculating Moles in the Kitchen 172

Mole Relationships in Chemical

Equations 174Mass Calculations for Reactions 1 79

Energy in Chemical Reactions 183HEALTH NOTEHot Packs and Cold Packs 184

Chapter Review 188

Key Terms 189




150

152

158

5.4

5.5

5.6

5.7

5.8

5.9

. 6 Gases 1

6.1 Properties of Gases 195EXPLORE YOUR WORLD

Forming a Gas 1986.2 Gas Pressure 198

HEALTH NOTE

Measuring Blood Pressure 200

6.3 Pressure and Volume (Boyle's Law) 200HEALTH NOTE

Pressure-Volume Relationship in Breathing 202

6.4 Temperature and Volume (Charles' Law) 204

6.5 Temperature and Pressure(Gay-Lussac's Law) 206

CAREER FOCUSNurse Anesthetist 207

6.6 The Combined Gas Law 208

6.7 Volume and Moles (Avogadro's Law) 210

6.8 Partial Pressures (Dalton's Law) 215HEALTH NOTEBlood Gases 217

HEALTH NOTE

Hyperbaric Cham bers 218

Chapter Review 219

Key Terms 220




. 7 Solutions

7.1 Solutions 225

HEALTH NOTE

Water in the Body 229EXPLORE YOUR WORLDLike Dissolves Like 230

7.2 Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes 230CAREER FOCUS

Orthopedic Physician Assistant 232HEALTH NOTE

Electrolytes in Body Fluids 234

Solubility 235HEALTH NOTE

Gout and Kidney Stones: A Problemof Saturation in Body Fluids 236EXPLORE YOUR WORLD

Preparing Solutions 237

Percent Concentration 239

Molarity and Dilution 243

Solutions in Chemical Reactions 249

Properties of Solutions 252HEALTH NOTE

Colloids and Solutions in the Body 252EXPLORE YOUR WORLD

Everyday Osmosis 255HEALTH NOTE

Dialysis by the Kidneys and the Artificial Kidney 258

ChapterReview 260Key Terms 261



7.3

7.47.57.6

7.7

. 8 Acids and Bases

8.1 Acids and Bases 266

8.2 Bn,msted-Lowry Acids and Bases 2688.3 Strengths of Acids and Bases 2728.4 Ionization of Water 275

8.5 The pH Scale 278HEALTH NOTE

Stomach Acid, HCI 280EXPLORE YOUR WORLD

Using Vegetables and Flowers as pH Indicators 284

Nuclear Fission and Fusion 321

HEALTH NOTE

Other Imaging Methods 322 ..ENVIRONMENTAL NOTENuclear Power Plants 325

Chapter Review 326

Key Terms 326




10 Introduction to OrganicChemistry: Alkanes

10.1 Organic Compounds 33210.2 Alkanes 335

10.3 Alkanes with Substituents 339

HEALTH NOTE

Common Uses of Halo alkanes 344

10.4 Properties of Alkanes 346HEALTH NOTE

Incomplete Combustion 348ENVIRONMENTAL NOTECrude Oil 349

10.5 Functional Groups 350CAREER FOCUS

Laboratory Technologist 350ENVIRONMENTAL NOTE

Functional Groupsin Familiar

Compounds 354

Chapter Review 355

Summary of Naming 356

Summary of Reactions 356

Key Terms 356

Additional Questions andProblems 357

Understanding the

Concepts 358

Questionsfor Teamwork 359Answers 359

8.6 Reactions of Acids and Bases

ENVIRONMENTAL NOTEAcid Rain 285

HEALTH NOTEAntacids 288

Buffers 290HEALTH NOTEBuffers in the Blood 292

Chapter Review 294

Key Terms 295




284

8.7

9.6

II1II

. 9 Nuclear Radiation

9.3 Radiation Measurement 311

HEALTH NOTE

Radiation and Food 313

Half-Life of a Radioisotope 315EXPLORE YOUR WORLD

Modeling Half-Lives 317ENVIRONMENTAL NOTE

Dating Ancient Objects 318

Medical Applications Using

Radioactivity 31 9HEALTH NOTE

Radiation Doses in Diagnostic and

Therapeutic Procedures 321

9.4

9.5

9.1 Natural Radioactivity 300

HEALTH NOTE

Biological Effects of Radiation 304

9.2 Nuclear Equations 305

ENVIRONMENTAL NOTE

Radon in Our Homes 307

HEALTH NOTE

Beta Emitters in Medicine 308

. 11 Unsaturated

Hydrocarbons 361

11.1 Alkenes and Alkynes 362EXPLORE YOUR WORLD

Ripening Fruit 363ENVIRONMENTAL NOTE

Fragrant Alkenes 366

11.2 Cis-Trans Isomers 365

EXPLORE YOUR WORLD

Modeling Cis-Trans Isomers 367ENVIRONMENTAL NOTEPheromones in Insect Communication 368

HEALTH NOTE

Cis-Trans Isomers for Night Vision 368

11.3 Addition Reactions 369

EXPLORE YOUR WORLDUnsaturation in Fats and Oils 369

HEALTH NOTE

Hydrogenation of Unsaturated Fats 370

11.4 Polymers of Alkenes 372EXPLORE YOUR WORLD

Polymers and Recycling Plastics 373

11.5 Aromatic Compounds 375HEALTH NOTE

Some Common Aromatic Compounds 376HEALTH NOTE

Polycyclic AromaticHydrocarbons (PAHs) 378

ChapterReview 379SummaryofNaming 379

Summaryof Reactions 379KeyTerms 379Additional Questionsand Problems 380

UnderstandingtheConcepts 381Questionsfor Teamwork 381Answers 382

.12 Organic Compounds withOxygen and Sulfur 384

12.1 Alcohols, Ethers, and Thiols 385EXPLORE YOUR WORLDAlcohols in Household Products 386

HEALTH NOTE

Some Important Alcohols and Phenols 388HEALTH NOTE

Ethers as Anesthetics 392

12.2 Properties of Alcohols, Phenols,and Ethers 392

12.3 Reactions of Alcohols and Thiols 395

CAREER FOCUSPharmacist 396

HEALTH NOTE

Oxidation of Alcohol in the Body 398

12.4 Aldehydes and Ketones 399ENVIRONMENTAL NOTEVanilla 402

HEALTH NOTE

Some Important Aldehydes and Ketones 404

12.5 Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones 405

12.6 Chiral Molecules 409

HEALTH NOTE

Enantiomers in Biological Systems 414

Chapter Review 417



Key Terms 418



Questions for Teamwork 423

Answers 423

.13 Carboxylic Acids, Esters,

Amines, and Amides

13.1 Carboxylic Acids 427HEALTH NOTE

Alpha Hydroxy Acids 430

13.2 Properties of Carboxylic Acids 431

13.3 Esters 434

HEALTH NOTE

Salicylic Acid and Aspirin 435ENVIRONMENTAL NOTE

Cleaning Action of Soaps 440

13.4 Amines 442

HEALTH NOTE

Amines in Health and Medicine 444

HEALTH NOTE

Alkaloids: Amines in Plants 447

13.5 Amides 449

CAREER FOCUS

Clinical Laboratory Technologist 450HEALTH NOTE

Amides in Health and Medicine 452

Chapter Review 455



Key Terms 451



.. 14 £arbohydrates

14.1 Carbohydrates 463

14.2 Structures of

Monosaccharides 468

HEALTH NOTE

Hyperglycemia andHypoglycemia 471

14.3 Cyclic Structures ofMonosaccharides 473

14.4 Chemical Properties ofMonosaccharides 477

HEALTH NOTE

Testing for Glucosein Urine 478

14.5 Disaccharides 480EXPLORE YOUR WORLD

Sugar and Sweeteners 482HEALTH NOTE

How Sweet Is My Sweetener? 483CAREER FOCUSPhlebotomist 484HEALTH NOTE

Blood Types and Carbohydrates 485

14.6 Polysaccharides 486EXPLORE YOUR WORLD

Polysaccharides 486Chapter Review 489

Summary of Carbohydrates 490


Key Terms 491




..15 lipids

15.1 Lipids 496EXPLORE YOUR WORLD

Solubility of Fats and Oils 497

15.2 Fatty Acids 498HEALTH NOTE

Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Fish Oils 502

15.3 Waxes, Fats, and Oils 504

15.4 Chemical Properties ofTriacylglycerolsHEALTH NOTEOlestra: A Fat Substitute 509

HEALTH NOTE

Trans Fatty Acids and HydrogenationEXPLORE YOUR WORLD

Types of Fats 512

508

510

15.5 Glycerophospholipids 513CAREER FOCUS

Physical Therapist 515

15.6 Steroids: Cholesterol and Steroid Hormones 515HEALTH NOTEAnabolic Steroids 521

15.7 Cell Membranes 522

HEALTH NOTE

Transport Through Cell Membranes 524

ChapterReview 525KeyTerms 526Additional QuestionsandProblems 526

UnderstandingtheConcepts 527Questionsfor Teamwork 528Answers 528

.16 Amino Acids, Proteins,

and Enzymes16.1 Functions of Proteins 53316.2 Amino Acids 534

16.3 Amino Acids as Acids and Bases 538CAREER FOCUS

Rehabilitation Specialist 538

16.4 Formation of Peptides 53916.5 levels of Protein Structure 541

HEALTH NOTE

Natural Opiates in the Body 541HEALTH NOTEEssential Amino Acids 546

EXPLORE YOUR WORLDDenaturation of Milk Protein 549

HEALTH NOTESickle-Cell Anemia 550

16.6 Enzymes 551

16.7 Enzyme Action 553HEALTH NOTE

Isoenzymes as Diagnostic Tools 555

16.8 Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity 557EXPLORE YOUR WORLD

Enzyme Activity 557

16.9 Enzyme Cofactors 562

Chapter Review 565

Key Terms 566




Answers 570

.17 Nucleic Acids and

Protein Synthesis

17.1 Components of Nucleic Acids 574CAREER FOCUS

Occupational Therapist 577

17.2 Primary Structure of Nucleic Acids 57817.3 DNA Double Helix 580

17.4 RNA and the Genetic Code 584

17.5 Protein Synthesis: Translation 589HEALTH NOTE

Many Antibiotics Inhibit Protein Synthesis 592

17.6 Genetic Mutations 593EXPLORE YOUR WORLD

A Model for DNA Replication and Mutation 595

17.7 Viruses 597HEALTH NOTECancer 600

Chapter Review 602

Key Terms 602




Answers 604

. 18 Metabolic Pathways andEnergyProduction

18.1 Metabolism and ATP Energy 608HEALTH NOTE

ATP Energy and Ca2+ Neededto Contract Muscles 613

18.2 Digestion: Stage 1 613EXPLORE YOUR WORLD

Carbohydrate Digestion 615

18.3 Important Coenzymes in

Metabolic Pathways 617HEALTH NOTELactose Intolerance 620

18.4 Glycolysis: Stage 2 620

18.5 The Citric Acid Cycle: Stage 3 627

18.6 Electron Transport 630HEALTH NOTE

Toxins: Inhibitors of Electron Transport 636

18.7 Oxidative Phosphorylation and ATP 636HEALTH NOTE

ATP Synthase and Heating the Body 639

18.8 Oxidation of Fatty Acids 643EXPLORE YOUR WORLD

Fat Storage and Blubber 644

HEALTHNOTE

Stored Fat and Obesity 646

18.9 Degradation of Amino Acids 648HEALTH NOTEKetone Bodies and Diabetes 649

Chapter Review 654

Summary of KeyReactions 655

Key Terms 657




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Contents · .6 Gases 1 6.1 Properties of Gases 195 EXPLORE YOUR WORLD Forming a Gas 198 6.2 Gas...

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Transcript of Contents · .6 Gases 1 6.1 Properties of Gases 195 EXPLORE YOUR WORLD Forming a Gas 198 6.2 Gas...