6 CONCEPT GENERATION - industri2012.files.wordpress.com · • products with simple technical...
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Concept Generation
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What is concept generation?
• Konsep produk– Deskripsi teknologi prinsip kerja dan bentuk produk– Deskripsi teknologi, prinsip kerja dan bentuk produk – good concept : sometimes poorly implemented– poor concept : rarely be manipulated
• Concept generation– Relatif tidak mahal, dapat dilaksanakan dengan cepat
d C G fid f f ll l ti f th– good C.G : confidence for full exploration of the alternatives
Customer needstarget spec.
a set of product concepts
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Common Dysfunctions during C.G
• Hanya ada 1 atau 2 alternatif, oleh anggota yang paling aktifanggota yang paling aktif
• Gagal untuk mempertimbangkan kegunaan konsep produk yang sudahkegunaan konsep produk yang sudah dipergunakan oleh perusahaan lain
• Hanya melibatkan 1 atau 2 orang dalam• Hanya melibatkan 1 atau 2 orang dalam prosesnya
• Integrasi yang tidak efektif dari solusi• Integrasi yang tidak efektif dari solusi parsial yang menjanjikan
• Gagal menentukan keseluruhan kategori• Gagal menentukan keseluruhan kategori solusi
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Concept Generation Process• Clarify the Problem
– Problem DecompositionExternal Search
Clarifythe
Problem• External Search– Lead Users– Experts
Patents
Problem
– Patents– Literature– Benchmarking
• Internal Search
SearchExternally
SearchInternally
• Internal Search– Individual Methods– Group Methods
• Systematic ExplorationExplore
Systematically• Systematic Exploration– Classification Tree– Combination Table
Reflect on the ProcessReflect on theSolutions and
Systematically
• Reflect on the Process– Continuous Improvement
Solutions andthe Process
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Step 1: Perjelas masalah
• Mengembangkan pengertian umum dan k di hk l h j dikemudian memecahkan masalah menjadi subproblem jika diperlukan.
• Untuk melakukan ini, tim pengembangan dapat menggunakan mission statement, customer needs list, dan spesifikasi produk awal, walaupun mungkin informasi-informasi tsb. masih terus disempurnakan.
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Design Problem
• Suatu bentuk pernyataan masalah (design problem) yang diberikan pada(design problem) yang diberikan pada designer oleh client atau management, contoh : “for a domestic hot and cold water mixing trap that can be operated with one hand”
• Dalam design problem– Ada : tujuan, kendali, kriteria– Tidak ada : solusi, proses penentuan masalah
• Solusi dari designer bias jadi hal yang tid k h dib k ttidak pernah dibayangkan atau diinginkan oleh client
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Ill Defined Problem vs Well Defined
• Well defined problem :– Have a clear goalg– Often 1 correct answer– Rules or known ways of proceeding that will
generate an answergenerate an answer
• Ill defined problem :p– There is no definitive formulation of the problem– Any problem formulation may embody
inconsistenciesinconsistencies– Formulations of the problem are solution-
dependent– Proposing solutions is a means of understanding
the problem– There is no definitive solution to the problem
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• Starting Point untuk design mengacu pada ill-d fi d bl t k b t h b ldefined problem atau kebutuhan yang belum jelas (masih samar-samar)L k h t ti d l• Langkah pertama yang penting dalam proses design adalah clarify the design objectives. Langkah ini sangat membantu dalamLangkah ini sangat membantu dalam pembuatan objectives per tahap dalam pembuatan objek akhir yang diinginkan. p j y g g
• Mungkin saja objectives per tahap itu mengalami perubahan selama proses design berlangsung
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Concept Generation Example:Power Nailer
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Nailer Example
• mission statementsTh il ill il ( d t dh i• The nailer will use nails (as opposed to adhesives, screws, etc.)
• The nailer will be compatible with nail magazines on existing toolsg
• The nailer will nail into wood• customer needs
• The nailer inserts nails in rapid successionThe nailer inserts nails in rapid succession• The nailer fits into tight spaces• The nailer is lightweight
• Target specifications• Target specifications• Nail lengths from 50 ~ 75 mm• Maximum nailing energy of 80 joules per nail• Nailing forces of up to 2 000 NNailing forces of up to 2,000 N
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Problem Decomposition (cont’d)
• After decomposed– choose the sub-problems
• most critical to the success of the productlik l t d i th ll l ti t th bl• likely to drive the overall solution to the problem
• Two other approachesDecomposition by sequence of user actions– Decomposition by sequence of user actions
• products with simple technical functions involving many user interactions
– Decomposition by key customer needs• products with form is the primary problem
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Concept Classification Tree
• divide the entire space of possible solutions into several distinct classes
• four benefits– Pruning of less promising branches– Identification of independent approaches to the problem– Exposure of inappropriate emphasis on certain branches– Refinement of the problem decomposition for a particular
branchesconstraining the possible solutions to the remaining sub-– constraining the possible solutions to the remaining sub-problems : good candidate for a classification tree
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THE OBJECTIVES THREE METHOD PROCEDURE
1. Prepare a list of design objectives• Design objectives biasanya juga dikenal dengan
kebutuhan dari client, kebutuhan dari pengguna atau tujuan produkatau tujuan produk
• Design objectives terdiri dari tujuan-tujuan abstrak maupun kongkrit yang harus dipenuhiMi l bj ti d i t i d l h• Misalnya : objective dari suatu mesin adalah ‘safe’. Dan untuk menterjemahkannya ‘safe’ tersebut dimaksudkan dengan :
– Low risk of injury to operator– Low risk of operator mistakes– Low risk of damafe to work-piece or tool– Automatic cut-out on overload
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THE OBJECTIVES THREE METHOD PROCEDURE
1. Order the list into sets of higher-level and lower-level objectiveslevel and lower-level objectives
• Lower-lever objective dimaksudkan untuk meraih higher-level objectivesuntuk meraih higher-level objectives
• Level hirarki yang terlihat untuk kasus ‘safe’ adalah :kasus safe adalah :
– Machine must be safe
– Low risk of injury to operator– Low risk of operator mistakes– Low risk of damage to work-piece or toolg p
– Automatic cut-out on overload
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THE OBJECTIVES THREE METHOD PROCEDURE
1. Draw a diagrammatic tree of objectives, showing hierarchical relationships andshowing hierarchical relationships and interconnections
• Diagram pohon ini digambar dari atas ke bawah• Diagram pohon ini digambar dari atas ke bawah, karena biasanya akan terjadi penambahan cabang pada lower level
Machines must beMachines must besafe
'H '
Low risk ofoperator mistakes
Low risk of injuryto operator
Low risk ofdamage to
workpeace or tool
'How'
'Why'
Automatic cut-outon overload
Why
Hierarchical diagram of relationships
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Nailer Example (Ex.7)
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• Contoh 2 : Automatic teamaker• Function : combine water and tea leaves
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ESTABLISHING FUNCTIONS
• Metode Function Analysis– Mempertimbangkan essential functions danMempertimbangkan essential functions dan
level dimana masalah berada• Essential functions :• Essential functions :
– Device, product of system to be designed must satisfy no matter what physicalmust satisfy, no matter what physical components might be used
• Level dimana masalah berada :• Level dimana masalah berada :– Diperlihatkan dengan membuat batasan
yang mengelilingi coherent sub-set ofyang mengelilingi coherent sub-set of functions
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The Function Analysis Method Procedure
1. Express the overall function for the pdesign in terms of the convension of inputs into outputsp p
• Starting point dari metode ini adalah konsentrasi pada apa yang akan dicapai pada design baru dan bagaimanapada design baru dan bagaimanamencapainya
• Ekspresi yang digunakan adalah dengan p y g g gmenggunakan black box yang terdiri dari fungsi-fungsi untuk meng-convert input menjadi output yang diinginkanmenjadi output yang diinginkan
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The Function Analysis Method Procedure
B l a c k B o x
I n p u t s F u n c t i o n s O u t p u t s
1. Break down the overall function into a set of essential s b f nctionsset of essential sub-functions
• Fungsi-fungsi yang terdapat di black box begitu kompleksnya sehingga perlubegitu kompleksnya sehingga perlu diterjemahkan ke dalam sub-functions.
• Setiap sub-functions mempunyai input dan outputnya sendiri.
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The Function Analysis Method Procedure
1. Draw a block diagram showing the interactions between sub-functionsinteractions between sub-functions
• Block diagram dibuat ‘transparent’ dan terdiri dari semua sub-functions yang tersebar dan y gberhubungan dengan input dan outputnya
TRANSPARENT BOX
Sub-function Sub-function
TRANSPARENT BOX
Sub-functionSub-function
Inputs Functions Outputs
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The Function Analysis Method Procedure
1. Draw the system boundary• Batas sistem memperlihatkan batas
fungsional untuk produk atau alat yang k did iakan didesign
1. Search for appropriate components for performing the sub-functions and their pe o g e sub u c o s a d einteractions
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• Contoh : Automatic teamaker
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Contoh : Automatic teamaker
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Contoh : Automatic teamaker
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Problem Decomposition
• Functional decomposition– represent the problem as a single black box
operating– divide the sing black box into sub-functionsg
• more specific description• 3~10 sub-functions (rule of thumb)
– goal : to describe the functional elements for gthe product w/o implying a specific technology
• Useful techniques– create a function diagram of an existing– create a function diagram of an existing
product– based on an arbitrary product concept
follow one of the flows an determine what– follow one of the flows an determine what operations are required
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Problem Decomposition: Function Diagramg
Hand-held
Energy (?)
M t i l ( il )
Energy (?)INPUT OUTPUT
M t i l (d i il)Hand heldnailer
Signal (?)
Material (nails)
Signal (tool "trip")
Material (driven nail)
Store oraccept
external
Convertenergy to
translationalEnergy
Storenails
externalenergy
Isolatenail
translationalenergy
Applytranslational
Energy
Nails Drivenilnails nail energy to nail
Sensetrip
Triggertool
"Trip" oftool
nail
trip tooltool
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Step 2: Cari dari Sumber Eksternal
• Interview Lead Users– Benefit from improvement suggestions– Benefit from improvement suggestions– As innovation source
• Benchmarking Related ProductsC i ith titi d t– Comparison with competitive products
• Consult Experts (professionals, university faculty, etc)– Technical experts– Experienced customers
• Search PatentsSearch Patents– search related inventions
• Search Published Literaturetechnical journals– technical journals
– trade literature
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Capture Innovation from Lead Users:Utility Light Example
Old Design Innovated DesignOld Design Innovated Design
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Step 3: Cari dari Sumber Internal• Guidelines to improve both individual and group
search:– Tahan dulu penilaian, kumpulkan dulu semua ide.– Cari ide sebanyak-banyaknya
Ide yang kelihatan tidak mungkin juga diterima– Ide yang kelihatan tidak mungkin juga diterima dahulu
– Gunakan media grafik dan fisik – Buat analogi– Berharap dan bertanya-tanya– Pecahkan konflik– Pecahkan konflik– Gunakan stimulus yang berhubungan– Gunakan stimulus yang tidak berhubungan – Tentukan tujuan kuantitatif– Gunakan metode galeri
Pertukarkan ide dalam suatu grup
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Step 4: Explore Systematically
• Aimi ti th f ibiliti b i i– navigating the space of possibilities by organizing
and synthesizing these solution fragments• Tools• Tools
– for managing the complexity and organizing the thinking
– Concept classification tree– Concept combination table
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Concept Combination Table
• a way to consider combinations of ysolution fragments systematically
• a way to make forced associations yamong fragments to stimulate further creative thinking
• two guidelines– eliminating infeasible fragments :
d ti f th b f bi tireduction of the number of combination– concentrated on the coupled sub-
problemsproblems
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Prosedur Morphological Chart
• List the feature or functions that are• List the feature or functions that are essential to the product
Tujuan : menentukan aspek penting yang– Tujuan : menentukan aspek penting yang harus ada dalam produk atau dapat dikerjakan oleh produk parametersdikerjakan oleh produk parameters
– Item yang didaftar harus pada tkt generalitas sama, seindependen mungkin satu sama , p glain
– Meliput sekomprehensif mungkin fungsi produk atau mesin yang didesign
– Jangan terlalu panjang (4 – 8)
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Prosedur Morphological Chart
• For each feature or function list the means by which it might be achievedmeans by which it might be achieved– Individual sub-solution yang bila
dikombinasikan satu dari setiap daftar pmembentuk solusi rancangan keseluruhan
– Daftar ini dapat memuat tidak hanya b l i d k t t i jsubsolusi yang ada sekarang tetapi juga
hal baru yang diperkirakan feasible
• Draw up a chart containing all the possible sub-solutionspossible sub solutions– Buat kotak-kotak dari daftar terdahulu– Kolom paling kiri berisi feature atau
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Prosedur Morphological Chart
– Setelah selesai, morphological chart berisi range lengkap semua theoretically-range lengkap semua theoretically-possible solution
• Identify feasible combinations of sub-solutionsolution– Identifikasi kombinasi yang baru– Identifikasi kombinasi yang mungkin– Identifikasi kombinasi yang mungkin– Identifikasi kombinasi yang tidak mungkin– Buat daftar kombinasi yang mungkin– Buat daftar kombinasi yang mungkin
• Contoh :
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Step 4: Dieksplorasi Secara Sistematik
Convert ElectricalConvert ElectricalEnergy toTranslationalEnergy
AccumulateEnergy
ApplyTranslationalEnergy to Nail
rotary motor w/transmission spring single impact
linear motor
solenoid
moving mass multiple impacts
push nail
rail gun
Ex 6-9: Concept Combination Table
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Step 5: Refleksikan pada Hasil dan Proses
• Apakah tim telah yakin bahwa semua kemungkinan solusi sudah diamatikemungkinan solusi sudah diamati dengan sepenuhnya?
• Apakah ada diagram fungsi alternatif?• Apakah ada diagram fungsi alternatif? • Apakah ada cara alternatif untuk
memecahkan masalah menjadi bagianmemecahkan masalah menjadi bagian-bagian yang lebih kecil?
• Apakah sumber eksternal telah semuanya• Apakah sumber eksternal telah semuanya secara keseluruhan dicapai?
• Apakah ide dari semua orang telah• Apakah ide dari semua orang telah diterima dan diintegrasikan di dalam proses?
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Vegetable Peeler : Voice of Customero ce o Custo e
• Wortel dan kentang sangat berbedaWortel dan kentang sangat berbeda• Saya sering terpotong
Sering kali kulit tertinggal• Sering kali kulit tertinggal• Saya kidal, saya menggunakan pisau
biasa• Alat ini cepat tetapi memotong terlalu
dalam• Bagaimana mengupas jerukBagaimana mengupas jeruk• Kadang berkarat
Modelnya bagus
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Vegetable Peeler : Key Customer Needsey Custo e eeds
• Alat pengupas dapat mengupas berbagai produk
• Dapat digunakan untuk berbagai kondisi• Membuat waste minimal• Cepat
T h l• Tahan lama• Mudah dibersihkan
A di k i d di i• Aman dipakai dan disimpan• Nyaman dipakai• Tetap tajam atau mudah diasah• Tetap tajam atau mudah diasah