6 akmal karimov - uzbekistan
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Transcript of 6 akmal karimov - uzbekistan
A. Karimov, IWMI
Current status of the groundwater resources in the irrigated zone of Central Asia
• IWMI ( International Water Management Institute) – one of the 15s center of the CGIAR (Consulting Group for International Agricultural Research)
www.iwmi.org (Colombo, Sri Lanka)
• IWMI has regional center in Tashkent + 99871 – 2370445 [email protected] / [email protected]
GW study area within Central Asia
Fergana Valley and the Syrdarya midstream
Central Asia
Groundwater use in the Aral Sea basin
House. WU68%
Ind. WU29%
Other3%
KazakhstanGWR = 1.8 km3
GWE = 0.42 km3 HWU11%
IWU14%
Agr. WU76%
KyrgyzstanGWR = 0.86 km3GWE = 0.40 km3
House.WU34%
IWU9%
Agr.WU56%
O1% Tajikistan
GWR = 6.65 km3GWE = 0.99 km3
HWU46%
IWU8%
AWU33%
DW13%
TurkmenistanGWR = 3.36 km3GWE = 0.46 km3
House.WU42%
Ind. WU9%
Agr. WU25%
Drain.W22%
Rangelands1%
Dewatering mines7%
UzbekistanGWR 18.5 km3
GWE = 5.43 km3
GW of the Fergana Valley
Groundwater depths, July 2004The area of the irrigated land with shallow water table
Soil type Fergana Valley
Evaporation from shallow water table on silt loam soils of the
Fergana Valley
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.50
150300450600750900
1050
Water depth, m
mm
/ha
Lysimeter studies ( Ganiev, 1979)
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
0
50
100
150
200
250
SandSandy loamSilt loam
000
‘ га
The area with shallow water
Evaporation from shallow water table
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5-0.20
-0.05
0.10
0.25
0.40
0.55
0.70RFPolynomial (RF)HDIPolynomial (HDI)LDIPolynomial (LDI)DIPolynomial (DI)FIPolynomial (FI)УГВ, m
GWe.
ET (-
)
Regional GW balance for the Fergana Valley (average for 1992-2004)
Item AverageMm3/yr %
Inflow 1. Irrigation losses 7054 782. Precipitation losses 245 33. Leakage from rivers 1301 144. Underground inflow 1721 19Groundwater inflow 9020 100Discharge1. GW extractiona) For municipal needs 1040 11b) Industry 330 4c) Irrigation 871 10d) Drainage 942 102. Evaporation 944 10
3. Discharge to drainage 4774 53Total discharge 9048 100
Groundwater recovery technologies
Shallow wells:
Deep wells:Boreholes:Depth – 60-100 m
Yield - 15-50 l/sCost - 15,000-25,000 USD
Depth – 25-40 mYield - 2-4 l/sCost - 2,000- 4,000 USD
Depth – 20-30 m Yield - 1-2.5 l/sCost - 300-500 USD
Simple technology of groundwater irrigation at the
pilot small farm in FV
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20100
1020304050607080 Number of boreholes
2009
2010
IWMI and AWRDC studies
Yield of grapes – 16-25 t/ha Farmer income – 7,000-9,000 USD/haIrrigation rates – 7000-7500 m3/ha
2011-2012 гг
Groundwater irrigation of grapevines – Fergana province – 2011-2012
Deep wells:Depth – 60-100 m Yield - 15-40 l/sCost - 15,000-25,000 USD
Modeling groundwater of the Sokh aquifer
Initial salinity of GW
Hydrogeology conditions of the Northern Tajikistan
Zone GW storages Annual change TDS
Km3Mm3/
yea Mg/l
Zone 1 11.4 23.7 1000-1500
Zone 2 1.7 6.9 1000-1400
Zone 3 8.3 11 800-1500
Zone 4 8.9 14.3 700-1500
Total 30.3 42.1
Zone IZone 2
Zone 3
Zone 4
Groundwater storages
Groundwater extraction in the Sogd province, Tajikistan
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Отб
ор, м
лн м
3
Дренаж Орошение
05000
1000015000
200002500030000
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Пло
щад
ь, га
С близким залеганием УГВ подверженные засолению
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Урож
айно
сть,
т/га
хлопок рис
GW extraction in Gafurov district
The area with shallow water
Yield of cotton and rice
Water use in the Samgar lift irrigation zone, Northern
Tajikistan
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 20150123456789
Num
ber o
f new
wel
ls
Shortage of canal water in the Samgar irrigation zone induce farmers move to groundwater irrigation. There is uniform water supply under groundwater irrigation zone and low uniformity under canal irrigation.
Number of new wells in the Samgar zone
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Water witdrawal Karamazarsai Return flow
Flow
, Mm
3/m
o
GW extraction for irrigation and drainage in Rasulev district
Rasulev district
05
10152025303540
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Pum
page
, M M
3
Irrigation
drainage
Groundwater salinity and dephts in the Makhtaral Irrigation project
command area (Kazakhstan)GW salinity GW depths
Dustyk canal: water supply for irrigation
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1988 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007
Wat
er s
uppl
y of
the
Mak
htar
al
dist
rict,
Mm
3/yr
Limit Actual
water supply at MIP level 6400 m3/ha, at field 3360 m3/ha; however, 5500 m3/ha is cotton water demand
Groundwater depths (a) and salinity (b) in the Makhtaral
Irrigation Project command area(% of total irrigated area)
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
1993 1996 1998 2002 2005 2008
0-1
1-2
2-3
3-5
>5
a)
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
1993 1996 1998 2002 2005 2008
>10
5-103-5
1-30-1
b)
Land cover classes from maximum NDVI
Paleo-channels in the Karshi steppeGravel deposits in the profile
Surface failures
Geomorphology change indicates sharp change of the deposits
These are indication of paleo-channelsWater ponds in the depressions
Pritashkent artesian aquifer
The Pritashkent artesian aquifer supplies 40 l/s of mineral water for the sanatoriums and clinics of
Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan
The experience of IWRM in the Fergana Valley
1. Establishing WUAs based on hydrographic principles within both sides > WU Groups/ WU Unions at canal level
2. Joint canal management (Government and WUs)3. Joint non-formal meetings and sharing plans4. Improving water accounting/training/devices/structures5. Improving water productivity/extension-training centers6. Policy support group7. Small river WU governance bodies (at two sides
separately)8. Data exchange and early warning systems9. State support to improving water management10.Legislation
Conclusions: GW in the irrigated zone of the CA is highly
connected with surface flow and irrigation Irrigation water losses form significant amount of
groundwater recharge Widespread shallow groundwater in the irrigated
zone Increasing groundwater use for irrigation will not
increase significantly total water available for agriculture
Groundwater use for agriculture will increase productivities and will bring other socio-economic benefits
Acknowledgements
• OPEC Fund for international development for funding these studies (2006-2013)
• “Water, Land and Environment..” CGIAR project led by IWMI
• National Teams from Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kazakhstan for collaboration
• UNESCO for coordinating TWA studies in CA and inviting to this and other meetings on TWA
Rahmet, Spacibo, Thank You