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Introduction to US Health Care

Text by Dennis D. Pointer, Stephen J. Williams, Stephen L. Isaacs & James R. Knickman with Tracy Barr

•PowerPoints by Robin Pickering Eastern Washington University

Professor EvansKaplan University-HS230-04Unit 7

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Introduction to US Health Care

Chapter 6

Research and Technology

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Understanding Medical Research

• Observation– Observe and describe what you see

• Inquiry– Ask questions

• Hypothesis– Formulate a hypothesis (proposition that can get tested)

• Experimentation– Test your hypothesis

• Theory– Create a judgment, concept, formula

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Perception of Medication

Early twentieth century:

• Herbal remedies (Before modern pharmaceuticals). This is

what physicians relied on

• Addictive pain relievers

• Palliative

Mid twentieth century :

• Penicillin (Used in 1940s to fight bacterial infections discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928)

• Curative potential

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Noteworthy Medical Advances

Advances in…

• Knowledge• Diagnostic

Techniques• Treatment Options /

Interventions• Pharmaceuticals• Information and

Communication Technologies

• How the body works

• How various conditions affect the body

• How body responds to pathology and intervention

• How disease agents function

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Noteworthy Medical Advances

Advances in…

• Knowledge

• Diagnostic Techniques

• Treatment Options / Interventions

• Pharmaceuticals• Information and

Communication Technologies

• MRI scans•See images of internal body systems and organs

• CT scans•Takes X-ray images of various angles around body

• Intervention radiology

•Uses CT, ultrasound, and fluoroscopy to conduct biopsies, drainage, catheters, stents

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Noteworthy Medical Advances

Advances in…

• Knowledge• Diagnostic Techniques

• Treatment Options / Interventions

• Pharmaceuticals• Information and

Communication Technologies

• Minimally invasive procedures

• Devices / techniques to reduce need for surgery

• Gene therapy

• Xeno-transplantation

• Organ / tissue transplantation

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Noteworthy Medical Advances

Advances in…

• Knowledge• Diagnostic Techniques• Treatment Options /

Interventions

• Pharmaceuticals

• Information and Communication Technologies

• Superstatins

• Selective serotonin inhibitors (SSRIs)

• Quinolone antibiotics

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Noteworthy Medical Advances

Advances in…

• Knowledge• Diagnostic

Techniques• Treatment Options /

Interventions• Pharmaceuticals

• Information and Communication Technologies

• Process-management systems

• Clinical information interfaces and data analysis

• Telemedicine and remote monitoring

Unit 8• Read article: Ethics of Marketing• Attend Seminar (Tuesday, 10/18/11 at

6:00pm)• Discussion (Initial by Saturday, 10/15/11, two

posts to classmates by Tuesday, 10/18/11)• Assignment (Due by Tuesday, 10/18/11)

– For this week’s assignment, you will be creating a marketing tool for your practice to advertise the new vaccine clinic. You can either create a brochure to send out in the mail or posters to display around town. Consider your audience (who are you targeting?) while you create this item. Think about what would catch your eye as a customer when putting this together. You can create this tool in Word as a poster with clip art, etc. (watch copyright information), or as a brochure. Your grade will be based upon how effective your tool is at addressing the target audience, how well you catch their attention, the quality of the information you provide them, and the overall look of the tool. NO REFERENCES NEEDED FOR THIS ASSIGNMENT!

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TelemedicineObstacles

• Lack of availability of standard technologies– Unavailability of high-speed internet access in

remote area

• Cost: the initial cost of investment is high• Threatening to many professionals in the

health care industry. Seen as eroding their profession

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• Do you feel telemedicine is (will) erode the health care profession?

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• What are some other obstacles of telemedicine?

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Public Research FacilitiesNational Institutes of Health

(NIH)

• Part of U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

• Conducts and manages research• Composed of 27 institutes and centers

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Academic Health Centers

• Created explosion of knowledge in biomedical science & clinical research

• Include medical school, other program, & teaching hospital

• Increased funding of NIH• Expansion of clinical

enterprise after World War II– ICUs, burn centers, heart

transplant programs, etc.

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Funding Research

Public Funds Private Donors or Benefactors• Driven by profit

• Only fund “profitable” research?

•Bill and Melinda Gates foundation

•Rockerfeller Foundation

•Pharmaceutical companies

•Objective?

•Tobacco companies researching effects of smoking

• Role of public funding of health care has grown over past century, but role of public funding of research has been declining

• Public funding includes: Federal, state, and local governments

• Apply for funding

Challenges of Research/Continuing advancement

• Private funding of research is almost always driven by profit– Pressures on researchers and their

findings– Critics feel that medical conditions

that are not viewed as profitible may lack funding and will not get researched

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Cost of Health Care

• As research grows, new & advanced methods of treating diseases are discovered

• Cost is initially high• Can take months of years to get

price lowered– Example: laser eye surgery (initially

cost $10,000 now it is as little as $2,000

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Copyright Notice

© 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without express permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his/her use only and not for distribution or resale. The Publisher assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information herein.

All clipart and photos courtesy of Microsoft.com, unless otherwise noted.