e2Ht,No.^-4485

* w) w} ig

,5Xw

; soW ;: n H4t:

:tt DY i'....................................................................................................................................................................................LETmRs "Whistle-Blowee" Responds: J. P. Lawler; Galileo as a Scientist:

P. K. Feyerabend .....................................................

BDfTORIAL The Threshold of Pain: Coping with Frugality ..... ............................ 8

ARTICLS Innovation and Evaluation: F. Mosteller.....................................

SpecScies Property or Local Phenomenon?: L. R. Fox andP. A. Morrow ............ . .-

NEWS AND COMMENT

REEM NmW$

Geologic Storage of Radioactive Waste: Field Studies in Sweden:P. A. Witherspoon, N. G. W. Cook, J. E. Gale ................. ......... 894

Reagan Adininstration Prepares Budget Cuts .................................... t

Scientists Lobby to Halt Cuts .......................-..-. .. t.

Saga of Boy Clone Ruled a Hoax .......................g-""Black Book" Threatens Synfuels Projects ................................

Briefing: Moscow Sunday Seminars Resume; Research Council Lauds Aidto Aircraft Industry; DOE Pursuit of Reprocessing Expected;NTSB Urges Airplane Safety Improvements .............................. 4-

Compensation for Victims of Vaccines ..................................... 906

Top Health Posts Filled ....................................907-

Disagreegto Aree ...........908g re e in g to A V m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~................................................................

Cancer Tests Look for a Passing Grade ...................................... 0

Meeting Highfights:-.ypertension: A Relation to Sodium-CalciumExchange?,ypothesis Exphlins How Digitalis Works; A "PrudentDiet" for Chien?; Vasectomies May Increase the Risk ofAtherosclerosis; Exercise, Blood Clots, and the Pil ........................ 1

Wood: Fuel of the Future? .-9¶4'

E. Margaret Burbidge, President-Elect: V. C. Rubin ............... .....

1980 Report of the Executive Officer: W. D. Carey ......................

AAAS Council Meeting, 1981; C. Borras ....... ......................

AAAS Officers, Staff, Committees, and Representatives`for 1981 ...............

;¢ ,-,. r,>w;d .E .!,. ,, s;,.,...,

*': 4' _

)*_ _-;

, !.,+r

{, .&

! .g

,fi M. @>

S'§',,>>6. .K4

:'q';S, q

.'.Wsu.t

.Hi,. i. ;2,, .4

_9 ..4'

s'* 'ftt

92_ je

BOOK REVIEWS A Guide to the Culture of Science, Technology, and Medicine, reviewed byR. Porter; Selected Papers of Leon Rosenfeld, S. S. Schweber;Nutation and the Earth's Rotation, K. Lambeck; Animal Genetics andEvolution, H. L. Carson; Books Received ....... ....................... 930

Some Data on Book Prices ............... .................................. 933

REPORTS Geomorphology and Sediment Stability of a Segment of the U.S. ContinentalSlope off New Jersey: J. M. Robb, J. C. Hampson, Jr., D. C. Twichell .... 935

Azidoatrazine: Photoaffinity Label for the Site of Triazine HerbicideAction in Chloroplasts: G. Gardner ..................................... 937

Pelagic Sedimentation of Aragonite: Its Geochemical Significance:R. A. Berner and S. Honjo ............ ................................ 940

Retinal Chromophore of Rhodopsin Photoisomerizes Within Picoseconds:G. Hayward et al . .................................................... 942

Electrochemical Reduction of Horse Heart Ferricytochrome c at ChemicallyDerivatized Electrodes: N. S. Lewis and M. S. Wrighton ..... ............ 944

Insulin as a Potent, Specific Growth Factor in a Rat Hepatoma Cell Line:J. W. Koontz and M. Iwahashi ......................................... 947

Rapid Induction of Cellular Strain Specificity by Newly Acquired CytoplasmicComponents in Amoebas: I. J. Lorch and K. W. Jeon ...... .............. 949

Tris(dichloropropyl)phosphate, a Mutagenic Flame Retardant: FrequentOccurrence in Human Seminal Plasma: T. Hudec et al .................... 951

Electroretinographic Responses to Alternating Gratings Before and AfterSection of the Optic Nerve: L. Maffei and A. Fiorentini ..... ............. 953

Essential Hypertension: Central and Peripheral Norepinephrine:C. R. Lake et al . ...................................................... 955

Prenatal Exposure to Ethanol Alters the Organization of Hippocampal MossyFibers in Rats: J. R. West, C. A. Hodges, A. C. Black, Jr .................. 957

Extended Family System in a Communal Bird: J. L. Brown and E. R. Brown .... 959

Technical Comments: Hemispheric Specialization for Language Processes:M. Studdert-Kennedy and D. Shankweiler; P. Tallal and J. Schwartz....... 960

PRODUCTS AND Circulating Bath; Epidermal Growth Factor; Membrane Filters; ScanningMATERIALS Microscope Photometer; Research Software System; Monitor for

Pipettor Accuracy; Timers; Porometer; Literature ...... .................. 962

COVER

Stick-insect, or phasmatid (Didymuriaviolescens). This is one of a large num-ber of herbivorous insects that maycause considerable damage to Eucalyp-tus trees in southeast Australia, some-times producing widespread defolia-tion. Many of these herbivore specieshave generalized diets, but may func-______________________________________________________.tion as specialists in local communities.See page 887. [P. A. Morrow, Depart-ment of Ecology-and Behavioral Biol-ogy, University of Minnesota]

27 February 1981, Volume 211, Number 4485

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FORTHE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCEScience serves its readers as a forum for the presenta- TheT

tion and discussion of important issues related to theadvancement of science, including the presentation ofminority or conflicting points of view, rather than by Early Spublishing only material on which a consensus has been antic tcreached. Accordingly, all articles published in Sci- ntcipaence-including editorials, news and comment, and pet fOrthCbook reviews-are signed and reflect the individualviews of the authors and not official points of view tific andadopted by the AAAS or the institutions with which the concerneauthors are affiliated. Eviden

EdAorial Bo the inflati1981: PETER BELL, BRYCE CRAWFORD, JR., E. PETER

GEIDUSCHEK, EMIL W. HAURY, SALLY GREGORY For the s4KOHLSTEDT, MANCUR OLSON, PETER H. RAVEN, WIL- unthinkinLIAM P. SLICHTER, FREDERIC G. WORDEN

1982: WILLIAM EsTEs, CLEMENT L. MARKERT, JOHN Some FR. PIERCE, BRYANT W. RossiTER, VERA C. RUBIN, and tech1MAXINE F. SINGER, PAUL E. WAGGONER, ALEXANDERZUCKER office less

Pubser which is iWILLIAM D. CAREY govemm

Edltw absence (PHILIP H. ABELSON makng, 1EdAtOrakSgff

Managing Editor Business Manager the econcROBERT V. ORMES HANS NUSSBAUM science.Assistant Managing Editor Production EditorJOHN E. RINGLE ELLEN E. MUItPHY problem.News Editor: BARBA J. CULLITON Wheth4News and Comment: WILLIAM J. BROAD, LUTHER J.

CARTER, CONSTANCE HOLDEN, ELIOT MARSHALL, thing elseCOLIN NORMAN, R. JEFFREY SMITH, MARJORIE SUN, able relaNICHOLAS WADE, JOHN WALSHResearch News: RICHAD A. KERR, GINA BAR foreign as

KOLATA, ROGER LEWIN, JEAN L. MARX, THOMAS H. heart of tlMAUGH II, ARTHUR L. ROBINSON, M. MrrCHELLWALDROP answeredAdministrative Assistant, News: SCHERAINE MACK; science isEditorial Assistants, News: FANNIE GROOM, CASSAN-

DRA WArS there is aAssociate Editors: ELEANORE BUTz, MARY interstsDORFMAN, SYLVIA EBERHART, RUTH KULSTADAssistant Editors: MARTHA COLLINS, CAmLIN GOR- Fiscal ye,

DON, STEPN KEPLE, EDITH MEYERS, LOIS SCHMITTBookReviews: KATHERINE LIVINGSTON, Editor; LIN- At best

DA HEisERmAN, JANET KEOG one of sLetters: CHISnNE GILBERTCopy Editor: ISABELLA BOULDIN recessiveProduction: NANCY HARTNAGEL, JOHN BAKER; ROSE subsidies

LOWERY; HOLLY BISHoP, ELANOR WARNR; MARYMCDANIEL, JEAN ROCKWOOD, LEAH RYAN, SHARON the needRYAN uufybCovers, Reprints, and Permissions: GRAYCE FINGER. USUallY bEditor; GERALDINE CRUMP, CORUNE HARRIs Even lessGuide to Scientific Instruments: RicHARD G. SOMMER *.hi *Assistants to the Editors: SUSAN ELLIOTr, DIANE hitlst"

HOLLANDMembership Recruitment: GWENDOLYN HUDDLE research.Member and Subscription Records: ANN RAGLAND The sci

EDITORLAL CORRESPONDENCE: 1515 Massachu- maturitsetts Ave., NW, Washington, D.C. 20005. Area code Y-202. General Editorial Office, 4674350; Book Reviews, the new467-4367; Guide to Scientific Instruments, 467-4480; debatedNews and Comment, 467-4430; Reprints and Permis-sions, 467-4483; Research News, 467-4321. Cable: Ad- engineerivancesci, Washington. For "Information for Contribu-tors," write to the editorial office or see page 187, and oughScience, 9 January 1981. governmzBUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE: Area Code 202.Membership and Subscriptions: 4674417. andinves

Adverng Representives creative FDirector: EARL J. SCHERAGO nation's sProduction Manager: GINA REILLYAdvertising Sales Manager: RICHARD L. CHARLES supply-siMarketing Manager: HERBERT L. BURKLUND inflation '

Sales: NEW YORK, N.Y. 10036: Steve Hamburger, 1515 The neBroadway (212-730-1050); SCOTCH PLAINS, N.J. 07076:C. Richard Callis, 12 Unami Lane (201-889-4873); CHI- entitled tCAGO, ILL. 60611: Jack Ryan, Room 2107, 919 N.Michn Ave. (312-3374973); BEVERLY HILLs, CALIF. and bala90211: Winn Nance, 111 N. La Cienega Blvd. (213-657- approach2772); DoRsET, VT. 05251: Fred W. Dieffenbach, Kent pp iHill Rd. (802-867-5581). about itSADVERTISING CORRESPONDENCE: Tenth floor,1515 Broadway, New York, N.Y. 10036. Phone: 212-730-1050.

SCIE:NCE

'hreshold of Pain: Coping with Frugalitysignals from Budget Director Stockman's stronghold are sendingory shivers through the scientific community. News stones trum-coming cutbacks, rollbacks, and redirections of budgets for scien-engineerng research. How, when, and to what ends are thed societies to react?ice accumulates that research budgets are expected to contribute toion blood bank. Whether they will hemorrhage is a different matter.,cientific community to react on warning would be precipitous andIg.

perspectives are in order. The national economy, in which scienceiology play no trivial part, is struggling. The President has been ins than a month. He has no science adviser at this critical juncture,itself a cause for deep concern, and the key scientific posts in theent are being kept on hold. To go after science budgets in theof these advisers may not be the best way to conduct decision-but public expectations for fiscal restraint are running high whileomic indicators are running down. Inflation has been no friend ofThere is ample justification for taking a firm and fast grip on the

er research budgets will be treated too roughly, relative to every-:, remains to be seen. Science hardly can be considered untouch-itive to resource protection, transportation, income supports,ssistance, or other legitimate claims on the budget. What lies at thehe whole matter is the question of equity. That question cannot bei until the full array of budget decisions sees the light of day. Ifs clearly wronged, remedies can be sought from Congress. Just asLtime for protest, there is a time for cool consideration of science'sin the larger framework of the national interest. There is time.:ar 1982 will not even begin for 7 months.t, the prospect for the President's tough economic program is notweet national unity. If expansionary budgets are in bad favor,bbudgets invariably are unpopular. Vested claims on benefits andbesiege the whole budget, and despite a facade of consensus onfor strong fiscal medicine, economies are resisted bitterly andeaten off. Such roughhouse politics do not rest well with science.s can be said for the spectacle of this community producing its ownof rival programs as candidates for execution in order to spareThings must not come to that.

ientific societies face a trying test of their objectivity and politicalIt is to be hoped that they will focus attention on the equities ofbudget policy and avoid pleading for immunity. What can beare the relative share of grief to be inflicted on science anding and where surgery is to be taken. The incidence of the cuts canItto be argued on the merits, and surely will be. For its part, theent should recognize the differences between investment in sciencestment in capital assets like transportation. Science is a long-termprocess, and a multiyear retrenchment would damage seriously thescience and technology base. Investment for R & D has its place in[de economics. Capping their growth for the duration of the war onwould be shortsighted.:w Administration has set itself a thankless and difficult task. It is:oa hearing. It will not have the last word. The system of checksrces will see to that. As for the scientific community, how ites the budget crisis, by reflex or with reason, will tell us muchability to cope with stress.-WILLIAM D. CAREY