5.Integrated Pest Management - DR. H.B. MAHESHA...Pest: A destructive insect that attacks plants is...

INTEGRATED

PEST

MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT

Dr. Mahesha H BAssociate Professor of Sericulture

Yuvaraja’s College

University of Mysore, Mysuru, India

12 October 2019 1www.hbmahesh.weebly.com

Integrated Pest Management (IPM)is an

‘ecosystem-based strategy thatfocuses on long-term prevention ofpests or their damage through acombination of techniques such astechniquesphysical, chemical, biological,habitat manipulation, modificationof cultural practices, and use ofresistant varieties’

or


or

"Integrated Pest Management

(IPM) is a sustainable approach

to managing pests by combining

biological, cultural, physicalbiological, cultural, physical

and chemical tools in a way that

minimizes economic, health and

environmental risks"


1. Physical Method

2. Chemical Control

3. Use of Resistant Varieties

4. Genetical / Autocidal

5. Biological Methods


Physical control

(a) Mechanical

(b) Phototropical

(c) Cultural


(a) Mechanical:

i. Hand and net collection of egg masses,

larvae, pupae, scrapping of the bark etc.

ii The other forms of mechanicalii. The other forms of mechanical

destruction through the cutting of the

infested shoots and branches and their

destruction, preferably by burning.


(b) Phototropical:

Another method of physical

control may be through light

trapping, taking advantage

of the phototrophic nature of

certain insects This hascertain insects. This has

been found to be particularly

effective against the

Lepidopteran pests forming

one of the largest groups of

phytophagous insects.


(c) Cultural:i. Turning up of the soil, flooding etc., which

expose the pests to physical stress. During the

process they are killed by exposure to

sunlight, water and the predators.

ii. Pruning of the plants and burning of the

infested twigs may also lead to the control of

certain foliar pests.

All the physical control methods are pollution

free but labour intensive.


Chemical ControlThey are, no doubt, very quick in action

but are cause pollution of theenvironment and danger to non-targetgroup of insects like many usefulinsects thereby breaking the agro-eco-systemsystem.

Dangerous to silkworms also.

They may affect higher animals also.


Use of Resistant Varieties

One way to avoid the pest infestation is the

selection of pest resistant varieties and

“Cheapest Method”

Criteria for screening of pest resistant varieties:

(a) Visual damage rating(a) Visual damage rating.

(b) Determination of the number of plants

surviving infestation at regular intervals.

(c) Comparison of yield loss between the

infested and the non-infested plants.


Genetical / Autocidal:Pests are controlled by the introduction of sterile

or genetically altered individuals into the wild

population.

"a method of pest control using area-wideinundative release (involves releasing large( releasing large

numbers of natural enemies for immediate

reduction of a damaging or near-damaging pest

population) of sterile insects to reducereproduction in a field population of the samespecies".

It is therefore a type of “birth control”


Quarantine/Legislative:

Quarantine means to keep materials in

isolation to prevent spreading of diseases,

pests etc.

Legislative or regulatory method is a method

mainly employed to prevent the introduction of

pests from other countries or to prevent the

spread of a pest from one area to another. The

method is operated through specific

regulations known as plant-quarantine laws.


In India some states have special pest acts,

by which it becomes obligatory on the part

of the cultivators and governmental

authorities to take appropriate steps to

control a particular pest when it appears incontrol a particular pest when it appears in

an epidemic form.


Biological control

Practically every crops pest has itsnatural enemies in the form ofparasites, predators and disease

causing organismscausing organisms.


(a) Use of hyperparasitoids to attack the

primary parasitoid.

(b) Use of attractants and repellants including

pheromones to trap and kill the insects.

(c) Use of hormones and other physiology

impairing chemicals to upset the normal

metabolism.

(d) Use of sterile male technique.

(e) Use of bacterial and fungal insecticides is

ruled out as many of them are known to be

toxic to the silkworm itself.


BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF MULBERRY PESTS

Practically every crops pest has its natural

enemies in the form of parasites, predators

and disease causing organisms.


The biological control involves a large scale

multiplication of and liberation of such

agents, or creating conditions under which

the naturally occurring agents can act

effectively.


The following mulberry pests

can be controlled effectively

under this methodunder this method


Bihar hairy caterpillar, Spilosoma obliqua (Diacrisia obliqua)

Trichogramma chilonis is an egg parasitoid of

many lepidopteran pests. It is widely used as

biocontrol agent of several crop plants.

Release twice T. chilonis at the rate of 5 tricho-

cards (20,000 parasitised eggs in each tricho -

card) per acre, at an interval of 3 days. card) per acre, at an interval of 3 days.

Parasitoid releases have to be undertaken 20

days after pruning or harvesting.


Trichogramma parasitized on egg


Leaf-roller- Diaphania pulverulentalis

This pest can be biologically controlled with the

help of its natural enemies like Apanteles spp.

and Diadegma spp.

Also, Trichogramma chilonis can also be used to Also, Trichogramma chilonis can also be used to

control this pest as described for Bihar hairy

caterpillar.

Tetrastichus howardii, is an pupal parasitoid can

be used at the rate of 1 lakh adults/acre.


Two alternate examples are given below to know the

mechanism of controlling the pests.

Larvae of Apanteles sp. (parasitoid) emerging from Pieris sp.

Larva Parasite Diadegma insularisovipositing on Diamondback Moth larva.


Mealy bug: Maconellicoccus hirsutus

Successful biological control of mealy bug can be

achieved by employing predatory cociinellid

Ladybird beetle like Cryptolaemus montrouzieriat the rate of 125 adults per acre twice, during

August-September and October-November.


Alternatively, 500 adults of Scymnus coccivora per acre

are also useful.

Cryptolaemus montrouzieri feeds on

MaconelIicoccus hirsutus


Thrips: Pseudodendrothrips mori

This pest can be biologically controlled by

Ladybird beetles, Menochilus sexmaculatusand Scymnus coccivora were observed to

feed on thrips in the field and laboratory. thrips in the field and laboratory.

Termites:

The use of entomopathogenic fungi and plant

extracts for termite control is currently

being investigated.

12 October 2019 www.hbmahesh.weebly.com 25

Pest Outbreaks

Large, sporadic populations of insect pests are

usually called outbreaks / Sudden increase in

the population of any individual species is

called pest outbreak.

They typically occur when the pest populationThey typically occur when the pest population

rises significantly above its general

equilibrium level and becomes a threat to

human interests.


Some of the reasons for pest outbreaks:

� Environmental change - weather, deforestation and

bringing under cultivation etc.

� Introduction from abroad - insect/plant

� Destruction of natural enemies

� Development of resistance

� Higher yielding varieties/high amount of

fertilizer

� Intensive (Monoculture) and Extensive (susceptible

variety in large area) farming


Pest Forecasting

It is a management system used to predict the

occurrence and change in severity of plant

pests.

Pest forecasting is the perception of future

activity of biotic agents, which wouldactivity of biotic agents, which would

adversely affect crop production

Forecasting of pest incidence or outbreak

based on information obtained from pest

surveillance.


Uses

- Predicting pest outbreak which needs

control measure

- Suitable stage at which control measure

gives maximum protection


Types of pest forecasting

a. Short term forecasting - Based on 1 or 2

season

b. Long term forecasting - Based on affect

of weather parameters on pest


Experiment No. 5: Collection, Identification and mounting / preservation of insect pests of mulberry (field work).

Pest: A destructive insect that attacks plants is called as a pest.

Insect Collection: Insects can be collected by hand, light trap and with a net.

Collect as many as possible insects from the mulberry garden, identify and preserve them for laboratory use.

The preservation of collected specimens is of two types.

Liquid Preservation: This method is ideal for the larvae and other forms of soft bodied and tiny insects i.e., 4% formaldehyde solution / 95% alcohol / 70% isopropyl alcohol is ideal for preservation of the specimen.

Pinned Preservation: In this method the specimens are preserved as mounted directly on pins after killing and drying. This method is useful to study the morphological characters when compared to first one. However, only adult stages can be preserved in this method.


The pinned preservation technique is explained as below.

Materials Required:

� Nets: For collecting adults only.

� Killing Jar: Glass jar with screw lid with absorbent material (cotton) at the bottom to hold ethyl acetate (also nail polish remover works).

� Forceps

� Relaxing Jar: After death of the insects, insects can � Relaxing Jar: After death of the insects, insects can be softened (to minimize the breaking of any body part) in a relaxing jar before pinning.

� Spreading Board: Spreading boards are useful for laying the wings of insects out flat and holding them in place while the specimen dries.

� Insect pins and labels: Insect pins are long, slender pins made specifically for mounting insects. Labels for pinned specimens should be made on relatively heavy stock paper.

� Storage Boxes: For preservation of adults.


Procedure:

� Collect the adults of different pests of mulberry.

� Put them into killing jar and leave for few min or till

the death of the insect.

� Transfer them to relaxing jar 2-3 days.

Spread the insect wings, arrange legs and � Spread the insect wings, arrange legs and

antennae etc properly, pin them and leave it for

complete drying. It may take few days.

� After complete drying, preserve them in a

preservation box with appropriate labeling.


Expt. No. 7: Study of pesticides, their formulation, applicators (sprayers &

dusters).

A substance used for destroying insects or other organisms harmful to

cultivated plants or to animals

FORMS AND FORMULATIONS: i.e. Solid, Liquid and Gaseous.

(a) Solid formulations

(i) Dusts (D): Mixture of toxicants and inert diluent to form a dry, free

flowing powder.

(ii) Wettable powders (WP) or water dispersible powders (WDP): These are

finely divided concentrated dusts containing a wetting agent to facilitate

the mixing of the powder with water before spraying. the mixing of the powder with water before spraying.

(iii) Water soluble powder (SP):

(iv) Granulars (G): Inert material with the toxicants absorbed on to them. It

may be impregnated or surface coated.

(v) Capsules, baits and pellets:

Capsules-Small mass of toxicant enveloped in a thick coating material

from which the toxicant diffuse slowly.

Baits-Small quantities of toxicants combined with food material attractive to

the pests.

Pellets-Toxicant is mixed with polyvinyl chloride and a plasticizer which

release the toxicant over a period of time.


(b) Liquid formulations: solutions, suspensions and

emulsions.

(i) Solutions: They are homogenous mixture of two or

more substances and usually are not soluble in water,

but with xylene, carbon tetrachloride, kerosene etc.

(ii) Suspensions: They are also referred as flowable or

sprayable suspensions (F or S). They consist of finely

divided solid particles dispersed in a liquid medium

by means of a wetting agent.

(iii) Emulsions: There are two types of emulsion; the

first is the oil in water (O/W) type and water in oil

(W/O).

(iv) Water miscible liquids: They readily mix with water.

(v) Concentrate insecticide liquids: Applied without

diluting in water at ultra low volume (ULV) rates.


� (c) Gaseous Formulations:

� (i) Aerosols: These contain the toxicant

dissolved in an inert liquid which is gaseous at

ordinary temperatures but liquifiable under

pressure. When the pressure is released the

solution is discharged through a fine nozzle, the

solvent evaporates and the toxicant is dispersed

in a very finely divided state.

� (ii) Fumigants: Pesticides in gaseous forms are

known as fumigants and are most often

formulated as liquids. These are generally

useful in completely closed spaces.


� PESTICIDE SPRAYERS

� Sprayers are the equipments used to apply the

insecticide. Very simple to sophisticated instruments

are available in the market. Three different models are

shown in the picture.

� Hand operated useful for very small area of the

mulberry garden.

� Manual operated useful to moderate area of mulberry

garden.

� Machine operated useful for very large area like forests

etc.,


MULBERRY AND SILKWORM CROP PROTECTION

Duration-3 hrs. Max. Marks - 70

Q 1. Temporary mounting of Leaf spot/ leaf rust/ powdery

mildew/ root knot nematode of mulberry - 25 marks.

Note: Distribution of marks

a) Identification with binomial nomenclature - 5

b) Sectioning, staining and mounting - 15

c) Labelled diagram with description - 5

Q 2. Temporary mounting of Pebrine spore/nuclear polyhedral

bodies/mycelia & conidial spores - 25 marks.

Note: Distribution of marks

a) Identification - 5

b) Staining and mounting -15

c) Procedure and diagram - 5

Q 3. Identify and comment on the spots A, B, C and D.

Any FOUR from the practical syllabus. 20 marks-5 marks

each.


Acknowledgementsto

INTERNETINTERNET

FOR

PICTURES AND PHOTOGRAPHS


5.Integrated Pest Management - DR. H.B. MAHESHA...Pest: A destructive insect that attacks plants is...

Documents

Transcript of 5.Integrated Pest Management - DR. H.B. MAHESHA...Pest: A destructive insect that attacks plants is...