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Annotated Bibliography
Primary Sources
Aoyama, Bud. Scene at the welcome banquet held in honor of Sgt. Kuroki at mess hall. 24 Apr.
1944. Photograph. UC Berkeley, Bancroft Library. Volume 13 Section B WRA no. G-
525. Calisphere. Web. 11 Sept. 2013. <http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft829007mp/>.
This photograph was taken at the Heart Mountain Relocation Center when Ben Kuroki
was sent to encourage enlistment of Nisei. This is a primary source because the photo
was taken in April of 1944. I used this photograph in the header of my website.
Aoyama, Bud. Sgt. Ben Kuroki responding to a speech of welcome given by Project Director
Guy Robertson and representatives of the Community Council upon his arrival at Heart
Mountain. 24 Apr. 1944. Photograph. UC Berkeley, Bancroft Library. Volume 13
Section B WRA no. G-524. Calisphere. Web. 11 Sept. 2013.
<http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft829007mp/>. This photograph was taken when Ben
Kuroki was sent to encourage enlistment of Nisei at Heart Mountain. It is a primary
source linked by time and experience.
AP. An undated photo provided by the 442nd Veterans Club shows Inouye in uniform during
World War II. {c. 1940s}. Washington Post. Web. 4 Dec. 2013.
<http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/sen-inouye-of-hawaii-dies-at-
88/2012/12/17/19bb6914-489a-11e2-ad54-580638ede391_gallery.html#photo=1>. This
photograph was included in the obituary is of Sen. Daniel K. Inouye. It shows him when
he was enlisted in the 442nd all Nisei regimental group. This is primary because it was
taken during WWII and relates to the 442nd.
Ben Kuroki: AVC Tribute Video. American Veterans Center. American Veterans Center, Web.
13 Sept. 2013. <http://www.americanveteranscenter.org/2013/07/ben-kuroki/?
doing_wp_cron=1379084896>. This video clip narrated by Ben Kuroki explained why he
felt a responsibility to serve after the Pearl Harbor attacks. I used a clip in my website.
Connected by experience, it is a primary source.
Ben Kuroki on his 59th mission. {c. 1945}. PBS Most Honorable Son. Web. 15 Oct. 2013.
<http://www.pbs.org/mosthonorableson/59mission.html>. This is an image with a quote
from Ben Kuroki's about his 59th mission. This is used in my website, and is a primary
source, because it was stated by Mr. Kuroki.
Exec. Order No. 9066. 3 C.F.R. 1942 National Archives. Web. 1 Oct. 2013.
<http://www.archives.gov/historical-docs/todays-doc/?dod-date=219>. This is the
Executive Order that relocated over 100,000 Japanese Americans after the bombing of
Pearl Harbor. This is a primary source because it was written in 1942.
Hirabayashi, Grant. Asia Pacific American Program in East Room of White House on May 10,
2007. Japanese American Veterans Association. Terry Shima, 18 May 2007. Web. 4 Apr.
2014. <http://javadc.org/Press%20release%2005-18-07%20Nisei%20WWII%20Veterans
%20Recognized%20by%20Pres%20Bush.htm>. This photograph of Nisei WWII
veterans shows their belated recognition for brave service. Ben Kuroki was given a front
row seat. The photograph appears on my site. It is primary because these men served in
WWII, so they are related by direct experience.
Inouye, Daniel K., Senator. "Pearl Harbor." 1941. Eyewitness to America. Ed. David Colbert.
New York: Pantheon, 1997. 398-403. Print. This eyewitness account helped me
understand why Inouye quit his studies to become a doctor to join the 442nd Regiment.
Like Ben Kuroki, he wanted to prove his loyalty. The account is a primary source
connected by time and experience.
Kuroki, Ben. Letter to the author. 8 Nov. 2013. TS. This letter was a reply to my letter to Mr.
Kuroki. It helped me appreciate his quiet heroism, because at age 96 he took the time to
carefully type me a response and send me information helpful to my research. This is a
primary source because it was written by Kuroki. It appears on my website.
Lange, Dorothea. Instructions to All Persons of Japanese Ancestry. 1942. Library of Congress,
Washington. Story Culture. Web. 8 Apr. 2014.
<http://www.storyculture.com/blog/2008/03/dorothea-lange.html>. This photograph
appears on the internment page of the site. It helped me understand the impact of
Executive Order 9066 on Japanese Americans living on the West Coast. It is primary
because of the time and experience connection.
Manbo, Bill. Billy Manbo, in Pilot Attire, Plays with a Model Airplane. c. 1943. Colors of
Confinement: Rare Kodachrome Photographs of Japanese American Incarceration in
World War II. By Bill T. Manbo. Ed. Eric L. Muller. Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P,
2012. Print. This is a picture of the photographer's son wearing a pilot's uniform and
playing with a model airplane. This shows that even though Nisei lost rights when
interned, most displayed patriotism. This is a primary source linked by time.
- - -. Billy Manbo Poses in His Soldier Outfit with His Father's Model Racing Car. c. 1943.
Colors of Confinement: Rare Kodachrome Photographs of Japanese American
Incarceration in World War II. By Bill T. Manbo. Ed. Eric L. Muller. Chapel Hill: U of
North Carolina P, 2012. 17. Print. This photograph of Billy Manbo dressed in a soldier
uniform shows his patriotism. It helped me understand the desire of Nisei to serve,
despite the loss of rights through internment. This is a primary source because it is related
by time.
- - -. A Boy Scout, and behind Him a Drum Majorette, at the Head of a Parade. C. 1943. Colors
of Confinement: Rare Kodachrome Photographs of Japanese American Incarceration in
World War II. By Bill T. Manbo. Ed. Eric L. Muller. Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P,
2012. 51. Print. This photograph sheds light on daily activities of internees. This
photograph is powerful because a Boy Scout is the main focus. He holds a huge
American flag showing his patriotism. This is primary because it is related by time.
- - -. Boy Scouts Carry the American Flag and Their Scouting Banners in a Parade past the
High School. c. 1943. Colors of Confinement: Rare Kodachrome Photographs of
Japanese American Incarceration in World War II. By Bill T. Manbo. Ed. Eric L.
Muller. Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P, 2012. 53. Print. This photograph shows that
even though Japanese Americans were prisoners in a camp, many continued to show
respect for their country. This is primary source related by time.
- - -. Lights Coming in the Camp Just after Sunset. c. 1943. Colors of Confinement: Rare
Kodachrome Photographs of Japanese American Incarceration in World War II. By Bill
T. Manbo. Ed. Eric L. Muller. Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P, 2012. 63. Print. This
photograph shows the Heart Mountain Internment Camp just after sunset. It helped me
understand the isolation of the camps. It is a primary source due to the link to time.
- - -. Mary and Billy Manbo Look out over the Camp Form a Rocky Outcropping toward the
Distant Big Horn Mountains. C. 1943. Colors of Confinement: Rare Kodachrome
Photographs of Japanese American Incarceration in World War II. By Bill T. Manbo.
Ed. Eric L. Muller. Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P, 2012. 35. Print. This photograph
show Bill Manbo's children looking at the Heart Mountain Camp. Little Billy wears his
military hat and pilot's jacket. It shows that the family continued to show patriotism
despite their loss of rights through internment. This photograph is primary due to the time
relationship.
- - -. One of the Fifteen Guard Towers at Heart Mountain Stands Atop a Hill Overlooking a
Residential Area. c. 1943. Colors of Confinement: Rare Kodachrome Photographs of
Japanese American Incarceration in World War II. By Bill T. Manbo. Ed. Eric L.
Muller. Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P, 2012. 45. Print. This photograph of a guard
tower shows how the rights of Japanese American's were violated in internment camps.
The use of guard towers shows the depth of distrust of other Americans toward those who
had Japanese ancestry. This photograph is primary because it is related by time. I used
this in my website.
- - -. A Panorama of the Camp Shot from a Ridge at Its Western Edge. c. 1943. Colors of
Confinement: Rare Kodachrome Photographs of Japanese American Incarceration in
World War II. By Bill T. Manbo. Ed. Eric L. Muller. Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P,
2012. 65. Print. This photograph is looking in the distance of the Heart Mountain
Internment camp. It helped me see the isolation of the camp and emphasized the paranoia
resulting from the bombing of Pearl Harbor and Executive Order 9066 which placed
camps in areas previously unpopulated. This is primary by the relation of time, and I used
this in my website.
- - -. Send off of 434 Prisoners at Heart Mountain. 1932. Colors of Confinement: Rare
Kodachrome Photographs of Japanese American Incarceration in World War II. Ed. Eric
L. Muller. Chapel Hill: Univ. Of North Carolina, 2012. 13. Print. This photograph is of a
group of about 4,000 people gathered at the Heart Mountain High School for a send off
of 434 prisoners considered "disloyal." It helped me understand the depth of distrust of
Japanese Americans after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. This is primary because of time
relationship.
- - -. A Splash of a Diver Can Be Seen in Heart Mountain's Swimming Hole, Dug by Prisoners in
Late 1943. Colors of Confinement: Rare Kodachrome Photographs of Japanese
American Incarceration in World War II. By Bill T. Manbo. Ed. Eric L. Muller. Chapel
Hill: U of North Carolina P, 2012. 30. Print. This photograph shows how the Heart
Mountain Relocation Center was so lacking in accommodations that the prisoners
themselves had to build a swimming hole for enjoyment. This photograph is a primary
source because it is related by time. I used this in my website.
- - -. The View up Avenue E toward Heart Mountain. c. 1943. Colors of Confinement: Rare
Kodachrome Photographs of Japanese American Incarceration in World War II. By Bill
T. Manbo. Ed. Eric L. Muller. Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P, 2012. 36. Print. This
photograph shows many buildings leading up to the high school of Heart Mountain. It
helped me visualize the temporary nature of the facility due to its quick construction after
Executive Order 9066. This is primary because it is related by time. I used this in my
website.
Most Honorable Son: B-24 Mission List, 1942-43. Most Honorable Son: B-24 Mission List.
Web. 12 Sept. 2013. <http://www.pbs.org/mosthonorableson/b24missionlist.html>. This
is a photograph of Ben Kuroki's flight record. This is a primary source because it gives an
insight to how many hours he had on a B-24 in WWII.
Nakamoto, Stan. "Go For Broke!" 1944. Eyewitness to America. Ed. David Colbert. New York:
Pantheon, 1997. 424-25. Print. In this account Nakamoto recalls the 442nd Regimental
Combat Team's rescue of 275 Texan soldiers surrounded by Germans near hill 617 in
Biffontaine, France. It helped me appreciate the brave and dedicated service of this all
Nisei unit, despite the violation of the rights of Nisei in internment camps. Connected by
time, it is a primary source.
Tateishi, Yuri. "Evacuation to Manzanar." 1942. Eyewitness to America. Ed. David Colbert. New
York: Pantheon, 1997. 406-08. Print. In this account recalling his family's forced
relocation to Manzanar Internment Camp, Tateishi recalls, "You felt like a prisoner...kept
inside a barbed wire fence..." It helped me understand the loss of all rights experienced
by those interned. Connected by time, it is a primary source.
Tully, Grace. "Pearl Harbor News Reaches FDR." 1941. Eyewitness to America. Ed. David
Colbert. New York: Pantheon, 1997. 403-08. Print. Grace Tully was FDR's secretary. In
this account, she recalls events leading up to her taking dictation from FDR for the
message he delivered to Congress on December 8. 1941, following the bombing of Pearl
Harbor. A primary source connected by time, it helped me understand the shock felt at
the highest levels.
"U.S., BRITISH NAVIES BATTLE JAPS AS TOKYO DECLARES WAR ON AMERICA;
ROOSEVELT BEFORE CONGRESS TODAY." Intelligencer Journal: Lancaster New
Era Sunday News [Lancaster] 8 Dec. 1941, eastern ed., Front Page. Print. This Sunday
newspaper headline was printed the day after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. It gave
historic perspective and helped me imagine what people in my local area might have
thought after the bombing. This is primary because of time and connection.
Vandament, Luke. Letter to Ben Kuroki. 29 Oct. 2013. TS. I wrote a letter to Ben Kuroki to
establish contact in hopes of an interview. This is a primary source because it established
a direct connection to Ben Kuroki.
"WAR EXTRA: ENEMY AIRPLANES OVER CALIF.; NOT RESISTED; HUNT CARRIER."
Intelligencer Journal: Lancaster New Era Sunday News [Lancaster] 9 Dec. 1941, Eastern
ed., Front Cover. Print. The Lancaster Sunday News published this "War Extra" after the
Pearl Harbor attacks. It helped me understand what people in the area where I live might
have thought about Japanese Americans after the attacks. This is a primary source
because it is related by time.
War Relocation Auth. Japanese Internment Camp Population Study. Table. Old Magazine
Articles. Web. 31 Oct. 2013. <http://oldmagazinearticles.com/Japanese-
American_Internment_Camp_Population_Study>. This chart gives data about the
population of Japanese Americans in internment camps from January to June of 1944.
This is a primary source because it is related by time.
"WRECKAGE LEFT BY JAPANESE BOMBS IN HAWAII." Intelligencer Journal: Lancaster
New Era Sunday News [Lancaster] 17 Dec. 1941, eastern ed., Front Page. Print. This
edition of the Lancaster New Era's front page shows the wreckage left by Japanese in
Pearl Harbor. Because this paper is still published in my region of PA, it helped me
understand the negative reaction some local people might have had to Japanese
Americans. This is primary because it is related by time.
Secondary Sources
The 442nd. Web. 25 Nov. 2013. <http://442nd.weebly.com/interviews.html>. This website is
about the 442nd all Nisei fighter group. It gave me a background information along with
pictures, and interviews and is a secondary source.
Academy of Achievement. American Academy of Achievement. Web. 15 Jan. 2014.
<http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/ino0bio-1>. This website provided
background information of the all Nisei 442nd combat team. I used this source to gain a
knowledge about how heroic all those men fought and why they were the most decorated
unit in all of WWII. This website is secondary, because it is not linked by time.
"Broadsheet I, 1800's to Pearl Harbor." Japanese-American Internment: The Bill of Rights in
Crisis. By Leona Hiraoka and Ken Masugi. Amawalk: Golden Owl Pub., 1994. N. pag.
Print. This source provided background information on the history of Japanese
Americans from the early 1800's to December 7th 1941. It provided historic context and
perspective. Written after the events, it is a secondary source.
"Broadsheet II, From Pearl Harbor to Executive Order 9066." Japanese-American Internment:
The Bill of Rights in Crisis. By Leona Hiraoka and Ken Masugi. Amawalk: Golden Owl
Pub., 1994. N. pag. Print. This source provided background information on the events
after December 7th 1941 to February 13 1942 when Executive Order 9066 was signed.
This is a secondary source because it is no linked by time or experience.
"Broadsheet III, Life in the Camps." Japanese-American Internment: The Bill of Rights in Crisis.
By Leona Hiraoka and Ken Masugi. Amawalk: Golden Owl Pub., 1994. N. pag. Print.
This source looked at life in the camps after Executive Order 9066. It explained how
assembly centers, relocation centers, and internment camps were different. Written more
than 50 years after internment, it is a secondary source
"Broadsheet IV, Split Decisions: Americans of Japanese Ancestry Go to Court." Japanese-
American Internment: The Bill of Rights in Crisis. By Leona Hiraoka and Ken Masugi.
Amawalk: Golden Owl Pub., 1994. N. pag. Print. This source documented the aftermath
of mistreatment of Japanese Americans and how they went to court during WWII. This
was written after the fact, therefore it is secondary.
"Broadsheet V, Affirming Loyalty." Japanese-American Internment: The Bill of Rights in Crisis.
By Leona Hiraoka and Ken Masugi. Amawalk: Golden Owl Pub., 1994. N. pag. Print.
This source showed how the Japanese Americans after the bombing of Pearl Harbor were
very suspicious of anything and this source goes into detail about how they try affirm
their loyalty to show their patriotism. This was printed many years later, so it’s
secondary.
Carnes, Jim, Harry A. Blackmun, and Herbert Tauss. "Home Was a Horse Stall." Us and Them:
A History of Intolerance in America. New York: Oxford UP, 1996. 92-101. Print. This
story focused on relocation of families through Executive Order 9066. It helped me
understand that some families were temporarily moved to horse stalls at race tracks while
camps were being built. This is a secondary source because it was written after the
relocation.
"Executive Order 9066: Japanese Relocation Order." Our Documents: 100 Milestone Documents
from the National Archives. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2003. 178-79. Print. This introduction
gave me background information on the relocation of Japanese in the entrance of World
War II. This source is secondary because it is only background information on Executive
Order 9066, not the actual document.
"Japanese-American Internment Camps." Japanese-American Internment Camps. N.p., n.d.
Web. 15 Oct. 2013. <http://www.bookmice.net/darkchilde/japan/camp.html>. This
website had information about the aftermath of Executive Order 9066. I found a glossary
that I included in my website. The source is secondary because it was created after the
period of research.
"Japanese Americans Interned during World War II." Multicultural Milestones in U.S. History.
Ed. Stephen Lewin and Francie Holder. Volume 2 ed. Upper Saddle River: Globe Fearon
Educational, 1995. 74-82. Print. This source showed significant importance to the
internment of Japanese internment. This is a secondary source because it gave
background information.
Lukesh, Jean A., Dr. Lucky Ears the True Story of Ben Kuroki. Grand Island/Palmer, NE: Field
Mouse Productions, 2010. Print. I used this book to get background information of Mr.
Kuroki during the beginning stages of WWII. This book is not related by time so this is a
secondary source.
"Most Honorable Son." Most Honorable Son. Ed. Public Broadcasting Service. PBS. Web. 12
Sept. 2013. <http://www.pbs.org/mosthonorableson/>. This website was linked to the
PBS documentary of the same title. It is a secondary source because it gives background
information. This website provided a timeline that gave historical context.
"Most Honorable Son." Prod. KDN Films et al. Narr. Lane Nishikawa. PBS Home Video. Dir. Ed
Moore. 2006. 17 Sept. 2006. DVD. I acquired this video on the PBS website. The video
gave background information on two different histories- the U.S. air war and the
Japanese-American experience. This movie gives background information. It helped me
understand the responsibilities of airmen and how the rights of Japanese-Americans were
stripped. Even though there are primary sources in the movie, this is a secondary source.
Richter, Bob, ed. Nebraska Aviation Hall of Fame. Official Nebraska Government Website, n.d.
Web. 13 Sept. 2013. <http://www.aero.state.ne.us/bkuroki.htm>. This website provided
background information on Ben Kuroki as a member of Nebraska's Aviators Hall of
Fame. This is a secondary source published long after the period of research.
SENATOR DANIEL K. INOUYE, AMERICAN PATRIOT AWARD RECIPIENT, DIES AT
88. National Defense University Foundation. NDU Foundation, 2012. Web. 4 Dec. 2013.
<http://www.ndufoundation.org/NewsAlumniHeadlinesDec2012>. This gave me
background information on Inouye. This is a secondary source because it is not linked by
time or experience.
Stanley, Jerry. I Am an American: A True Story of Japanese Internment. New York: Crown,
1994. Print. This source provided me with quotes from California newspapers and Lt.
Gen. John L. DeWitt. It helped me understand the reactions that led to Executive Order
9066. It is a secondary source because I used it for quotes and background information.
Stewart, Carroll “Cal”. Most Honorable Son Ben Kuroki. PBS. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Sept. 2013.
<http://www.ploesti.com/Kuroki%20Book%202-10.pdf>. This is a digital copy of a
pamphlet Mr. Kuroki mailed to me. I read the background information, so it is a
secondary source.