56911862 Distance Warning System

8/13/2019 56911862 Distance Warning System

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KEEP DISTANCE WARNING SYSTEM

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION:

Most of the accidents in high-ways ae ha!!ening d"e to the dowsiness

of di#es$ %ost often this sy%!to% is fo"nd in &ong distance t"c' di#es$ these

di#es %ay ta'e so%e ti%e to ecogni(e the o!!osite #ehic&e$ which is "nning at &ow

s!eed$ es"&ting accident) This 'ind of accidents %ay ha!!en d"e to the d"n'en

di#es a&so) So to incease safety an e&ectonic waning syste% is essentia& to a&et the

di#es) This 'ind of syste% can *e insta&&ed in a&& ty!es of #ehic&es$ es!ecia&&y in

co%%ecia& #ehic&es$ so that accident ate can *e %ini%i(ed) The waning syste%

designed hee can *e ca&&ed as di#e attention syste%$ which aises an a&a% and

enegi(es the dis!&ay *oad a"to%atica&&y when the fo&&owing #ehic&e ca%e nea to the

in-font "nning #ehic&e)

The syste% is designed with +,S. %icoconto&&e$ the tas' is /"ite

si%!&e$ the fo&&owing #ehic&e detection cic"it is designed with infaed sensos$ when

the IR signa& is inte"!ted d"e to the fo&&owing #ehic&e$ the cic"it geneates high

signa& and it is fed to %icoconto&&e) It offes se#ea& ad#antages o#e con#entiona&

%"&ti-chi! syste%s) Thee is a costand s!ace ad#antage as e0ta chi! costs and

!inted cic"it *oad and connectos e/"ied to s"!!ot %"&ti-chi! syste%s ae

e&i%inated)

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT:

1) KEI2 MICR3 4ISI3N-5

.) MICR3 62AS7

HARDWARE REQUIREMENT:

1) MICR3C3NTR322ER 8+,S.9

.) 2M5.:)

5) ;2TRAS3NIC SENS3R

:) 2CD DISP2AY

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1.2 AIM:

The ai% of this syste% is to a&et the fo&&owing #ehic&e whene#e it

ca%e #ey c&ose to the ahead #ehic&e< thee*y to so%e e0tent accidents can *e

a#oided )Many accidents at 7igh-ways ae ta'ing !&ace d"e to the c&ose "nning of#ehic&es$ a&& of s"dden$ if the in font #ehic&e di#e ed"ces the s!eed o a!!&ied

*ea's$ then it is /"ite diffic"&t to the fo&&owing #ehic&e di#e to conto& his #ehic&e$

es"&ting accidents a#oid this 'ind of accident$ the waning syste%$ which contains

a&a% and dis!&ay syste% can aange at ea side of each and e#ey #ehic&e)

1.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM:

FIG (1.3) BLOCK DIAGRAM

SRTIST$ NA2G3NDA .

AT +,S.

MICR3

-C3NTR322E

R

2CD DISP2AY

P3WER

S;PP2Y

;2TRAS3NIC

SENS3R

=;>>ER


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1.4 FLOW CHART:

FIG (1.4) FLOWCHART

1.5 CONCLUSION:

7ence$ the cic"it is designed s"ch that whene#e the infaed signa& is

inte"!ted$ &ogic high signa& is geneated and it is fed to %icoconto&&e$ on ecei!t of

this signa&$ the conto&&e acti#ates the dis!&ay *oad and a&a% a"to%atica&&y)

SRTIST$ NA2G3NDA 5

3*?ect detection is dis!&ayed on 2CD

START

Initia&i(ation of Micoconto&&e

Initia&i(ation of 2CD

Initia&i(ation of "&tasonic

ST3P

ST3P

If o*?ect

is

detected

yes

N3

="((e on


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CHAPTER 2

DESCRIPTION OF MICROCONTROLLER

2.1 INTRODUCTION :

The +@1 is an oigina& %e%*e of the +@1 fa%i&y) Thee ae two othe

%e%*es in the +@1 fa%i&y of %icoconto&&es) They ae +@. and +@51) A&& the

thee %icoconto&&es wi&& ha#e the sa%e intena& achitect"e$ *"t they diffe in the

fo&&owing as!ects)

+@51 has 1.+ *ytes of RAM$ two ti%es and inte"!ts)

+,S1 has :K= R3M$ 1.+ *ytes of RAM$ two ti%es and inte"!ts)

+,S. has +K= R3M$ 1.+ *ytes of RAM$ thee ti%es and

+ inte"!ts)

3f the thee %icoconto&&es$ +,S1 is the %ost !efea*&e) Micoconto&&e

s"!!ots *oth seia& and !aa&&e& co%%"nication)

In the concened !o?ect +,S. %icoconto&&e is "sed) 7ee %icoconto&&e

"sed is AT+,S.$ which is %an"fact"ed *y ATME2 &a*oatoies)

The AT+,S. !o#ides the fo&&owing standad feat"esB +K*ytes of 6&ash$

. *ytes of RAM$ 5. I3 &ines$ thee 1-*it ti%eco"ntes$ si0-#ecto two-&e#e&

inte"!t achitect"e$ a f"&& d"!&e0 seia& !ot$ on-chi! osci&&ato$ and c&oc' cic"ity)

In addition$ the AT+,S. is designed with static &ogic fo o!eation down to (eo

fe/"ency and s"!!ots two softwae se&ecta*&e !owe sa#ing %odes) The Id&e Mode

sto!s the CP; whi&e a&&owing the RAM$ ti%eco"ntes$ seia& !ot$ and inte"!t

syste% to contin"e f"nctioning) The Powe down Mode sa#es the RAM contents *"t

fee(es the osci&&ato$ disa*&ing a&& othe chi! f"nctions "nti& the ne0t hadwae eset)

The Id&e Mode sto!s the CP; whi&e a&&owing the RAM$ ti%eco"ntes$

seia& !ot and inte"!t syste% to contin"e f"nctioning) The Powe down Mode

sa#es the RAM contents *"t fee(es the osci&&ato disa*&ing a&& othe chi! f"nctions

"nti& the ne0t hadwae eset)

=y co%*ining a #esati&e +-*it CP; with 6&ash on a %ono&ithic chi!$ the

AT+,C. is a !owef"& %icoco%!"te which !o#ides a high&y f&e0i*&e and cost

effecti#e so&"tion to %any e%*edded conto& a!!&ications)

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2.2 PIN CONFIGURATION:

FIG (2.2) PIN DIAGRAM OF !S52 IC

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2.3 PIN DESCRIPTION:

"CC

Pin :@ !o#ides S"!!&y #o&tage to the chi!) The #o&tage so"ce is #

GND)

Pin .@ is the go"nded

P#$% &

Pot @ is an +-*it o!en dain *idiectiona& I3 !ot fo% !in 5. to 5,) As an

o"t!"t !ot each !in can sin' eight TT2 in!"ts) When 1s ae witten to !ot @ !ins$ the

!ins can *e "sed as high-i%!edance in!"ts In this %ode P@ has intena& !"&&-"!s)

Pot @ a&so ecei#es the code *ytes d"ing 6&ash !oga%%ing$ and o"t!"ts the

code *ytes d"ing !oga% #eification) E0tena& !"&&-"!s ae e/"ied d"ing !oga%

#eification)

P#$% 1

Pot 1 is an +-*it *idiectiona& I3 !ot with intena& !"&&-"!s fo% !in 1 to +)

The Pot 1 o"t!"t *"ffes can sin'so"ce fo" TT2 in!"ts) When 1s ae witten to

Pot 1 !ins they ae !"&&ed high *y the intena& !"&&-"!s and can *e "sed as in!"ts) As

in!"ts$ Pot 1 !ins that ae e0tena&&y *eing !"&&ed &ow wi&& so"ce c"ent 8II29

*eca"se of the intena& !"&&-"!s)

In addition$ P1)@ and P1)1 can *e config"ed to *e the ti%eco"nte . e0tena&

co"nt in!"t 8P1)@T.9 and the ti%eco"nte . tigge in!"t 8P1)1T.E9$ es!ecti#e&y$as shown in fo&&owing ta*&e)

Pot 1 a&so ecei#es the &ow-ode addess *ytes d"ing 6&ash !oga%%ing

and !oga% #eification)

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TABLE (2.3.1) PORT 1 FUNCTIONS

P#$% 2

Pot . is an +-*it *idiectiona& I3 !ot with intena& !"&&-"!s fo% !in .1 to

.+) The Pot . o"t!"t *"ffes can sin' so"ce fo" TT2 in!"ts) When 1s ae witten

to Pot . !ins they ae !"&&ed high *y the intena& !"&&-"!s and can *e "sed as in!"ts)

As in!"ts$ Pot . !ins that ae e0tena&&y *eing !"&&ed &ow wi&& so"ce c"ent 8II29

*eca"se of the intena& !"&&-"!s)

Pot . e%its the high-ode addess *yte d"ing fetches fo% e0tena& !oga%

%e%oy and d"ing accesses to e0tena& data %e%oy that "ses 1-*it addesses

8M34 F DPTR9) In this a!!&ication it "ses stong intena& !"&&-"!s when e%itting

1s) D"ing accesses to e0tena& data %e%oy that "ses +-*it addesses 8M34 F RI9$

Pot . e%its the contents of the P. S!ecia& 6"nction Registe) Pot . a&so ecei#es the

high-ode addess *its and so%e conto& signa&s d"ing 6&ash !oga%%ing and

#eification)

P#$% 3

Pot 5 is an +-*it *idiectiona& I3 !ot with intena& !"&&-"!s fo% !in 1@ to

1) The Pot 5 o"t!"t *"ffes can sin' so"ce fo" TT2 in!"ts) When 1s ae witten

to Pot 5 !ins they ae !"&&ed high *y the intena& !"&&-"!s and can *e "sed as in!"ts)

As in!"ts$ Pot 5 !ins that ae e0tena&&y *eing !"&&ed &ow wi&& so"ce c"ent 8II29

*eca"se of the !"&&-"!s)

TABLE (2.3.2) PORT 3 FUNCTIONS

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RST

Pin , is the Reset in!"t) It is acti#e high) ;!on a!!&ying a high !"&se to this

!in$ the %icoconto&&e wi&& eset and te%inate a&& acti#ities) A high on this !in fotwo %achine cyc&es whi&e the osci&&ato is "nning esets the de#ice)

ALE'PROG

Addess 2atch is an o"t!"t !in and is acti#e high) Addess 2atch Ena*&e

o"t!"t !"&se fo &atching the &ow *yte of the addess d"ing accesses to e0tena&

%e%oy) This !in is a&so the !oga% !"&se in!"t 8PR3G9 d"ing 6&ash !oga%%ing)

In no%a& o!eation A2E is e%itted at a constant ate of 1 the osci&&ato fe/"ency$and %ay *e "sed fo e0tena& ti%ing o c&oc'ing !"!oses)

Note$ howe#e$ that one A2E !"&se is s'i!!ed d"ing each access to e0tena&

Data Me%oy) If desied$ A2E o!eation can *e disa*&ed *y setting *it @ of S6R

&ocation +E7) With the *it set$ A2E is acti#e on&y d"ing a M34 o M34C

inst"ction) 3thewise$ the !in is wea'&y !"&&ed high) Setting the A2E-disa*&e *it has

no effect if the %icoconto&&e is in e0tena& e0ec"tion %ode)

PSEN

Poga% Stoe Ena*&e is the ead sto*e to e0tena& !oga% %e%oy) When

the AT+,C. is e0ec"ting code fo% e0tena& !oga% %e%oy$ PSEN is acti#ated

twice each %achine cyc&e$ e0ce!t that two PSEN acti#ations ae s'i!!ed d"ing each

access to e0tena& data %e%oy)

EA'"PP

E0tena& Access Ena*&e EA %"st *e sta!!ed to GND in ode to ena*&e the

de#ice to fetch code fo% e0tena& !oga% %e%oy &ocations stating at @@@@7 "! to

66667) Note$ howe#e$ that if &oc' *it 1 is !oga%%ed$ EA wi&& *e intena&&y &atched

on eset) EA sho"&d *e sta!!ed to 4CC fo intena& !oga% e0ec"tions) This !in a&so

ecei#es the 1.-#o&t !oga%%ing ena*&e #o&tage 84PP9 d"ing 6&ash !oga%%ing

when 1.-#o&t !oga%%ing is se&ected)

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TAL1

In!"t to the in#eting osci&&ato a%!&ifie and in!"t to the intena& c&oc'

o!eating cic"it)

TAL2

3"t!"t fo% the in#eting osci&&ato a%!&ifie)

OSCILLATOR CHARACTERISTICS

TA21 and TA2. ae the in!"t and o"t!"t$ es!ecti#e&y$ of an in#eting

a%!&ifie which can *e config"ed fo "se as an on chi! osci&&ato$ as shown in 6ig"e)5) Eithe a /"at( cysta& o cea%ic esonato %ay *e "sed) To di#e the de#ice

fo% an e0tena& c&oc' so"ce$ TA2. sho"&d *e &eft "nconnected whi&e TA21 is

di#en )

FIGURE (2.3.1) CRSTAL CONNECTIONS

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FIGURE( 2.3.2) ETERNAL CLOCK DRI"E CONFIGURATION

Thee ae no e/"ie%ents on the d"ty cyc&e of the e0tena& c&oc' signa&$ since the

in!"t to the intena& c&oc'ing cic"ity is tho"gh a di#ide-*y two f&i!-f&o!$ *"t

%ini%"% and %a0i%"% #o&tage high and &ow ti%e s!ecifications %"st *e o*se#ed)

IDLE MODE

In id&e %ode$ the CP; !"ts itse&f to s&ee! whi&e a&& the on-chi! !ei!hea&s

e%ain acti#e) The %ode is in#o'ed *y softwae) The content of the on-chi! RAM and

a&& the s!ecia& f"nctions egistes e%ain "nchanged d"ing this %ode) The id&e %ode

can *e te%inated *y any ena*&ed inte"!t o *y a hadwae eset) It sho"&d *e noted

that when id&e is te%inated *y a hadwae eset$ the de#ice no%a&&y es"%es

!oga% e0ec"tion$ fo% whee it &eft off$ "! to two %achine cyc&es *efoe the

intena& eset a&goith% ta'es conto&)

3n-chi! hadwae inhi*its access to intena& RAM in this e#ent$ *"t access to

the !ot !ins is not inhi*ited) To e&i%inate the !ossi*i&ity of an "ne0!ected wite to a

!ot !in when Id&e is te%inated *y eset$ the inst"ction fo&&owing the one that

in#o'es Id&e sho"&d not *e one that wites to a !ot !in o to e0tena& %e%oy)

POWER DOWN MODE

In the !owe down %ode the osci&&ato is sto!!ed$ and the inst"ction that

in#o'es !owe down is the &ast inst"ction e0ec"ted) The on-chi! RAM and S!ecia&

6"nction Registes etain thei #a&"es "nti& the !owe down %ode is te%inated) The

on&y e0it fo% !owe down is a hadwae eset) Reset edefines the S6Rs *"t does not

change the on-chi! RAM) The eset sho"&d not *e acti#ated *efoe 4CC is estoed to

its no%a& o!eating &e#e& and %"st *e he&d acti#e &ong eno"gh to a&&ow the osci&&ato

to estat and sta*i&i(e)

T*+,- (2.3.3) S%*%/ #0 E%-$*, P/ D$ I,- * P#6-$ D#6 M#-

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2.4 TIMERS:

T7-$ & * 1

Ti%e @ and Ti%e 1 in the AT+,S. o!eate the sa%e way as Ti%e @ and

Ti%e 1 in the AT+,S.) Registe !ais 8T7@$ T219$ 8T71$ T219 ae the 1-*it

co"nte egistes fo ti%eco"ntes @ and 1)

T7-$ 2

Ti%e . is a 1-*it Ti%eCo"nte that can o!eate as eithe a ti%e o an e#ent

co"nte) The ty!e of o!eation is se&ected *y *it CT. in the S6R T.C3N) Ti%e .

has thee o!eating %odesB ca!t"e$ a"to-e&oad 8"! o down co"nting9$ and *a"d ate

geneato) The %odes ae se&ected *y *its in T.C3N$ as shown in Ta*&e ).) Ti%e .

consists of two +-*it egistes$ T7. and T2.) In the Ti%e f"nction$ the T2. egiste

is ince%ented e#ey %achine cyc&e) Since a %achine cyc&e consists of 1. osci&&ato

!eiods$ the co"nt ate is 11. of the osci&&ato fe/"ency)

T*+,- (2.4) T7-$ 2 O8-$*% M#-/

In the Co"nte f"nction$ the egiste is ince%ented in es!onse to a 1-to-@

tansition at its coes!onding e0tena& in!"t !in$ T.) In this f"nction$ the e0tena&

in!"t is sa%!&ed d"ing SP. of e#ey %achine cyc&e) When the sa%!&es show a high

in one cyc&e and a &ow in the ne0t cyc&e$ the co"nt is ince%ented) The new co"nt

#a&"e a!!eas in the egiste d"ing S5P1 of the cyc&e fo&&owing the one in which the

tansition was detected) Since two %achine cyc&es 8.: osci&&ato !eiods9 ae e/"ied

to ecogni(e a 1-to-@ tansition$ the %a0i%"% co"nt ate is 1.: of the osci&&ato

fe/"ency) To ens"e that a gi#en &e#e& is sa%!&ed at &east once *efoe it changes$ the

&e#e& sho"&d *e he&d fo at &east one f"&& %achine cyc&e)

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Thee ae no estictions on the d"ty cyc&e of e0tena& in!"t signa&$ *"t it

sho"&d fo at &east one f"&& %achine to ens"e that a gi#en &e#e& is sa%!&ed at &east

once *efoe it changes)

2.5 INTERRUPTS:

The AT+,S. has a tota& of si0 inte"!t #ectosB two e0tena& inte"!ts

8INT@ and INT19$ thee ti%e inte"!ts 8Ti%es @$ 1$ and .9$ and the seia& !ot

inte"!t) These inte"!ts ae a&& shown in 6ig"e .)

FIGURE (2.5) INTERRUPTS SOURCE

Each of these inte"!t so"ces can *e indi#id"a&&y ena*&ed o disa*&ed *y

setting o c&eaing a *it in S!ecia& 6"nction Registe IE) IE a&so contains a g&o*a&

disa*&e *it$ EA$ which disa*&es a&& inte"!ts at once)

Ti%e . inte"!t is geneated *y the &ogica& 3R of *its T6. and E6. in

egiste T.C3N) Neithe of these f&ags is c&eaed *y hadwae when the se#ice

o"tine is #ectoed to) In fact$ the se#ice o"tine %ay ha#e to dete%ine whethe it

was T6. o E6. that geneated the inte"!t$ and that *it wi&& ha#e to *e c&eaed in

softwae)

The Ti%e @ and Ti%e 1 f&ags$ T6@ and T61$ ae set at SP. of the cyc&e in

which the ti%es o#ef&ow)

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T*+,- (2.5) I%-$$8%/ E*+,- R-/%-$

2.9 MEMOR ORGANIATION :

The tota& %e%oy of +,S. syste% is &ogica&&y di#ided in Poga% %e%oy

and Data %e%oy) Poga% %e%oy stoes the !oga%s to *e e0ec"ted$ whi&e data

%e%oy stoes the data &i'e inte%ediate es"&ts$ #aia*&es and constants e/"ied fo

the e0ec"tion of the !oga%) Poga% %e%oy is in#aia*&y i%!&e%ented "sing

EPR3M$ *eca"se it stoes on&y !oga% code which is to *e e0ec"ted and th"s it need

not *e witten into) 7owe#e$ the data %e%oy %ay *e ead fo% o witten to and

th"s it is i%!&e%ented "sing RAM)

6"the$ the !oga% %e%oy and data %e%oy *oth %ay *e categoi(ed as

on-chi! 8intena&9 and e0tena& %e%oy$ de!ending "!on whethe the %e%oy

!hysica&&y e0ists on the chi! o it is e0tena&&y intefaced) The +,S. can addess

+K*ytes on-chi! %e%oy whose %a! stats fo% @@@@7 and ends at 16667) It can

addess :K*ytes of e0tena& !oga% %e%oy "nde the conto& of PSEN 8&ow9

signa&)

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CHAPTER;3

POWER SUPPL

3.1 INTRODUCTION:

Powe s"!!&ies ae designed to con#et high #o&tage AC %ains e&ecticity to a

s"ita*&e &ow #o&tage s"!!&y fo e&ectonics cic"its and othe de#ices)

F (3.1) B,# S>/%-7

3.2 TRANSFORMER:

A tansfo%e ste!s down high #o&tage AC %ains to &ow #o&tage AC) 7ee we

ae "sing a cente-ta! tansfo%e whose o"t!"t wi&& *e sin"soida& with .:4 !ea' to

!ea')

)

F( 3.2) O%8% W*?-0#$7 #0 %$*/0#$7-$

The &ow #o&tage AC o"t!"t is s"ita*&e fo &a%!s$ heates and s!ecia& AC %otos) It is

not s"ita*&e fo e&ectonic cic"its "n&ess they inc&"de a ectifie and a s%oothing

ca!acito) The tansfo%e o"t!"t is gi#en to the ectifie cic"it)

3.3 RECTIFIER:

A ectifie con#ets AC to DC$ *"t the DC o"t!"t is #aying) Thee ae se#ea&

ty!es of ectifies< hee we "se a *idge ectifie)

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The =idge ectifie is a cic"it$ which con#ets an ac #o&tage to dc #o&tage

"sing *oth ha&f cyc&es of the in!"t ac #o&tage) The cic"it has fo" diodes connected

to fo% a *idge) The ac in!"t #o&tage is a!!&ied to the diagona&&y o!!osite ends of the

*idge) The &oad esistance is connected *etween the othe two ends of the *idge)6o

the !ositi#e ha&f cyc&e of the in!"t ac #o&tage$ diodes D1 and D5 cond"ct) The

cond"cting diodes wi&& *e in seies with the &oad esistance R2and hence the &oad

c"ent f&ows tho"gh R2) 6o the negati#e ha&f cyc&e of the in!"t ac #o&tage$ diodes

D. and D: cond"ct)The cond"cting diodes D. and D: wi&& *e in seies with the &oad

esistance R2and hence the c"ent f&ows tho"gh R2in the sa%e diection as in the

!e#io"s ha&f cyc&e) Th"s a *i-diectiona& wa#e is con#eted into "nidiectiona&)

FIG (3.3.1) R-


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the ca!acito stoes enegy d"ing the cond"ction !eiod and de&i#es this enegy to

the &oads d"ing the no cond"cting !eiod) In this way$ the ti%e d"ing which the

c"ent !asses tho"gh the &oad is !o&onging Ted$ and the i!!&e is considea*&y

deceased) The action of the ca!acito is shown with the he&! of wa#efo%)

Figure (3.3.3) Smoothing action ofcapacitor

F$- (3.3.4) W*?-0#$7 #0 %@- $-


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F$- (3.4) "#,%*- R-,*%#$

3.5 POWER SUPPL CIRCUIT:

F (3.5) POWER SUPPL CIRCUIT

3.5 CONCLUSION:

We hee *y conc&"de that %ost of the digita& &ogic cic"its and !ocessos need

a #o&t !owe s"!!&y) To "se these !ats we inc&"de a eg"&ated #o&t so"ce)

;neg"&ated !owe s"!!&y wi&& *e anging fo% , #o&ts to .: #o&ts DC ) So$to %a'e a

#o&t !owe s"!!&y$ we "se a 2M+@ #o&tage eg"&ato IC )

CHAPTER 4

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ULTRASONIC SENSOR

4.1 INTRODUCTION :

Paa&&a0Hs PING999 "&tasonic senso !o#ides a #ey &ow-cost and easy

%ethod of distance %eas"e%ent) This senso is !efect fo any n"%*e of

a!!&ications that e/"ie yo" to !efo% %eas"e%ents *etween %o#ing o stationay

o*?ects) Nat"a&&y$ o*otics a!!&ications ae #ey !o!"&a *"t yo"H&& a&so find this

!od"ct to *e "sef"& in sec"ity syste%s o as an infaed e!&ace%ent if so desied)

FIG (4.1) ULTRASONIC SENSOR

This %eas"es distance "sing sona< an "&tasonic 8we&& a*o#e h"%an heaing9 !"&se is

tans%itted fo% the "nit and distance-to-taget is dete%ined *y %eas"ing the ti%e

e/"ied fo the echo et"n) 3"t!"t fo% the PING999 senso is a #aia*&e-width !"&se

that coes!onds to the distance to the taget)

PING))) S-/#$ F-*%$-/:

The PING999 has on&y has 5 connections$ which inc&"de 4dd$ 4ss$ and 1 I3

!in)

The 5-!in heade %a'es it easy to connect "sing a se#o e0tension ca*&e$ no

so&deing e/"ied)

Se#ea& sa%!&e codes ae a#ai&a*&e "sing the Ping999 senso)

L/% #0 %-


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Si%!&e !"&se in !"&se o"t co%%"nication

Indicato 2ED shows %eas"e%ent in !ogess

In!"t Tigge - !ositi#e TT2 !"&se$ . s %in$ s ty!)

Echo P"&se - !ositi#e TT2 !"&se$ 11 s to 1+) %s

Echo 7o&d-off - @ s fo% fa&& of Tigge !"&se

="st 6e/"ency - :@ '7( fo .@@ s

Si(e - .. %% 7 0 : %% W 0 1 %% D 8@)+ in 0 1)+ in 0 @) in9

U,%$*/#< /-/#$/ 8a&so 'nown as %$*/


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Transducers:

An "&tasonic tansd"ce is a de#ice that con#ets enegy into ultrasound$ o

so"nd wa#es a*o#e the no%a& ange of h"%an heaing) Whi&e technica&&y a

dog whistleis an "&tasonic tansd"ce that con#ets %echanica& enegy in the

fo% of ai !ess"einto "&tasonic so"nd wa#es$ the te% is %oe a!t to *e "sedto efe to piezoelectric transducersthat con#et e&ectica& enegy into so"nd)

Pie(oe&ectic cysta&s ha#e the !o!ety of changing si(e when a voltage is

a!!&ied$ th"s a!!&ying an a&tenating c"ent 8AC9 acoss the% ca"ses the% to

osci&&ate at #ey high fe/"encies$ th"s !od"cing #ey high fe/"ency so"nd

wa#es)

Detectors

Since !ie(oe&ectic cysta& geneate a #o&tage when foce is a!!&ied to the%$ the sa%e

cysta& can *e "sed as an "&tasonic detecto) So%e syste%s "se se!aate tans%itte

and ecei#e co%!onents whi&e othes co%*ine *oth in a sing&e !ie(oe&ectic

tanscei#e)

A&tenati#e %ethods fo ceating and detecting "&taso"nd inc&"de %agnetostiction

andca!aciti#eact"ation)

4.2 A88,


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o off digita& o"t!"t ae a#ai&a*&e fo detecting the !esence of o*?ects$ and sensos

with an ana&og o"t!"t which #aies !o!otiona&&y to the senso to taget se!aation

distance ae co%%ecia&&y a#ai&a*&e)

U&tasonic sensos ae co%%on&y "sed fo a wide #aiety of noncontact !esence$

!o0i%ity$ o distance %eas"ing a!!&ications) These de#ices ty!ica&&y tans%it a

shot *"st of "&tasonic so"nd towad a taget$ which ef&ects the so"nd *ac' to the

senso) The syste% then %eas"es the ti%e fo the echo to et"n to the senso and

co%!"tes the distance to the taget "sing the s!eed of so"nd in the %edi"%)

W*?-,-%@ #0 S# */ * F


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The &e#e& of *ac'go"nd "&tasonic noise di%inishes as the fe/"ency

inceases) The eason is that &ess noise at the highe fe/"encies is !od"ced in the

en#ion%ent$ and the noise that is !od"ced is geat&y atten"ated as it ta#e&s tho"gh

the ai)

SRTIST$ NA2G3NDA ..


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SRTIST$ NA2G3NDA

4.3 U,%$*/#< /-/#$ $?-


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APPENDI;THEOR OF MICROCONTROLLER

A %ico-conto&&e contains a CP;$ c&oc' cic"ity$ R3M$ Ra% and I3cic"ity on a sing&e integated cic"it !ac'age) The Mico-conto&&e is theefoe$ a

se&f-contained de#ice$ which does not e/"ie a host of associated s"!!ot chi!s fo its

o!eation as con#entiona& %ico!ocessos do) It offes se#ea& ad#antages o#e

con#entiona& %"&ti-chi! syste%s) Thee is a cost and s!ace ad#antage as e0ta chi!

costs and !inted cic"it *oad and connectos e/"ied to s"!!ot %"&ti-chi! syste%s

ae e&i%inated) The othe ad#antages inc&"de chea!e %aintenance$ deceased

hadwae design effot and deceased *oad density$ which is e&e#ant in !ota*&e

conto& e/"i!%ent) The %icoconto&&e that we "se is AT+,S.)

M-7#$> O$**%# #0 M


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!hysica&&y e0ists on the chi! o it is e0tena&&y intefaced) The +,S. can addess

+K*ytes on-chi! %e%oy whose %a! stats fo% @@@@7 and ends at 16667) It can

addess :K*ytes of e0tena& !oga% %e%oy "nde the conto& of PSEN 8&ow9

signa&)

The AT+,S. i%!&e%ents . *ytes of on-chi! RAM) The "!!e 1.+ *ytes

occ"!y a !aa&&e& addess s!ace to the S!ecia& 6"nction Registes) That %eans the

"!!e 1.+*ytes ha#e the sa%e addesses as the S6R s!ace *"t ae !hysica&&y se!aate

fo% S6R s!ace) When an inst"ction accesses an intena& &ocation a*o#e addess

67$ the addess %ode "sed in the inst"ction s!ecifies whethe the CP; accesses the

"!!e 1.+ *ytes of RAM o the S6R s!ace) Inst"ctions that "se diect addessing

access S6R s!ace)

SRTIST$ NA2G3NDA .


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56911862 Distance Warning System

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Transcript of 56911862 Distance Warning System