education2014

, .

English alphabet A 26 .

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz

5 (vowels) 21 (consonants).5 vowelsaeiou

21 consonantsbcdfghjklmnpqrstvwxyz

.: = (vowel) :act, apt, ask, bat, bad, bag, cat, cap, cab, dad, dab, Dan, fan, fat, fad, gap, gab, gal, gas, ham, has, had, hat, jab, jam, lab, lad, lag, lap, man, mad, mat, map, nap, pan, Pam, pad, pal, ran, ram, rag, rat, Sam, sad, sag, sat, sap, tab, tan, tad, tag, tap, van, vat, yam, zap.

= (vowel) e:Ben, bed, beg, bet, den, fed, gem, get, gel, hen, hem, jet, Ken, keg, led, leg, let, men, met, net, pen, peg, pet, red, set, ten, Ted, vet, yet, wed, wet. = (vowel) I :bin, bid, big, bit, dim, did, dig, dip, fin, fig, fit, gin, gig, him, his, hid, hit, hip, jib, Jim, jig, jip, kin, Kim, kid, kit, lid, lit, lip, nip, pin, pig, pit, rim, rid, rig, rip, sin, sit, sip, tin, tip, win, wit, zip, zit.

= (vowel) o:bop, con, cod, cog, cot, cop, Don, dog, dot, fog, God, got, hog, hot, jog, jot, lob, log, lot, lop, mob, mom, mop, nod, not, pod, pot, rod, rot, son, sod, ton, Tom, tot, top, won. = (vowel) u:bun, bum, bus, bud, bug, but, cud, cut, cup, dug, fun, gun, gum, Gus, gut, hum, hug, hut, jug, jut, lug, mug, nun, nut, pun, pug, pup, rub, run, rum, rug, rut, sub, sun, sum, tug.

=(vowel) :mailgainbakeapepaintgray

nailmaincaketapedayplay

pailpainlakeatehaypray

railrainmakehatelaystay

sailtrainrakelatemaystray

tailmanetakedatepaytray

camevanepalegatesayfade

gamewavesalebaitwaymade

namesavewhalewaitclaygrade

2. =(vowel) : , (,) .

seasealfearbeefwheatsheep

teabeamhearmeekseemsleep

reachteamnearseekseendeer

teachbeanbeefeelteenfeet

beakmeantreehealgreenmeet

weakheapfreepeeldeepbeet

healleapfeedhearpeepgreet

mealearneedmeatweepkey

realdearweedseatcreepthree

3. =(vowel) i: (aj)

hidebikedimevinepiedive

ridelikelimewipetiefive

sidehiketimepipefirehive

tidefilechimeripehirecry

widemiledinerisetiredry

bridepilefinewisewirefly

glidetilelinesizebitefry

pridesmilemineprizekitetry

slidewhilepinediewhitesky

4. =(vowel) o:

roadcoatholeropestovegrow

loadgoatpolenosebowknow

toadhoestoleroselowshow

oaktoehomeclosemowslow

soakrodebonechoserowsnow

foamjokeconehosetowthrow

roampoketonenoteblowboast

soapspokestonevotecrowroast

boatsmokehopedoveflowtoast

5. =(vowel) u:

suiteJunetruenewchewflew

fruittuneusepewdrewslew

juiceprunefusecrewgrewstew

cutebluedewknewscrewmew

flutecluefewmulethrewcube

dunegluehewruleblewtube

hewewhyloyo-yo

mebygonobedo

shemysosohito

2 (vowels ) ea: == e , .bedspreaddreadrealm

breadheadspread

breakfasthealthsteadfast

breastheavenstealth

breathinsteadsweat

deadleadthread

deadlockleaptthreat

deadpanleaventread

deafmeantwealth

deathreadweapon

.

beach feast meat seabeagle flea neat sealcheat heal peach seatclean jeans peanut speakcream leaf reach teachdream lean read teapoteach least reap treateat mean scream weak

2 (vowels ) ee: .bee feel peel sheepbeef feet peep sheetbeep fleet peewee sleepbeet free queen steelbeetle glee reed streetbleed green reef sweepcheek heed reel sweetcreek heel see teencreep jeep seed teethdeed keep seek theedeep meet seem threefeed need seen weekfee peek seep wheel

ey: .alley galley key monkeychimney hockey kidney parsleychutney honey Mickey valleydonkey jockey money volley

2 (vowels ) ie: .Angie believe chief frieze piecebaggie Bonnie cookie genie shieldbeanie brie field grief siegebelief brief fiend niece thief

2 (vowels ) ai: .aim mail raid tailbrain paid rail trailchain pail rain traindrain pain sail traitfail paint snail vaingain plain sprain wailjail quail stain wait

ay: .day hay pay say strayclay lay play spray traygray may pray stay way

a+ + = , .ape game place snakecake grade race takecame late same tradechase made skate whale

th = than them thisthat then thusthank thing thrustthick think thudthicket thrift thugthickness thrill thumpthin throb thwack

wh = whack which whipwhelp whim whippetwhen whir whitwhet whirl whiz

sh = shed shell shinshelf shift ship

trashcan brush fish splashdish fresh trashfinish rush wish

ch = chaff chat chicken chipchamp check chili chipmunkchant chess chill chockchap chest chin chopchaps chick chink chuck

attach fetch latch scratchbench finch lunch sketchbunch French match stitchcatch glitch much stretchcinch hitch patch suchclench hunch pitch twitchclutch inch ranch whichcrutch itch rich witch

wr = wrap wren wristbandwrapper wrench writewreath wring writerwreck wrinkle wrongwreckage wrist wrote

kn = knack knightknapsack knitknave knobknead knockknee knock-offkneecap knockoutkneel knockwurstkneeling knotknew knowknickers knowledgeknife knuckle

mnmbmb

autumnbomblamb

columnclimblimb

condemncombnumb

hymncrumbplumber

solemndumbthumb

tionaddition fictionattention frustrationcaution hibernationcelebration invitationcommotion lotioncondition motioncontraction nationdecoration optiondefinition positiondescription promotiondevastation questiondevotion staiontdirection subtractioneducation vacation

ngbang fling long sing strungbelong flung lung slang stungclang gang oblong slung swungcling gong pang song thingclung hang rang sprang thongding headlong ring spring unsungdong hung rung string weeklongfang king sang strong wing

ph =

alphabetnephew

autographorphan

cellophanephantom

digraphpharmacist

dolphinpharmacy

elephantpheasant

graphphone

microphonephonics

laugh

laughter

rough

tough

A .-st-sk-sp-nd-nt

bestaskclaspanddifferent

fastdeskcrispbandimportant

justdiskcuspblendparent

lastduskgaspendplant

losthuskgraspfindpresident

mustmasklispkindstudent

restriskwasplandwant

trusttaskwispstandwent

-nk-mp-rd-ld-lp

bankcampaffordchildgulp

drinkdampbirdcoldhelp

junkdumpcardfoldkelp

pinkjumpdiscardgoldpalp

sinklamphardheldpulp

shrinkpumprecordholdscalp

thankstampwordoldwhelp

thinkswampyardwildyelp

-rk-lt-lf-pt-ft-ct

arkadultcalfacceptcraftact

clerkbelthalfadoptdriftdirect

irkdifficultelfattemptgiftexpect

jerkfaultgolfcreptleftfact

lurkmeltgulfexceptliftobject

parkresultselfkeptraftproject

smirksaltshelfsleptsoftrespect

worktiltwolfunkemptwafttract

.bl-cl-fl-

blackclaimflag

blameclassflame

blanketclayflat

blastcleanfloat

blazeclimbflood

blindclockfloor

blockcloseflower

bloodclothesfly

gl-pl-sl-

gladplaceslam

glassesplanslap

gliderplantsleep

glitterplaysleeve

glitzyplazaslice

globepleaseslip

glovesplentyslither

glueplusslow

br-cr-dr-

braincrabdrastic

branchcrackerdraw

bravecrazydream

bridgecricketdress

bringcrippledribble

brothercrispdrink

browncrutchdrop

brushcrydry

fr-gr-pr-

franticgradepractice

freezergraduateprevent

frequentgrandpapride

freshgrassprivate

friendgreatpromise

frightengroceryprotect

fromgroundprove

frozengrowprune

tr-sc-sk-

tradescabskate

trafficscaleskeleton

travelschoolski

treatscoreskill

treescrapskin

truescratchskinny

trustscreamskip

tryscribblesky

sm-sn-sp-

smallsnackspace

smartsnailspank

smashsnakespeak

smearsnapspecial

smellsneakspend

smilesnorespirit

smogsnowsport

smoothsnugspot

st-sw-tw-

stageswallowtwelve

standswantwenty

starsweattwice

stepsweettwilight

stoneswimtwin

stopswingtwinkle

strongswitchtwist

studyswollentwitch

:Idioms ( , .)A hot potatoA penny for your thoughtsActions speak louder than wordsAdd insult to injuryAn arm and a legAt the drop of a hatBack to the drawing board Ball is in your court Barking up the wrong treeBe glad to see the back ofBeat around the bushBest of both worldsBest thing since sliced breadBite off more than you can chewBlessing in disguise Burn the midnight oilCan't judge a book by its cover Caught between two stoolsCosts an arm and a legCross that bridge when you come to itCry over spilt milk Curiosity killed the cat Cut cornersCut the mustardDevil's Advocate Don't count your chickens before the eggs have hatchedDon't give up the day jobDon't put all your eggs in one basket Drastic times call for drastic measures Elvis has left the building Every cloud has a silver lining Far cry fromFeel a bit under the weatherGive the benefit of the doubtHear it on the grapevineHit the nail on the head Hit the sack / sheets / hayIn the heat of the moment It takes two to tango Jump on the bandwagonKeep something at bayKill two birds with one stoneLast strawLet sleeping dogs lie Let the cat out of the bag Make a long story short Method to my madness Miss the boatNot a spark of decencyNot playing with a full deck Off one's rockerOn the ballOnce in a blue moonPicture paints a thousand words Piece of cake Put wool over other people's eyesSee eye to eyeSit on the fenceSpeak of the devil!Steal someone's thunder Take with a grain of saltTaste of your own medicine To hear something straight from the horse's mouthWhole nine yards Wouldn't be caught deadYour guess is as good as mine

all of a sudden - suddenly = o

all the same - no difference =

as a rule - usually, generally =

as for - in reference to=

at all - (not) in the smallest degree

at this point - at this time

be about to do something - be close to doing something

be broke - have no money at all

be in charge of something - be responsible for something

be in good health - be healthy

be in poor health - not healthy

be in good shape - be physically fit

be in bad shape - be in bad state

be on one's way

be out of date - be outdated

be to blame - be responsible for a mistake, for something wrong

be used to something - be accustomed to something

by heart - by memorizing

by oneself (by myself, by himself, etc.) - alone; on one's own

by the way - incidentally

come true - become reality

do one's best - try very hard

every now and then - occasionally

every other - every second one

fall in love - begin to love

feel like doing something - want to do; be inclined to do something

for good - forever

for the time being - for now; at this time

from now on - since now

get in touch with someone - contact someone

get lost - lose one's way

get mixed up - get confused

get rid of something or someone - dispose of; discard

get to the point - speak directly about the subject; come to the point

give someone a hand - help someone

give someone a lift; give someone a ride - take someone to some place by car

in advance - well before

in fact - actually; in reality

in general - generally; generally speaking

in other words - using other words

in time (to do something) - early enough; before something begins

it's time - should do it right away

It's worth it. It's not worth it.

just in case - to be on the safe side

Just my luck! - Bad luck! Hard luck!

keep in mind - bear in mind; consider; remember

keep in touch - keep in contact by calling, visiting, etc.

keep one's word - fulfill a promise

let it go - forget bad experience; return to normal life

little by little - step by step; gradually

lose one's way - get lost

make friends - become friends

make fun of someone or something - laugh at; joke about

make sense - be logical

make up one's mind - decide

Make yourself at home. - Be comfortable; feel at home.

never mind - don't worry about it

not to mention - in addition to

no wonder - not surprising

on credit - not having to pay cash right away

on guard - on the alert

on hand - available

on one's own (on my own, on your own, on his own, etc.) - alone; by oneself

on purpose - intentionally

on second thought - after thinking again

on the alert - on guard

on the other hand - considering the other side of the question

on time - punctually; at the specified time

out of the question - impossible

pay attention - be attentive

right away - immediately

so far - up to now

take a break - stop for rest

take care of someone or something - look after; see that something is done properly

take into account - consider something

take it easy - relax; be calm

take part in something - participate

take place - happen

take time - take a long time

take turns - alternate doing something one after another

That's just the point. - That's it.

that will do - it's enough

under the weather - feeling a little ill, a little unwell

(be) up to date - modern, latest, current

used to do something - did something regularly in the past but not now

What's the matter? - What is it?

Syonym =Syonym () , .Adjectives-Synonyms-

biglarge

blankempty

broadwide

centermiddle

cunningclever

dangerousrisky

eatableedible

falseuntrue

fertilefruitful

gaycheerful

gladhappy

hard difficult

hightall

huge enormous

intelligentclever

lazyindolent

littlesmall

loving fond

loyalfaithful

madcrazy

newmodern

nicekind

noisyrowdy

oldancient

oralverbal

politecourteous

poordestitute

quickrapid/fast

rarescarce

ready alert

real genuine

richwealthy

rudeimpolite

sadunhappy

safesecure

sleepydrowsy

slimslender

thinlean

usualnormal

vacantempty

weakfeeble

well-knownfamous

HomonymsHomonyms () , .1. AIR HEIR 2. AISLE ISLE 3. ALTAR ALTER 4. BAND BAND 5. BANK BANK6. BARE BEAR BEAR 7. BARK BARK 8. BAT BAT 9. BE BEE 10. BEAT BEET 11. BOUGH BOW BOW 12. BOW BEAU 13. BRAKE BREAK 14. BUY BY 15. CACHE CASH16. CELL SELL 17. CENT SCENT 18. CEREAL SERIAL 19. COARSE COURSE 20. CURRANT CURRENT 21. DEAR DEER 22. DESERT DESSERT 23. DEW DUE 24. DIE DYE 25. FAIR FAIR FARE FINE FINE 26. FIR FUR FLEA FLEE 27. FLOUR FLOWER 28. FOREWORD FORWARD 29. GAIT GATE 30. GRATE GREAT 31. GROUND GROUND 32. HAIR HARE 33. HALL HAUL HANGAR HANGER 34. HAY HEY 35. HEAL HEEL 36. HEAR HERE 37. HI HIGH 38. HOARSE HORSE 39. HOLE WHOLE 40. I EYE 41. KNIGHT NIGHT 42. KNOW NO 43. LIE LIE 44. LIGHT LIGHT 45. MAIL MALE 46. MEAN MEAN 47. MEAT MEET 48. NONE NUN 49. PAIL PALE 50. PAIR PEAR 51. PEACE PIECE 52. PEAK PEEK 53. PLAIN PLANE 54. POLE POLE POLL 55. POUND POUND 56. PRINCIPAL PRINCIPLE 57. RACE RACE 58. READ REED 59. RIGHT WRITE 60. RING RING 61. ROLE ROLL 62. ROOT ROUTE 63. ROW ROW 64. SAIL SALE 65. SEA SEE 66. SEW SO SOW 67. SIGHT SITE 68. SOLE SOLE SOLE SOUL 69. SOME SUM 70. SON SUN 71. STAIR STARE STAKE STEAK 72. STEAL STEEL 73. SUITE SWEET74. TAIL TALE 75. TIP TIP 76. TOAST TOAST 77. TOE TOW 78. TOO TWO 79. TRUNK TRUNK 80. VAIN VEIN 81. WAIST WASTE 82. WAIT WEIGHT 83. WARE WEAR WHERE 84. WAY WEIGH 85. WEAK WEEK 86. WEATHER WHETHER 87. WELL WELL 88. WHICH WITCH 89. WHINE WINE HeteronymsHeteronyms () , . Affect (verb) and affect (noun, in psychology) Agape (a mouth) and agape, and also a term for a Alternate (adjective) and alternate (verb) Appropriate (adjective) and appropriate (verb) Bases (plural of basis) and bases (plural of base, but also a near-homonym for basis) bass(fish) and bass (voice) Bow (defer) and bow (for violin) Buffet and buffet Close (adjective) and close (verb) Console (verb) and console (noun) Contents (noun) and contents (verb, usually reflexive, third person singular; but also works in the first person with the singular form of the noun) Contract and contract Contrary and contrary Converse (verb) and converse (noun) Coordinates (verb) and coordinates (mathematical or cartological noun) Defect (verb) and defect (noun) Delegate (verb) and delegate (noun) Denier (one who denies something, such as the holocaust) and denier (unit of measurement for the fineness of silk, nylon and other fabrics) Desert (noun) and desert (verb), though the latter is a homophone for dessert (noun) Deliberate (adjective) and deliberate (verb) Does (verb) and does (plural noun) Dogged (one syllable) and dogged (two syllables) Dove (the bird) and dove (past tense of dive) Entrance (noun) and entrance (verb) Essay (noun) and essay (verb) Evening (noun) and evening (verb) Grave (to rhyme with 'halve') and grave (to rhyme with 'gave') Import (verb) and import (noun; for example, close synonym for importance) Incense (noun) and incense (verb) Invalid (adjective) and invalid (noun) Intimate (adjective) and intimate (verb) Lead (metal) and lead (verb) lied(musical noun) and lied (verb, past tense) Liver (internal organ) and liver ("a name arbitrarily given to the bird figured in the arms of the city of Liverpool" Minute (noun) and minute (adjective) Moped (noun) and moped (verb, past perfect tense) None (to rhyme with "nun") and none (may be attended by a nun) Number (noun) and number (relative form of numb) Pace (by the leave of) and pace (footstep/speed) Pasty (noun) and pasty (adjective) Plaque and plaque Present (verb) and present (noun) Project (noun) and project (verb) Pussy (adjective) and pussy (noun, meaning cat. Settle down, class.) Putting (not golf) and putting (golf) Recreation and recreation Recover (from illness or other misfortune) and recover (while restoring furniture, for example) Refuse (verb) and refuse (noun) Resign (as in resignation) and resign (as in signature) Routed (in battle) and routed (via a computer network) Row (argue, argument) and row (line) Seconded and seconded Severer (more severe) and severer (one who severs) Sewer (one who sews) and sewer (sanitation infrastructure) Sin (mathematical) and sin (theological). This is a triple heteronym, according to someone who knows better than I how to pronounce Sin, the Akkadian god of the moon. Skied (past tense of ski) and skied (an old cricketing term, Slough (verb) and slough (noun) sow(noun) and sow (verb) Supply (verb or noun) and supply (adverb from 'supple'; this spelling is preferable to 'supplely', according to the Oxford Spelling Dictionary.) Swinging and swinging (alternative spelling of 'swingeing', according to the OED) Tear (verb) and tear (noun) Tier (noun, one who ties something) and tier (noun, a level or layer) Unionized (meaning formed a union) and unionized (reverse of ionized) Wicked (two syllables) and wicked (one syllable) Wind (noun) and wind (verb, to rhyme with bind) Whoops (verb) and whoops (exclamation) Whooping (in which the 'h' is silent) and whooping, in which the 'w' is silent. Since the latter only occurs in 'whooping cough' Worsted (yarn or fabric) and worsted (opposite of bested) Wound (noun) and wound (past tense of wind) Zoon (two syllables; scientific noun) and zoon (one syllable; verb, meaning a style of preaching or praying)

HomophonesHomophones () , .airheir

aisleisle

ante-anti-

eyeI

barebear

bebee

brakebreak

buyby

cellsell

centscent

cerealserial

coarsecourse

complementcompliment

damdamn

deardeer

diedye

fairfare

firfur

flourflower

forfour

hairhare

healheel

hearhere

himhymn

holewhole

hourour

idleidol

ininn

knightnight

knotnot

knowno

mademaid

mailmale

meatmeet

morningmourning

nonenun

oaror

onewon

pairpear

peacepiece

plainplane

poorpour

prayprey

principalprinciple

profitprophet

realreel

rightwrite

rootroute

sailsale

seasee

seamseem

sightsite

sewso

shoresure

solesoul

somesum

sonsun

stairstare

stationarystationery

stealsteel

suitesweet

tailtale

theirthere

totoo

toetow

waistwaste

waitweight

wayweigh

weakweek

wearwhere

HeterographHeterograph . Right write Warn worn Role roll Sight site Red read Reed read Due dew Dye die What watt Peel peal Reel real Raise raze Wait weight Piece peace Please pleas Jeans genes Throne thrown Groan grown Pale pail Male mail Lie lye Pain pane Team teem Seam seem Pair pear Boy buoy Whale wail Bale bail Ail ale Aisle isle Fair fare Hair hare Stair stare Chord cord Board bored Where wear Bare bear Saw sore Raw roar Sure shore Paw pore Or oar Oar ore Hour our Steal steel Heal heel For four Tore tour Buy by Rain reign

HomographsHomographs .arms (weapons) arms (part of body)

ball (sphere) ball (dance)

band (music makers) band (strap)

bass (low musical sound) bass (fish) *

bear (animal) bear (carry)

bluff (steep embankment) bluff (fool)

boil (bubble) boil (skin sore)

bow (bend) bow (part of ship)

bow (weapon) *

box (container) box (hit)

box (shrub)

brush (tool) brush (undergrowth)

can (container) can (able)

case (container) case (condition)

colon (part of body) colon (punctuation mark)

count (royalty) count (number)

date (fruit); date (on calendar) date (companion)

down (feathers) down (direction)

down (grassland)

duck (bird) duck (avoid)

duck (cloth)

fan (admirer) fan (cooling device)

fast (quick) fast (starve)

fine (good quality) fine (payment for wrongdoing)

firm (hard) firm (company)

fly (insect) fly (move through air)

fly (flap of cloth covering pant zipper)

fresh (new) fresh (bold)

gum (chewing treat) gum (mouth part)

hold (grasp) hold (part of ship)

jam (preserved fruit) jam (squeeze)

jam (impromptu music)

lap (part of body) lap (course)

lap (drink)

lean (slant) lean (thin)

left (direction) left (went)

lie (untruth) lie (recline)

loaf (lounge) loaf (bread)

lumber (wood) lumber (walk slowly)

mole (skin spot) mole (animal)

page (call) page (of paper)

page (youth)

pen (for writing) pen (enclosure)

pitcher (container) pitcher (in baseball)

pop (sound) pop (popular)

pop (father) pop (soda)

pound (weight) pound (kennel)

pound (hit)

prune (fruit) prune (cut)

pupil (part of eye) pupil (student)

racket (for tennis) racket (scheme)

racket (noise)

ring (circle) ring (sound of bell)

row (in a line) row (with oars)

row (fight)

sock (hit) sock (stocking)

tap (hit lightly) tap (faucet)

swallow (bird) swallow (gulp)

well (good) well (for water)

nail (body part) nail (hit with a hammer)

Homonym = + = .

Homograph = + = .

Homophone = + = .

Heteronym = + = .

+ + = homograph homophone and homonym.

+ + = homograph and heteronym.

+ + = homophone.

: =Nouns =Prepositions =Adjective =dverbs =Pronouns =Conjunctions =Interiections =Verbs

1. =Nouns . :1. O = Common nouns2. = Collective nouns3. = Proper nouns4. = Materijal nouns5. = Abstract nouns6. = Countable nouns7. = Uncountable nouns

1.O =Common nouns ,,...... = nimals: lion,tiger,bear, dog,rabbit = People:mother,father,grandmother,woman = Places:city,state,continent,park. = bjects:table,book,pensil, windows.

2. =Proper nouns ,,,,,,, ,, .=People:James,Jon,David,Julie,Madona.....=States:Macedonia,Bulgaria,England.=Rivers:Vardar,Mississippi,Black River..=Oceans:Atlantic Ocean,Pacific ocean...=Mountains:Alps,Himalaya,Shar mountain=Books:Pinocchio,Robizon Crusoe=Churches:Sveti Spas,Virgin Mother..=Journals:Our world,Food and wine proper nouns .

=Collective nouns , .

: : ,,,,, ........Groups of people:army,audience,band,choirFamily,police. :,,......Groups of animals:herd,swarm,flock.. :,,,,....Groups of things:bunch,bundle.clump,pair..

3. =Materijal nouns .:gold---, iron---, glass---,paper---, silver---, rubber---....copper---, cotton--- , wool---.Ice---, stone---, tree---, salt---sol milk---, plastic---............4. =Apstract nouns A .love---, nger---, delight---,liberty--- , doration---, success---, thrill---, truth, thirst---, fear---,

5. ---Countable nouns .:apple---, eggs---, potatos---, birds---, picture---, dog---, woman---............

6. ---Uncountable nouns .: ir---, blood---, flour---, rice---,salt---, water---, milk---, food---..........

=Plural of nouns : -s.:book=books = cup=cups =cat=cats = pencil=pencils = -s, o, -ss, -x, -sh, -tch a -s. :box = boxes = watch = watches = class = classesbench = benches = patato = potatoes = fox = foxes = kiss = kisses =

-Y, a -s .Boy =boys = Holiday = holidays = Key = keys = guy = guys -Y a -ies , Y.:Party = parties = Lady = ladies =

Singular Plural

kiss kisses

wish wishes

match matches

box boxes

fox foxes

Singular Plural

boy boys

holiday holidays

key keys

guy guys

Singular Plural

car cars

house houses

book books

bird birds

pencil pencils

Singular Plural

party parties

lady ladies

story stories

nanny nannies

city cities

Singular Plural

man men

woman women

child children

foot feet

tooth teeth

goose geese

mouse mice

Singular Plural

life lives

leaf leaves

thief thieves

wife wives

Story = stories = city = cities = baby = babies = f fe f fe -ves.:Life = livesLeaf = leavesWife = wives

is is es.analysis = analysesbasis = basescrisis = crises

.:fish = fish = sheep = sheep = deer = deer = moose = moose = aircraft =aircraft =

.:woman = women = man = men = child = children = tooth = teeth = foot = feet = person = people =

= Gender of nouns

: Bo , . (masculine), (feminine) , a (neuter) . , .:girl = cow =mother = goat = sister = sheep =

, .:boy = bull = brather = cock = father = ox =

PEOPLE ()MASCULINE( )FAMININE( )

actor author bachelor boy Boy Scout brave bridegroom brother conductor count czar dad daddy duke emperor father father-in-law fiance gentleman giant god governor grandfather headmaster heir hero host hunter husband king lad landlord lord man manager manservant master mayor milkman millionaire monitor monk Mr. murderer Negro nephew papa poet postman postmaster priest prince prophet proprietor protector shepherd sir son son-in-law step-father step-son steward sultan tailor uncle waiter washerman widower wizard actress authoress spinster girl Girl Guide Squaw bride sister comductress countess czarina mum mummy duchess empress mother mother-in-law fiancee lady giantess goddess matron grandmother headmistress heiress heroine hostess huntress wife queen lass landlady lady woman manageress maidservant mistress mayoress milkmaid millionairess monitress nun Mrs. murderess Negress niece mama poetess postwoman postmistress prietess princess prophetess proprietress protectress shepherdess madam daughter daughter-in-law step-mother step-daughter stewardess sultana tailoress aunt waitress washerwoman widow witch

CREATURES ()MASCULINE( )FAMININE ( )

billy-goat boar buck (deer, hare) buck-rabbit bull bull-elephant bull-seal bullock bull-whale cob (swan) cock cockerel cock-pigeon colt (young horse) dog drake drone fox gander hawk he-bear he-goat he-wolf jack-ass leopard lion peacock ram (sheep) stag stallion tiger tom-cat turkey-cock nanny-goat sow doe doe-rabbit cow cow-elephant cow-seal heifer cow-whale pen hen pullet hen-pigeon filly bitch duck bee vixen goose bowess she-bear she-goat she-wolf jenny-ass, she-ass leopardess lioness peahen ewe hind mare tigress tabby-cat turkey-hen

.:babies, parents, singers , pupil,Dancers, teachers, reporters, frend.

.:pen, book, chair, tree, room,computer, pencil, bicycle

= Prepositions . : = Prepositions for time = Prepositions for place = Prepositions for direction , =Prepositions for mashine

= Prepositions for time :In, before,at , for , on, sience, toIn =in , , , .:in august, in januaryin winter, in summerin 1978, in 2003in morning,in evening

on = on , , .:On Monday, on saturdayOn15th of March, on 16th AprilOn my birthdayAt = t , .:At 7 oclock, at 8 oclock At noon, at night,

Sience = since .:since 2003 , since 1979

for =

for .:for 2 years ago , for 5 years ago

before =

before .:before 2004, before 2013

to = to .:ten to sex (5:50), ten to five (4:50) = Prepositions of place :on in at

on = on , .:on the kitchen table, on my deskin my finger, on my face

at = () at .:at the park, at the bus stop in = () in . :in school, in room, in garden, in my house

= Prepositions for direction : to, toward, into, through.to = to the library, to the schoolinto = into the river, into the sea,toward = through =

= Adjective . . :

1. = Proper adjective2. = Descriptive adjective3. = Quantitative adjective4. = Demonstrative adjective5. = Interrogative adjective6. = Possessive adjective7. () = Indefinite adjectiive 8. = Distributive adjective9. = Numeral adjective

= Proper adjectiveAmerican = French = Bosnian = Serbian = ............................................................... .

= Descriptive adjective

Appearanceadorable adventurousaggressivealert attractiveaverage beautiful blue-eyedbloody blushing bright clean clear cloudy colorful crowded cute dark drab distinct dull elegant excitedfancy filthyAppearance

glamorous gleaming gorgeousgraceful grotesque handsomehomely light longmagnificentmisty motionless muddy old-fashionedplain poised preciousquaint shiny smoggy sparkling spotless stormy strange ugly ugliestunsightly unusualwide-eyedConditionalive annoyingbadbetterbeautifulbrainy breakable busy careful cautious clever clumsyconcerned crazy curious dead different difficult doubtful easy expensivefamous fragile frailgiftedhelpful helpless horribleimportantConditionimpossible inexpensiveinnocent inquisitive modern mushyoddopen outstanding poor powerful pricklypuzzled real rich shy sleepy stupid super talentedtame tendertoughuninterested vastwandering wild wrongFeelings (Bad)angry annoyed anxious arrogant ashamed awful bad bewildered blackbluebored clumsycombative condemned confused crazy, flipped-outcreepy cruel dangerous defeated defiant depressed disgusted disturbed dizzydullembarrassed envious evil fierce foolish frantic frightenedgrievingFeelings (Bad)

grumpyhelpless homeless hungry hurt ill itchyjealous jitterylazylonely mysteriousnastynaughty nervous nuttyobnoxious outrageous panicky repulsive scary selfish sore tense terrible testythoughtless tired troubled upset uptight weary wicked worried

Feelings (Good)agreeable amused brave calm charming cheerful comfortable cooperative courageous delightful determined eager elated enchanting encouraging energetic enthusiastic excited exuberant fair faithful fantastic fine friendly funny gentle gloriousgood Feelings (Good)

happy healthy helpful hilarious jolly joyous kind lively lovely lucky niceobedient perfect pleasant proud relieved silly smiling splendid successful thankfulthoughtful victorious vivacious witty wonderful zealous zanyShapebroad chubby crooked curved deep flat high hollow low narrow round shallow skinny square steep straight wideSizebigcolossalfatgiganticgreathugeimmenselargelittlemammothmassiveminiaturepetitepunyscrawnyshortsmalltallteenyteeny-tinytinySoundcooing deafening faintharshhigh-pitched hissing hushed husky loud melodic moaning mute noisy purring quiet raspy resonant screeching shrill silent soft squealing thundering voiceless whisperingTimeancientbriefEarlyfastlatelongmodernoldold-fashionedquickrapidshortslowswiftyoung

Taste/Touch /bitterdeliciousfreshjuicyriperottensaltysourspicystalestickystrongsweettarttastelesstastythirstyflutteringfuzzygreasygrubbyhardhoticylooseTaste/Touch/

meltednutritiousplasticpricklyrainyroughscatteredshaggyshakysharpshiveringsilkyslimyslipperysmoothsoftsolidsteadystickytendertightunevenweakwetwoodenyummyTouchboiling breezy broken bumpy chilly cold cool creepy crooked cuddly curly damaged damp dirty dry dusty filthy flaky fluffy freezinghotwarmwetQuantityabundantemptyfewheavylightmanynumeroussubstantial

O = Descriptive adjective for materijalswooden = woolen = cottony = metallic = plastic = glass = iron = ..........................................................

= Quantitative adjective : some , much , little , enough , all , no , any ,wholesome = , ,Some , , , , .Some pens ,some friends Some money, some time, some water, some tea. They talked to some people.I have some money.Give me some apples.Give him some money.

Any = ,,

Any , , .Have you got any brothers or sisters?Do you know any famous people?Jane doesn't have any friends.There isnt any milk in the fridge.

Much =

Much , .Is there much milk in the fridge?Is there much food in the refrigerator?Much of our food is exported.How much fruit is there?There isn't much food in the refrigerator. He doesnt earn much money.

Many =Many , .There are many apples in this picture.How many dollars do you have?How many cups of coffee do you drink?I havent got many CDs.Carla does not have many friends.

Whole = , Whole . I learned a whole lesson in ten minutes. She wrote a whole novel in two weeks.I learned the whole song in an hour.at soup whole day.

All = ,

All , .All my friends visited me in the hospital.All the students in the class have computers.All the fruit is rotten.The baby seems to cry all the time.

Enough = ,

Enough : = adjectiveShe isnt tall enough to be a ballet dancer. The car is big enough for them. = nounsenough breadenough money = adverbsquickly enoughoften enough

little =

Little little time, little foodlittle money

= Demonstrative adjective : this, that, these, those.This (, ) .This is my car. (singular)This pencil in my hand is yellow.This is a nice cup of tea.

That (oa, ) .That city is busy. (singular)That house is expensive.That dog is bad.

These = () .Thesepencils are in the box. These are our children. (plural)These chocolates are delicious. (plural)

Those () .Those flowers are beautiful. (plural)Those are very expensive shoes.Those are really good English books .

= Indefinite Adjectives . : any, each, few, many, most, several, and some., , , , , , .:There are several people in the room.Many children like dinosaurs.Did you want some bananas?You can find a state name on each quarter.

= Possessive adjective

my its your our his their her whose

:Your bike is blue.Their car is in their garage. = Interrogative adjective : What = Which = Whose = Where = Who = How = :What program are you watching?Whose car is this?Whose shop is closed?What day is today?How are you?Where are my books?

1. = Distributive adjective :each = either= every = neither = On either side of the canal there were long fields of barley.

Every boy has one or the other pet.

Neither of the tow men is trustworthy.

Each girl in our class is well-versed in music.

. . . . . = Numeral adjective :

1. Definite Numeral Adjective (first, second, third, one, two, three.)2. Indefinite Numeral Adjective (some, any, much, many, little, a few.)3. ) Distributive Numeral Adjective (every, each, another, other.)

Comperative and superlative

K , . -r,a -est long longer longest short shorter shortest bright brighter brightest young younger youngest old older oldest young younger youngest

-y -y i,a .pretty prettier prettiesthappy happier - happiestangry - angrier - angriest crazy - crazier craziest more most.

Beautiful - more beautiful most beautiful - -

.goodbetterbest

badworseworst

farfurther/fartherfurthest/farthest

RegularComparativeSuperlative

sweetsweetersweetest

angryangrierangriest

brightbrighterbrightest

calmcalmercalmest

coldcoldercoldest

coolcoolercoolest

curlycurliercurliest

earlyearlierearliest

richricherrichest

lovelylovelierloveliest

smartsmartersmartest

simplesimplersimplest

famousmore famousmost

1: :Kim is taller than Linda.They work harder than you.His house is bigger than hers.Her great-grandson is nicer than her great-granddaughter.Tims 19 and his brother, 17, so his brothers younger.

2:This exam was more difficult than the other.She comes here more often than her husband.

:Shes prettier than her mother. George is cleverer than Norman.Hes simpler than I thought.The street was getting narrower.My jobs more tiring than yours.

She gave me more than you.We need more help than you.They want more of these clementines/They want more of these.

: (Superlativ)Hes the cleverest person/the most clever person in the class.Hes the thinnest in his family.Shes the most beautiful girl .7Examples:Shes the best student in the class.Youre the worst player in the team.

= Adverbs ,, ( ). : = Adverbs for time = Adverbs for place = Adverbs for quantitative = adverbs for way

= Adverbs for time :When: today, yesterday, later, now, last yearFor how long : all day, not long, for a while, since last year How often: sometimes, frequently, never, often, yearly

: , , , , : , , , : , , , ,

Have you finished yet?Have you already mailed the package?

I am going to the shops on Monday.I'm just going to the shops.I'm going to the shops soon.

to talk about the past: yesterday, the day before, ago, last week/month/yearto talk about the present: still, yet, while, whento talk about the future: soon, then, next week/month/year, in 2 days, tomorrow, the day after tomorrow : , , , / / : , , , : , , / / , 2 , , .

=Adverbs for place :aboutaboveabroadanywhereawaybackbackwards behindbelowdowndownstairseast elsewherefarhereinindoorsinsidenearnearbyoffonoutoutsideovertheretowardsunderupupstairswhere = Adverbs for quantitative, frequency :again, almost, always, ever, frequently, generally, hardly ever, nearly, nearly always, never, occasionally, often, rarely, seldom, sometimes, twice, usually, weekly.

, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , .

= adverbs for waygracefully, grimly absentmindedly, adoringly, awkwardly beautifully, briskly, brutally carefully, cheerfully, competitively eagerly, effortlessly, extravagantly: girlishly, happily, halfheartedly, hungrily lazily, lifelessly, loyally quickly, quietly, quizzically really, recklessly, remorsefully, ruthlessly savagely, sloppily, so, stylishly unabashedly, unevenly, urgently well, wishfully, worriedly

-luaccidentallyangrilyanxiouslyawkwardlybadlybeautifullyblindlyboldlybravelybrightlybusilycalmlycarefullycarelesslycautiouslycheerfullyclearlycloselycorrectlycourageouslycruellydaringlydeliberatelydoubtfullyeagerlyeasilyelegantlyenormouslyenthusiasticallyequallyeventuallyexactly :

= forgive adverbs (now, than, fast) = Adverbs derived from adjectives(beoutifully, lasily, happily) = Complex adverbs(a great deal =),at present =.

= InterjectionsA: aha, ahem, ahh, ahoy, alas, arg, awB: bam, bingo, blah, boo, bravo, brrrC: cheers, congratulationsD: dang, drat, darn, duhE: eek, eh, encore, eurekaF: fiddlesticksG: gadzooks, gee, gee whiz, golly, goodbye, goodness, good grief, goshH: ha-ha, hallelujah, hello, hey, hmm, holy buckets, holy cow,

holy smokes, hot dog, huh?, humph, hurrayO: oh, oh dear, oh my, oh well, oops, ouch, owP: phew, phooey, pooh, powR: ratsS: shh, shooT: thanks, there, tut-tutU: uh-huh, uh-oh, ughW: wahoo, well, whoa, whoops, wowY: yeah, yes, yikes, yippee, yo, yuck

= Conjunctions . :1. = Coordinative conjunctions2. = Subordinative conjunctions3. =Correlative Conjunctions

1. = Coordinative conjunctions : And But Or Nor For Yet So

and He lives in Victoria, and he studies at UVic.

but John is Canadian, but Sally is English.

or I could cook some supper, or we could order a pizza.

so She was sick, so she went to the doctor.

nor (joining two negative alternatives)for (meaning because)yet (meaning but)

( ) ( ", ") ( "") = Subordinative conjunctions = Subordinative conjunctions :

afteralthoughasbecausebeforeeven ifeven thoughifin order thatonceprovided thatrather thansinceso thatthanthatthoughunlessuntilwhenwheneverwherewhereaswhereverwhetherwhilewhy

=Correlative Conjunctionas either. . .orboth. . . and

neither. . . nornot only. . . but also

Christmas is a time not only for exchanging gifts, but also for spending time with family.The test was both very long and difficult.It was both a very long test and a difficult one.Neither Brittney nor the sisters understood why their parents said no.Either the cousins or Sasha should speak up when she disagrees.Neither the male students or Joanne hands in papers in a timely manner.The cat, purring contentedly, was neither thirsty nor hungry.You either do your work or prepare for a trip to the office.Not only is he handsome, but he is also brilliant.Neither the basketball team nor the football team is doing well.Both the cross country team and the swimming team are doing well.Whether you stay or you go, it's your decision.Just as many Americans love basketball, so many Canadians love ice hockey.

= Pronouns Personal pronouns = Demonstrative pronouns = Interrogative pronouns = Indefinite pronouns = Possessive pronouns = Reciprocal pronouns = Reflexive pronouns = Intensive pronouns = Relative pronouns =

Personal pronouns =

Ime

youyou

hehim

sheher

itit

weus

youyou

theyThem

Subject pronouns (I, You, He, She, It, They, We)Object pronouns (Me, You, Him, Her, It, Us, Them)

(, , , , , , ) (, , , , , , )I am twenty-nine years old.You live in Barcelona.She has got a dog.He makes the bed every morning.She runs inside the house.We sing a good song at the disco.They write an e-mail to the teacher.

You talk to me.I talk to you.You call him.You look at her.You eat it.Someone talks to us.Someone gave them ice cream.

Demonstrative pronouns = This (, ) .This is my car. (singular)This pencil in my hand is yellow.This is a nice cup of tea.

That (oa, ) .That city is busy. (singular)That house is expensive.That dog is bad.

These = () .Thesepencils are in the box. These are our children. (plural)These chocolates are delicious. (plural)

Those () .Those flowers are beautiful. (plural)Those are very expensive shoes.Those are really good English books .

Interrogative pronouns =

What ( ) Which( ) Who( ) Whom Whose

Who won the race? Whom shall we ask? Whose did they take? Which is the greater? What is that?

Indefinite pronouns =

( ):anybodyanyone

anythingeverybody

everyoneeverything

nobodynone

no onenothing

somebodysomeone

something

( )allanother

anyboth

eacheither

fewmany

neitherone

someseveral

:AnotherAnybody

AnyoneAnything

EachEither

EverybodyEveryone

EverythingNeither

NobodyNo one

NothingOne

SomebodySomething

Someone

Both = Few = Many = Several =

: another, anybody, anyone, anything, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, little, much, neither, nobody , no one, nothing, one, other, somebody, someone, something

:both, few, many, others, several

: all, any, more, most, none, some: All are welcome to attend the concert. Mary gave the book to another. I don't have any. Does anybody have a clue? Anyone can play that game. Peter didn't see anything suspicious. Each brought a dish to pass. Everybody left town for the weekend. Everyone enjoyed the movie. Everything is taken care of. Few visited that park. Many called for information. Jennifer told nobody her secret. None came forward to claim the prize. One could see the mountains from miles away. Several signed the card. The room is too gloomy for some. Somebody called the store. Joe gave the form to someone.

Possessive pronouns =

Subject PossessivePronouns

I Mine ---

You Yours ----

He His ---

She Hers ----

It Its -----

We Ours ------

You (pl) Yours -----

They Theirs -----

:

We have a dog. Our dog is very clever.

Lea has a chihuahua. Her chihuahua is tiny.

Sammy has a golden retriever. His golden retriever hunts ducks.

My sisters are raising a poodle. Their poodle is doing calculus.

I have a dachshund. My dachshund is always eating.

The dog has a bed. Its/her/his bed is over there.

Ours is very clever. (our dog)

Hers is tiny. (her chihuahua)

His is a duck hunter. (his golden retriever)

Theirs is doing calculus. (their poodle)

Mine is always eating. (my dachshund)

Its/Hers/His is over there. (its bed)

Reciprocal pronouns = each other = e one another = :Peter and Paul admire each other.Allie and Jerry loathe each other.The sisters were hugging one another.The gangsters were fighting one another. each other = 2 .one another = 3 .

Reflexive pronouns =

reflexive pronoun

singularmyselfyourselfhimself, herself, itself

pluralourselvesyourselvesthemselves

I like myself. He spoke to himself. She thumped herself. The dog bit itself.

I mademyselfa sandwich.( )I made a sandwich for the Presidenthimself.( )I gave myself plenty of time to get to work.( )I myself am sick of the heat.( )

Intensive pronouns = myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves and themselves.

I bought myself a car. = reflexive pronounI bought the car myself.= intensive pronounHe cut himself.= reflexive pronounHe cut his hair himself.= intensive pronounRelative pronouns = that, which, whom, who, whoever, whomever and whichever , , , , , who, whom ( )which ( )which ( ) whose ( ): Spaghetti, which many of us enjoy, can be messy. This is the book that everyone is talking about. She wrote to the person whom she had met last month. We didnt bring the receipt, which was a big mistake. I have a friend whose cat is annoying. People who are clever can always find a way. Grandma remembers a time when radio shows were popular. Never go to a doctor whose office plants have died. This is the man who helped us.

Subjectwho, thatwhich, that

Object(that, who, whom) (which, that)wherewhen

Possessivewhosewhose, of which

I cannot believe that he said it.He who laughs last laughs best.The car, whose driver is a young man, is from Ireland.

= The article : ----- the ------ a , an

the , .The man, the woman, the house

a .a book, a boy, a pen..

an .an apple, an umbrella, an orange, an elephant..

Please close the door.The cat sat on the couch.I am a journalist.

= verbs

: = Auxiliory verbs = Impersonal verbs = Defective verbs = Regular verbs = Irregular verbs = Transative verbs = Intpansitive verbs = Reflexive verbs = Multi vords verbs = Modals verbs

= Auxiliory verbs

:Be = Do = Have =

VERB TO DO

Question Positive Statement (spoken) Negative Statement (spoken)

Singular

Do I?I doI do not (I don't)

Do you?You doYou do not (You don't)

Does he/she/it?He/she/it doesHe/she/it does not (He/she/it doesn't)

Plural

Do we?We doWe do not (We don't)

Do you?You doYou do not (You don't)

Do they?They doThey do not (They don't)

VERB TO HAVEQuestion Positive Statement (spoken) Negative Statement (spoken)

Singular

Have I?I have (I've)I have not (I haven't/I've not)

Have you?You have (You've)You have not (You haven't/You've not)

Has he/she/it?He/she/it has (He/she/it 's)He/she/it has not (He/she/it hasn't)

Plural

Have we?We have (We've)We have not (We haven't/We've not)

Have you?You have (You've)You have not (You haven't/You've not)

Have they?They have (They've)They have not (They haven't/They've not)

I am a teacher. Am I a teacher? "Is this your coat" TO BEJohn is angry.

I have a job.I have a car.TO HAVEDo you have a car?He has a new guitar.TO DO I do not know the truth. Did he finish his homework?. = Impersonal verbs

(1) It rains. .(2) It is cold. .(3) It is growing dark. .(4) It seems .(5) It is unclear.(6)It is snowing. .It thunders. .

, .

= Defective verbsbevare Can ,cant Could , couldntMay ,mayntMight, mightntMust , musnt oughtnt = Regular verbs

BASE FORMSIMPLE PASTPAST PARTICIPLE

AcceptAcceptedAccepted

AchieveAchievedAchieved

AddAddedAdded

AdmireAdmiredAdmirer

AdmitAdmittedAdmitted

AdoptAdoptedAdopted

AdviseAdvisedAdvised

AgreeAgreedAgreed

AllowAllowedAllowed

AnnounceAnnouncedAnnounced

AppreciateAppreciatedAppreciated

ApproveApprovedApproved

ArgueArguedArgued

ArriveArrivedArrived

AskAskedAsked

AssistAssistedAssisted

AttackAttackedAttacked

BakeBakedBaked

BegBeggedBegged

BehaveBehavedBehaved

BoilBoiledBoiled

BorrowBorrowedBorrowed

BrushBrushedBrushed

BuryBuriedBuried

CallCalledCalled

ChallengeChallengedChallenged

ChangeChangedChanged

ChaseChasedChased

CheatCheatedCheated

CheerCheeredCheered

ChewChewedChewed

ClapClappedClapped

CleanCleanedCleaned

CollectCollectedCollected

CompareComparedCompared

ComplainComplainedComplained

ConfessConfessedConfessed

ConstructConstructedConstructed

ControlControlledControlled

CopyCopiedCopied

CountCountedCounted

CreateCreatedCreated

CryCriedCried

CycleCycledCycled

DamageDamagedDamaged

DanceDancedDanced

DeliverDeliveredDelivered

DestroyDestroyedDestroyed

DivideDividedDivided

DragDraggedDragged

EarnEarnedEarned

EmployEmployedEmployed

EncourageEncouragedEncouraged

EnjoyEnjoyedEnjoyed

EstablishEstablishedEstablished

EstimateEstimatedEstimated

ExerciseExercisedExercised

ExpandExpandedExpanded

ExplainExplainedExplained

FryFriedFried

GatherGatheredGathered

GreetGreetedGreeted

GuessGuessedGuessed

HarassHarassedHarassed

HateHatedHated

HelpHelpedHelped

HopeHopedHoped

IdentifyIdentifiedIdentified

InterruptInterruptedInterrupted

IntroduceIntroducedIntroduced

IrritateIrritatedIrritated

JokeJokedJoked

JumpJumpedJumped

KickKickedKicked

KillKilledKilled

KissKissedKissed

LaughLaughedLaughed

LieLiedLied

LikeLikedLiked

ListenListenedListened

LoveLovedLoved

MarryMarriedMarried

MeasureMeasuredMeasured

MoveMovedMoved

MurderMurderedMurdered

NeedNeededNeeded

ObeyObeyedObeyed

OffendOffendedOffended

OfferOfferedOffered

OpenOpenedOpened

PaintPaintedPainted

ParkParkedParked

PhonePhonedPhoned

PickPickedPicked

PlayPlayedPlayed

PrayPrayedPrayed

PrintPrintedPrinted

PullPulledPuled

PunchPunchedPunched

PunishPunishedPunished

PurchasePurchasedPurchased

PushPushedPushed

QuestionQuestionedQuestioned

RaceRacedRaced

RelaxRelaxedRelaxed

RememberRememberedRemembered

ReplyRepliedReplied

RetireRetiredRetired

ReturnReturnedReturned

RubRubbedRubbed

ScoldScoldedScolded

SelectSelectedSelected

SmokeSmokedSmoked

SnoreSnoredSnored

StareStaredStared

StartStartedStarted

StudyStudiedStudied

TalkTalkedTalked

ThankThankedThanked

TravelTravelledTravelled

TroubleTroubledTroubled

TypeTypedTyped

UseUsedUsed

VisitVisitedVisited

WaitWaitedWaited

WalkWalkedWalked

WantWantedWanted

WarnWarnedWarned

WinkWinkedWinked

WorryWorriedWorried

YellYelledYelled

= Irregular verbs

Simple Present Simple Past Past Participle

arise awake be bear beat become begin bend bet bite bleed blow break bring build burn burst buy catch choose cling come cost creep cut deal dig dive do draw dream drink drive eat fall feed feel fight find fit flee fling fly forbid forget forgive forgo freeze get give go grind grow hang have hear hide hit hold hurt keep kneel knit know lay lead leap leave lend let lie (down) light lose make mean meet pay prove put quit read ride ring rise run saw say see seek sell send set sew shake shave shear shine shoot show shrink shut sing sink sit slay sleep slide sneak speak speed spend spill spin spit split spread spring stand steal stick sting stink strew strike strive swear sweep swim swing take teach tear tell think thrive throw undergo understand upset wake wear weave weep win wind withdraw wring write arose awoke was, were bore beat became began bent bet bit bled blew broke brought built burned or burnt burst bought caught chose clung came cost crept cut dealt dug dived or dove did drew dreamed or dreamt drank drove ate fell fed felt fought found fit, fitted fled flung flew forbade or forbad forgot forgave forwent froze got gave went ground grew hung or hanged had heard hid hit held hurt kept knelt or kneeled knitted or knit knew laid led leapt or leaped left lent let lay lit or lighted lost made meant met paid proved put quit read rode rang rose ran sawed said saw sought sold sent set sewed shook shaved sheared shone or shined shot showed shrank or shrunk shut sang sank sat slew slept slid sneaked or snuck spoke sped spent spilled or spilt spun spat or spit split spread sprang stood stole stuck stung stank or stunk strewed struck strove or strived swore swept swam swung took taught tore told thought thrived or throve threw underwent understood upset woke or waked wore wove wept won wound withdrew wrung wrote arisen awoken been borne beaten or beat become begun bent bet bitten bled blown broken brought built burned or burnt burst bought caught chosen clung come cost crept cut dealt dug dived done drawn dreamed or dreamt drunk driven eaten fallen fed felt fought found fit, fitted fled flung flown, forbidden or forbade forgotten forgiven forgone frozen gotten or got given gone ground grown hung or hanged had heard hidden hit held hurt kept knelt or kneeled knitted or knit known laid led leapt or leaped left lent let lain lit or lighted lost made meant met paid proved or proven put quit read ridden rung risen run sawed or sawn said seen sought sold sent set sewn or sewed shaken shaved or shaven sheared or shorn shone or shined shot shown or showed shrunk or shrunken shut sung sunk sat slain slept slid sneaked or snuck spoken sped spent spilled or spilt spun spat or spit split spread sprung stood stolen stuck stung stunk strewn struck or stricken striven or strived sworn swept swum swung taken taught torn told thought thrived or thriven thrown undergone understood upset woken or waked worn woven wept won wound withdrawn wrung written

= Transative verbs .

bringPlease bring me a glass of water.buyDo not buy hamburgers at thatrestaurant.costMy coat cost a lot of money.getMy children get good grades in school.giveOur family gives gifts at Christmas.leaveI leave home at 8:00 in the morning.lendCould you please lend me fivedollars?makeDid you make coffee this morning?offerMy bossoffered me a great new job.oweI owe you ten dollars.passAll the students passed the test.payDon't forget to pay the phone bill.playJennifer loves playing the piano.promiseShe promised me she would come tothe party.readThey read the newspaperevery day.refuseThe customs officers refused to let meenter the country.sendMy girlfriend sends me an e-mailmessage every day.showMy neighbour showed me her gardenyesterday.singMuriel sings songs at karaoke everySunday night.takeTravellers take planes or trains to theirdestinations.teachOur parents teach us to be kind.tellThe author tells a good story.writeTommy writes short stories aboutthe South.

= Intpansitive verbs .

agreeappeararrivebecome

belongcollapseconsist ofcost

dependdiedisappear emerge

existfallgohappen

haveinquireknocklaugh

lie live looklast

occurremainrespondrise

sitsleepstandstay

swimvanishwakewait

I laughed.I cried.The book fell.The horse galloped.The sun set.She smiles. = Reflexive verbs . .Reflexive pronouns: MYSELF . . . HIMSELF . . . HERSELF . . . OURSELVES . . . ITSELF . . . THEMSELVES .I am teaching myself to play the piano.You might cut yourself.I taught myself to play the guitar.My cat always licks itself.I dress myself every morning.

= Multi vords verbs :Phrashal verbsPrepositional verbsSeparable phrasal verbsPhrasal prepositional verbs

Phrashal verbs + ==down,In, into, off,on, out,up. :Intransitive phrashal verbs (get up, break down.) .He suddenly showed up.break downcome overdress updrop byeat outfall throughget byget upgo backgrow uppass outshow upshut upthrow up

Transitive phrashal verbs (put off, turn down.) .I made up the story.

Prepositional verbs + (in, for,after.........)wait fortalk aboutlook afterbelieve inHe sent for his secretary.

Separable phrasal verbs .Turn the TV off.She looked the phone number up.I looked the word up in the dictionary.Inseparable phrasal verbsO .get upmake uplook intoback out of

Phrasal VerbSeparable or InseparableMeaning

Ask out SeparableTo ask someone to go out on a date.

Bring about, bring on SeparableTo make something happen

Bring upSeparable1) To raise children2) To raise a topic

Call backSeparableReturn someone's telephone call

Call inSeparableAsk someone into an official place or office

Call offSeparableCancel

Call onInseparable1) Ask someone to do something2) Visit

Call upSeparableCall someone on the telephone

catch upInseparableTo become equal or reach the same level

Check in, check intoInseparableRegister at a hotel or travel counter

Check outInseparableLeave a hotel

Check out ofInseparableLeave a hotel

Cheer upSeparableMake someone happy

Clean upSeparableTidy, make clean

Come acrossInseparableTo find

Cross outSeparableEliminate

Cut outSeparableRemove something or stop doing something annoying

Do overSeparableRepeat

Drop byInseparableVisit unexpectedly

Drop inInseparableVisit unexpectedly

Drop offSeparableLeave something somewhere

Drop outInseparableStop attending a class

Figure outSeparableUnderstand

Fill outSeparableComplete a form

Fill inSeparableComplete spaces on a form

Get along withInseparableHave a good relationship with

Get back from1) Inseparable2) Separable1) Return from somewhere2) Receive something originally lent to another person

Get inInseparableEnter

Get offInseparableLeave a bus, train, airplane

Get onInseparableEnter a bus, train, airplane

Get out ofInseparableLeave a car

Get overInseparableRecover

Get throughInseparableSurvive

Get upInseparableStand up

Give backSeparableReturn

Give upSeparableStop trying

Go over InseparableReview

Grow upInseparableBecome an adult

Hand inSeparableGive an assignment or project to a teacher

Hang upSeparableReplace the telephone in the receiver

Have onSeparableWear

Keep outSeparableNot enter

Keep up withInseparableStay at the same level

Kick outSeparableAsk to leave

Look afterInseparableTake care of

Look intoInseparableInvestigate

Look out forInseparableWatch for

Look overSeparableReview

Look upSeparableTry to find information

Make upSeparableInvent

Pass awayInseparableDie

Pass out1) Inseparable2) Separable1) Faint2) Distribute

Pick upSeparableLift

Pick outSeparableChoose

Point outSeparableIdentify

Put awaySeparablePut in the proper place

Put backSeparableReturn

Put off SeparableDelay

Put onSeparableGet dressed or dress someone

Put outSeparableExtinguish

Put up withInseparableTolerate

Run intoInseparableFind or meet

Run acrossInseparableFind or meet

Run out ofInseparableCome to the end of something

Show upInseparableAppear

Show offSeparableDemonstrate something of envy

Shut offSeparableStop something from running

Take afterInseparableBe like someone

Take offSeparableRemove

Take outSeparable1) Remove2) Go on a date with someone

Take overSeparableTake control

Take upInseparableBegin

Tear downSeparableDemolish or destroy

Tear upSeparableRip into pieces

Think overSeparableConsider, ponder

Throw awaySeparableDiscard

Throw outSeparableDiscard

Throw upInseparableVomit

Try onSeparableTest

Turn downSeparableReduce

Turn inSeparableGo to bed

Turn offSeparableStop a machine

Turn onSeparableStart a machine

Turn outSeparablePut out a light

Turn upSeparableIncrease

Phrasal prepositional verbs ++. inseparable( ).

phrasal-prepositional verbsmeaningexamples

direct object

get on withhave a friendly relationship withHe doesn't get on withhis wife.

put up withtolerateI won't put up withyour attitude.

look forward toanticipate with pleasureI look forward toseeing you.

run out ofuse up, exhaustWe have run out ofeggs.

= Modals verbs :cancouldmaymightwill

wouldmustshallshouldought to

Can =

(I,you,he,she,we,you,they ) + Can + ......... :I can make jewelry.Cant speak French.Can you open this jar?I can speak Chinese.

:Can I use your bathroom?Can I come with you?I can drive Susan's car when she is out of town.

: You can take this spot if you like. You can do whatever you want.Could = ( can)(I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they) + Could + ......... .I could swim when I was young.You could see the boat sinking.They could tell he was nervous.

: John could be the one who stole the money. John could have been the one who stole the money. John could go to jail for stealing the money. Could it be true?

May = (I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they) + May + ......... :May I come in?May I say something now?May I ask one question? : She may agree with this plan. They may not be happy about what happened. It may shower tonight.Might ( MAY)(I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they) + Might + ......... :She might be on the bus. I think her car is having problems.I might go see a doctor. The store might have been closed today.

Must = (I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they) + must + ......... :You must answer my question right now.I must complete the project by this week.You must not swim in that river. It's full of crocodiles.I must stop smoking.

:She must be very tired.He must be a genius.

:He must go today.They must work tomorrow.

Will = (I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they) + Will + ......... :It will rain tomorrow.The news will spread soon.

Would = ( will) .He said he would be here at eight o'clock She asked if I would help.

:Would you like a sandwich?Would you have dinner with me on Friday.

When I was a kid, I would always go to the beach.When he was young, he would always do his homework.

Shall = (I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they) + Shall + ......... :Shall I help you?Shall we begin dinner?

: I shall never forget where I came from.I shall take care of everything for you.

: Shall we dance? Shall I go now?

Should = ,

Present (subject +should +o )She should study more.Past(subject +should +have + past participle )She should have studied more. :You should save some money.. People with high cholesterol should eat low-fat foods. I should be at work before 10:00.We should return the video before the video rental store closes.Is should get back to work.

:You should eat less sugar.

ought to = You ought to stop smoking.ary ought to exercise more.You ought to wear a raincoat.

.If he started out at nine, he ought to be here by now.That ought to be enough food for the four of us.Oughtn't the water to have boiled by now?

:Modal verbs to express ability

present past

can

We use can when we speak about general ability in the present:

Tommy can swim. I can play the guitar. Can you play? could

We use could when we speak about general ability in the past:

Picasso could paint when he was two.I could swim before I could walk.

The negative of can is can't (cannot):

I can't ski and I can't skate. The negative of could is couldn't (could not):

I couldn't swim until I was ten.

Specific situations - can

We also use can to speak about specific situations in the present:

I can hear you but I can't see you.Can you hear me? - Yes, I can.

Specific situations - was able to / could

We often use was able to when speaking about a specific situation: We fixed the car and then we were able to drive home.

However, we prefer could to speak about a specific situation in the past when we use these verbs: see, hear, feel, smell, taste, remember, believe, understand, decide.They could smell smoke. I could understand him perfectly.

Questions about ability - present

How many languages can you speak?Can you name all the capitals of Europe? Questions about ability - past

Could you write before you started school?Could you ride a bike when you were small?

:

Modal verbs to express asking for, giving, and refusing permission

present or futurepast tense

Giving permission: can

We use can when we give someone permission to do something:You can bring a friend to the party if you want. You can borrow my phone if your battery is dead.

We also use may for permission. May is more formal and is used less often than can:Passengers may take one small bag on board the plane. Permission in the past: could, was allowed to

We use could to say that something was permitted in the past:Many years ago you could smoke in cinemas, but now it's banned.

We can also use was/were allowed to:We had to wear a tie at school but we were allowed to take it off in hot weather.

Saying "no" - refusing permission

We use can't to say that something isn't permitted:You can't park here - it's private property.He can't drive my car; he doesn't have insurance.

Must not / mustn't is also used, but is more formal and is often used on signs and in announcements:Passengers must not speak to the driver while the bus is in motion. We use couldn't / wasn't allowed to to say that something was not permitted in the past:

We couldn't cross the border without our passports.

Asking for permission can, could, may

We use can I? / could I / may I? to ask for permission:Can I speak to John Wilson, please?

Could is more formal and polite than can:Could I speak to John Wilson, please?

May is the most formal: May I speak to John Wilson, please?Questions about permission in the past was allowed to? / could?

Were you allowed to stay up late when you were a child?Could you stay up late when you were a child?Could people travel between East and West Berlin during the Cold War?

:Present tense = Must / can't - to express probability in the present

Structure: modal + infinitive without tomust be, must have, can't go, etc.

We use must to express that we feel sure that something is true.They are really good, they must win. They must be very rich. Look at the house.

We use can't to say we are sure that something is impossible.She can't be ill. I've just seen her in the shop and she looked fine. It can't be true. I don't believe it.

May / might / could - to express probability in the present

Structure: modal + infinitive without tomay be, might do, could go, etc.

We use may or could or might to say that it is possible that something will happen or is happening.They may be arriving tomorrow.He might be away on holiday.He could be away on holiday. He might be offered the job.

The negative of may is may not.The negative of might is might not.

They both mean that it is possible that something will not happen or is not happening.We DO NOT use could not to express probability.He might not be offered the job. I may not pass the exam.I might not go to the match tomorrow.I could not go to the match tomorrow.

Past tense =

Must / can't / couldn't have - to express probability in the past

Structure: modal + have + past participlemust have been, can't have gone, couldn't have gone

We use must have to express that we feel sure that something was true.They must have left early.He must have already gone.

We use can't have / couldn't have to say that we believe something was impossible.He can't have escaped through this window. It is too small.She can't have said that.She couldn't have said that.

May / might / could have - to express probability in the past

Structure: modal + have + past participle may have been, could have gone, might have lost

We use may / could / might have to say that it was possible that something happened in the past (but we are not 100% sure).He may have missed the bus.The road might have been blocked.

The negatives are may not have and might not have.He may not have left yet.The assistant might not have received his message.

:Should - to express obligation

Structure: should + infinitive form of a verb: should be, should go, should do, etc.

We use should for the present and the future.We use should to give advice to someone and to say that something is a good idea.Should is weaker than have to and must. You should tell them the truth.You shouldn't smoke, it's bad for you. I don't think you should do it.

Should have - to express unfulfilled obligation in the past

Structure: should + have + past participle

We use should have for the past.We use should have to say that someone didn't do something but it would have been better to do it. You should have told them the truth. You shouldn't have gone there - it was a mistake. I don't think you should have done it.

- :Modal verbs in the past

present past

should be should have been

could be could have been

will be would be

may be may have been

might be might have been

would be would have been

Modal verbs - negative forms

positive negative

can (used for possibility)

It can happen; everything's possible. can't / can not

It can't happen; it's impossible.

can (used for permission)

Can I smoke here? - Yes, you can. can't / cannot / mustn't

You can't smoke here. You mustn't smoke here.

can (used for ability)

I can play the guitar. can't / cannot

I can't play the guitar.

must / have to / has to (used for obligation)

You must be there at 8 o'clock. You have to be there at 8 o'clock. don't have to / needn't

You don't have to be there at 8 o'clock. You needn't be there at 8 o'clock.

must (used for personal opinion, certainty)

He must be here - I can see his car. can't

He can't be here - his car's not outside.

might / may (used for personal opinion, certainty)

He might/may be late today - there's a lot of traffic on the roads. may not / might not

He might/may not get here on time - there's a lot of traffic on the roads.

should (used for weak obligation / advice)

You should stop smoking because it's unhealthy. shouldn't

You shouldn't smoke so much - it's unhealthy. You shouldn't spend so much time watching TV.

voice

Voice . 2 :Active voice = Passive voice =

Active voice = ---- Active voice subject ( ).

Harry ate six shrimp at dinner. (active)Beautiful giraffes roam the savannah. (active)You are making too much noise.Ben will eat popcorn and watch a movie tomorrow evening.

--- Passive voice ( be +past particip)

The ball was thrown by me.The agent is unknown.Jack was kicked by Jill. The tray of food was dropped by the waiter.

ActivePassive

Simple PresentOnce a week, Tom cleans the house. Once a week, the house is cleaned by Tom.

Present ContinuousRight now, Sarah is writing the letter.Right now, the letter is being written by Sarah.

Simple PastSam repaired the car. The car was repaired by Sam.

Past ContinuousThe salesman was helping the customer when the thief came into the store.The customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came into the store.

Present PerfectMany tourists have visited that castle.That castle has been visited by many tourists.

Present Perfect ContinuousRecently, John has been doing the work.Recently, the work has been being done by John.

Past PerfectGeorge had repaired many cars before he received his mechanic's license.Many cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanic's license.

Past Perfect ContinuousChef Jones had been preparing the restaurant's fantastic dinners for two years before he moved to Paris.The restaurant's fantastic dinners had been being prepared by Chef Jones for two years before he moved to Paris.

Simple FuturewillSomeone will finish the work by 5:00 PM.The work will be finished by 5:00 PM.

Simple Futurebe going to Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight.A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight.

Future ContinuouswillAt 8:00 PM tonight, John will be washing the dishes.At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes will be being washed by John.

Future Continuousbe going to At 8:00 PM tonight, John is going to be washing the dishes.At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes are going to be being washed by John.

Future PerfectwillThey will have completed the project before the deadline.The project will have been completed before the deadline.

Future Perfectbe going to They are going to have completed the project before the deadline. The project is going to have been completed before the deadline.

Future Perfect ContinuouswillThe famous artist will have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished.The mural will have been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is finished.

Future Perfect Continuousbe going to The famous artist is going to have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished.The mural is going to have been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is finished.

Used to Jerry used to pay the bills.The bills used to be paid by Jerry.

Would AlwaysMy mother would always make the pies.The pies would always be made by my mother.

Future in the PastWould I knew John would finish the work by 5:00 PM. I knew the work would be finished by 5:00 PM.

Future in the PastWas Going to I thought Sally was going to make a beautiful dinner tonight. I thought a beautiful dinner was going to be made by Sally tonight.

Participle form Participle :*Present participle (to be + -ing).*Past participle*Present participlePresent participle -ing.He came reading around the corner.I am learning English.I am reading / I was reading.

*Past participle*Past participle -ed.( )finishedplayedarrivedsurfed , Past participle .PresentPastPast Participle

bewas, werebeen

becomebecamebecome

beginbeganbegun

InfinitiveInfinitive e , to.to + verb = infinitive Infinitive .to sleep to be to love.

Infinitive :To learn is important.To dance was his ambition.His ambition was to dance.He wants to learn.

Infinitive :They need water to drink.This is the game to watch.

Infinitive :The officer returned to help.

: to: : want, wish, agree, fail, mean, decide, learn : to be to, to have to, and ought to. 'it is + adjective + to-infinitive'The elephant decided to marry the mouse.The mouse agreed to marry the elephant.You will have to ask her.You are to leave immediately.He ought to relax.She has to go to Berlin next week.It's easy to speak English.It is hard to change jobs after twenty years.It's stupid to believe everything you hear.

to:I would rather visit Rome.She would rather live in Italy.Would you rather eat steak or fish?He would rather work in a bank.I'd rather be a forest than a tree.

The perfect infinitive: to have + past participle, to have broken, to have seen, to have saved.I am glad to have found my soul mate.She seems to have quit the job

The continuous infinitive: to be + present participle, to be swimming, to be joking, to be waitingI'm glad to be sitting here.

The perfect continuous infinitive: to have been + present participleHe must have been waiting for ages.

The passive infinitive: to be + past participle, to be given, to be shut, to be openedYour composition has to be typed.

ActivePassive

Simple infinitive(to) write(to) be written

Continuous infinitive(to) be writing(to) be being written

Perfect infinitive(to) have written(to) have been written

Perfect continuous infinitive(to) have been writing(to) have been being written

Gerundinfinitive + -ing

Gerund ing. .( subject object Subject Complements.SubjectsSwimming is excellent exercise.Drinking too much coffee gives him a headache.

ObjectsHe dislikes doing homework.The manager suggested having our meetingaway from the office.

Subject ComplementsHis hobby is playing computer games.My least favorite chore is cleaning the bathroom.His problem is not coming to class on time.ActivePassive

Simple gerundwritingbeing written

Perfect gerundhaving writtenhaving been written

activeSimple gerund === verb + ingPerfect gerund ===Having +verb past participlepasiveSimple gerund === being +verb past participlePerfect gerund ===hav(ing)+been+verb past participleGERUND FORMS INFINITIVE FORMS

SIMPLEThe teacher enjoys teaching.The teacher wants to teach.

PROGRESSIVEMr. Smith is really enjoying teaching his class.Looks the same as simple form above.Mr. Smith would like to be teaching his class.

PASSIVEThe students enjoy being taught. The students want to be taught.

PERFECTThe retired teacher recalled having taught.The teacher was expecting to have taught that already.

PASSIVE + PROGRESSIVEThe students are enjoying being taught by such an exciting new teacher.Looks the same as the passive form above.The students would like to be being taught by Mr Smith.

PASSIVE + PERFECT The older students recalled having been taught that already. The students were expecting to have been taught that by now.

Compound words = .noun+nounbus stopIs this the bus stop for the number 12 bus?

fire-flyIn the tropics you can see fire-flies at night.

footballShall we play football today?

adjective+nounfull moonI always feel crazy at full moon.

blackboardClean the blackboard please.

softwareI can't install this software on my PC.

verb(-ing)+nounbreakfastWe always eat breakfast at 8am.

washing machinePut the clothes in the red washing machine.

swimming poolWhat a beautiful swimming pool!

noun+verb(-ing)sunriseI like to get up at sunrise.

haircutYou need a haircut.

train-spottingHis hobby is train-spotting.

verb+prepositioncheck-outPlease remember that check-out is at 12 noon.

noun+prepositional phrasemother-in-lawMy mother-in-law lives with us.

preposition+noununderworldDo you think the police accept money from the underworld?

noun+adjectivetruckfulWe need 10 truckfuls of bricks.

aftereffect, afterthought, aircushion, airman airplane, airport, airtight, another, anybody, anyhow, anyone, anything, anyplace, anytime, anyway, anywhere, armhole, artwork.

backbone, backside, backspace, backwater, backwoods, bagpipes, basketwork, bathroom, become, bedroom, beeswax, bird's-eye, birthday, birthrate, birthright, blackberry, blackbird, blackboard, blackout, blood-vessel, bluebell, bookkeeper, bookmark, bookshelf, bookworm, brakeman, breath-taking, brickwork brother-in-law, brushwood, businessman, buttercup, buttermilk, buttonhole, button-hook, bygone.

cardboard, carefree, caretaker, clockwork, commonsense, copyright, cupboard, countryside .

daylight, doorway, downfall, download, drainpipe .

earring, ear-ring, earthwork, evergreen, everybody, everyday, everyone, everything, everywhere, eyeball .

farmhouse, father-in-law, fatherland, fingerprint, firearm, fireboat, fire-engine, firefly, fireman, fireplace, fireworks, first-rate, football, footlights, footman, footnote, footprint, footstep, footway .

gasworks, goldfish, , good-morning, goodnight, gunboat, gun-carriage, gunmetal, gunpowder .

haircut, handbook, handgrip, handgun, handwork, handwriting, headdress, headland, headstone, headway, hereafter, herewith, herself, highlands, highway, himself, horseback, horseplay, horsepower, hourglass, houseboat, housekeeper, however .

inasmuch, income, indoors, inland, inlay, inlet, input, inside, instep, into, itself .

keyboard, keyhole, keystone, keyword .

landmark, landowner, landslip, lighthouse, looking-glass, lookout .

manhole, milkman, month-end, moonlight, mother-in-law, myself .

needlework, newborn, newcomer, network, newspaper, nobody, notebook, nothing, nowhere . offspring, oncoming, oneself, onlooker, onto, ourself, outbuilding, outburst, outcome, outcry, outdoor, outgoing, outhouse, outlaw, outlet, outline, outlook, output, outside, outskirts, outstretched, overacting, overall, overbalancing, overbearing, overcoat, overcome, overdo, overdressed, overdrink, overfull, overhanging, overhead, overhear, overheat, overland, overleaf, overload, overlook, overseas, oversee, overseer, overshoe, overstatement, overstretched, overtake, overtaxed, overtime overturned, overuse, overvalued, overweight, overworking .

paperback, paperwork, peacekeeper, pincushion, plaything , policeman, postman, postmark, postoffice.

railroad, railway, roadway, runaway .

sailboat, sailcloth, sailmaker, schoolhouse, schoolroom, seaman, secondhand, shoemaker, shorthand, shutdown, sideboard, sidewalk, sister-in-law, s