5

5Student: ___________________________________________________________________________

1. A(n) _____ refers to a set of physical and psychological responses that help us fight a threat or flee from it. A. patellar reflexB. fight-or-flight responseC. tendon reflexD. involuntary response

2. Which of the following bodily changes occurs when the hypothalamus activates the sympathetic division

of the autonomic nervous system? A. The liver reduces the amount of glucose it releases to the muscles.B. Saliva and mucus dry up, decreasing the size of the air passages to the lungs.C. The spleen releases more red blood cells to help carry oxygen.D. The body's metabolism decreases in order to conserve energy for physical action.

3. The hypothalamus activates the adrenal-cortical system by releasing _____, which signals the pituitary

gland to secrete _____, the body's "major stress hormone." A. cortisol; adrenalineB. corticotropin-release factor; adrenalineC. cortisol; adrenocorticotropic hormoneD. corticotropin-release factor; adrenocorticotropic hormone

4. Which of the following hormones is often used as a measure of stress?

A. CortisolB. ThyroxineC. SerotoninD. Renin

5. What is the difference between an adaptive fear response and a maladaptive anxiety response?

A.

Maladaptive fear responses subside once the threat ends, whereas adaptive anxiety persists after the threat passes.

B.

Maladaptive responses are out of proportion to the threat, whereas adaptive responses are appropriate to the situation.

C.

In adaptive fear, people take extreme steps to protect themselves from the threat, whereas in maladaptive anxiety individuals throw caution into the wind.

D.

Adaptive fear can lead to anticipatory anxiety, while maladaptive anxiety can lead to generalized anxiety disorder.

6. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and acute stress disorder are by definition the consequences of:

A. structural brain damage.B. feelings of inadequacy.C. experiencing extreme stressors.D. childhood trauma.

7. Which of the following statements is true regarding PTSD?

A. Common events, such as traffic accidents, are rarely associated with PTSD.B. About 25 percent of adults will develop PTSD at some time in their lives.C. Even the mildest symptoms of PTSD prevent normal functioning.D. Women are at greater risk of experiencing PTSD than men.

8. Janie's house was broken into and the perpetrator brutally attacked her. Since then, she has been dreaming about the attack and often wakes up screaming and crying. According to Janie, she feels as though she is reliving the attack in each dream. Janie is most likely: A. experiencing emotional numbness and detachment.B. exhibiting hypervigilance and chronic arousal.C. reexperiencing the trauma.D. showing signs of paranoia and delusions.

9. Janie's house was broken into and the perpetrator brutally attacked her. Since the attack, she has

withdrawn from family and friends. Janie is most likely: A. experiencing emotional numbness and detachment.B. exhibiting hypervigilance and chronic arousal.C. reexperiencing the trauma.D. showing signs of paranoia and delusions.

10. Janie's house was broken into and the perpetrator brutally attacked her. Since the attack, she has been

overly cautious and watchful. The smallest noise startles her. If someone looks at her "strangely," she becomes very anxious. Janie is most likely: A. experiencing emotional numbness and detachment.B. exhibiting hypervigilance and chronic arousal.C. reexperiencing the trauma.D. demonstrating deluded thinking.

11. PTSD sufferers may report "_____" about having lived through the traumatic event or about things they

had to do to survive. A. dehumanizationB. survivor guiltC. hysteriaD. cognitive bias

12. Which of the following statements is true regarding acute stress disorder?

A.

It is diagnosed when symptoms arise within one month of exposure to the stressor and last no longer than six months.

B.

The sufferer of acute stress disorder persistently avoids reminders of the trauma and is constantly aroused, but does not reexperience the trauma.

C. To receive the diagnosis, individuals must exhibit at least one dissociative symptom.D.

In acute stress disorder, dissociative symptoms are common, including detachment, derealization, and depersonalization.

13. Which of the following disorders consists of emotional and behavioral symptoms such as depressive

symptoms, anxiety symptoms, or antisocial behaviors that occur within 3 months of the experience of a stressor? A. AgoraphobiaB. Generalized anxiety disorderC. Social phobiaD. Adjustment disorder

14. Two months ago, Mark's mother passed away unexpectedly. Since her death, he has been unable to

function at school, has lost interest in extracurricular activities, and gets agitated easily. Mark may be exhibiting the symptoms of which disorder? A. Adjustment disorderB. Acute stress disorderC. Posttraumatic stress disorderD. Bereavement disorder

15. Which of the following is least likely to cause PTSD? A. Natural disasterB. Child birthC. Physical abuseD. War-related trauma

16. Which of the following environmental, social, and psychological factors increases an individual's

vulnerability to PTSD? A. Having a strong support network of friends and familyB. Having experienced the traumatic event first-handC. Having adopted a non-avoidant coping strategy to deal with the traumatic eventD. Never having experienced symptoms of anxiety and depression before the traumatic event

17. _____ to be diagnosed with PTSD and most of the other anxiety disorders including panic disorder, social

phobias, and generalized anxiety disorder. A. Men are more likely than womenB. Women are more likely than menC. Men and women are equally likelyD. Women are slightly less likely than men

18. People in Latino cultures report a syndrome known as _____, which might include trembling,

heart palpitations, a sense of heat in the chest rising into the head, difficulty moving limbs, loss of consciousness, memory loss, paresthesia, chest tightness, dyspnea, dizziness, and faintness. A. ataque de nerviosB. amokC. mal de ojoD. susto

19. A study of 942 adults in rural Mexico found that 21 percent of the women and 10 percent of the men had

chronic ______ (de Snyder, Diaz-Perez, & Ojeda, 2000). The authors suggest that among underprivileged Latino communities, particularly women, _____ expresses the anger and frustration of "being at the bottom" and provides temporary release from the everyday burdens of life. A. amok; amokB. nervios; nerviosC. susto; sustoD. mal de ojo; mal de ojo

20. Which of the following statements is true regarding cross-cultural and gender differences in PTSD

symptoms? A. Mexican women are less likely to feel helpless than Mexican men after a traumatic event.B.

Mexican men are less likely to get the material support they need after a traumatic event compared to Mexican women.

C. The tendency to dissociate in response to severe stress is extremely rare among Latinos.D.

Evidence suggests that sex roles are more egalitarian among African Americans than among Caucasians.

21. Which of the following is true regarding the brain areas of PTSD sufferers?

A. The amygdala appears to be less responsive to emotional stimuli.B. The medial prefrontal cortex tends to be unregulated.C. The hippocampus may shrink due to overexposure to neurotransmitters and hormones.D. The medial prefrontal cortex is more active in the case of severe symptoms of PTSD.

22. When not exposed to trauma reminders, the resting levels of cortisol among PTSD sufferers tend to

be: A. somewhat higher than the cortisol levels of people without PTSD.B. much higher than the cortisol levels of people without PTSD.C. lower than the cortisol levels of people without PTSD.D. similar to the cortisol levels of people without PTSD.

23. _____ may cause memories of the traumatic event to be planted more firmly in memory. A. Higher levels of cortisolB. Damage to the amygdalaC. The sluggish reactions of the HPA axisD. The overexposure of the brain to epinephrine, norepinephrine, and other neurochemicals

24. Which of the following is a heritable risk factor for PTSD?

A. Overdeveloped medial prefrontal cortexB. Fraternal twins among first-degree relativesC. Abnormally low cortisol levelsD. Higher volume of the hippocampus

25. Patrick is a Vietnam veteran who has a recurring nightmare of being on the frontline. Any sound that

remotely resembles gunfire causes anxiety. Although he has been suffering for years with this problem, he has decided to seek treatment. His psychologist has suggested that he identify the thoughts and situations that evoke anxiety and rank them. His psychologist helps him work through each situation by using relaxation techniques. This technique is called: A. behavior modulation.B. systematic desensitization.C. rational-emotive behavioral therapy.D. flooding.

26. Which of the following biological treatments has been successful in dealing with PTSD symptoms such

as nightmares, irritability, and sleep problems? A. MAOIs and SSRIsB. SSRIs and benzodiazepinesC. Benzodiazepines and tricyclicsD. Tricyclics and barbiturates

27. What diagnosis is given when panic attacks become a common occurrence, when the attacks are not

usually provoked by any particular situation, and when a person begins to worry about having the attacks and changes behaviors as a result of this worry? A. Generalized anxiety disorderB. Panic disorderC. Obsessive-compulsive disorderD. Separation anxiety disorder

28. Which of the following statements is true regarding panic disorder?

A.

People with panic disorder often fear they have life-threatening illnesses, though they are less likely to have a personal or family history of serious chronic illness.

B. Many people with panic disorder feel ashamed of it and try to hide it from others.C.

About 28 percent of people will develop panic disorder at some time, usually between late adolescence and the mid-thirties.

D.

People with panic disorder may become demoralized and depressed but rarely do they become suicidal.

29. Approximately one-third to one-half of the people diagnosed with panic disorder also develop _____.

A. claustrophobiaB. agoraphobiaC. PTSDD. acute distress disorder.

30. The translation of the Greek term agoraphobia means:

A. fear of dark places.B. fear of the marketplace.C. fear of all places.D. fear of closed places.

31. Ruth is afraid of being in large open places. She is especially worried that she will not be able to leave the area if she begins to panic. Ruth is most likely experiencing _____. A. social phobiaB. agoraphobiaC. acute distress disorderD. claustrophobia

32. Which of the following theories have been integrated into a model to explain the factors associated with

panic disorders? A. Biological and psychologicalB. Psychological and socialC. Social and biologicalD. Biological, psychological, and social

33. Family history studies reveal that about _____ of first-degree relatives of people with panic disorder also

have panic disorder. A. 10 percentB. 20 percentC. 30 percentD. 40 percent

34. People with panic disorder show dysregulation of norepinephrine systems in an area of the brainstem

called the: A. basal tencephalon.B. locus ceruleus.C. nucleus prepositus hypoglossi.D. reticular formation.

35. In women prone to panic attacks, fluctuations in _____ levels might cause imbalances or dysfunction of

the serotonin or GABA systems, leading to panic attacks. A. progesteroneB. testosteroneC. estriolD. epinephrine

36. Cognitive theorists suggest that people who experience panic attacks engage in all of the following

behaviors EXCEPT: A. paying close attention to their bodily sensations.B. reasoning that the attack is only a temporary response.C. misinterpreting bodily sensations in a negative way.D. engaging in snowballing catastrophic thinking.

37. Sally believes that the bodily symptoms she experiences during a panic attack have harmful

consequences. This is known as _____. A. existential anxietyB. neurotic anxietyC. simple anxietyD. anxiety sensitivity

38. Virginia is very aware of her body's cues that signal a panic attack. This heightened awareness is known

as _____. A. conditioned avoidance responseB. introjective awarenessC. interoceptive awarenessD. anxiety sensitivity

39. When the bodily cues that occur at the beginning of panic attacks become conditioned stimuli signaling new attacks, the process is known as: A. classical conditioning.B. interoceptive conditioning.C. operant conditioning.D. observational learning.

40. Which of the following is true regarding the integrated model of panic disorder?

A.

Many people who experience panic disorders have recurrent panic attacks because of structural damage to the brain.

B.

Panic disorders seem to develop as a result of a biological vulnerability to a hypersensitive fight-or-flight response.

C.

People will not typically develop a panic disorder if they engage in constant catastrophizing cognitions about their physiological symptoms.

D.

Avoidance of situations that evoke panic attacks remains isolated to those specific situations, and has no occasion to generalize to other situations.

41. Jacob has been diagnosed with panic disorder without agoraphobia. He took his medication regularly

until he was laid off from his job and then stopped because he could no longer afford to pay for it. Soon after discontinuing his medication, he began to experience recurrent panic attacks. Which drug is Jacob most likely taking? A. SSRIsB. Tricyclic antidepressantsC. BenzodiazepinesD. Phenothiazines

42. Jacob has been diagnosed with panic disorder without agoraphobia. He has been taking his medicine

regularly, but has begun to experience side effects such as constipation and difficulty urinating. He also noticed that he has gained weight rather quickly. Which drug is Jacob most likely taking for his panic symptoms? A. Tricyclic antidepressantsB. BenzodiazepinesC. PhenothiazinesD. SSRIs

43. Side effects such as sexual dysfunction, tremors, insomnia, and drowsiness are associated with which

drug used to treat panic attacks? A. PhenothiazinesB. BenzodiazepinesC. MAOIsD. SSRIs

44. Which of the following suppresses the central nervous system and influences functioning in the GABA,

norepinephrine, and serotonin neurotransmitter systems? A. Tricyclic antidepressantsB. BenzodiazepinesC. MAOIsD. SSRIs

45. Which of the following treatments can interfere with cognitive and motor functioning?

A. Tricyclic antidepressantsB. BenzodiazepinesC. MAOIsD. SNRIs

46. Terrence has been seeing a psychologist for his recurrent panic attacks. His therapist teaches him relaxation techniques to help him gain control over his anxiety symptoms. Terrence is also taught to identify the thoughts that are intrusive and exacerbate his symptoms. He is encouraged to note these thoughts in a daily journal. Terrence's therapist is most likely using which technique to treat his panic disorder? A. Cognitive-behavioral therapiesB. Humanistic therapiesC. Behavioral therapiesD. Cognitive therapies

47. Which of the following treatments is most effective in preventing relapse in clients with panic disorders?

A. Cognitive therapiesB. Biological therapiesC. Behavioral therapiesD. Cognitive-behavioral therapies

48. Almost _____ of people with a specific phobia never seek treatment.

A. 20 percentB. 40 percentC. 60 percentD. 90 percent

49. Tina and her parents live on a farm where field mice are very common. One night, a mouse crawled on

Tina while she was sleeping. The experience frightened Tina so badly that she now avoids any situation where she might come across a mouse. She always checks her bed carefully each night. Tina is most likely exhibiting behaviors related to _____. A. a situational type phobiaB. an animal type phobiaC. social phobiaD. a natural environment type phobia

50. Bradley was 12 years old when lightning struck his family's house. Now he becomes very anxious every

time the sky darkens. If a storm begins, he exhibits panic symptoms and frantically searches for an area in the house where he feels safe. Bradley is most likely suffering from _____. A. a situational type phobiaB. an animal type phobiaC. social phobiaD. a natural environment type phobia

51. Susan is deathly afraid of the wind since she and her family survived Hurricane Ike. She gets very

worried and panicky when the sky gets dark and the wind begins to blow. Susan is most likely experiencing: A. a situational type phobia.B. an animal type phobia.C. a social phobia.D. a natural environment type phobia.

52. When June was 7 years old, she and her mother were stuck in an elevator. Several other people were in

the elevator as well. The elevator became hot and stuffy, and breathing became difficult. June remembers experiencing shortness of breath, palpitations, and dizziness. Now June refuses to ride elevators. When she is with other people, she makes excuses to use the stairs. June is probably suffering from _____. A. a situational type phobiaB. an animal type phobiaC. social phobiaD. a natural environment type phobia

53. Janelle is terrified of needles and the sight of blood. When she was younger, she had to have several stitches because of a bicycle accident. The cut on her forehead was deep and bled profusely. At the sight of blood, Janelle feels her blood pressure and heart rate drop, and on one occasion, she even fainted. Most likely Janelle is suffering from _____. A. a situational type phobiaB. social phobiaC. a blood-injection-injury type phobiaD. a natural environment type phobia

54. Which of the following phobias is more likely to run in families?

A. Natural environment type phobiasB. Blood-injection-injury type phobiasC. Situational type phobiasD. Animal type phobias

55. Anna is terrified of speaking in public. She always finds an excuse to avoid public speaking or gets

someone to speak for her. Once Anna had a full-blown panic attack when her boss called on her unexpectedly to speak at a meeting. Anna is probably exhibiting symptoms of: A. a situational type phobia.B. an animal type phobia.C. social phobia.D. a natural environment type phobia.

56. Which of the following statements is true regarding social phobia?

A. Social phobia is relatively common, with a lifetime prevalence of about 3 percent in the United States.B. Social phobia tends to develop in either late adolescence or early adulthood.C.

Over 90 percent of adults with social phobia report severe childhood trauma that contributed to their symptoms.

D.

Social phobia often co-occurs with mood disorders, other anxiety disorders, and avoidant personality disorder.

57. In Japan, the term _____ describes an intense fear of interpersonal relations and is characterized by shame

about and persistent fears of causing others offense, embarrassment, or even harm through one's personal inadequacies. A. qi-gong psychotic reactionB. shenkuiC. taijin kyofu-shoD. shenjing shuairuo

58. Which of the following statements is true about taijin kyofu-sho—the fear of interpersonal relations?

A. It is most frequently encountered among young women.B. It reflects concerns about embarrassing oneself, rather than offending others.C. It is in line with the Japanese emphasis on deference to others.D. It is the fear of meeting people from different cultures.

59. According to Freudian theory, phobias develop:

A. as a result the ego's inability to satisfy the id.B. when unconscious anxiety is displaced onto a neutral or symbolic object.C. when the preconscious state of mind becomes tied to the conscious state of mind.D. when sexual urges and drives are retarded or suppressed.

60. Little Hans' behavior was representative of which phobia?

A. Animal type phobiasB. Natural environment type phobiasC. Social phobiaD. Situational type phobias

61. Freud explained Hans' phobia with which of the following processes? A. Electra complexB. Oedipus complexC. Anal fixationD. Oral fixation

62. Which of the following behavioral theories has been useful in explaining the maintenance of phobias?

A. Observational learningB. Operant conditioningC. Social-cognitive learningD. Social learning

63. In Watson's experiment with Little Albert, the unconditioned stimulus was ______.

A. the white ratB. Little AlbertC. the loud noiseD. the startle and fear response

64. In Watson's experiment with Little Albert, the conditioned stimulus was _____.

A. the white ratB. Little AlbertC. the loud noiseD. the startle and fear response

65. June has been avoiding riding elevators since she was 7 years old. When she is with other people, she

makes excuses to use the stairs. June's fear of elevators is being maintained by _____. A. positive reinforcementB. negative reinforcementC. partial reinforcementD. absolute reinforcement

66. Theorists who argue that phobias can develop through observational learning posit:

A. that the phobic behaviors are responses to aversive stimuli.B. that fear responses are generated when the behaviors are positively reinforced.C. that people learn phobic behaviors by modeling the behaviors of others.D. that classical conditioning must be coupled with observational learning.

67. Trudy's mother is afraid of bees. Her mother always screams and runs away every time she sees them.

Trudy, seeing her mother's response, also runs and screams every time she sees a bee. In this case, Trudy's behavior can be explained by which theory? A. Social-cognitive learningB. Classical conditioningC. Observational learningD. Operant conditioning

68. The idea that people learn to fear or avoid selected objects or situations that are vestiges of evolutionary

history, and individuals are biologically prepared to quickly associate fear responses with certain objects is called _____. A. traditional classical conditioningB. evolutionary classical conditioningC. biological classical conditioningD. prepared classical conditioning

69. According to prepared classical conditioning theory, Rachel is more likely to be afraid of which of the following? A. FlowersB. SnakesC. TreesD. Flying

70. The most significant problem with the behavioral theory of phobias is that:

A. most phobias do not have an evolutionary basis and are not part of our collective unconscious.B.

phobias should disappear once the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

C. many people with phobias cannot identify traumatic events that triggered their phobias.D. observational learning helps in the maintenance of phobias more than operant conditioning.

71. Which of the following is true concerning cognitive theorists?

A.

Cognitive theorists view social phobia as merely a behavioral problem with no cognitive factors contributing to the behavior.

B. Cognitive theorists suggest that social phobias are rooted in early childhood experiences.C.

Cognitive theorists argue that people with social phobia tend to focus on the negative events in a social situation.

D.

Cognitive theorists posit that people with social phobia externalize their anxiety of the social situation and make others uncomfortable.

72. According to the cognitive theories of phobias, people with social phobias:

A. are blind to potentially threatening social cues.B. have very low standards for their social performance.C. evaluate their own behavior harshly.D. are not in touch with their internal feelings

73. Children with a genetic predisposition toward anxiety or who are behaviorally inhibited may not develop

a specific phobia, unless: A. they experience some traumatic event.B. the behavior is positively reinforced by the environment.C. the parenting they receive exacerbates their anxiety.D. the performance of the behavior reduces their anxiety.

74. Which of the following would be most useful in treating blood-injection-injury phobias?

A. Systematic sensitizationB. ModelingC. Applied tension techniqueD. Flooding

75. Drake has a fear of dogs. As part of his therapy, Drake has to first observe his therapist petting a dog and

then, when instructed, must do the same. Which behavioral treatment is being used in this situation? A. Systematic desensitizationB. ModelingC. FloodingD. Applied tension technique

76. What differentiates flooding from systematic desensitization?

A. The effectiveness of the treatmentB. The use of relaxation techniquesC. The intensity of exposure to the feared stimuliD. The therapist's level of participation

77. Julie has been diagnosed with ornithophobia—the fear of birds. For her treatment, her therapist makes her sit in a room filled with caged birds for an hour. Which behavioral treatment in being used in this situation? A. Systematic desensitizationB. ModelingC. FloodingD. Applied tension technique

78. In _____, individuals can practice their feared behaviors in front of others while the therapist coaches

them in the use of relaxation techniques. A. psychodynamic therapyB. group-administered cognitive-behavioral therapyC. behavioral therapyD. cognitive-biological therapy

79. People diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD):

A. know their anxiety is provoked by uncontrollable circumstances.B. are often excessively worried about almost all situations.C. only worry about the safety and security of their family members.D. see their anxiety and worry as part of their personality.

80. Judith worries daily about whether her husband made it safely to work, how her children are getting on

in school, what she should cook for dinner, and if the family will be satisfied with the meal she prepares. Judith is sluggish most of the time, and has trouble concentrating on positive things. Most likely Judith is suffering from: A. obsessive-compulsive disorder.B. social phobia.C. GAD.D. adjustment disorder.

81. Which of the following applies to GAD?

A. People with GAD often feel tired due to chronic muscle tension and sleep loss.B. GAD most commonly begins in late adolescence or early adulthood.C. GAD has a lifetime prevalence of about 25 percent in women and men.D. Other anxiety disorders generally do not co-occur with GAD.

82. Cognitive theorist suggests that people with GAD focus on threats at both the _____ levels.

A. unconscious and consciousB. conscious and preconsciousC. preconscious and subconsciousD. subconscious and unconscious

83. According to cognitive theory, which of the following statements is true regarding people diagnosed with

GAD? A. They are always anticipating a negative event, and they tend to think it through.B.

They believe that worrying can help them avoid bad events by motivating them to engage in problem solving.

C.

They actively conjure up visual images of what they worry about, as a way of habituating to the negative emotions associated with the event.

D.

Their chronic anxiety is the result of having had highly controlled and predictable experiences in their childhood.

84. _____ is believed to be deficient in people diagnosed with GAD.

A. SerotoninB. GABAC. NorepinephrineD. Dopamine

85. The _____ drugs such as Xanax, Librium, Valium, and Serax provide short-term relief from anxiety symptoms, but their side effects and addictiveness preclude long-term use. A. SSRIB. tricyclic antidepressantC. SNRID. benzodiazepine

86. _____ are thoughts, images, ideas, or impulses that are persistent, that uncontrollably intrude upon

consciousness, and that cause significant anxiety or distress, whereas _____ are repetitive behaviors or mental acts that an individual feels he or she must perform. A. Obsessions; compulsionsB. Motives; drivesC. Compulsions; obsessionsD. Drives; motives

87. Lee is a high school teacher. He has difficulty grading his papers because he constantly checks and

rechecks the student's answers. He fears that he has made a mistake in the calculations. Lee's checking routines are not isolated to his students' work. He also checks the locks on his classroom door several times before leaving school, and performs these checking rituals at home as well. Lee is most likely exhibiting: A. acute stress disorder.B. posttraumatic stress disorder.C. obsessive-compulsive disorder.D. generalized anxiety disorder.

88. Which of the following is an example of an obsession?

A. Repeatedly checking the locks on all doorsB. Constantly thinking about cleanliness and contaminationC. Washing hands several times a dayD. Spending hours sorting and resorting possessions

89. Which of the following is an example of a compulsion?

A. Repeatedly checking the locks on all doorsB. Constantly thinking about cleanliness and contaminationC. Spending hours thinking about the orderliness of the houseD. Thinking incessantly about how a loved one could be harmed

90. Which of the following statements is true regarding obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?

A. People with OCD do not know that their thoughts and behaviors are irrational.B.

Obsessional thoughts are distressing to people with OCD, and engaging in compulsive behaviors can be time-consuming or harmful.

C. Children with OCD often confide in their parents about their obsessive-compulsive habits.D. The prevalence of OCD seems to differ greatly across countries that have been studied.

91. What is meant by the statement "often, the link between the obsession and the compulsion is the result

of ‘magical thinking'"? A.

The person with OCD believes that repeating a behavior a certain number of times will give them extraordinary abilities.

B.

The person with OCD believes that repeating a behavior a certain number of times will reduce their levels of anxiety.

C.

The person with OCD believes that repeating a behavior a certain number of times will benefit the society at large.

D.

The person with OCD believes that repeating a behavior a certain number of times will ward off danger to themselves or others.

92. Biological theories of obsessive-compulsive disorder have focused on a circuit in the brain involved in: A. activating moral behaviors.B. regulating thoughts and emotions.C. executing primitive patterns of behavior.D. filtering incoming stimuli.

93. According to biological theories of obsessive-compulsive disorder, impulses are carried to a part of

the basal ganglia called the _____, which allows the strongest of the impulses to flow through to the thalamus. A. hippocampusB. ponsC. caudate nucleusD. locus ceruleus

94. According to cognitive-behavioral theories of OCD, all of the following are true regarding people

diagnosed with OCD EXCEPT: A.

they may be depressed or generally anxious much of the time, so even minor negative events are more likely to invoke intrusive, negative thoughts.

B.

they judge their negative, intrusive thoughts as more unacceptable than most people would and become more anxious and guilty about having them.

C.

they appear to believe that they should be able to control all thoughts, and have trouble accepting that everyone has horrific notions from time to time.

D.

they believe that having intrusive thoughts means they are going crazy, but they do not equate having the thoughts with actually engaging in the behaviors.

95. People with OCD often get some relief from their symptoms when they take drugs that better regulate the

neurotransmitter _____. A. GABAB. epinephrineC. norepinephrineD. serotonin

96. According to cognitive-behavioral theories of OCD, compulsions develop largely through _____.

A. interoceptive conditioningB. observational learningC. classical conditioningD. operant conditioning

97. Which of the following statements is true regarding the biological treatments for OCD?

A. Benzodiazepines are useful in most cases.B. Patients generally do not relapse once they discontinue medication.C. Antidepressant drugs affecting serotonin levels help reduce symptoms of OCD.D. Controlled studies suggest that placebos are more effective than antidepressant medication.

98. _____ involves repeatedly exposing the client to the focus of the obsession and preventing compulsive

responses to the resulting anxiety. A. FloodingB. Psychodynamic therapyC. Rational-emotive behavior therapyD. Exposure and response prevention therapy

99. In exposure and response prevention therapy, repeated exposure to the content of the obsession:

A. stabilizes the client's anxiety about the obsession.B. extinguishes the client's anxiety about the obsession.C. reinforces the client's anxiety about the obsession.D. builds up the client's anxiety about the obsession.

100.In exposure and response prevention therapy, by preventing a person from engaging in compulsive behavior: A. the client's "magical thinking" is reinforced.B. the client's compulsive behavior is strengthened.C. the client's anxiety about the compulsive behavior builds up.D. the client learns that not engaging in the compulsive behavior does not lead to a terrible result.

101.Which of the following is a good example of the use of exposure and response prevention therapy?

A. A person afraid of germs is allowed to clean his or her hands as often as desired.B. A person afraid of flying is taught to first imagine buying an airline ticket.C.

A person afraid of having a disorganized room is taught to reappraise her or his current room in a more positive way.

D. A person afraid of contamination is asked to hold a dirty handkerchief for more than an hour. 102.Differentiate between adaptive fear responses and maladaptive anxiety responses.

103.What is posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)? Describe the three symptoms that are necessary for a

diagnosis of PTSD. What are the types of experiences that can cause a person to develop PTSD? Briefly explain the environmental, social, and psychological factors that can increase a person's vulnerability to PTSD.

104.Describe some of the biological factors that are related to PTSD.

105.What are the symptoms of a panic attack? What impact does panic disorder have on the people diagnosed

with it? Describe the cognitive theory of panic disorder.

106.What are the biological treatments that have been developed for panic disorder? What are some of the side effects of the drugs used to treat people diagnosed with panic disorder?

107.Briefly describe the four categories of phobias. Provide examples of each.

108.How would a behavioral therapist interpret phobias? Describe the treatments a behavioral therapist might

recommend to overcome phobias.

109.What are the key features of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)? Describe the cognitive theories of

GAD.

110.What are the key features of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)? Describe some of the symptoms of

this disorder.

111.Describe the biological and cognitive-behavioral theories of OCD.

5 Key 1.(p. 113)

A(n) _____ refers to a set of physical and psychological responses that help us fight a threat or flee from it. A. patellar reflexB. fight-or-flight responseC. tendon reflexD. involuntary response

Blooms: Knowledge

Difficulty: EasyNolen - Chapter 05 #1

2.(p. 113)

Which of the following bodily changes occurs when the hypothalamus activates the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system? A. The liver reduces the amount of glucose it releases to the muscles.B. Saliva and mucus dry up, decreasing the size of the air passages to the lungs.C. The spleen releases more red blood cells to help carry oxygen.D. The body's metabolism decreases in order to conserve energy for physical action.

Blooms: KnowledgeDifficulty: Medium

Nolen - Chapter 05 #2

3.(p. 113)

The hypothalamus activates the adrenal-cortical system by releasing _____, which signals the pituitary gland to secrete _____, the body's "major stress hormone." A. cortisol; adrenalineB. corticotropin-release factor; adrenalineC. cortisol; adrenocorticotropic hormoneD. corticotropin-release factor; adrenocorticotropic hormone



4.(p. 113)

Which of the following hormones is often used as a measure of stress? A. CortisolB. ThyroxineC. SerotoninD. Renin

Blooms: Knowledge


5.(p. 115)

What is the difference between an adaptive fear response and a maladaptive anxiety response? A.

Maladaptive fear responses subside once the threat ends, whereas adaptive anxiety persists after the threat passes.

B.

Maladaptive responses are out of proportion to the threat, whereas adaptive responses are appropriate to the situation.

C.

In adaptive fear, people take extreme steps to protect themselves from the threat, whereas in maladaptive anxiety individuals throw caution into the wind.

D.

Adaptive fear can lead to anticipatory anxiety, while maladaptive anxiety can lead to generalized anxiety disorder.

Blooms: Comprehension

Difficulty: MediumNolen - Chapter 05 #5

6.(p. 116)

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and acute stress disorder are by definition the consequences of: A. structural brain damage.B. feelings of inadequacy.C. experiencing extreme stressors.D. childhood trauma.

Blooms: Knowledge


7.(p. 117)

Which of the following statements is true regarding PTSD? A. Common events, such as traffic accidents, are rarely associated with PTSD.B. About 25 percent of adults will develop PTSD at some time in their lives.C. Even the mildest symptoms of PTSD prevent normal functioning.D. Women are at greater risk of experiencing PTSD than men.



8.(p. 117)

Janie's house was broken into and the perpetrator brutally attacked her. Since then, she has been dreaming about the attack and often wakes up screaming and crying. According to Janie, she feels as though she is reliving the attack in each dream. Janie is most likely: A. experiencing emotional numbness and detachment.B. exhibiting hypervigilance and chronic arousal.C. reexperiencing the trauma.D. showing signs of paranoia and delusions.

Blooms: Application


9.(p. 117)

Janie's house was broken into and the perpetrator brutally attacked her. Since the attack, she has withdrawn from family and friends. Janie is most likely: A. experiencing emotional numbness and detachment.B. exhibiting hypervigilance and chronic arousal.C. reexperiencing the trauma.D. showing signs of paranoia and delusions.

Blooms: Application


10.(p. 117)

Janie's house was broken into and the perpetrator brutally attacked her. Since the attack, she has been overly cautious and watchful. The smallest noise startles her. If someone looks at her "strangely," she becomes very anxious. Janie is most likely: A. experiencing emotional numbness and detachment.B. exhibiting hypervigilance and chronic arousal.C. reexperiencing the trauma.D. demonstrating deluded thinking.

Blooms: Application


11.(p. 117)

PTSD sufferers may report "_____" about having lived through the traumatic event or about things they had to do to survive. A. dehumanizationB. survivor guiltC. hysteriaD. cognitive bias

Blooms: Knowledge


12.(p. 117)

Which of the following statements is true regarding acute stress disorder? A.

It is diagnosed when symptoms arise within one month of exposure to the stressor and last no longer than six months.

B.

The sufferer of acute stress disorder persistently avoids reminders of the trauma and is constantly aroused, but does not reexperience the trauma.

C. To receive the diagnosis, individuals must exhibit at least one dissociative symptom.D.

In acute stress disorder, dissociative symptoms are common, including detachment, derealization, and depersonalization.



13.(p. 117)

Which of the following disorders consists of emotional and behavioral symptoms such as depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, or antisocial behaviors that occur within 3 months of the experience of a stressor? A. AgoraphobiaB. Generalized anxiety disorderC. Social phobiaD. Adjustment disorder

Blooms: Knowledge


14.(p. 117)

Two months ago, Mark's mother passed away unexpectedly. Since her death, he has been unable to function at school, has lost interest in extracurricular activities, and gets agitated easily. Mark may be exhibiting the symptoms of which disorder? A. Adjustment disorderB. Acute stress disorderC. Posttraumatic stress disorderD. Bereavement disorder

Blooms: Application


15.(p. 119-120)

Which of the following is least likely to cause PTSD? A. Natural disasterB. Child birthC. Physical abuseD. War-related trauma

Blooms: Knowledge


16.(p. 121)

Which of the following environmental, social, and psychological factors increases an individual's vulnerability to PTSD? A. Having a strong support network of friends and familyB. Having experienced the traumatic event first-handC. Having adopted a non-avoidant coping strategy to deal with the traumatic eventD. Never having experienced symptoms of anxiety and depression before the traumatic event



17.(p. 121)

_____ to be diagnosed with PTSD and most of the other anxiety disorders including panic disorder, social phobias, and generalized anxiety disorder. A. Men are more likely than womenB. Women are more likely than menC. Men and women are equally likelyD. Women are slightly less likely than men

Blooms: Knowledge


18.(p. 122)

People in Latino cultures report a syndrome known as _____, which might include trembling, heart palpitations, a sense of heat in the chest rising into the head, difficulty moving limbs, loss of consciousness, memory loss, paresthesia, chest tightness, dyspnea, dizziness, and faintness. A. ataque de nerviosB. amokC. mal de ojoD. susto

Blooms: Knowledge


19.(p. 122)

A study of 942 adults in rural Mexico found that 21 percent of the women and 10 percent of the men had chronic ______ (de Snyder, Diaz-Perez, & Ojeda, 2000). The authors suggest that among underprivileged Latino communities, particularly women, _____ expresses the anger and frustration of "being at the bottom" and provides temporary release from the everyday burdens of life. A. amok; amokB. nervios; nerviosC. susto; sustoD. mal de ojo; mal de ojo

Blooms: Knowledge


20.(p. 122-123)

Which of the following statements is true regarding cross-cultural and gender differences in PTSD symptoms? A. Mexican women are less likely to feel helpless than Mexican men after a traumatic event.B.

Mexican men are less likely to get the material support they need after a traumatic event compared to Mexican women.

C. The tendency to dissociate in response to severe stress is extremely rare among Latinos.D. Evidence suggests that sex roles are more egalitarian among African Americans than among

Caucasians.



21.(p. 123)

Which of the following is true regarding the brain areas of PTSD sufferers? A. The amygdala appears to be less responsive to emotional stimuli.B. The medial prefrontal cortex tends to be unregulated.C. The hippocampus may shrink due to overexposure to neurotransmitters and hormones.D. The medial prefrontal cortex is more active in the case of severe symptoms of PTSD.

Blooms: KnowledgeDifficulty: Difficult


22.(p. 123)

When not exposed to trauma reminders, the resting levels of cortisol among PTSD sufferers tend to be: A. somewhat higher than the cortisol levels of people without PTSD.B. much higher than the cortisol levels of people without PTSD.C. lower than the cortisol levels of people without PTSD.D. similar to the cortisol levels of people without PTSD.



23.(p. 123)

_____ may cause memories of the traumatic event to be planted more firmly in memory. A. Higher levels of cortisolB. Damage to the amygdalaC. The sluggish reactions of the HPA axisD. The overexposure of the brain to epinephrine, norepinephrine, and other neurochemicals



24.(p. 124)

Which of the following is a heritable risk factor for PTSD? A. Overdeveloped medial prefrontal cortexB. Fraternal twins among first-degree relativesC. Abnormally low cortisol levelsD. Higher volume of the hippocampus



25.(p. 124)

Patrick is a Vietnam veteran who has a recurring nightmare of being on the frontline. Any sound that remotely resembles gunfire causes anxiety. Although he has been suffering for years with this problem, he has decided to seek treatment. His psychologist has suggested that he identify the thoughts and situations that evoke anxiety and rank them. His psychologist helps him work through each situation by using relaxation techniques. This technique is called: A. behavior modulation.B. systematic desensitization.C. rational-emotive behavioral therapy.D. flooding.

Blooms: Application


26.(p. 124)

Which of the following biological treatments has been successful in dealing with PTSD symptoms such as nightmares, irritability, and sleep problems? A. MAOIs and SSRIsB. SSRIs and benzodiazepinesC. Benzodiazepines and tricyclicsD. Tricyclics and barbiturates

Blooms: Knowledge


27.(p. 126)

What diagnosis is given when panic attacks become a common occurrence, when the attacks are not usually provoked by any particular situation, and when a person begins to worry about having the attacks and changes behaviors as a result of this worry? A. Generalized anxiety disorderB. Panic disorderC. Obsessive-compulsive disorderD. Separation anxiety disorder

Blooms: Knowledge


28.(p. 126)

Which of the following statements is true regarding panic disorder? A.

People with panic disorder often fear they have life-threatening illnesses, though they are less likely to have a personal or family history of serious chronic illness.

B. Many people with panic disorder feel ashamed of it and try to hide it from others.C.

About 28 percent of people will develop panic disorder at some time, usually between late adolescence and the mid-thirties.

D. People with panic disorder may become demoralized and depressed but rarely do they become suicidal.



29.(p. 126)

Approximately one-third to one-half of the people diagnosed with panic disorder also develop _____. A. claustrophobiaB. agoraphobiaC. PTSDD. acute distress disorder.



30.(p. 126)

The translation of the Greek term agoraphobia means: A. fear of dark places.B. fear of the marketplace.C. fear of all places.D. fear of closed places.

Blooms: Knowledge


31.(p. 126)

Ruth is afraid of being in large open places. She is especially worried that she will not be able to leave the area if she begins to panic. Ruth is most likely experiencing _____. A. social phobiaB. agoraphobiaC. acute distress disorderD. claustrophobia

Blooms: Application


32.(p. 127)

Which of the following theories have been integrated into a model to explain the factors associated with panic disorders? A. Biological and psychologicalB. Psychological and socialC. Social and biologicalD. Biological, psychological, and social

Blooms: Knowledge


33.(p. 127)

Family history studies reveal that about _____ of first-degree relatives of people with panic disorder also have panic disorder. A. 10 percentB. 20 percentC. 30 percentD. 40 percent

Blooms: Knowledge


34.(p. 127)

People with panic disorder show dysregulation of norepinephrine systems in an area of the brainstem called the: A. basal tencephalon.B. locus ceruleus.C. nucleus prepositus hypoglossi.D. reticular formation.

Blooms: Knowledge


35.(p. 127)

In women prone to panic attacks, fluctuations in _____ levels might cause imbalances or dysfunction of the serotonin or GABA systems, leading to panic attacks. A. progesteroneB. testosteroneC. estriolD. epinephrine

Blooms: Knowledge


36.(p. 127-128)

Cognitive theorists suggest that people who experience panic attacks engage in all of the following behaviors EXCEPT: A. paying close attention to their bodily sensations.B. reasoning that the attack is only a temporary response.C. misinterpreting bodily sensations in a negative way.D. engaging in snowballing catastrophic thinking.



37.(p. 128)

Sally believes that the bodily symptoms she experiences during a panic attack have harmful consequences. This is known as _____. A. existential anxietyB. neurotic anxietyC. simple anxietyD. anxiety sensitivity

Blooms: Application


38.(p. 128)

Virginia is very aware of her body's cues that signal a panic attack. This heightened awareness is known as _____. A. conditioned avoidance responseB. introjective awarenessC. interoceptive awarenessD. anxiety sensitivity

Blooms: Application


39.(p. 128)

When the bodily cues that occur at the beginning of panic attacks become conditioned stimuli signaling new attacks, the process is known as: A. classical conditioning.B. interoceptive conditioning.C. operant conditioning.D. observational learning.

Blooms: Knowledge


40.(p. 128-129)

Which of the following is true regarding the integrated model of panic disorder? A.

Many people who experience panic disorders have recurrent panic attacks because of structural damage to the brain.

B.

Panic disorders seem to develop as a result of a biological vulnerability to a hypersensitive fight-or-flight response.

C.

People will not typically develop a panic disorder if they engage in constant catastrophizing cognitions about their physiological symptoms.

D.

Avoidance of situations that evoke panic attacks remains isolated to those specific situations, and has no occasion to generalize to other situations.



41.(p. 129)

Jacob has been diagnosed with panic disorder without agoraphobia. He took his medication regularly until he was laid off from his job and then stopped because he could no longer afford to pay for it. Soon after discontinuing his medication, he began to experience recurrent panic attacks. Which drug is Jacob most likely taking? A. SSRIsB. Tricyclic antidepressantsC. BenzodiazepinesD. Phenothiazines

Blooms: Application


42.(p. 129)

Jacob has been diagnosed with panic disorder without agoraphobia. He has been taking his medicine regularly, but has begun to experience side effects such as constipation and difficulty urinating. He also noticed that he has gained weight rather quickly. Which drug is Jacob most likely taking for his panic symptoms? A. Tricyclic antidepressantsB. BenzodiazepinesC. PhenothiazinesD. SSRIs

Blooms: Application


43.(p. 129)

Side effects such as sexual dysfunction, tremors, insomnia, and drowsiness are associated with which drug used to treat panic attacks? A. PhenothiazinesB. BenzodiazepinesC. MAOIsD. SSRIs



44.(p. 129)

Which of the following suppresses the central nervous system and influences functioning in the GABA, norepinephrine, and serotonin neurotransmitter systems? A. Tricyclic antidepressantsB. BenzodiazepinesC. MAOIsD. SSRIs

Blooms: Knowledge


45.(p. 129)

Which of the following treatments can interfere with cognitive and motor functioning? A. Tricyclic antidepressantsB. BenzodiazepinesC. MAOIsD. SNRIs

Blooms: Knowledge


46.(p. 129-130)

Terrence has been seeing a psychologist for his recurrent panic attacks. His therapist teaches him relaxation techniques to help him gain control over his anxiety symptoms. Terrence is also taught to identify the thoughts that are intrusive and exacerbate his symptoms. He is encouraged to note these thoughts in a daily journal. Terrence's therapist is most likely using which technique to treat his panic disorder? A. Cognitive-behavioral therapiesB. Humanistic therapiesC. Behavioral therapiesD. Cognitive therapies

Blooms: Application


47.(p. 130)

Which of the following treatments is most effective in preventing relapse in clients with panic disorders? A. Cognitive therapiesB. Biological therapiesC. Behavioral therapiesD. Cognitive-behavioral therapies



48.(p. 131)

Almost _____ of people with a specific phobia never seek treatment. A. 20 percentB. 40 percentC. 60 percentD. 90 percent

Blooms: Knowledge


49.(p. 131)

Tina and her parents live on a farm where field mice are very common. One night, a mouse crawled on Tina while she was sleeping. The experience frightened Tina so badly that she now avoids any situation where she might come across a mouse. She always checks her bed carefully each night. Tina is most likely exhibiting behaviors related to _____. A. a situational type phobiaB. an animal type phobiaC. social phobiaD. a natural environment type phobia

Blooms: Application


50.(p. 131-132)

Bradley was 12 years old when lightning struck his family's house. Now he becomes very anxious every time the sky darkens. If a storm begins, he exhibits panic symptoms and frantically searches for an area in the house where he feels safe. Bradley is most likely suffering from _____. A. a situational type phobiaB. an animal type phobiaC. social phobiaD. a natural environment type phobia

Blooms: Application


51.(p. 131-132)

Susan is deathly afraid of the wind since she and her family survived Hurricane Ike. She gets very worried and panicky when the sky gets dark and the wind begins to blow. Susan is most likely experiencing: A. a situational type phobia.B. an animal type phobia.C. a social phobia.D. a natural environment type phobia.

Blooms: Application


52.(p. 132)

When June was 7 years old, she and her mother were stuck in an elevator. Several other people were in the elevator as well. The elevator became hot and stuffy, and breathing became difficult. June remembers experiencing shortness of breath, palpitations, and dizziness. Now June refuses to ride elevators. When she is with other people, she makes excuses to use the stairs. June is probably suffering from _____. A. a situational type phobiaB. an animal type phobiaC. social phobiaD. a natural environment type phobia

Blooms: Application


53.(p. 132)

Janelle is terrified of needles and the sight of blood. When she was younger, she had to have several stitches because of a bicycle accident. The cut on her forehead was deep and bled profusely. At the sight of blood, Janelle feels her blood pressure and heart rate drop, and on one occasion, she even fainted. Most likely Janelle is suffering from _____. A. a situational type phobiaB. social phobiaC. a blood-injection-injury type phobiaD. a natural environment type phobia

Blooms: Application


54.(p. 132)

Which of the following phobias is more likely to run in families? A. Natural environment type phobiasB. Blood-injection-injury type phobiasC. Situational type phobiasD. Animal type phobias

Blooms: Knowledge


55.(p. 132-133)

Anna is terrified of speaking in public. She always finds an excuse to avoid public speaking or gets someone to speak for her. Once Anna had a full-blown panic attack when her boss called on her unexpectedly to speak at a meeting. Anna is probably exhibiting symptoms of: A. a situational type phobia.B. an animal type phobia.C. social phobia.D. a natural environment type phobia.

Blooms: Application


56.(p. 133-134)

Which of the following statements is true regarding social phobia? A. Social phobia is relatively common, with a lifetime prevalence of about 3 percent in the United

States.B. Social phobia tends to develop in either late adolescence or early adulthood.C.

Over 90 percent of adults with social phobia report severe childhood trauma that contributed to their symptoms.

D.

Social phobia often co-occurs with mood disorders, other anxiety disorders, and avoidant personality disorder.



57.(p. 134)

In Japan, the term _____ describes an intense fear of interpersonal relations and is characterized by shame about and persistent fears of causing others offense, embarrassment, or even harm through one's personal inadequacies. A. qi-gong psychotic reactionB. shenkuiC. taijin kyofu-shoD. shenjing shuairuo

Blooms: Knowledge


58.(p. 134)

Which of the following statements is true about taijin kyofu-sho—the fear of interpersonal relations? A. It is most frequently encountered among young women.B. It reflects concerns about embarrassing oneself, rather than offending others.C. It is in line with the Japanese emphasis on deference to others.D. It is the fear of meeting people from different cultures.



59.(p. 134)

According to Freudian theory, phobias develop: A. as a result the ego's inability to satisfy the id.B. when unconscious anxiety is displaced onto a neutral or symbolic object.C. when the preconscious state of mind becomes tied to the conscious state of mind.D. when sexual urges and drives are retarded or suppressed.



60.(p. 134; 131)

Little Hans' behavior was representative of which phobia? A. Animal type phobiasB. Natural environment type phobiasC. Social phobiaD. Situational type phobias



61.(p. 134)

Freud explained Hans' phobia with which of the following processes? A. Electra complexB. Oedipus complexC. Anal fixationD. Oral fixation

Blooms: Knowledge


62.(p. 134)

Which of the following behavioral theories has been useful in explaining the maintenance of phobias? A. Observational learningB. Operant conditioningC. Social-cognitive learningD. Social learning



63.(p. 135)

In Watson's experiment with Little Albert, the unconditioned stimulus was ______. A. the white ratB. Little AlbertC. the loud noiseD. the startle and fear response



64.(p. 135)

In Watson's experiment with Little Albert, the conditioned stimulus was _____. A. the white ratB. Little AlbertC. the loud noiseD. the startle and fear response



65.(p. 135)

June has been avoiding riding elevators since she was 7 years old. When she is with other people, she makes excuses to use the stairs. June's fear of elevators is being maintained by _____. A. positive reinforcementB. negative reinforcementC. partial reinforcementD. absolute reinforcement

Blooms: Application


66.(p. 135)

Theorists who argue that phobias can develop through observational learning posit: A. that the phobic behaviors are responses to aversive stimuli.B. that fear responses are generated when the behaviors are positively reinforced.C. that people learn phobic behaviors by modeling the behaviors of others.D. that classical conditioning must be coupled with observational learning.



67.(p. 135)

Trudy's mother is afraid of bees. Her mother always screams and runs away every time she sees them. Trudy, seeing her mother's response, also runs and screams every time she sees a bee. In this case, Trudy's behavior can be explained by which theory? A. Social-cognitive learningB. Classical conditioningC. Observational learningD. Operant conditioning

Blooms: Application


68.(p. 135-136)

The idea that people learn to fear or avoid selected objects or situations that are vestiges of evolutionary history, and individuals are biologically prepared to quickly associate fear responses with certain objects is called _____. A. traditional classical conditioningB. evolutionary classical conditioningC. biological classical conditioningD. prepared classical conditioning



69.(p. 136)

According to prepared classical conditioning theory, Rachel is more likely to be afraid of which of the following? A. FlowersB. SnakesC. TreesD. Flying

Blooms: Application


70.(p. 136)

The most significant problem with the behavioral theory of phobias is that: A. most phobias do not have an evolutionary basis and are not part of our collective unconscious.B. phobias should disappear once the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned

stimulus.C. many people with phobias cannot identify traumatic events that triggered their phobias.D. observational learning helps in the maintenance of phobias more than operant conditioning.



71.(p. 136)

Which of the following is true concerning cognitive theorists? A.

Cognitive theorists view social phobia as merely a behavioral problem with no cognitive factors contributing to the behavior.

B. Cognitive theorists suggest that social phobias are rooted in early childhood experiences.C.

Cognitive theorists argue that people with social phobia tend to focus on the negative events in a social situation.

D.

Cognitive theorists posit that people with social phobia externalize their anxiety of the social situation and make others uncomfortable.



72.(p. 136)

According to the cognitive theories of phobias, people with social phobias: A. are blind to potentially threatening social cues.B. have very low standards for their social performance.C. evaluate their own behavior harshly.D. are not in touch with their internal feelings



73.(p. 136-137)

Children with a genetic predisposition toward anxiety or who are behaviorally inhibited may not develop a specific phobia, unless: A. they experience some traumatic event.B. the behavior is positively reinforced by the environment.C. the parenting they receive exacerbates their anxiety.D. the performance of the behavior reduces their anxiety.



74.(p. 137)

Which of the following would be most useful in treating blood-injection-injury phobias? A. Systematic sensitizationB. ModelingC. Applied tension techniqueD. Flooding

Blooms: Knowledge


75.(p. 137-138)

Drake has a fear of dogs. As part of his therapy, Drake has to first observe his therapist petting a dog and then, when instructed, must do the same. Which behavioral treatment is being used in this situation? A. Systematic desensitizationB. ModelingC. FloodingD. Applied tension technique

Blooms: Application


76.(p. 138)

What differentiates flooding from systematic desensitization? A. The effectiveness of the treatmentB. The use of relaxation techniquesC. The intensity of exposure to the feared stimuliD. The therapist's level of participation



77.(p. 138)

Julie has been diagnosed with ornithophobia—the fear of birds. For her treatment, her therapist makes her sit in a room filled with caged birds for an hour. Which behavioral treatment in being used in this situation? A. Systematic desensitizationB. ModelingC. FloodingD. Applied tension technique

Blooms: Application


78.(p. 138)

In _____, individuals can practice their feared behaviors in front of others while the therapist coaches them in the use of relaxation techniques. A. psychodynamic therapyB. group-administered cognitive-behavioral therapyC. behavioral therapyD. cognitive-biological therapy

Blooms: Knowledge


79.(p. 139)

People diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD): A. know their anxiety is provoked by uncontrollable circumstances.B. are often excessively worried about almost all situations.C. only worry about the safety and security of their family members.D. see their anxiety and worry as part of their personality.



80.(p. 139-140)

Judith worries daily about whether her husband made it safely to work, how her children are getting on in school, what she should cook for dinner, and if the family will be satisfied with the meal she prepares. Judith is sluggish most of the time, and has trouble concentrating on positive things. Most likely Judith is suffering from: A. obsessive-compulsive disorder.B. social phobia.C. GAD.D. adjustment disorder.

Blooms: Application


81.(p. 140)

Which of the following applies to GAD? A. People with GAD often feel tired due to chronic muscle tension and sleep loss.B. GAD most commonly begins in late adolescence or early adulthood.C. GAD has a lifetime prevalence of about 25 percent in women and men.D. Other anxiety disorders generally do not co-occur with GAD.



82.(p. 140)

Cognitive theorist suggests that people with GAD focus on threats at both the _____ levels. A. unconscious and consciousB. conscious and preconsciousC. preconscious and subconsciousD. subconscious and unconscious

Blooms: Knowledge


83.(p. 140-141)

According to cognitive theory, which of the following statements is true regarding people diagnosed with GAD? A. They are always anticipating a negative event, and they tend to think it through.B. They believe that worrying can help them avoid bad events by motivating them to engage in

problem solving.C.

They actively conjure up visual images of what they worry about, as a way of habituating to the negative emotions associated with the event.

D.

Their chronic anxiety is the result of having had highly controlled and predictable experiences in their childhood.



84.(p. 141)

_____ is believed to be deficient in people diagnosed with GAD. A. SerotoninB. GABAC. NorepinephrineD. Dopamine

Blooms: Knowledge


85.(p. 142)

The _____ drugs such as Xanax, Librium, Valium, and Serax provide short-term relief from anxiety symptoms, but their side effects and addictiveness preclude long-term use. A. SSRIB. tricyclic antidepressantC. SNRID. benzodiazepine

Blooms: Knowledge


86.(p. 143)

_____ are thoughts, images, ideas, or impulses that are persistent, that uncontrollably intrude upon consciousness, and that cause significant anxiety or distress, whereas _____ are repetitive behaviors or mental acts that an individual feels he or she must perform. A. Obsessions; compulsionsB. Motives; drivesC. Compulsions; obsessionsD. Drives; motives

Blooms: Knowledge


87.(p. 143-144)

Lee is a high school teacher. He has difficulty grading his papers because he constantly checks and rechecks the student's answers. He fears that he has made a mistake in the calculations. Lee's checking routines are not isolated to his students' work. He also checks the locks on his classroom door several times before leaving school, and performs these checking rituals at home as well. Lee is most likely exhibiting: A. acute stress disorder.B. posttraumatic stress disorder.C. obsessive-compulsive disorder.D. generalized anxiety disorder.

Blooms: Application


88.(p. 143-145)

Which of the following is an example of an obsession? A. Repeatedly checking the locks on all doorsB. Constantly thinking about cleanliness and contaminationC. Washing hands several times a dayD. Spending hours sorting and resorting possessions

Blooms: Application


89.(p. 143-145)

Which of the following is an example of a compulsion? A. Repeatedly checking the locks on all doorsB. Constantly thinking about cleanliness and contaminationC. Spending hours thinking about the orderliness of the houseD. Thinking incessantly about how a loved one could be harmed

Blooms: Application


90.(p. 144)

Which of the following statements is true regarding obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)? A. People with OCD do not know that their thoughts and behaviors are irrational.B.

Obsessional thoughts are distressing to people with OCD, and engaging in compulsive behaviors can be time-consuming or harmful.

C. Children with OCD often confide in their parents about their obsessive-compulsive habits.D. The prevalence of OCD seems to differ greatly across countries that have been studied.



91.(p. 145)

What is meant by the statement "often, the link between the obsession and the compulsion is the result of ‘magical thinking'"? A.

The person with OCD believes that repeating a behavior a certain number of times will give them extraordinary abilities.

B.

The person with OCD believes that repeating a behavior a certain number of times will reduce their levels of anxiety.

C.

The person with OCD believes that repeating a behavior a certain number of times will benefit the society at large.

D.

The person with OCD believes that repeating a behavior a certain number of times will ward off danger to themselves or others.



92.(p. 145)

Biological theories of obsessive-compulsive disorder have focused on a circuit in the brain involved in: A. activating moral behaviors.B. regulating thoughts and emotions.C. executing primitive patterns of behavior.D. filtering incoming stimuli.



93.(p. 145)

According to biological theories of obsessive-compulsive disorder, impulses are carried to a part of the basal ganglia called the _____, which allows the strongest of the impulses to flow through to the thalamus. A. hippocampusB. ponsC. caudate nucleusD. locus ceruleus



94.(p. 146-147)

According to cognitive-behavioral theories of OCD, all of the following are true regarding people diagnosed with OCD EXCEPT: A.

they may be depressed or generally anxious much of the time, so even minor negative events are more likely to invoke intrusive, negative thoughts.

B.

they judge their negative, intrusive thoughts as more unacceptable than most people would and become more anxious and guilty about having them.

C.

they appear to believe that they should be able to control all thoughts, and have trouble accepting that everyone has horrific notions from time to time.

D.

they believe that having intrusive thoughts means they are going crazy, but they do not equate having the thoughts with actually engaging in the behaviors.



95.(p. 147)

People with OCD often get some relief from their symptoms when they take drugs that better regulate the neurotransmitter _____. A. GABAB. epinephrineC. norepinephrineD. serotonin

Blooms: Knowledge


96.(p. 147)

According to cognitive-behavioral theories of OCD, compulsions develop largely through _____. A. interoceptive conditioningB. observational learningC. classical conditioningD. operant conditioning

Blooms: Knowledge


97.(p. 147)

Which of the following statements is true regarding the biological treatments for OCD? A. Benzodiazepines are useful in most cases.B. Patients generally do not relapse once they discontinue medication.C. Antidepressant drugs affecting serotonin levels help reduce symptoms of OCD.D. Controlled studies suggest that placebos are more effective than antidepressant medication.



98.(p. 147)

_____ involves repeatedly exposing the client to the focus of the obsession and preventing compulsive responses to the resulting anxiety. A. FloodingB. Psychodynamic therapyC. Rational-emotive behavior therapyD. Exposure and response prevention therapy

Blooms: Knowledge


99.(p. 147)

In exposure and response prevention therapy, repeated exposure to the content of the obsession: A. stabilizes the client's anxiety about the obsession.B. extinguishes the client's anxiety about the obsession.C. reinforces the client's anxiety about the obsession.D. builds up the client's anxiety about the obsession.

Blooms: Knowledge


100.(p. 147)

In exposure and response prevention therapy, by preventing a person from engaging in compulsive behavior: A. the client's "magical thinking" is reinforced.B. the client's compulsive behavior is strengthened.C. the client's anxiety about the compulsive behavior builds up.D. the client learns that not engaging in the compulsive behavior does not lead to a terrible result.



101.(p. 147)

Which of the following is a good example of the use of exposure and response prevention therapy? A. A person afraid of germs is allowed to clean his or her hands as often as desired.B. A person afraid of flying is taught to first imagine buying an airline ticket.C.

A person afraid of having a disorganized room is taught to reappraise her or his current room in a more positive way.

D. A person afraid of contamination is asked to hold a dirty handkerchief for more than an hour.

Blooms: ApplicationDifficulty: Medium


102.(p. 115)

Differentiate between adaptive fear responses and maladaptive anxiety responses.

Key terms and concepts that may be included in student responses:

▪ Adaptive fear responses—person behaves appropriately to confront or avoid threat, responses subside when the threat ends

▪ Maladaptive anxiety responses—unrealistic fears, person's response is out of proportion to the threat, people behave in ways that are dangerous or lead to impairment, anxiety persists after the threat passes, can lead to anticipatory anxiety



103.(p. 116-121)

What is posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)? Describe the three symptoms that are necessary for a diagnosis of PTSD. What are the types of experiences that can cause a person to develop PTSD? Briefly explain the environmental, social, and psychological factors that can increase a person's vulnerability to PTSD.


▪ PTSD—consequences of experiencing extreme stressors

▪ Symptoms—reexperiencing of the traumatic event, emotional numbing and detachment, hypervigilance and chronic arousal

▪ Traumas leading to PTSD—natural disasters, human-made disasters (wars, terrorist attacks), physical and sexual abuse

▪ Vulnerability to PTSD—severity, duration, and proximity to traumatic event, social support, symptoms of anxiety and depression prior to event, coping strategies



104.(p. 123-124)

Describe some of the biological factors that are related to PTSD.


▪ PTSD sufferers— amygdala responds more actively to emotional stimuli, medial prefrontal cortex is less active, shrinkage in the hippocampus, resting levels of cortisol tend to be lower, HPA axis may be unable to shut down the response of the sympathetic nervous system, overexposure and overconsolidation, altered biological stress responses due to childhood trauma, role of genetics



105.(p. 125-126; 127-128)

What are the symptoms of a panic attack? What impact does panic disorder have on the people diagnosed with it? Describe the cognitive theory of panic disorder.


▪ Panic attack symptoms—heart palpitations, trembling, a feeling of choking, dizziness, intense dread

▪ Impact of panic disorder on individual—fear they have life-threatening illnesses, believe that they are about to die of a heart attack, seizure, or other physical crisis, "going crazy" or "losing control," shame, feeling demoralized and depressed, chronic generalized anxiety, alcohol abuse, increased risk for suicide attempts

▪ Cognitive theorists—people prone to panic attacks tend to pay close attention to bodily sensations; negatively misinterpret sensations; engage in snowballing catastrophic thinking; develop anxiety sensitivity, interoceptive awareness, and conditioning; develop beliefs about the controllability of symptoms



106.(p. 129)

What are the biological treatments that have been developed for panic disorder? What are some of the side effects of the drugs used to treat people diagnosed with panic disorder?


▪ Tricyclic antidepressants—improves functioning of the norepinephrine system; influences levels of serotonin; side effects include blurred vision, dry mouth, difficulty urinating, constipation, weight gain, sexual dysfunction; tendency for relapse after discontinuation

▪ SSRIs and SNRIs—side effects include gastrointestinal upset and irritability, initial feelings of agitation, insomnia, drowsiness, tremor, and sexual dysfunction

▪ Benzodiazepines—suppress the central nervous system, influence functioning in the GABA; side effects include addictiveness, withdrawal symptoms such as irritability, tremors, insomnia, anxiety, tingling sensations, seizures, paranoia; can also interfere with cognitive and motor functioning



107.(p. 131-132)

Briefly describe the four categories of phobias. Provide examples of each.


▪ Animal type phobias

▪ Natural environment type phobias

▪ Situational type phobias

▪ Blood-injection-injury type phobias

▪ Examples should clearly relate to the concept mentioned



108.(p. 134-136; 137-138)

How would a behavioral therapist interpret phobias? Describe the treatments a behavioral therapist might recommend to overcome phobias.


▪ Classical conditioning leads to the fear of the phobic object, operant conditioning helps maintain it

▪ Studies by Watson and Raynor on Little Albert

▪ Negative reinforcement

▪ Observational learning

▪ Prepared classical conditioning

▪ Treatments—systematic desensitization, modeling, applied tension technique, flooding



109.(p. 139-141)

What are the key features of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)? Describe the cognitive theories of GAD.


▪ Features—anxious all the time, focus of worries may shift frequently; physiological symptoms include muscle tension, sleep disturbances, and chronic restlessness; relatively common disorder; tends to be chronic; begins in childhood or adolescence

▪ Cognitive theories—people are focused on threat at both the conscious and unconscious levels, believe that worrying can help avoid bad events by motivating them to engage in problem solving, actively avoid visual images of what they worry about, respond to situations with automatic thoughts that stir up anxiety, hypervigilant and overreact, unconscious cognitions focus on detecting possible threats in the environment



110.(p. 143-145)

What are the key features of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)? Describe some of the symptoms of this disorder.


▪ OCD—sufferers experience anxiety because of obsessional thoughts and when they cannot carry out compulsive behaviors

▪ Features—begins at a young age, onset for males is between 6 and 15, and for females between 20 and 29; chronic if left untreated; can be very distressing, time-consuming, and harmful; sufferer may experience depression, panic attacks, phobias, substance abuse

▪ Symptoms—common obsessive thoughts include dirt and contamination, aggressive impulses, sexual thoughts, impulses to do something against one's moral code, repeated doubts, "checking" compulsions, "magical thinking," stereotyped and rigid rituals



111.(p. 145-147)

Describe the biological and cognitive-behavioral theories of OCD.


▪ Biological theories—dysfunction in the brain circuit involved in executing primitive patterns of behavior, inability to turn off the primitive impulses, role of serotonin in circuit's functioning, genetic effects

▪ Cognitive-behavioral theories—reduced ability to turn off negative, intrusive thoughts, people with OCD tend to be anxious and depressed, tendency toward rigid, moralistic thinking, believe that they should be able to control all thoughts, believe these thoughts mean they are going crazy, equate having the thoughts with actually engaging in the behaviors



5 Summary Category # of Questions

Blooms: Application 27

Blooms: Comprehension 18

Blooms: Knowledge 66

Difficulty: Difficult 1

Difficulty: Easy 44

Difficulty: Medium 66

Nolen - Chapter 05 111

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