5. List down the types of joints and describe each:JointsDescriptionExample

Planar

i. Articulating surfaces of bones in a plane joint.ii. Flat or slightly curved.iii. Primarily permit back-an-forth and side-to-side movements between the flat surfaces of bones, but also may rotates against one another.iv. Biaxial or Triaxial (multiaxial)

i. Intercarpal joints (between carpal bones at wrist)ii. Intertarsal joints (between the tarsal bones at ankle)iii. Sternoclavicular Joint (between the manubrium of sternum and the clavicle)iv. Acromioclavicular Joint (between the acromion process of the scapula and the clavicle)v. Sternocostal Joint (between the sternum and ends of costal cartilages at the tips of the 2nd through 7th pairs of ribs)vi. Vertebrocostal Joints (between the heads and tubercles of ribs and transverse process of thoracic vertebrae)

Hinge Or Ginglymus

i. The convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another boneii. Produce an angular, opening-and-closing motioniii. One bones remains in fixed position while the other moves around in an axis (flexion & extension)iv. Uniaxial (monoaxial)i. Knee (a modified hinge joint)ii. Elbowiii. Ankleiv. Interphalangeal joints (between the phalanges of the fingers and toes)

PivotOr Trochoid

i. The rounded or pointed surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed partly by another bone and partly by a ligament.ii. Allows rotation only around its own longitudinal axis, which atlas rotates around the axisiii. Uniaxiali. Atlanto-axial Joint (permits head to turn from side-to-side as when we shake our head no)ii. Radioulnar Joint (Enable palm to turn anteriorly and posteriorly as the head of radius pivots around its long axis in the radial notch of ulna)

Condyloid Or Ellipsoidal

i. The convex oval-shaped projection of one bone fits into the oval-shaped depression of another boneii. Permits two axes movements (flexion, extension, abduction and adduction)iii. Biaxial

i. Radiocarpal Joint (wrist)ii. Metacarpophalangeal Joints of the 2nd through 5th digit (between the metacarpals and proximal phalanges)

Saddle Or Sellar

i. The articular surface of one bone is saddle-shaped and the articular surface of the other bone fits into saddle as a sitting rider would sit.ii. Movements are similar as those at Condyloid jointiii. Biaxial

i. Carpometacarpal Joint (between the trapezium of the carpus and meracarpal of the thumb)

Ball & SocketOr Spheroid

i. The ball like-surface of one bone fitting into a cuplike depression of another boneii. Permitting movements around the three axis (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation)iii. Triaxial (multiaxial)i. Shoulder joint (head of humerus fits into glenoid cavity of the scapula)ii. Hip Joint (head of femur fits into the acetabulum of the hip coxal bone)

BONE TISSUECOMPACTSPONGY

Other nameCorticalTrebeculae (little beams)

DensityVery dense (strong)Porous (flexible, light-weight)

LocationOuter bone (diaphysis)Inner bone (epiphysis)

Functional UnitOsteon (Haversian systems) Arranged in concentric lamellae around central canal Contain perforating canal carry blood vessels into bone/marrowTrebeculae Lamellae arranged in an irregular pattern of thin columns Space in between filled with red bone marrow

Function Provides protection & support Resist the stress produced by weight and movement Filled with RBM & YBM provides nourishment for osteocytes

COMPACT TISSUE COVERING MEMBRANE

PERIOSTEUM (OUTSIDE)ENDOSTEUM (INSIDE)

Covers all bones except enclosed parts in joint capsulesIncomplete cellular layer lines the marrow cavity

made up of an outer (fibrous layer) and inner (cellular layer)Contains 4 types of cell (osteoprogenitor, osteoblast, osteocytes, osteoclast)

Isolate bone from surrounding tissue Provide circulatory and nervous supply route Participate in bone growth and repair Active in bone growth and repair Covers trabeculae of spongy bone Lines the inner surfaces of the central canals

6. List down the formed element of blood and describe the function of eachElementFunction

PlateletsOr Thrombocytesi. Form platelet plug in hemostasisii. Release chemical that promotes vascular spasm and blood clotting

Red Blood Cell (RBC) Or Erythrocytesi. Hemoglobin within RBCs transports oxygen to other cells in the body for cellular respirationii. Transport a portion of the carbon dioxide waste from cells.

White Blood Cell (WBC)Or LeukocytesGranulari. Neutrophilsa. Phagocytosisb. Destruction of bacteria with lysozyme, defesins and strong oxidants such as superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorite anionii. Eosinophilsa. Combat effects of histamine in allergic reactionsb. Phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes and destroy certain parasitic wormsiii. Basophilsa. Liberate heparin, histamine and serotonin in allergic reaction that intensify overall inflammatory response

Agranulari. Lymphocytes (T-cells, B-cells & natural killer cells)a. Mediate immune response, including antigen-antibody reactionsb. B-cells develop into plasma cellsc. T-cells attact invading viruses, cancer cells and transplanted tissue cellsd. Natural killer cells attack wide variety of infectious microbes and certain spontaneously arising tumor cells.ii. Monocytesa. Phagocytocis (after transforming into fixed or wandering macrophages)