54510841 Greenhouse Gas Emission Trends and Projections in Europe 2008 Tracking Progress Towards...

8/6/2019 54510841 Greenhouse Gas Emission Trends and Projections in Europe 2008 Tracking Progress Towards Kyoto Target

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EEA report | No 5/2008

Greenhouse gas emission trends and

projections in Europe 2008

Annex: Additional information on greenhousegas emission trends and projections

by sector and by Member State


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Contents

Greenhouse gas emission trends and projections in Europe 2008 Annexes 1-5 2

Contents

A 1 Sectoral emiss ion trends and projections in the EU ........................ 4

A 1.1 Sector shares and main trends in the EU-15 ...........................5

A 1.2 Energy supply (energy industries) .........................................8

A 1.2.1 CO2 emissions from electricity and heat production ................. 13

A 1.2.2 CO2 emissions from petroleum refining.................................. 20

A 1.2.3 CO2 emissions from the manufacture of solid fuels and otherenergy industries ............................................................... 22

A 1.3 Energy use (excluding transport).........................................24

A 1.3.1 CO2 emissions from energy use in manufacturing industries andconstruction ...................................................................... 24

A 1.3.2 CO2 emission from energy use and processes for iron and steelproduction......................................................................... 26

A 1.3.3 CO2 emissions from energy use in the chemical industry .......... 31

A 1.3.4 CO2 emissions from energy use in the pulp, paper and printindustry............................................................................ 33

A 1.3.5 CO2 emissions from energy use in the food-processing, beveragesand tobacco industry .......................................................... 36

A 1.3.6 CO2 emissions from energy use in other industries .................. 38

A 1.3.7 CO2 emissions from energy use in agriculture, forestry, fisheries42

A 1.3.8 CO2 emissions from energy use in services ............................ 44

A 1.3.9 CO2

emissions from energy use in households ........................ 48

A 1.4 Energy use from transport..................................................55

A 1.4.1 CO2 emissions from road transport ....................................... 58

A 1.4.2 CO2 emissions from domestic civil aviation............................. 65

A 1.5 Industrial processes .......................................................... 68

A 1.5.1 CO2 emissions from cement production (2A1)......................... 71

N2O emissions from nitric acid production (2B2) .................................... 73

A 1.5.2 HFC emissions from refrigeration and air conditioning equipment(2F1)................................................................................ 75

A 1.6 Agriculture ....................................................................... 77

A 1.6.1 CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation (4A) ........................ 80

A 1.6.2 N2O emissions from agricultural soils (4D) ............................. 83

A 1.7 Waste..............................................................................86

A 2 Key po licies and measures .............................................................92

A 2.1 Savings from the main EU 'common and coordinated policies andmeasures' (CCPMs) ........................................................... 92

A 2.1.1 Key EU CCPMs ................................................................... 92

A 2.1.2 Estimated savings from EU CCPMs........................................ 93

A 2.1.3 Estimated savings from CCPMs at EU-27, EU-15 and EU-12 level97

A 2.1.4 Estimated savings from CCPMs by Member State .................... 99

A 2.1.5 Recent developments and proposals relating to EU CCPMs ......101


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Sectoral emission trends and projections in the EU

A 1 Sectoral emission trends andprojections in the EU

ThisannexpresentssectoralemissionstrendsandprojectionsintheEU,asreportedbyMemberStates.Italsoattemptstolinkthesetrendswithexistingorplannedpoliciesandmeasures(PAM)intheEU.Emissionsarepresentedbymainemittingsource,accordingtothenomenclatureestablishedbytheintergovernmentalpanelonclimatechange(IPCC)forthecalculationofgreenhousegasemissions.

ReportingofindicatorsundertheMonitoringMechanism:

Besideshistoricandprojectedtrendsinsectoralgreenhousegasemissions,thisannexalsoincludeshistoricandprojectedtrendsindicators(andtheirrespectivenumeratorsand

denominators),asreportedbyMemberStatesundertheMonitoringMechanismDecision(CommissionDecision(166/2005/EC)implementingDecision280/2004/EC).Theseindicatorshavebeendefinedtomeasuretheeffectsofpoliciesandmeasuresovertime.Fourcategoriesofindicatorsaredefined,threeconcerningpastdataandonerelativetoprojecteddata:

7priorityindicators,whichmustbereportedbyMemberStateseveryyear,

6additionalpriorityindicatorsand15SupplementaryIndicators,whichMemberStatesareencouragedtoreporteveryyear,

10indicatorsforprojectionsfortheyears2005,2010,2015and2020.

Thepastindicatorsshallcoverdataatleastforthelastinventoryyear(2006).However,the

provisionofthewholetimeseries19902006allowsabetterassessmentoftheeffectivenessofpoliciesandmeasures.ThecomparabilityoftheseindicatorsbetweencountriesislimitedbythefactthatMemberStatesusesometimesdifferentbasesforaccountingofnumeratoranddenominator.


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A 1.1 Sector shares and main trends in the EU-15

Approximately80%oftotalgreenhousegas(GHG)emissions(4151milliontonnesCO2equivalent(MtCO2eq.)in2006)intheEU15areduetothesupplyanduseofenergy(includingfuelconsumptionfromtransport)(Fig.1).CO2emissionsfrompublicelectricityand

heatproductionrepresentaquarterofallEU15GHGemissions,whileCO2emissionsfromroadtransportationrepresentafifth(Fig.2).

AgricultureisthemainCH4andN2Oemitterandaccountsfor9%oftotalGHGemissionsin2006(Figure1andFigure2).

Between1990and2006,theGHGemissionsthatincreasedmostinabsolutevaluewereCO2emissionsfromroadtransportation,CO2emissionsfromelectricityandheatproductionandHFCsemissionsfromrefrigerationandairconditioningequipment(Figure3).

Between1990and2006,theGHGemissionsthatdecreasedmostinabsolutevaluewereCH4emissionsfromlandfilling,CO2emissionsfromfuelcombustioninmanufacturingindustries

andconstructionandCO2emissionsfromthemanufactureofsolidfuels(e.g.charcoal)(Fig.3).

Figure 1 Sector shares of total greenhouse gases in 1990 and 2006 in the EU-15

1990

Energy w ithout

transport

61%

Transport

16%

Agriculture

10%

Waste

4%

Industrial processes

9%

Solvent use and

other

0%

Energy without transport TransportAgriculture Industrial processesWaste Solvent use and other

2006

Energy w ithout

transport

59%

Transport

21%

Agriculture

9%

Industrial processes

8%

Waste

3%

Solvent use and other

0%

Source: EEA, 2008a.

Figure 2 Sector shares of total CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions in 2006

C O 2 2006

Energy use

excluding

transport69%

Industrial

processes

6%

Agriculture

0%Waste

0%

Transport

25%

C H 4 2006

Transport

1%

Waste

30%

Agriculture

55%

Industrial

processes

0%

Energy use

excluding

transport

16%

N 2 O 2006Energy use

excluding

transport

9%

Industrial

processes

12%

Agriculture

69 %

Waste

4% Transport

6%

Source: EEA, 2008a


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Figure 3 Changes in emissions from key sources in the EU-15 from 1990 to 2006

Note: The most important key sources of greenhouse gas emissions listed here account for 85 % of total emissionsin 2006, excluding emissions and removals from LULUCF.

Source: EEA, 2008a

-90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240

Road Transportatio n (CO2 from 1A3b)

1A1a Public Elec tric ity and Heat

Pro duction (CO2 fro m 1A1a)

Refrigeration and Air Conditio ning

Equipment (HFC fro m 2F1)

Pet roleum refining (CO2 from 1A1b)

Cement Pro duction (CO2 from 2A1)

Commercial/Institutional (CO2 from

1A4a )

Resident ial (CO2 fro m1A4b )

Iron and Steel Pro duction (CO2 from

2C1)

Agriculture/Fo restry/Fisheries (CO2

from 1A4c)

Cattle (CH4 from 4A1)

Indirect Emission (N2O from 4D3)

Direct Soil Emissions (N2O from 4D1)

Iron and Steel (CO2 from 1A2a)

M anufacture of Solid fuels and Other

Energy Industries (CO2 f rom 1A1c)

Other (CO2 from 1A2f )

M anaged Waste dispo sal on Land (CH4from 6A1)

Abso lute change in million to nnes of CO2 equivalents

-90% -60% -30% 0% 30% 60% 90% 120% 150% 180% 210% 240%Percentage change

Absolute Change Relative Change


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Figure 4 Contribution of key sources to total GHG emissions in 1990 and 2006

Source: EEA, 2008a

Share 1990

22%

15%

10%

8%

4%

3%

3%

3%

3%

13%

Share 2006

25%

19%10%

7%

4%

3%

2%

2%

2%

11%

Public Electricit y and Heat Production

(CO2 from 1A1a)Road Transportation (CO2 from 1A3b)

Residential (CO2 from 1A4b)

Other (CO2 from 1A2f)

Commercial/Institutional (CO2 from

1A4a)

Petroleum refining (CO2 from 1A1b)

Cattle (CH4 from 4A1)

Direct Soil Emissions (N2O from 4D1)

Iron and Steel (CO2 from 1A2a)

Sum of remaining key sources

(presented in Figure 3)


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A 1.2 Energy supply (energy industries)

Definition(IPCCsector1A1):emissionsfromfuelscombustedbythefuelextractionorenergyproducingindustries.

Key EU pol ic ies and measures

DirectiveontheEUemissiontradingscheme(ETS)(2003)

Directiveonelectricityproductionfromrenewableenergysources(2001)

CogenerationDirective(2004)

Directiveonenergytaxation(2003)

Directiveontheenergyperformanceofbuildings(2002).

Trends Between1990and2006,GHGemissionsfromenergyindustriesincreasedby4%intheEU15.

Theyincreasedby7%between2000and2006intheEU15.

Total GHG emission

from 1A1

Share in 1990

total GHG

Share in 2006

total GHG

Change 1990

2006

Change 2000

2006

EU-15 27.4 % 29.0 % 3.7 % 7.4 %

EU-27 30.2 % 30.9 % 5.5 % 6.1 %

Project ions t arget ing energy supply and use Belgium,Denmark,Germany,SwedenandtheUnitedKingdomaretheEU15MemberStates

thatprojectthatwiththeexistingmeasuresinplace,2010emissionsfromenergysupplyandusewillbelowerthanin1990.TheotherEU15MemberStatesprojectincreasingemissionscomparedto1990.Austriaprojectbeingbelow1990levelswiththeimplementationofadditionaldomesticmeasures.

ExceptSloveniaallEU12MemberStatesprojectdecreasesinGHGemissionsfromenergysupplyanduseby2010comparedto1990emissions,duetothereductionsthattookplaceinthe1990s.

Inthefollowingpoliciesandmeasuresconcerningenergyindustriesandenergyuseinresidentialandservicesbuildingsaredescribed,asastrictdisaggregationofenergyrelevantpoliciesandmeasurestoallsubsectorsisnotfeasible.

Project ion savings f rom pol ic ies and measures target ing energy supply and use

Thegreatestemissionreductionsby2010inthewholeenergysector(energysupplyanduse,includingtransport),areprojectedtobeprovidedbypoliciesandmeasurestargetingenergyindustries.Thesepoliciesandmeasuresconcernrenewableenergy,combinedheatandpower(CHP),energytaxationandbuildingstandards.

Inaddition,MemberStatesexpecttheEUEmissionTradingScheme(ETS)tocontributeanemissionreductionofatleast123MtCO2intheEU27by2010.


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EmissionreductionpotentialsreportedbyMemberStatesforenergypolicieshavestayedrelativelyconstantsince2006fortheEU15,withabroadlysimilarsplitbetween existing andplanned policies.

Figure5showsprojectedemissionsavingsfortheEU15intheenergysupplyandusesector,bysubsector(excepttransport).Projectedsavingsfrompoliciesandmeasuresin2010areestimated

bycomparisonwithahypotheticalreferencecaseinwhichnomeasureswereimplementedsincethestartingyearchosenbyMemberStatesfortheir withoutmeasures projections(seeAnnex5.3forfurtherdescriptionofthismethod).DisaggregationbysubsectorwasnotavailablefortheEU12.

Ofallpolicesandmeasurestargetingthewholeenergysector(energysupply,energyuse,transport),thosetargetingtheenergysupplysector(energyindustries)areprojectedtoprovidegreatestemissionreductionsby2010.Theyaccountfor64%ofallprojectedsavingsfromexistingmeasuresintheenergysector(excludingtransport)and54%ofallprojectedsavingsfromadditionalmeasures.CountriessuchasGermany,ItalyandtheUnitedKingdomreportsignificantprojectedsavings,inparticularfrompoliciesandmeasurespromotingrenewableenergy.

Policiesandmeasuresappliedtotheendusesectorsofmanufacturingindustriesandtocommercial,residentialandagricultureenergyusealsomakesignificantcontributionstotheenergysector.ThispossiblyreflectsthefactthatintheEUasawhole,therearemanyzeroorlowcostoptionsforimprovementsinenergyefficiencythatcanmakeindustryandcommercemorecompetitive.Arangeofeconomicinstrumentsandvoluntaryagreementsareintendedtostimulateuptakeoftheseoptions.

Figure 5 EU-15 projected greenhouse gas emission savings in energy supply and

use excluding transport in 2010

41.8

82.3

9.1

-3.7

3.2

16.3

42.5

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Energy not disaggregated Energy industries Other inc. commercial,

residential, agriculture

Manufacturing industries and

construction

Carbon

saving(MtCO2-eq.)

Existing policies and measures Additional policies and measures

Note: Projected savings from policies and measures in 2010 are estimated by comparison with a hypotheticalreference case in which no measures were implemented since the starting year for the 'without measures'projection. See Annex 5.3 for further description of this method.

Projected emission reductions from policies are calculated from projection scenarios: the effect of 'existing'policies and measures is obtained by subtracting the 'with existing measures' projection from the 'withoutmeasures' projection and the effect of 'additional' policies and measures by subtracting the 'with additionalmeasures' projection from the 'with existing measures' projection.

Source: See Chapter 7 Sources of Information. Details on individual Member States can be found in Table 4 of theCountry Profiles (Annex 8).


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Inaddition,someMemberStatesreportedontheeffectsoftheEUEmissionTradingScheme.Accordingtotheirpreliminaryestimates,itwillcontributetoa123MtCO2emissionsreductionintheEU27in2010,largelythroughactionsintheenergyandindustrialsectors.Amore

comprehensiveapproachconsistsinestimatingtheemissionreductionsbasedontheannualemissioncapsfortheperiod20082012comparedtoaverageverifiedemissionsfor2005/2006.Accordingtothatmethod,theEUETSwouldbringanoverallreductionof127MtCO2fortheEU27.(SeeSection6.4ofthemainreport.)

Figure6andFigure7display2010emissionprojectionsunder withmeasures, withadditionalmeasures (whereoneexists)and withoutmeasures scenarios,asreportedbyMemberStatesintheirlatestsubmissions.ThisillustratestheeffectofPAMsimplementedintheenergysector,includingEUwideandnationalactions.Wherea withoutmeasures scenarioisnotreportedbyMemberStates,ithasbeenestimatedthroughabottomupadditionofMemberStatequantificationsoftheeffectofenergyrelatedPAMs.ThemostsignificantemissionsavingsfromexistingPAMstargetingenergyindustriesareprojectedinGermany,PolandandSpain.AdditionalmeasuresareprojectedtodeliversignificantsavingsinGermany,FranceandItaly.

Figure 6 Projected effect of energy PAMs (excluding transport) to EU-15 projected

emissions in 2010

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

United Kingdom

Sweden

Spain

Portugal

Netherlands

Luxembourg

Italy

Ireland

Greece

Germany

France

Finland

Denmark

BelgiumAustria

MtCO2-eq.With additional meas ures scenario With exis ting meas ures scenario Without m eas ures scenario

Source: See Sources of Information (Chapter 7). Details on individual Member States can be found in Table 4 of theCountry Profiles (Annex 8).


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Figure 7 Projected contribution of energy PAMs (transport included) to EU-12

projected emissions in 2010

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Slovenia

Slovakia

Romania

Poland

Malta

Lithuania

Latvia

Hungary

Estonia

Czech Republic

Cyprus

Bulgaria

MtCO2-eq.With additional measures scenario With existing measures scenario Without measures scenario

Source: See Sources of Information (Chapter 7). Details on individual Member States can be found in Table 4 of theCountry Profiles (Annex 8).

Compar ison betw een 2007 and 2008 pro ject ions

LimitedcomparisonscanbemadebetweenthefindingsfromreportssubmittedbyMemberStatesin2008andthosesubmittedin2007,asthemethodologyforcalculatingpolicysavingshaschangedbetweenthe2007and2008GreenhousegasemissiontrendsandprojectionsinEuropereports,fromamixoftopdownandbottomuptosolelytopdown(1).Thefollowingpointsprovideacomparisonofprojectedsavings(emissionreductions)byenergysubsectorandby with

measures and withadditionalmeasures scenariosin2007and2008: FortheEU15,combinedprojectedsavingsfrom withmeasures and withadditional

measures inthe manufacturingindustriesandconstruction, otherincludingcommercial,residential,agriculture and energyindustries subsectorshavedecreasedby42Mt,79Mtand116Mtrespectivelyin2008comparedto2007,whileprojectedsavingswhichwerenotattributedtooneofthesubsectorshaveincreasedby53Mt.

FortheEU15,reportedemissionreductionpotentialsfor2010fromenergypolicieshavedecreasedby327Mtforexistingmeasuresandby23Mtforadditionalmeasures.

(1) The top-down method involves calculating the difference between total projections in each scenario ('withoutmeasures' minus 'with existing measures', and 'with existing measures' minus 'with additional measures'), whilebottom-up involves adding together the reported effect (emission reductions) of individual measures.


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Emissionssavingsfromadditionalpoliciescouldbemorecomprehensivelydisaggregatedbyenergysubsectorin2008anditcanbededucedthattherehasbeenlittlechangeinthesplitcomparedto2007.

ForthewholeEU,emissionreductionpotentialsfor2010fromenergypolicieshavedecreased

by340Mt.


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A 1.2.1 CO2 emissions from electricity and heat production

Definition(IPCCsector1A1a):emissionsfrompublicelectricitygeneration,publiccombinedheatandpowergeneration,andpublicheatplants.Publicutilitiesaredefinedasthoseundertakingswhoseprimary

activityistosupplythepublic.Theymaybeinpublicorprivateownership.Thiscategoryincludesemissionsfromownonsiteuseoffuelbutnotemissionsfromautoproducers(undertakingswhichgenerate

electricity/heatwhollyorpartlyfortheirownuse,asanactivitywhichsupportstheirprimaryactivity).

In2006,CO2emissionsfrompublicelectricityandheatproductionintheEU15were7%higherthanin1990.

AcontinuousdecouplingbetweenCO2emissionsandelectricityandheatproductionhasbeenobservedsince1990.Itismainlyduetofuelswitching(coaltogas)andefficiencyimprovements.However,therehavebeensignsoffurtherdecouplingofemissionsfrom

productionsince2003,asemissionshavebeenrelativelystabledespiteincreasingelectricityproductionandconsumption.

Electricityconsumptionandproductionareprojectedtokeepstronglyincreasing.

CO2 emission from

1A1aShare in 1990

total GHGShare in 2006

total GHGChange

19902006Change

20002006

EU-15 22.4 % 24.5 % 7.3 % 8.8 %

EU-27 26.0 % 26.8 % 4.8 % 7.1 %

Between1990and2006,electricityproductionincreasedintheEU15by41%(Figure8)andthe

amountoffuelcombustedincreasedby23%(Figure9),whilerelatedemissionsincreasedbyonly7%.Thesetrendsindicatetheoccurrenceofefficiencyimprovementsinelectricitygeneration(lessfuelneededforthesameelectricityoutput)andfuelswitching(lessCO2emissionsforthesameamountoffuelcombusted).

Afteranincreaseinemissionsbetween1999and2003duetohigherelectricityproductionfromcoalpowerplants(EEA,2006a),emissionshaveremainedstablesince2003,mainlyduetomarkedimprovementsinfuelefficiency.Theemissionreductionsduetotheshareofnuclearandrenewableenergyareofminorimportance.TheshareofelectricityproductioninnuclearpowerplantsintotalEU15electricityproductionevendecreasedbetween1990and2006from33.4%to31.9%.IntheEU15,thestronggrowthofelectricitygenerationfrombiomass,naturalgasfired

powerstationsandwindturbines(401%,346%,>10000%,respectively,between1990and2006)hasresultedinminoremissionreductionssofar,asbiomassandwindturbinesonlyhaveacombinedshareof5%oftotalelectricitygenerationin2006.Furthermore,electricitygenerationfromhydropowerdecreasedby17%between2001and2006.

ElectricityproductionandconsumptionarenowstronglyincreasingwhiletheresultingCO2emissionsremainrelativelystable(Figure8).Itisprojectedthatelectricityconsumptionandproductionwillcontinuetoincrease(Figure8).


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Figure 8 CO2 emissions from public electricity and heat production compared w ith

electricity production and final electricity consumption, EU-15 and EU-27

107

141

137

152148

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Index

100=1

990

level

CO2 emissions (past) Elec tr ic ity produc tion (pas t)

Electricity consumption (past) Electricity production (projected)

Electricity consumption (projected)

95

133

131

145143

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Index

100

=1

990l

evel

CO2 emissions (past ) Elect ric ity p roduct ion (past)

Electrici ty consumption (past) Electricity production (projected)

Electricity consumption (projected)

Source: EEA, 2008a; Eurostat; PRIMES.

Figure 9 Comparison of CO2 emission and fuel combustion, and change of share of

fuel use between 1990 and 2006 for the EU-15

107

123

87

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

CO2 emissi ons Fuel co mb ust io n sp ecif ic CO2 emissi on p er fuel co mb ust ed

2 0 0 6

Solid

53%

Gaseous

32%

Other

3%Liquid

7%Biomass

5%

1990

Liquid

16%

Other

1%

Gaseous

10%

Biomass

2%

Solid

71%

Source: EEA, 2008a;

In

eight

EU

12

and

four

EU

15

Member

States,

CO2

emissions

decreased

between

1990

and

2006.

In

eightofthesetwelveMemberStates,electricityproductionincreasedinthesametime(Figure10).SwedenhasaremarkablylowincreaseinCO2emissionsdespiteaveryhighincreaseinelectricityproduction.Thisispartlyduetoaremarkableincreaseintheshareofbiomasscombustioninpublicelectricityandheatproductionbetween1990and2006(from13%to51%).Between1990and2006CO2emissionsweredecoupledfromfuelcombustioninthirteenEU15andfourEU12MemberStates(Figure11).Emissionsevendecreasedinsomecaseswhilefuelcombustionincreased.InLuxembourg,acompleteshiftfromcoaltogashasoccurred.

Index

1990

=1

00


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Figure 10 Change of electricity consumption and production (in thermal powerplants) and CO2 emissions from public electricity and heat production

between 1990 and 2006

-100% -50% 0% 50% 100% 150% 200% 250%

LithuaniaLatvia

Estonia

Romania

Slovakia

Bulgaria

Poland

Hungary

UK

EU-27

Belgium

France

Germany

Czech Republic

Sweden

Slovenia

EU-15

Denmark

AustriaLuxembourg

Italy

Netherlands

Greece

Ireland

Portugal

Malta

Spain

Finland

Cyprus

CO2 emissions Electricity consumption Electricity production

Source: EEA, 2008a; Eurostat.

Figure 11 Change of amount of fuel combustion and CO2 emissions from publicelectricity and heat production between 1990 and 2006 in the EU-15

-100% -50% 0% 50% 100% 150%

Cyprus

Finland

Spain

Malta

Portugal

Ireland

Greece

Netherlands

Italy

Luxembourg

Austria

Denmark

EU15

Slovenia

Sweden

Czech Republic

Germany

France

Belgium

EU-27

UK

Hungary

Poland

Bulgaria

Slovakia

Romania

Estonia

Latvia

Lithuania

CO2 emissions Fuel combustion

302%

Source: EEA, 2008a.


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Emissions intensity from the energy transformation sector (Priority Indicator N7 andprojected Indicator N7)

SpecificCO2emissionsofpublicandautoproducerpowerplantshavebeendecreasingsince1990.

Tomonitortheprogressofpoliciesandmeasuresintheenergytransformationsector,specificCO2emissionsofpublicandautoproducerpowerplantsarereportedbyMemberStates.ThisindicatoristheratiobetweenCO2emissionsfrompublicandautoproducerthermalpowerstations(2),andtheoutput(3)bythesestations.Significantdecouplingtookplacebetween1994and1997and

between2003and2006(Figure12).

NineofthetwelveMemberStatesthatreportedboth,thechangeinCO2emissionsandthechangeinenergyoutputbetween1990and2006showedadecouplingofthesetwoparameters(Figure13).ThelowestCO2intensitywasobservedinSweden(Figure13).

Figure 12 CO2 emissions from public and autoproducer (total and thermal) pow er

stations compared w ith all products-output for the EU-15

107

139

79

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

CO2 emissions

Output by public and auto producer thermal power stat ions

specific CO2 emissio ns of public and autoproducer power plants, t CO2 / TJ o utput

Source: EEA, 2008a; Eurostat.

(2) CO2 emissions from all fossil fuel combustion for gross electricity and heat production by public and autoproducerthermal power and combined heat and power plants. Emissions from heat only plants are not included.

(3) Gross electricity produced and any heat sold to third parties (combined heat and power plants CHP). Outputfrom heat only plants is not included.

Index

1990

=1

00


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Figure 13 Specific CO2 emissions of public and autoproducer power plants, t CO2/ TJ

(change 19902006; absolute intensity) (Prior ity Indicator N7)

Note: Comparisons of absolute intensities are only of limited significance as data are not always consistent acrosscountries and not all countries reported the whole time series.

Source: EEA, 2008a; Member States submissions.

Theintensityvaluesfor2006areavailablefor22MemberStates(Figure13).LowintensitiesobservedinnorthernEuropemaybeexplainedby:

highsharesofbiomasscombustioninpublicelectricityandheatproduction(e.g.Sweden,Denmark,andFinland),

highsharesofCHP(Denmark,Finland,Latvia),

highsharesofgaseousfuels(e.g.Latvia,Lithuania,theUnitedKingdom).

Ofthe14MemberStatesthatprovidedprojectionsforCO2emissionsfrompublicandautoproducerthermalpowerstations,onlyfour(Belgium,Germany,Spain,theUnitedKingdom)

project

decreasing

emissions

between

2005

and

2010

(Figure

14).

-100% -50% 0% 50% 100% 150% 200%

EstoniaSlovakia

LatviaGermany

UKFrance

LuxembourgItaly

AustriaNetherlands

IrelandPortugalFinland

SpainCyprus

SwedenSloveniaRomania

PolandMalta

LithuaniaHungaryGreece

DenmarkCzech Republic

BulgariaBelgium

EU-27EU-15

CO2 emissions change in all product output

634%

CO2 intensity t/TJ (2006)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

EstoniaSlovakia

LatviaGermany

UKFrance

LuxembourgItaly

AustriaNetherlands

IrelandPortugalFinland

SpainCyprus

SwedenSloveniaRomania

PolandMalta

LithuaniaHungaryGreece


BulgariaBelgium

EU-27EU-15


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Figure 14 Pro jected Change in CO2 emissions from public and autoproducer thermalpower stations and all products output between 2005 and 2010

(Projected Indicator N7)

-50% 0% 50% 100% 150% 200% 250% 300%

SpainGermany

UKBelgium

Czech RepublicNetherlands

IrelandSloveniaPoland

SwedenDenmarkSlovakiaFinland

LithuaniaRomaniaPortugal

MaltaLatvia

LuxembourgItaly

HungaryGreeceFranceEstonia

BulgariaAustriaCyprus

EU-15EU-27

change CO2 emissions (2005-2010) change output (2005-2010)

Note: Comparisons of absolute intensities are only of limited significance as data are not always consistent acrosscountries.

Source: Member States' submissions.


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Projected savings f rom key pol ic ies and measures target ing energy industr ies

ThemainGHGemissionreductionsinEU27energyindustriesareprojectedtobederivedfrompoliciesandmeasurespromotingrenewableenergy.

Significantadditionalreductionsarealsoexpectedfrompoliciesandmeasuresoncombinedheatandpower(cogeneration)andenergytaxation.

Savingsfromrenewableenergypoliciesandmeasuresplayamajorrole,amountingfor62MtCO2eq.(50Mtfromexistingmeasuresand12Mtfromplannedadditionalmeasures).TheCHPDirective(15Mt)andtheenergytaxationDirective(17Mt)arealsoexpectedtocontributesignificantlytoreductionsofEU27emissionsin2010,asillustratedinFigure15below.MoreinformationonpoliciesrelatedtorenewableenergyandCHPisprovidedinthenextsection.Thedirectiveonenergyenduseefficiencyandenergyservicesisexpectedtocreate1%annualsavingsintheenergyindustriessectorbutisquantifiedbyMemberStatestoreduceEU27emissionsby

justover3Mtsofar.ThedirectiverequiresMemberStatestodrawupnationalactionplanstoachieve1%yearlyenergysavingsintheretail,supplyanddistributionofelectricity,naturalgas,urbanheating,andotherenergyproductsincludingtransportfuels.

Figure 15 EU-27 projected greenhouse gas emission savings from key CCPMs in theenergy supply sector in 2010

61.8

17.5

15.0

3.7 0.20.9

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

RES-E Directive Energy taxation

Directive

Co-generation

Directive

Internal electricity

market Directive

Large Combustion

Plant Directive

Internal market in

natural gas

CarbonsavingsMtCO2-eq.

Source: Database on Policies and Measures in Europe (www.oeko.de/service/pam/sector.php) as of 17 July 2008.


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A 1.2.2 CO2 emissions from petroleum refining

Definition(IPCCsector1A1b):emissionsfromallcombustionactivitiessupportingtherefiningofpetroleumproducts.Thiscategorydoesnotincludeevaporativeemissions.

Between1990and2006,CO2emissionsfrompetroleumrefiningincreasedsignificantly,closelyfollowingthetrendoffuelcombustioninthissector(Fig.16).

Nodecouplingbetweenemissionsandactivityhasoccurredsincethefuelmix,stilllargelydominatedbyliquidfuels,didnotchangesignificantly(Fig.16)

ExceptinBulgaria,CzechRepublic,Hungary,theNetherlands,SloveniaandtheUnitedKingdom,CO2emissionsincreasedinallEUMemberStates.

CO2 emission

from 1A1b

Share in 1990

total GHG

Share in 2006

total GHG

Change 1990

2006

Change 2000

2006

EU-15 2.5 % 2.9 % 11.8 % 0.6 %

EU-27 2.1 % 2.5 % 13.9 % 0.5 %

Between2005and2006,fuelcombustionandCO2emissionsfrompetroleumrefiningdecreasedsharply.Thisdecreaseseemstobemainlycausedbyadeclineintheoverallconsumptionofoilproductsandadeclineinlocalproductioncoupledwithincreasingimportsofoilproducts.

Figure 16 Trend of EU-15 CO2 and EU-27 CO2 emissions from petroleum refining and

gross value and share of fuels in 1990 and 2006 for the EU-15

112113

114

116

80

90

100

110

120

130

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

CO2 emissions EU-15 Fuel Combus tion EU-15

C O2 em is sio ns EU-27 Fuel Co mbus tio n EU-27

Source: EEA, 2008a.

1990

93%

0%0%4%

3%

2006

91%

0% 0%8%

1%

Liquid Fuels Solid Fuels

Gaseous Fuels Biomass

Other Fuels

Index

1990

=1

00


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Figure 17 Change of CO2 emissions and fuel combustion from petroleum refiningbetween 1990 and 2006 for EU-27 Member States

- 100% -50% 0% 50% 100% 150% 200% 250%

SloveniaBulgaria

Czech RepublicUK

Hungary

NetherlandsGermany

LithuaniaFrance

BelgiumDenmark

EU15EU-27

Slovakia

AustriaSpain

SwedenFinland

PortugalGreece

ItalyEstonia

IrelandPoland

Luxembourg

LatviaMalta

RomaniaCyprus


Note: Romania reports emissions under 'Public electricity and heat production'.The following Member States reported that CO2 emissions from petroleum refining were not occurring: Latvia,Luxembourg and Malta (1990 and 2006) and Cyprus (2006).

Source: EEA, 2008a.


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A 1.2.3 CO2 emissions from the manufacture of solid fuels and otherenergy industries

Definition(IPCCsector1A1c):combustionemissionsfromfueluseduringthemanufactureofsecondaryandtertiaryproductsfromsolidfuelsincludingproductionofcharcoal.Thiscategoryincludesemissions

fromown

on

site

fuel

use.

Between1990and2006,CO2emissionsfromthemanufactureofsolidfuelsandotherenergyindustriesweresignificantlyreduced,followingthetrendinfuelcombustioninthissector(Figure18).

ThedecreasingtrendinCO2emissionsstoppedin2000.Emissionshavebeenstablesince,atalevel40%below1990levels.

FuelswitchingfromsolidtogaseousfuelsledtofurtherreductioninCO2emissions(Figure18).

TenEU27MemberStatesshowadecreasebetween1990and2006,butemissionsincreasedbymorethan150%inDenmarkandtheSlovakRepublic(Figure19).

CO2 emission

from 1A1c

Share in 1990

total GHG

Share in 2006

total GHG

Change 1990

2006

Change 2000

2006

EU-15 2.3 % 1.4 % 41.2 % 0.8 %

EU-27 1.9 % 1.3 % 37.2 % 2.9 %

Figure 18 Trend of EU-15 CO2 and EU-27 CO2 emissions from manufacture of solidfuels and other energy industries and share of fuels in 1990 and 2006 for

the EU-15

59

67

63

71

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

EU-15 CO2 em issions Fuel Combus tion EU-15

EU-27 CO2 emis sio ns F uel Co mbus tio n EU-27

Source: EEA, 2008a.

Between1993and1994combustionofsolidfuelsincreasedonlyslightlywhiletheincreaseincombustionofgaseousandliquidfuelswasmorepronouncedwhichledtoanincreaseintotalfuelcombustionintheEU27(Figure18).Inthefollowingyears,combustionofsolidandliquidfuelsdecreasedmorethancombustionofgaseousfuelsincreasedinboththeEU15andEU27.Thisledtoadecreasingtrendinfuelcombustion(Figure18).

1990

4%4%

74%

17%

1%

2006 3%6%

54%

35%

2%

Liquid Fuels Solid Fuels

Gaseous Fuels Biomass

Other Fuels

Index

1990

=1

00


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Figure 19 Change of CO2 emissions and fuel combustion from manufacture of solidfuels between 1990 and 2006 for EU-27 Member States

-110% -60% -10% 40% 90% 140% 190%

PortugalSloveniaBelgium

Germany

Latvia

CzechEU15

EU-27France

GreeceLithuania

SpainPoland

SwedenAustria

Finland

ItalyIreland

BulgariaUK

NetherlandsDenmark

SlovakiaLuxembour

Cyprus

EstoniaHungary

MaltaRomania


6448%

13792%

Note: Romania reports emissions under 'Public electricity and heat production'; Hungary includes emissions under'Chemical industry'.The following Member States reported that CO2 emissions from manufacture of solid fuels and other energyindustries were not occurring: Cyprus, Estonia, Luxembourg and Malta (1990 and 2006) and Portugal (2006)

Source: EEA, 2008a.


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A 1.3 Energy use (excluding transport)

A 1.3.1 CO2 emissions from energy use in manufacturing industries and

construction

Definition(IPCCsector1A2):emissionsfromcombustionoffuelsinindustryincludingcombustionforthegenerationofelectricityandheat.Thiscategorydoesnotincludeemissionsfromtheenergyusedfor

transportbyindustry,butincludeemissionsarisingfromoffroadandothermobilemachineryinindustry.

Key EU pol ic ies and measures

CogenerationDirective(2004)

Trends

Between1990and2006,GHGemissionsfromenergyuseinmanufacturingindustries

decreasedby12%.Theydecreasedby2%between2000and2006.

Energyintensity(4)inindustrydecreasedbyapproximately1.8%peryearovertheperiod19902004(EEA,2006b).Thiswasduetostructuralchangesinfavourofhighervalueaddedproducts,changesinsomeindustriestolessenergyintensiveprocesses,improvementsintheenergyefficiencyofprocessesandimportsubstitution.

CO2emissionsincreasedbetween1990and2006inonlysixEU27MemberStates(Figure20).

DataforgrossvalueaddedinmanufacturingindustrieswereprovidedbyonlysixEU27MemberStates.AllthesedatashowthatCO2emissionsweredecoupledfromgrossvalueadded.

CO2 emission

from 1A2

Share in 1990

total GHG

Share in 2006

total GHG

Change 1990

2006

Change 2000

2006

EU-15 14.4 % 12.9 % 12.2 % 2.2 %

EU-27 14.5 % 12.8 % 18.9 % 3.6 %

Pol ic ies and measures target ing energy use in manufac tur ing industr ies

Specificclimatepoliciesandmeasurescontributedonlypartiallytothedecreaseinenergyintensity.

ThepromotionofCHPinindustryisexpectedtofurtherreduceenergyintensity.

PastreductionsinCO2emissionsfrommanufacturingindustrieswereduetoadecreaseinenergyintensity(ratioofenergyusetovalueadded)ofindustrybyanaverageof1.8%peryearovertheperiod19902004(EEA,2006b).Thiswasduetostructuralchangesinfavourofhighervalueaddedproducts,changesinsomeindustriestolessenergyintensiveprocesses,improvementsintheenergyefficiencyofprocessesandimportsubstitution.Onlypartofthesedevelopmentswas

due

to

specific

policies

and

measures

aimed

at

reducing

greenhouse

gas

emissions.

The

(4) Energy intensity: ratio of energy use to value added.


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improvementinenergyintensityisprojectedtocontinueortobeenhanced,withthehelpofexistingandadditionalpoliciesandmeasures.ThepromotionofCHPinindustryisalsoexpectedtoreduceenergyintensity.

Figure 20 Change of CO2 emissions from fossil fuel consumption in industry andgross values added of industry between 19902006 and 20052010(Projected Indicator N4)

-100% -50% 0% 50% 100%

LithuaniaEstonia

LuxembourgLatvia

BulgariaSlovakiaHungary

CzechRomaniaGermany

MaltaPolandEU-27

SloveniaUK

BelgiumNetherlands

FinlandEU15

FranceGreece

ItalySwedenCyprus

DenmarkPortugalAustriaIrelandSpain

change CO2 emissions (1990-2006) change GVA (1990-2006)

-50% 0% 50% 100%

GermanyBelgium

Czech RepublicUK

ItalyFinland

DenmarkNetherlands

AustriaSlovenia

LatviaIrelandSpain

SwedenSlovakia

LithuaniaRomaniaPortugal

PolandMalta

LuxembourgHungaryGreeceFranceEstoniaCyprus

BulgariaEU-27EU-15

change CO2 emissions (2005-2010) change GVA (2005-2010)

Note: Comparisons of absolute intensities are only of limited significance as data are not always consistent acrosscountries.

Source: EEA, 2008a, Eurostat, Member States' submissions


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A 1.3.2 CO2 emission from energy use and processes for iron andsteel production

Definition(IPCCsector1A2a):emissionsfromcombustionoffuelsintheironandsteelindustryincludingcombustionforthegenerationofelectricityandheat.

Definition(IPCCsector2C1):byproductorfugitivegreenhousegasemissionsfromindustrialprocessingofironandsteelproducts

EU15CO2emissionsfromironandsteelproductiondecreasedby13%between1990and2006andby2%between2000and2006.

Thiswasmainlyduetheincreasingshareofelectricprocessinginsteelproduction,whiletheshareofintegratedsteelworkshasbeendecreasing.

Emissionsandgrossvalueaddedhavebeendecouplingsincethelate1990s.

CO2emissionsfromironandsteelproductionaresplitbetween:

processrelatedemissions,accountedforinthecategorySector2 Industry,

combustionrelatedemissions,accountedforinthecategorySector1 Energy.

AstheboundarybetweenenergyandprocessrelatedemissionsisnotuniformlyinterpretedinindividualMemberStates,thischapterdealswithbothcombustion(1A2a)andprocess(2C1)relatedemissions.

In2006,energyrelatedCO2emissionsandprocessrelatedCO2emissionscontributeeach2%tototalEU15GHGemissions.Emissionsdependpartlyonthemethodofprocessing(integratedsteelworksorelectricprocessing),wherebyelectricprocessingcauseslessdirectemissionsinthespecificcategory.Emissionsalsodependonthefuelsusedforcombustion.In199073.5%ofthefuelsusedforcombustioninironandsteelproductionweresolidfuels.In2006theshareofsolidfuelsdecreased66.95%.Inthesametimetheshareofgaseousfuelsincreased(18.4%in1990and26.3%in2006).ThisswitchfromsolidtogaseousfuelscontributestothereductionofenergyrelatedCO2emissionsinironandsteelproduction.

Since2001,CO2emissionsfromironandsteelhavebeenrelativelystablewhile:

steelproductionfromelectricprocessinghasbeensteadilyincreasing;

steelproductionfromintegratedsteelworkshasbeenstable.

CO2 emissionsShare in 1990

total GHGShare in 2006

total GHGChange 1990

2006Change 2000

2006

2C1 (process)

EU-15 1.7 % 1.6 % 8.1 % 2.2 %

EU-27 1.9 % 1.7 % 15.1 % 6.1 %

1A2a (combustion)

EU-15 2.8 % 2.4 % 16.6 % 5.0 %

EU-27 2.7 % 2.4 % 18.9 % 4.4 %

Total iron and steel

industry

EU-15 4.5 % 3.9 % 13.3 % 2.2 %

EU-27 4.6 % 4.1 % 17.3 % 0.2 %


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ThisindicatesadecouplingbetweensteelproductionfromelectricprocessingandrelatedCO2emissions,duetoefficiencyimprovementsinthesteelproductionprocessandinelectricitygenerationbythesteelindustry.

Figure 21 Trend of CO2 emissions, steel production and gross value added for EU-15

Member States and share of fuels in 1990 and 2006

1990

70%

30%

2006

59%

41%

integrated steelworks

electric processing

94

165

8791

127

176

70

90

110

130

150

170

190

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

Steel production (past ) - integrated steelworks

Steel product ion (past) - electric processing

CO2 from iron and steel

Steel production (projected) - integrated steelworks

Gross Value added (past)

Steel product ion (projected) - electric processing

Source: EEA, 2008a, PRIMES, Eurostat

TheemissiontrendintheEU27issimilartotheEU15andshowsdecreasingCO2emissionswhilegrossvalueaddedandelectricprocessingofsteelisincreasing.


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Figure 22 Trend of CO2 emissions, steel production and gross value added EU-27

Member States

89

150

83 86

131

167

70

90

110

130

150

170

190

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

Steel production (past) - integrated steelworks

Steel production (past) - electric processing

CO2 from iron and steel

Steel production (projected) - integrated steelworks

Gros s Value added (past)

Steel production (projected) - electric processing

Source: EEA, 2008a, PRIMES, Eurostat


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Total CO2 intensity and specific CO2emissions in the iron and steel industry (additionalpriority indicators 2 and 5)

In21ofthe24MemberStatesforwhichdataareavailable,CO2emissionsintheironandsteelindustrydecreasedbetween1990and2006.

ApproximatelyhalfoftheMemberStatesreportedsufficientdataallowingindicatorsassessment.

SeventeenMemberStatesreportedbothnominatoranddenominatorin2006forthecalculationofCO2intensityinthesteelindustry(5)(Figure23).In13countries,theresultingintensityisbelow5000tCO2perEURmillionofgrossvalueadded(Figure23).Forsomecountries(e.g.DenmarkandSlovenia),thedenominatormayincludemoreactivitiesthanforothercountries,becausenodisaggregatedinformationisavailable.

Figure 23 CO2 intensity - iron and steel industry per gross value added, t/ EURmillion (change 19902006; absolute intensity) (Additional P riority

Indicator N2)

-150% -100% -50% 0% 50% 100% 150% 200%

IrelandLuxembourg

PortugalHungarySlovenia

PolandGreeceBelgium

LatviaItaly

RomaniaUK

EstoniaBulgariaSlovakiaFrance

Czech RepublicNetherlandsGermany

SpainSw edenDenmark

AustriaFinland

MaltaLithuania

EU-27EU-15

Cyprus

change in CO2 emissions (1990-2006) change in GVA (1990-2006)

CO2 Intensity t/Mio (2006)

0 5000 10000 15000 20000

IrelandLuxembourg


PolandGreeceBelgium

LatviaItaly

RomaniaUK

EstoniaBulgariaSlovakiaFrance


GermanySpain

SwedenDenmark

AustriaFinland

MaltaLithuania

EU-27EU-15

Cyprus

Note: Comparisons of absolute intensities are only of limited significance as data are not always consistent across

countries.Cyprus, Lithuania and Malta do not produce iron and steel.

Source: Member States' submissions

ThereportingofMemberStatesregardingCO2emissionsfromtheironandsteelindustryperunitofoxygensteelproduced(additionalpriorityindicatorN5)issubstantiallyincompletetoallowmeaningfulEUwidecomparison.ForSloveniathevalueforgrossvalueaddedincludesnonferrousmetalindustry.ThismightcausethelowCO2intensities(Fig.23).Austria,Finland,SlovakiaandSloveniahadastrongincreaseinsteelproductionbetween1990and2006(Figure24).

(5) Ratio of total CO2 emissions by gross value added in the iron and steel industry.


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InLuxembourgthevalueforproductionofoxygensteelalsoincludessinter,pigironandelectricarcfurnaceproduction.ThisexplainsthelowCO2intensityinLuxembourg(Fig.24).

Figure 24 CO2 intensity - iron and steel industry per production of oxygen steel, t/ t

(change 19902006; absolute intensity) (Additional Pr iority Indicator

N5)

Note: Comparisons of absolute intensities are only of limited significance as data are not always consistent

across countries. In Estonia (19902006) and Lithuania (20042006) production of oxygen steel is not occurring. In Bulgaria (2006),Latvia (19992006) and Spain (19902006) production of oxygen steel is confidential.


-150% -100% -50% 0% 50% 100%

IrelandLuxembourg


PolandGreeceBelgium

LatviaItaly

RomaniaUK

Estonia

BulgariaSlovakiaFrance


GermanySpain

SwedenDenmark

AustriaFinland

MaltaLithuania

EU-27EU-15

Cyprus

change in CO2 emissions (1990-2006)change in production (1990-2006)

CO2 Intensity t/t (2006)

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

IrelandLuxembourg


PolandGreeceBelgium

LatviaItaly

RomaniaUK

EstoniaBulgaria

SlovakiaFrance


GermanySpain

SwedenDenmark

AustriaFinland

MaltaLithuania

EU-27EU-15

Cyprus


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A 1.3.3 CO2 emissions from energy use in the chemical industry

Definition(IPCCsector1A2c):emissionsfromcombustionoffuelsinthechemicalindustry(productionofammonia,nitricacid,adipicacid,carbides,etc.)includingcombustionforthegenerationofelectricityand

heat.

Between1990and2006,EU15CO2emissionsfromchemicalindustry(combustionandprocess)decreasedby2%,buthaveincreasedrecently(+3%between2000and2006).

Whilegrossvalueaddedhasbeenconstantlyincreasingsince1990(exceptin2003),theamountoffuelcombustedbythechemicalindustryandtherelatedCO2emissionshavedecreasedduringthesameperiod(Figure25).

Theemissiontrendiscloselylinkedtotheamountoffuelcombusted(Figure25),whichindicatesthatoverallintheEU,thisindustryisreducingitsenergyintensity.

Share in 1990total GHG


Change 19902006

Change 20002006

CO2 emission from 1A2c(combustion)

EU-15 1.7 % 1.6 % 8.2 % 1.9 %

EU-27 1.5 % 1.7 % 4.2 % 10.1 %

CO2 emissions from 2B

(process)

EU-15 0.7 % 0.8 % 12.7 % 3.6 %

EU-27 0.7 % 0.8 % 2.6 % 3.3 %

Total CO2 emissions

from chemical industry

EU-15 2.3 % 2.3 % 2.3 % 2.5 %

EU-27 2.3 % 2.5 % 3.7 % 7.9 %

TheCO2emissionsfromthechemicalindustrycontributed(combustionandprocess)with2%tothetotalEU15GHGemissions.Thissharewasthesamein2006and1990.

Figure 25 Trend of CO2 emissions, fuel combustion of the chemical industry and

gross values added for EU-15 Member States

9792

176 177

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

Fuel combustion (past) CO2 emissions

Gro ss Value added (past) Gro ss Value added (pro jected)

104

175

175

107

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

CO2 emissions Gross Value added (past)

Gross Value added (projected) Fuel combustion (past)

Source: EEA 2008a, PRIMES, Eurostat

Index

1990

=1

00

Index

1990

=1

00


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Energy-related CO2 intensity of the chemical industry (additional priority indicator 3)

EnergyrelatedCO2intensityinthechemicalindustryshowslargedifferencesamongMemberStatesforwhichdataareavailable.

AdditionalPriorityIndicatorN3expressestheratiobetweenCO2emissionsfromcombustionoffossilfuelsinmanufactureofchemicalsandchemicalproductsandthegrossvalueaddedinthisindustrybranch.ItwasonlypossibleforsixcountriestoshowthechangeofCO2emissionsandgrossvalueaddedbetween1990and2006(Fig.26).FranceistheonlyMemberStatetoreportthatgrossvalueaddeddecreasedwhileCO2emissionsincreased.Bulgaria,CzechRepublic;SlovakRepublicandHungaryshowamuchhigherCO2intensitycomparedtoothercountries(Fig.26).

Figure 26 Energy related intensity - chemical industry, t/ Mio EUR, (change 1990

2006; absolute intensity) (Additional Pr iority Indicator N3)


countries. The Czech Republic (19902002), Romania and the United Kingdom include emissions under sourcecategory 1A2f 'other'. In Luxembourg and Malta (19902004) chemical industry is not occurring.


-150% -100% -50% 0% 50% 100% 150%

LatviaEstonia

SlovakiaLithuania

ItalyCyprus

BulgariaFinland

NetherlandsSloveniaGreece

HungaryFranceIreland

BelgiumPortugalSwedenDenmark

AustriaPolandSpain

UKRomania

MaltaLuxembourg

GermanyEU-27EU-15

Czech Republic


CO2 Intensity t/ Mio (2006)

0 5000 10000 15000

LatviaEstonia

SlovakiaLithuania

ItalyCyprus

BulgariaFinland

NetherlandsSloveniaGreece

HungaryFranceIreland

BelgiumPortugalSwedenDenmark

AustriaPolandSpain

UKRomania

MaltaLuxembourg

GermanyEU-27EU-15

Czech Republic


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A 1.3.4 CO2 emissions from energy use in the pulp, paper andprint industry

Definition(IPCCsector1A2d):emissionsfromcombustionoffuelsinthepulp,paperandprintindustryincludingcombustionforthegenerationofelectricityandheat.

Between1990and2006,CO2emissionsfrompulp,paperandprintincreasedby8%,buttheyhavedecreasedremarkablyintheEU15since2003(5%between2000and2006).

AshiftfromsolidandliquidfuelstogasandbiomassledtopartialdecouplingofCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustioninthepulp,paperandprintindustry.

CO2 emission

from 1A2d

Share in 1990

total GHG

Share in 2006

total GHG

Change 1990

2006

Change 2000

2006

EU-15 0.6 % 0.7 % 8.4 % 5.0 %

EU-27 0.5 % 0.6 % 7.4 % 4.2 %

CO2emissionsfrompulp,paperandprintindustryaccountfor0.7%ofthetotalEU15emissionsin2006.Althoughthefuelcombustionisincreasing(+32%intheEU15between1990and2006),CO2emissionsincreasedbyonly8%intheEU15and7%intheEU27(Fig.27).Thiswasmainlyduetoashiftfromliquidandsolidfuelstogasandbiomass.

Figure 27 Trend of CO2 emissions, energy demand of the pulp, paper and print

industry and gross values added fo r EU-15 (left) and EU-27 (right)

132

108

107

111

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

Fuel co mbustion (past) CO2 emissions

Gro ss Value added (pas t) Gro s s Val ue added (pro jec ted)

138

107 111

106

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

Fuel combustion (past) CO2 emissions

Gross Value added (projected) Gross Value added (past)


Index

1990

=1

00

Index

1990

=1

00


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Energy-related CO2 intensity in the paper and printing industry and specific energy-relatedCO2emissions of the paper industry (supplementary indicators 6 and 13)

BulgariaandCyprusshowexceptionallylowenergyrelatedCO2intensityinthepaperandprintingindustry.

Twosupplementaryindicators(N6andN13)showCO2intensitiesforthepaperindustry.

SupplementaryIndicatorN6comparesCO2emissionswithgrossvalueadded.Thechangeofgrossvalueaddedbetween1990and2006canonlybeshownforsixcountries(Francereportsachangeof0%andthereforenobarisvisibleinthegraph)(Figure28).

Figure 28 Energy related intensity pulp, paper and print industry, t CO2/ Mio EUR,

(change 19902006; absolute intensity) (Supplementary Indicator N6)

-150% -50% 50% 150% 250% 350%

LithuaniaLatvia

CyprusSlovakiaDenmark

FinlandGreece

NetherlandsSw eden

FranceAustria

BelgiumPortugalSloveniaHungary

ItalySpain

IrelandBulgaria

GermanyPoland

UKRomania

MaltaLuxembourg

EU-27EU-15

EstoniaCzech Republic


CO2 Intensity kt/Mio (2006)

0 500 1000 1500

LithuaniaLatvia

CyprusSlovakiaDenmark

FinlandGreece

NetherlandsSw eden

FranceAustriaBelgium

PortugalSloveniaHungary

ItalySpain

IrelandBulgaria

GermanyPoland

UKRomania

MaltaLuxembourg

EU-27EU-15


Note: Comparisons of absolute intensities are only of limited significance as data are not always consistentacross countries.Romania and the United Kingdom include emissions under source category 1A2f 'other'. Germany includes onlyemissions from other fuels. Estonia (1990, 1991, 1996), Luxembourg (19902006) and Malta (19902004) report emissions as not

occurring.Source: Member States' submissions

SupplementaryIndicatorN13showsthespecificenergyrelatedCO2emissionsofpaperindustry.Ofthetencountriesthatreportedboth,changeinCO2emissionsfrompulp,paperandprintindustryandphysicaloutputofpaperin1990and2006fivecountriesreporteddecreasingemissionsandincreasingphysicaloutput(Figure29).


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Figure 29 Specific energy related CO2 emissions of the paper industry, t/ t, (change

19902006; absolute intensity) (Supplementary Indicator N13)

-150% -50% 50% 150% 250% 350%

GreeceCyprus

LithuaniaLatvia

SlovakiaDenmark

FinlandNetherlands

SwedenFranceAustriaBelgiumPortugalSloveniaHungary

ItalySpain

IrelandBulgaria

GermanyPoland

UKRomania

MaltaLuxembourg

EU-27EU-15


change in CO2 emissions change in physical output


0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

GreeceCyprus

LithuaniaLatvia

SlovakiaDenmark

FinlandNetherlands

SwedenFranceAustriaBelgiumPortugalSloveniaHungary

ItalySpain

IrelandBulgaria

GermanyPoland

UKRomania

MaltaLuxembourgEU-27

EU-15Estonia

Czech Republic

Note: Comparisons of absolute intensities are only of limited significance as data are not always consistent acrosscountries. Estonia (1990, 1991, 1996), Luxembourg (19902006) and Malta (19902004) report emissions as not occurring. Thephysical output of paper is confidential in Ireland and Luxembourg.

Source: Member States' submission


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A 1.3.5 CO2 emissions from energy use in the food-processing,beverages and tobacco industry

Definition(IPCCsector1A2e):emissionsfromcombustionoffuelsinthefoodprocessing,beveragesandtobaccoindustryincludingcombustionforthegenerationofelectricityandheat.

Between1990and2006,CO2emissionsincreasedby6%,buttheydecreasedby11%between2000and2006.

Adecouplingbetweenactivityinthefoodprocessing,beveragesandtobaccoindustryandrelatedCO2emissionscanbeobservedintheEU15andtheEU27(Figure30).

CO2 emission

from 1A2e

Share in 1990

total GHG

Share in 2006

total GHG

Change 1990

2006

Change 2000

2006

EU-15 0.8 % 0.9 % 5.9 % 10.5 %

EU-27 0.8 % 0.9 % 4.2 % 7.2 %

CO2emissionsandfuelcombustionshowsimilartrends,between1990and2006bothintheEUf5andintheEU27(Figure30).ItisprojectedthatthegrossvalueaddedwillincreaseintheEU15andtheEU27until2010(Figure30).

Figure 30 CO2 emissions, energy demand and gross value added in the food-processing, beverages and tobacco industry in the EU-15 and EU-27

104

111

130

118

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170180

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

C O2 em is sio ns Gro ss Value added (pas t)


106

109

124

120

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170180

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

CO2 em is sio ns Gro ss Value added (past )



Index

1990

=1

00

Index

1990

=1

00


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Energy-related CO2 intensity in the food, drink and tobacco industry (supplementaryindicator 5)

SupplementaryIndicatorN5showstheenergyrelatedCO2intensityofthefood,drinkandtobaccoindustrybycomparingCO2emissionswithgrossvalueadded.Between1990and2006,

CO2

emissions

decreased

in

most

Member

States.

Major

increases

were

only

reported

by

Bulgaria,

ItalyandSpain(Figure31).Thechangeofgrossvalueaddedbetween1990and2006canonlybeshownforsixcountries.Cyprusreportsanexceptionallyhighincreaseingrossvalueaddedinthefood,drinkandtobaccoindustry(Figure31).

Figure 31 Energy-related intensity food, drink and tobacco industry, t CO2/ EUR

million (Supplementary Indicator N5)

-100% -50% 0% 50% 100% 150%

EstoniaFinlandCyprus

LatviaGermanySlovakiaLithuaniaHungarySw edenBelgium

DenmarkNetherlands

SloveniaGreeceAustria

PortugalIrelandFrancePoland

ItalySpain

Bulgaria

UKRomania

MaltaLuxembourg

EU-27EU-15

Czech Republic


2163%


0 500 1000 1500 2000

EstoniaFinlandCyprusLatvia

GermanySlovakia

LithuaniaHungarySw edenBelgium

DenmarkNetherlands

SloveniaGreeceAustria

PortugalIrelandFrancePoland

ItalySpain

BulgariaUK

RomaniaMalta

LuxembourgEU-27EU-15

Czech Republic

Note: Comparisons of absolute intensities are only of limited significance as data are not always consistent acrosscountries.Romania and the United Kingdom include emissions under source category 1A2f 'other'. Luxembourg reports emissionsas not occurring. The Czech Republic (19902002), Luxembourg (19902006) and Malta (19902004) report emissions as notoccurring.

Source: Member States' submission


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A 1.3.6 CO2 emissions from energy use in other industries

Definition(IPCCsector1A2f):emissionsfromcombustionoffuelsinallindustriesotherthaniron,steel,nonferrousmetals,chemicals,pulp,paper,print,foodprocessing,beverageandtobacco(presentedin

categories1A2a,1A2b,1A2c,1A2dand1A2e)andotherthanagriculture,forestryandfisheries(presented

incategory1A4cseenextsection).

IntheEU15,CO2emissionsandfuelcombustionfromthissourcecategoryhavebeenrelativelystablesince1998.Somedecouplingbetweenemissionsandcombustioncanbeobservedsince2000.

CO2 emission

from 1A2f

Share in 1990

total GHG

Share in 2006

total GHG

Change 1990

2006

Change 2000

2006

EU-15 8.4 % 7.3 % 14.8 % 0.7 %

EU-27 8.7 % 6.9 % 26.7 % 5.9 %

Somecountriesreportinthiscategoryalsoemissionsfromtheabovementionedindustrybrancheswhentheycannotallocatetheemissionstothesespecificbranches(e.g.UnitedKingdom,Romania).Forthisreason,comparisonsofemissionsbetweencountrieshavetobeundertakenwithcareandconsiderationofnationalcircumstances.

TheCO2emissionsofthissourcecategorycontributedin2006with7%tothetotalEU15GHGemissions.CO2emissionsdecreasedbetween1990and2006by15%.Thedecreaseinemissionsispartlyduetothefuelshift,fromsolidtogaseousfuels(Fig.32).Thedecreaseobservedonthe

trendfortheEU27emissionsisevenhigherandamountsto27%(Figure32).

InsevenMemberStates(thereofonlyoneEU12MemberState),emissionsincreasedwhileinthemajorityofcountriesCO2emissionsfromthissourcecategorydecreased(Figure33).

Figure 32 EU-15 and EU-27 CO2 emissions of other manufacturing industries andshare of fuels for the EU-15, 19902006

85

73

97

84

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

Ind

ex

(1990=100)

EU-15 CO2 emissions EU-27 CO2 emissions

Fuel combustion EU-15 Fuel combustion EU-27

Source: EEA 2008a

1990

35%28%

4%

1%

32%

2006

35%

43%

9% 2%

11%

Liquid Fuels

Solid Fuels

Gaseous Fuels

Biomass

Other Fuels


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Figure 33 Change of CO2 emissions and fuel combustion from other manufacturingindustries betw een 1990 and 2006 for EU-27 Member States

-150% -100% -50% 0% 50% 100%

Czech RepublicLithuaniaHungaryBulgaria

LatviaEstonia

SlovakiaRomania

PolandGermany

LuxembourgEU-27

MaltaFrance

NetherlandsUnited

EU15Finland

BelgiumGreeceSweden

SloveniaItaly

AustriaPortugalDenmark

CyprusSpain

Ireland


Source: EEA 2008a


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Energy-related CO2 intensity of the glass, pottery and buildings materials industry and ofthe cement industry (additional priority indicators N4 and 6)

The Additional Priority Indicator 4 depicts the ratio of energy related CO2 emissions from theglass, pottery andbuildings materials industry and gross value added from mineral products.

Seven Member States report decreasing emissionsbetween 1990 and 2006 (Figure 34). For Spainemissionsfromplasterproduction;cementproduction,limeproduction(exceptlimeproductioninpaper and steel industries), glass production (including frits), brick and tiles, fine ceramicmaterials, and emissions from combustion (boilers, gas turbines, stationary engines) in themanufacture of nonmetallic mineral products industry are included. In Denmark the energyrelatedCO2emissionisonlyrelatedtoconsumptionoffossilfuelsattheproductionsite.

Figure 34 Specific energy-related CO2 emissions and gross value added of mineral

products (t CO2/ t) between 1990 and 2006 (change 19902006; absoluteintensity) (Additional P riority Indicator N4)

-100% -50% 0% 50% 100% 150% 200% 250%

EstoniaLatvia

SlovakiaHungary

FranceGermany

FinlandAustria

PortugalItaly

CyprusSpain

UKSwedenSloveniaRomania

PolandNetherlands

MaltaLuxembourg

LithuaniaIreland

GreeceEU-27EU-15


BulgariaBelgium

change in CO2 emissions (1990-2006) change in GVA 1990-2006

CO2 Intensity kt/Mio (2006)

0 5000 10000 15000

EstoniaLatvia

SlovakiaHungary

FranceGermany

FinlandAustria

PortugalItaly

CyprusSpain

UKSweden

SloveniaRomania

PolandNetherlands

MaltaLuxembourg

LithuaniaIreland

GreeceEU-27EU-15


BulgariaBelgium


countries.Source: Member States' submissions

TheAdditionalPriorityIndicator6depictstheratioofenergyrelatedCO2emissionsfromtheglass,potteryandbuildingsmaterialsindustryandcementproduction.ElevencountriesreportCO2emissionsofcementindustry.SevencountriesreportdecreasingCO2emissions(Figure35).


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Figure 35 Change of specific energy-related CO2 emissions of cement industry(t CO2/ t) between 1990 and 2006 (change 19902005; absolute

intensity) (Additional P riority Indicator N6)

-100% -50% 0% 50% 100% 150% 200%

EstoniaLatvia

SlovakiaHungary

FranceGermany

FinlandAustria

PortugalItalyCyprus

UKSweden

SpainSloveniaRomania

PolandNetherlands

MaltaLuxembourg

LithuaniaIreland

GreeceEU-27EU-15


BulgariaBelgium

change in CO2 emissions (1990-2006)

change in cement production (1990-2006)


0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20

EstoniaLatvia

SlovakiaHungary

FranceGermany

FinlandAustria

PortugalItaly

CyprusUK

SwedenSpain

SloveniaRomania

PolandNetherlands

MaltaLuxembourg

LithuaniaIreland

GreeceEU-27EU-15


BulgariaBelgium

Note: Comparisons of absolute intensities are only of limited significance as data are not always consistent acrosscountries. . In Latvia cement production is confidential (19992006).Source: Member States' submissions

ForSpain,cementproductioncorrespondstonationallyproducedclinkeronlyandexcludesimportedclinker.InDenmark,energyrelatedCO2emissionsareonlyrelatedtoconsumptionoffossilfuelsattheproductionsite.


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A 1.3.7 CO2 emissions from energy use in agriculture, forestry,fisheries

Definition(IPCCsector1A4c):emissionsfromfuelcombustioninagriculture,forestry,ordomesticinland,coastalanddeepseafishing.Thisincludestractionvehicles,pumpfueluse,graindrying,

horticulturalgreenhousesandotheragriculture,forestryorfishingrelatedfueluse.

Between1990and2006,EU15CO2emissionsfromenergyuseinagriculture,forestryandfisheriesdecreasedby11%,duetodecreasingfueluse.

CO2 emissionfrom 1A4c



Change 19902006

Change 20002006

EU-15 1.7 % 1.5 % 11.4 % 2.5 %

EU-27 1.6 % 1.5 % 14.2 % 3.5 %

Between1990and2006,CO2emissionsandtheamountoffuelcombustedhavedecreasedinmostcountries(Figure37).ChangesinCO2emissionsandfuelcombustionweretightlycoupledintheEU15andtheEU27(Figure36).ChangesinCO2emissionsandfuelcombustionwerealsotightlycoupledforindividualMemberStates,exceptinAustria,Bulgaria,Estonia,Italy,andPoland(Figure37).

Figure 36 CO2 emissions and fuel combustion in agriculture in the EU-15 (left) andEU-27 (right)

89

92

80

90

100

110

120

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006


86

90

80

90

100

110

120

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006


Source: EEA 2008a

Index

1990

=1

00

Index

1990

=1

00


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Figure 37 Change of CO2 emissions and fuel combustion between 1990 and 2006 for

EU-27 Member States

-100% -50% 0% 50% 100% 150%

Czech Republi c

Romania

Lithuania

Latvia

Hungary

Cyprus

Bulgaria

Portugal

Germany

Slovenia

Estonia

UK

Finland

Denmark

Belgium

Austria

EU-27

France

EU-15

Netherlands

Luxembourg

Greece

Italy

Sweden

Spain

IrelandPoland

Slovakia

Malta

CO2 emissions Fuel Combustion

Source: EEA 2008a


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A 1.3.8 CO2 emissions from energy use in services

Definition(IPCCsector1A4a):emissionfromfuelcombustionincommercialandinstitutionalbuildings.

Between1990and2006,CO2emissionsfromenergyuseinservicesintheEU15decreasedby1%.

InallMemberStatesthatreportedincreasingemissionsexceptSlovenia,emissionsincreasedlessthanfuelcombustion,whichindicatesthatfuelswitchinghasoccurred.

CO2 emission

from 1A4a

Share in 1990

total GHG

Share in 2006

total GHG

Change 1990

2006

Change 2000

2006

EU-15 3.8 % 3.9 % 0.9 % 4.0 %

EU-27 3.6 % 3.6 % 7.1 % 7.3 %

CO2emissionsfromcommercialandinstitutionalbuildingshaveashareof4%oftotalEU15GHGemissionsin2006.ThetrendsobservedintheEU15andintheEU27aresimilar.CO2emissionsfollowverycloselytheannualvariationsofheatingdegreedays(Figure38).Forexample,anincreaseinemissionsfromoneyeartoanothercanbeexplainedbycolderweather,whichresultsinahighernumberofheatingdegreedays.However,longtermtrendsofCO2emissionsdependalsoonotherfactors,suchasthenumberofcommercialandinstitutional

buildingsandthetypeoffuelused.

IntheEU15,theshareofsolidfuelsintotalfuelconsumptiondecreasedfrom12%in1990to1%in2006andtheshareofliquidfuelsdeclinedfrom42%to29%,theshareofgaseousfuels

increasedfrom44%to66%(datanotshown).Thisfuelshiftcanmainlyexplainwhyemissionsfromserviceshaveremainedrelativelystablebetween1990and2006,whilegrossvalueaddedhas

beensteadilyincreasingsince1990.Inaddition,asservicesdonotrepresentanenergyintensivesectoroftheeconomy,grossvalueaddeddependslittleonenergyuse.

Figure 38 CO2 emissions from energy use in services, gross value added of servicesand heating degree days in the EU-15 (left) and EU-27 (right)

99

146

162

98

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

190

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

CO2 emissions (past) Gross Value added in services (past)

Gross Value added in services (projected) Actual Heating degree days

93

146

163

100

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160170

180

190

200

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

CO2 emissions (past) Gross Value added in services (past)

Gross Value added in services (projected) Actual Heating degree days

Source: EEA 2008a, Eurostat, PRIMES

Index

1990

=1

00

Index

1990

=1

00


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Figure 39 Change of CO2 emissions and fuel combustion between 1990 and 2006 forEU-27 Member States

-100% -50% 0% 50% 100% 150% 200% 250%

Lithuania

Sweden

Latvia

Slovakia

Czech Republic

Finland

Poland

Denmark

Germany

Malta

UK

Estonia

EU-27

EU-15

Luxembourg

France

Ireland

Slovenia

Austria

Hungary

Belgium

Netherlands

Italy

Cyprus

BulgariaSpain

Romania

Greece

Portugal

CO2 emissions Fuel Combustion

Source: EEA 2008a

InallEU27MemberStates(exceptLuxembourg,EstoniaandSlovenia),CO2emissiontrendshaveclosely followed fuel combustion trends (Figure 39). However for the EU15 and the EU27,average changes in CO2 emissions and in fuel combustion show opposite trends for the period19902006. This canbe explainedby the relatively low extent of these changes compared toindividualMemberStates.


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CO2emission intensity of the commercial and institutional sector (priority indicator N6,projected indicator N6)

TwentytwoMemberStatesreportednumeratoranddenominatorfor2006.

ThreeMemberStates(CzechRepublic,HungaryandCyprus)reportedCO2intensitieshigherthan100tCO2/EURmillion(Figure40).

FifteenMemberStatesreportedprojectedCO2emissionsfromfossilfuelconsumptionincommercialandinstitutionalsectorandfourteenreportedprojectedgrossvalueaddedfortherespectivesector.Sevenofthemprojectadecreaseinemissions,butallanincreaseingrossvalueadded(Figure41).

MemberStateshaveverydifferenttrendfortheirnumeratoranddenominatorofPriorityIndicatorN6.ThelowintensitiesinFinland,DenmarkandSweden(Figure40)areduetohighsharesof

districtheatingorbiomasscombustion.

Figure 40 Change of CO2 emissions and gross value added from energy use inservices between 1990 and 2006 for EU-27 Member States (PriorityIndicator N6)

-100% -50% 0% 50% 100% 150% 200% 250%

LithuaniaSweden

Latvia

SlovakiaCzech Republic

FinlandPoland

DenmarkGermany

MaltaUK

EstoniaLuxembourg

FranceIreland

SloveniaAustria

HungaryBelgium

NetherlandsItaly

CyprusBulgaria

SpainRomaniaGreecePortugal

EU-27EU-15



0 50 100 150 200

LithuaniaSweden

LatviaSlovakiaCzech Republic

Finland

PolandDenmarkGermany

MaltaUK

Estonia

LuxembourgFranceIreland

SloveniaAustria

HungaryBelgium

NetherlandsItaly

CyprusBulgaria

SpainRomaniaGreecePortugal

EU-27EU-15

811


countries.Source: Member States' submissions, EEA 2008a


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Figure 41 Pro jected Change of CO2 emissions from fossil fuel consumption inservices and gross value added in services between 2005 and 2010

(Projected Indicator N6)

-10% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40%

ItalySloveniaDenmark

NetherlandsUK

BelgiumCzech Republic

SlovakiaSweden

IrelandGermany

SpainPortugalFinland

LithuaniaPoland

MaltaLuxembourg

LatviaHungaryGreeceFranceEstoniaCyprus

BulgariaAustria

Romania

EU-27EU-15

change in GVA (2005-2010) change CO2 emissions (2005-2010)



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A 1.3.9 CO2 emissions from energy use in households

Definition(IPCCsector1A4b):allemissionsfromfuelcombustioninhouseholds.Key EU pol ic ies and measures

Directiveontheenergyperformanceofbuildin

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