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Study Guide: Honors Physics: Semester One - 2010

For the final exam, bring – pencil, calculator, equation card, one side of one page of handwritten notes

Unit 1: Chapter 1 – Introduction, Chapter 2 – Describing Motion: Kinematics in One Dimension and Chapter 3 - Kinematics in Two Dimensions; vectors

Vocabulary (define the following words) Note: You do not have to write these out. Just be sure you know what they are and understand the equations behind any definitions

SI systems and units Displacement Average speedAverage velocity Instantaneous velocityAverage acceleration Instantaneous accelerationKinematic equations Free fallGraphs of d – t, v – t, a – t Coordinate systemVectors and scalars Algebraic representation (of vectors)Component Magnitude and directionGraphical representation ResultantVector resolution SOHCAHTOAPythagorean Theorem Triginomification (vector resolution)Vector components Resultantx motion and y motion Projectile motionTime of Flight (TOF) Time to Top (TTT)Range Maximum height

1. Name the basic units of the SI system

2. In the SI system, what does the prefix milli-, kilo-, micro- mean?

3. What is the most basic science?

4. What is the difference between a theory, a law, and a hypothesis?

5. What is the scientific method and what hare the fundamental steps?

6. Mr. B tells you that he knows a teacher that is 5 meters tall. You do not believe him. Why?

7. Convert the following: a. 25.0 miles to km. b. 15 days to seconds. c. 6 miles, 551 yards into meters.d. 465 g to kg e. 18.65 km into mm

8. Write 23,401 in scientific notation

9. What is the best representation in standard form of 8.50 X 10-3

10.How many significant figures in the number 1090 ?

11.Calculate a) 16.2+5.008-13.48 b) 6.21 X 4.71

12.How many standard 60 Watt lightbulbs (normal lightbulbs for home use) in the USA?

13.What are the units for distance, displacement, velocity, speed, acceleration, and time?

14.How are distance, velocity, and acceleration related to each other graphically?

15.The slope of a velocity versus time graph gives what quantity?

16.The slope of a distance versus time graph gives what quantity?

17.Draw d vs t, v vs t, and a vs t graphs that shows constant, positive, non-zero velocity

18.Draw d vs t, v vs t, and a vs t graphs that shows zero velocity

19.Draw d vs t, v vs t, and a vs t graphs that shows a variable velocity

20.Draw d vs t, v vs t, and a vs t graphs that shows a constant, negative, non-zero velocity

21.What is the acceleration of a car that travels in a straight line at a constant speed of 100 m/s?

22.For a ball thrown straight up into the air, what is the ball’s velocity at the top of the path?

23. If a 2 kg physics book and a 0.02 kg marker pen are both dropped from the same height, ignoring air resistance, which would reach the ground first?

24.For all ball thrown straight up into the air, what is the ball’s acceleration at the top of the path?

25.What is the acceleration due to gravity on earth?

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26.You are throwing a ball up from the ground. You notice a point where the ball has zero velocity. What can you say about the ball’s velocity and acceleration this point?

27.The ball is falling back towards your hand. What can you say about the ball’s velocity and acceleration now?

28.A car goes from 15 m/s to 25 m/s in 5 seconds. What is the acceleration? How far has the car traveled in the 5 seconds?

29.You throw a ball upward with an initial velocity of 24 m/s. How long is it in the air? How high does it get? What is the velocity just before it returns to your hand? (Assume the ball starts and ends at ground level)

30.What is the acceleration of an object that starts at rest, and ends up with a velocity of 100 m/s after covering a distance of 25 m? How long, in time, did it take to cover the 25 m?

31.A car is driven 125 km due west and then 65 km due south. What is the magnitude and direction of the displacement?

32.What is the difference between a scalar and a vector?

33.What are the components of a vector that has a magnitude of 1.5 m at an angle of 35° with respect to the positive x axis

34.Draw two vectors. Then draw the resultant vector from adding these two vectors together.

35.You fire a bullet horizontally and drop a golf ball from the same height. Which hits the ground first? Why?

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36.What shape bests describes the path of a projectile?

37.Consider a cannon ball that is fired with an initial velocity of 250 m/s at an angle of 52°. What is the initial horizontal velocity? What is the original vertical velocity?

38.Using the above information, calculate the cannonball’s range, time of flight, and maximum height.

39.Also calculate the cannonball’s velocity just before it hits the ground (You need to calculate both the y velocity and the x velocity, and then find the magnitude and direction)

40.Consider throwing your physics book off a 50 m tall cliff. If you throw it with a horizontal speed of 15 m/s, calculate how long until it hits the ground, and how far away from the cliff it will land.

Unit 2: Chapter 4 – Motion and Force: Dynamics, and Chapter 5 – Circular Motion and GravitationVocabulary words and terms (define the following)Contact and non-contact forces massInertia N1, N2, and N3Free body diagram NULGWeight and mass FN (Normal force)Apparent weight Ff (FrictionFrictional Constraint (DaVinci Condition) static frictionKinetic friction coefficient of frictionFt (Tension) EquilibriumAction-reaction paired forces Gravitational forcePeriod of circular motion velocity for circular motionCentripetal centripetal accelerationCentripetal force banked curvesKeplar’s Laws (K1, K2, and K3) Circular orbitAstronomical Unit (AU) Orbital periodOrbital radius Geosynchronous orbit

41.What is Newton’s First Law? Give an example of each part of Newton’s First Law

42.What is Newton’s Second Law?

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43.What is Newton’s Third Law? Using Newton’s Third Law, identify the action-reaction forces acting on a book that is sitting at rest on a tabletop.

44.Two horizontal forces, 225 N to the right, and 165 N to the left act on a 120 kg object. What is the net force and acceleration on the object

45.Which has more inertia, a mouse or an elephant?

46.On earth, a scale shows your weight to be 585 N. What is your mass?

47.Using the same information above, what would the scale read, if you were accelerating upward at 4.0 m/s2? Accelerating downward at 2.5 m/s2?

48.You are pushing a 50 kg crate across a rough floor with a force of 100 N and at a constant velocity of 5.0 m/s. What is the frictional force?

49.Using the same information above, what is the coefficient of friction (kinetic friction)?

50.You throw a ball against a wall and it strikes the wall with a force of 25 N. What force does the wall exert back on the ball?

51.Ms. Hughes, with a mass of 40 kg and Dr. B with a mass of 100 kg, are on a slippery surface. They push off from each other; Dr. B has an acceleration of 1.0 m/s2. What is Ms. Hughes acceleration?

52. Two wires hold up a stoplight of mass 100 kg. Each wire makes a 30° angle with respect of to the horizontal. Calculate the tension in each wire.

53.A box is sliding down an incline of angle 20°. If there is no friction, what is the acceleration of the box down the incline? Now assume that the coefficient of kinetic friction, μk, is 0.20. what is the acceleration of the box down the incline now? Finally, assume that the box does not move. What is the coefficient of static friction, μs in this case?

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54. What is the gravitational force between two 100 kg masses that are separated by a distance of 5 meters?

55.How far apart do two 10 kg masses have to be in order for the gravitational force between them to be 1 X 10-5 N?

56.What happens to the gravitational force between two objects as the distance between them increase? Decreases?

57. If the gravitational force between two objects is 10,000 N, what does the force become if the distance between them is cut in half? Doubled? Tripled? Reduced by 1/10?

58. If the gravitational force between two objects is 10,000 N, what does the force become if the mass of one of the objects is doubled? Both masses double?

59.A 60 kg runner is moving at a speed of 8.8 m/s around a circular track of radius 25 m. What is the centripetal acceleration of the runner? What is the centripetal force acting on the runner? What specific force is responsible for this force? What is the coefficient of friction?

60.Draw a picture of the earth orbiting the sun. On that picture, draw an arrow that represents the earth’s velocity and an arrow that represents the earth’s centripetal acceleration.

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61.An asteroid revolves around the sun with an average orbital radius equal to 2 AU. What is the period of the asteroid in earth years?

62.Compare the speed of Halley’s comet when it is nearest to the sun and furthest from the sun.

63.You know that the moon has an orbital period around the earth of 27 days. Its mean orbital radius is 3.9 X 108 m from the center of the earth. What is the mean orbital distance of an object that has a orbital period of 1 day?

64.Does the sun exert a gravitational force on the earth? If so, why doesn’t the earth fall into the sun?

65.What would g be on a planet that had a radius equal to 0.75 that of earth, and a mass of 1.2 times that of earth?

66.Assume you have a mass of 100 kg on earth. On the moon, where gmoon = 1/6gearth, what is your mass on the moon? What is your weight on the moon?

Unit 3: Parts of Chapter 9 – Equilibirum and torque, Chapter 6 – Work and Energy and Chapter 7 – Linear MomentumVocabulary words and terms (define the followingtorque equilibrium staticsEnergy WorkPower Work-energy principleArea under Force vs distance graph Kinetic energyPotential Energy Mechanical energyKinetic energy Gravitational potential energyConservation of EnergyImpulse Impulse-momentum theoremMomentum CollisionsConservation of momentum Area under Force vs time graph

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67. What is the best definition of a torque?

68.Consider a wheel of radius 0.50 m. You apply a 18 N force at the edge of the wheel, like shown above. What is the torque applied to the wheel?

69.What are the conditions for equilibrium?

70.How can you balance a teeter-totter that pivots in the middle with a 25 kg , a 35 kg, and a 45 kg person?

71.Consider a small bridge across a 10 m wide river that consists of one support on each side of the river and a single span with a mass of 500 kg. There is one other mass of 200 kg located 4 meters from the left end. Find the forces that the left and right support exert on the bridge.

72.A 0.110 kg hockey puck is moving across the ice. A player exerts a constant 55 N force over a distance of 2.00 m. How much work does the player do on the puck? What is the change in the puck’s kinetic energy? If it took 5 seconds to move this distance, how much power did the player generate?

73.What is the kinetic energy of a 1000 kg roller coaster car that has a speed of 12 m/s?

74.What is the gravitational potential energy of a 1000 kg roller coaster car that is located 15 m above the ground?

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75.Use the graph below. In the distance between 0 and 6 meters, find the work done on the object and the change in the object’s kinetic energy. If the object has a mass of 4 kg and starts from rest, what is the velocity of the object after moving 6 meters?

76.What is meant by conservation of energy, specifically the conservation of mechanical energy?

77.Consider a rollercoaster that has a mass of 250 kg on top of a hill that is 15 m tall and is at rest. At this point, calculate the KE, PE, TME

78.The roller coaster moves to the bottom of the hill. At this point, calculate the KE, PE, TME, and velocity

79.Finally, the roller coaster moves up a smaller hill, of height 12 m. At this point, calculate the KE, PE, TME, and velocity

80.Can a bullet and a car have the same momentum? How?

81.A 2000 kg SUV traveling at 30 m/s can be stopped in 20 s by gently stepping on the brakes, in 5 seconds in a panic stop, and in 0.2 s if it hits a concrete wall. Calculate the change in momentum and the average force applied to the SUV in each case.

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82. Is the momentum of an object traveling in the positive x direction that same as an object traveling in the negative x direction, if they both have the same speed?

83.Which has more momentum, a large bus at rest at a stop sign, or a small insect flying across the road? Why?

84.What is meant by conservation of momentum?

85.A 2250 kg car going 25 m/s rear-ends a 850 kg compact car going 15 m/s (in the same direction). The two cars stick together. What is the velocity of the wreckage immediately after the collision?

86.An astronaut at rest in space fires her thruster pistol, expelling 0.050 kg of hot gas at a speed of 900 m/s. The combined mass of the astronaut and pistol is 65 kg. How fast and in what direction does the astronaut go?

87.Use the graph below. What is the impulse in the time interval from 0 to 6 seconds? From 6 to 15 seconds? Overall, from 0 to 15 seconds? How is the impulse related to the change in momentum?

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Equations to use

cos = adj/hyp sin = opp/hyp tan = opp/adjhyp2 = adj2 + opp2, Pythagorean Theorem

Quadratic formula; ax2+bx+c= 0 x = (-b b2-4ac)/(2a)

Kinematicsxf = xi + vit+½at2

if a is 0, then v = (xf-xi)/tvf = vi + at a = (vf-vi)/tvf

2 – vi2 = 2a(xf-xi)

Free fallhf = hi + vit-½gt2 (sometimes h is replaced by y)vf = vi - gtvf

2 – vi2 = 2g(hf-hi)

Time to drop from top of a cliff or building: if initially at rest

t = (2h/g)

Projectile Motion equations

Motion in the x (horizontal direction) Motion in the y (vertical direction)a = 0 a = -gvx = vicos vy = visin - gtxf = xi+(vicos)t y = yi+(visin)t – ½gt2

These equations below only apply to a projectile that is launched and lands at the same height.

Range = vi2sin(2)/g

Time of Flight = 2visin/gTime to Top = visin/gMaximum Height = (visin)2/(2g)

Forces and Newton’s Laws

N1: valid if a = 0, object at rest stays at rest, or object in motion with constant v, stays in motion with constant v, unless acted upon by an external forceN2: ΣF = Fnet = maN3: F12 = -F21, forces come in pairs!

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Ff = µFN, the frictional constraint. µs > µk

Weight = mg (also called your true weight)Apparent weight = FN = mg+ma, if a is positive, your apparent weight > true weight, if a is negative, your apparent weight < true weight, if a = 0, your apparent weight = true weight

Fg = Gm1m2/r2, Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation (NULG)r is the distance between the two masses, not the diameter!

gplanet= GMplanet/R2planet

G = 6.67x10-11 Nm2/kg2

Circular motion

f = cycles/time T = time/cyclesf = 1/T

v = 2πr/T, for an object moving in a circleac = v2/r = 4π2r/T2

Fc = mac or Fc= mv2/rKepler’s :LawsK1 – planets orbit in ellipse, with sun at one focusK2 – planets move faster when closer to the sunK3 – a3/T2 = constant

Equilibrium and torqueτ (torque) = Frsinθ, usually =90°Equilibrium conditions: ΣF = 0 and Στ = 0

Work and Energy

W(ork) = Fdcosθ, Work = 0, IF the force is perpendicular to the direction of motionW = mgh work against gravityWnet = ΔKE , this is the Work-Energy principleP(ower) = W/tPE = mghKE = ½mv2

PE + KE = TME

Momentum and Impulse

p = mvFavgΔt = Δp = m Δv = Impulse, this is also the Impulse- Momentum Theorempbefore = pafter, conservation of momentum

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