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Studies on the Bryopsida of the Kolli Hills
71
Chapter 5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
. .
5.1 TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT OF BRYOPSIDA
Plants foliose, leaves are in many rows, costate or ecostate, laminar
cells isodiamatic to linearly elongated, capsule vary in shape, usually open
by operculum, seta short or long, peristomial teeth solid or transversly
barred, jointed, single or double, usually articulated, calyptra cucullate or
mitriform, in some cases companulate.
Key to the orders
1a. Plants acrocorpic 2
1b. Plants pleurocorpic 7
2a. Leaves lamellose Polytrichales
2b. Leaves non-lamellose 3
3a. Leaves narrow, subulate, non-companulate, peristome dicranoid Dicranales
3b. Leaves broad, elongated, complanate, non-dicranoid 4
4a. Leaves distichous, complanate with a characteristic of sheathing lamina Fissidentales
4b. Leaves not distichous, without sheathing Lamina 5
5a. Leaves with semi-sheathing hyaline base Pottiales
5b. Leaves without semi-sheathing base 6
6a. Exostome (outer peristome layer) overlapping endostome (inner
peristome) layer Funariales
6b. Exostome alternating with extreme teeth Eubryales
7a. Leaf cells highly papillose, sporophyte hidden within leaves Isobryales
7b. Leaf cells smooth, sporophyte exserted 8
8a. Leaves distichous, asymmetric, bordered, amphegastric Hookeriales
8b. Leaves not distichous, symmetric, neither bordered, nor-amphigastric
Hypnobryales
Chapter 5 Results & Discussion
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72
Order: POLYTRICHALES
Plants robust. Stem erect, rhizomatous, with a central strand
(hydroids and leptoids). Leaves narrow, spiral, when dry imbricated,
reducing water loss, lamellose and costate. Presence of hairy covering -
Calystra - over the capsule makes these mosses known as the ‘hair-cap
mosses’.
Family: POLYTRICHACEAE
Leaves lingulate, semisheathing, costa percurrent toothed on back at
least at apex. Peristome teeth single rowed of 32-64, rarely 16 or absent,
solid, short, triangular, attached to a shield like membrane covering capsule
mouth.
Genus: POGONATUM
Plants greenish, erect, varying in size, often tall and showy, 2-10 cm
or more high, stem innovating from creeping underground rhizome,
occasionally branched above; leaves large, not bordered sharply toothed
on top; costa broad.
1. Pogonatum aloides (Hedw.) forma neesii (C. Muelb). Gangulee
Pogonatum aloides (Hedw.) P. Beauv., Prodr. Aetheogam., 84 (1805);
Sedgw. in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 19: 939 (1910); Dixon in Recognised.
Bot. Surv. India, 6(3): 80 (1914); Bruehl in Recognised. Bot. Surv. India,
13(1): 118 (1931); Foreau in J. Madras Univ., 3: 126 (1931) & J. Bombay
Nat. Hist. Soc., 58: 46 (1961); Sundararagh. & Wadhwa in Bull. Bot. Surv.
Chapter 5 Results & Discussion
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Studies on the Bryopsida of the Kolli Hills
73
India, 10: 347 (1968); R. S. Chopra, Tax. Indian Moss., 23 (1975), forma
aloides: Gangulee, Moss. E. India, 1(1): 98 (1969); Polytrichum aloides
Hedw., Sp. Musc. Frond., 96 (1801); Type: Europe (G). P. rubellum Menz.
ex Brid. in J. Bot. (Schrader), 1800: 287 (1801); Great Britain (B). P.
dicksonii Turner, Muscol. Hibern. Spic., 90 (1804); Type: Ireland, Derry,
Brown s. n. (BM).
Plants small, rigid, stem simple up to 2.5 cm height. Leaves scale-
like; upper closely set, irregularly circinately roled towards stem when dry,
lanceolate, up to 7 mm long and 1.2 mm wide at middle, apex sharply acute
(forked) base hyaline, wider, slightly sheathing, margin sharply toothed
upto apex, lower leaves smaller up to 3 mm long. Costa shortly excurrent,
toothed at top back. Lamellae numerous, covering entire ventral surface, 4-
5 cel1s high. Peristome teeth 32, homogenous, calyptra felty, covering the
whole capsule (Plate 3).
Habitat: Terricolous in decidous and degraded forests.
Specimens examined: Periasamykoil Shola (1300 m), 03-07-2003,
RHTM 028, 18-06-2006, RHTM 32; Solakkadu (1200 m), 03-08-2003,
RHTM 032; Semmedu (1220 m), 08-02-2003, RHTM 046; Ellakkarai
(1280 m), 04-07-2004, RHTM 053.
Order: DICRANALES
Plants yellow-green. Leaves 3 or more ranked; leaf cells smooth.
Peristome teeth dicranoid, rarely entire.
Chapter 5 Results & Discussion
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Studies on the Bryopsida of the Kolli Hills
74
Key to Family: DICRANALES
1a. Leaf tip margin toothed; alar cells distinct, cells not differentiated into
Chlorocysts and Leucocysts; peristome forked Dicranaceae
1b. Leaf margin entire, alar small or absent; peristome simple Leucobryaceae
Family: DICRANACEAE
Stem branched or not. Leaves lanceolate, Semi-sheathing at base,
long acuminata, tubular apex, cells quadrate to rhomboid above,
rectangular at base. Costa percurrent.
Genus: Campylopus
Plants robust, 1-5 cm long; leaves with long, narrow, flexuose points;
costa broad occupying 1/3 or more of leaf base; cells at upper half smaller,
rhomboidal or incrassate, alar cells conspicuous, coloured; seta auriculate
when moist; capsule usually furrowed when mature and dry, peristome
dicranate.
Key to Species: Campylopus
1a. Leaves Lanceolate - subulate from a wider base, margin serrate at tip 2
1b. Leaves elongated with pointed tip, margin smooth to wavy
Campylopus sp.
2a. Alar cells brownish, bulging; branching through proliferation from tips
C. fexuosus
2b. Alar cells colourless; branching from base C. ericoides
2. Campylopus sps.
Simple shoots about 5 cm high. Leaves erect to erectopatent; only
one appressed to stem when dry; upto 4.5 mm long, elongated with pointed
tip, gradually narrowed from a wider ( 0.55 mm, broad) base to a subula
Chapter 5 Results & Discussion
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Studies on the Bryopsida of the Kolli Hills
75
with incurved margine, smooth to wavy; leaf tip not hyaline, toothed. Costa
broad about 2/3 of leaf base. Alar prominent bulging. Fertile plants not seen
(Plate 4).
Habitat: Rupicolous in evergreen and semi-evergreen forests.
Specimen Examined: Periashola (1400 m), 03-07-2003, RHTM 030.
3. Campylopus flexuosus (Hedw.) Brid.
Campylopus flexuosus (Hedw.) Brid. in Mant. Musc., 4: 71 (1819);
Dicranum flexuosum Hedw. in Sp. Musc.: 145 (1801); Bryum flexuosum
(Hedw.) L. ex. With. in Syst. Arr. Brit. Pl. ed. 4, 3: 817 (1801); B. immersum
Dicks. in Pl. Crypt. Britt. Fasc. 4: 15 (1801) fid. Bird.; Weisia immerse
(Dicks.) Brid. in Sp. Musc., 1: 124 (1806); Dicranum palustre La Pyl. in
Brid. in Bryol. Univ., 1: 814 (1827) hom. illeg.; Thysanomitrion flexuosum
(Hedw.) Arnott in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris. 5: 262 (1827); Campylopus
arduennae Lib. in Pl. Crypt. Arduenn. n. 106 (1831); C. tallulensis Sull. et
Lesq. in Musci Bor. Am.: 17 (1865); C. paradoxus Wils. in Hardy in
Berwickshire Nat. Hist. Cl., 1868: 48 (1868); Dicranum subleucogaster C.
Muell. in Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl., 5: 49 (1874); Campylopus subleucogaster (C.
Muell.) Jaeg. in Ber. S. Gall. Naturw. Ges. 1877-78: 381 (1880); C.
subcinereus Stirt. in Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist., 8: 105 (1899); C. roellii Ren. et
Card. in Bull. Soc. R. Bot. Belg., 38: 9 (1900); C. melaphanus Stirt. in Ann.
Scot. Nat. Hist., 12: 110 (1903); C. rubiginosus Stirt. in Ann. Scot. Nat.
Hist., 15: 1 (1906); C. crenulatus Stirt. in Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin., 26: 244
(1914).
Chapter 5 Results & Discussion
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Studies on the Bryopsida of the Kolli Hills
76
Dioicous, shiny, green to olive green, up to 7 cm high, tomentose,
dichotomously branched. Leaves erectopatent, flexuose when dry, serrated
at tip, 10 mm long, up to 0.75 mm broad, lanceolate. Costa occupying the
½ of the leaf base, alar brown, highly bulging. Lamina cells at base long
rectangular, 27 11.5 m near costa, almost rhomboidal and incrassate
at margin. Fertile plants not seen (Plate 5).
Habitat: Rupicolous in evergreen forest
Specimens examined: Semmedu (1220 m), 30-03-2003, RHTM 013.
4. Campylopus ericoides (Criff) A. Jaeger
Campylopus ericoides (Criff.) A. Jaeger in Ber. Senckenberg. Naturf.
Ges. 1870-71: 424 (1872); Bruehl in Rec. Bot. Surv. India, 13(1): 23 (1931);
Gangulee, Moss. E. India, 1(2): 296 (1971); Dicranum ericoides Griff. in
Calcutta J. Nat. Hist., 2: 499 (1842); Mitt., Musc. Ind. Orient., 18 (1859);
Syntypes: Nepal, Wallich s. n. (BM); India, Khasia, Myrung, Griffith s. n.
(CAL, BM).
Caespitose, comose, felt like plants, not branched, up to 2 cm height.
Leaves long, up to 6 mm, erectopatent, somewhat flexuose when dry,
lanceolate, leaf base wide. Cells widest at alar region, alar cells slightly
inflated, colourless and distinct, rhizoids arise from leaf base, margin
inflexed at upper two-thirds and distinctly serrulate in the upper one third.
Costa light yellow brown, 150 m wide, covers 1/3 of the leaf, basal
laminal cells yellow, rectangular, upper laminar cells smaller, rhomboidal,
incrassate. Capsule not seen (Plate 6).
Chapter 5 Results & Discussion
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Studies on the Bryopsida of the Kolli Hills
77
Habitat: Rupicolous in evergreen forest
Specimens examined: Mathikettan Shola (1400 m), 06-07-2003,
RHTM 021; Semmedu (1220 m), 04-08-2004, RHTM 062.
Family: LEUCOBRYACEAE
Plants whitish green. Stem without central strand. Leaves with a
median row of chlorocysts between one or more layers of large leucocysts
in cross section, costa broad.
Key to Genus: Leucobryaceae
1a. Leaves dense limb of leaves not flat or plano-convex on upper surface, base
of leaves ovate Leucobryum
1b. Leaves spreading, limb of leaves flat or plano-convex, base of leaves oblong
Octoblepharum
Genus: LEUCOBRYUM
Plants whitish or pale green, in lax or dense cushions, brittle when
dry; leaves long, spongy, mostly appressed when dry, straight or falcate
when moist, lanceolate or subulate from an oblong base; costa flattened,
very broad, occupying the whole width of the leaf except for a narrow
margin of hyaline cells, margin entire; seta erect, elongate; peristome teeth
16, dicaranoid; operculum rostrate, covering the urn.
Key to Species:
1a. Leaf cells upto 6 mm long. Laminar cells not pitted, elongated only in the
border rows L. nilghiriense
1b. Leaf less then 4 mm. Long, basal lamina cells pitted L. mittenii
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Studies on the Bryopsida of the Kolli Hills
78
5. Leucobryum nilghiriense C. Muell.
Leucobryum nilghiriense C. Muell. in Bot. Zeit., 32: 556 (1854) name
corrected from neilgherrense (ortho. err.) by Mitt. in Musci. Ind. Or.: 26
(1859); Leucobryum holleanum Doz. & Molk. in Bryol. Jav., 1: 17 (1855); L.
vulgare Wils. in Kew J. Bot., 9: 293 (1857) nom. nud.; L. triviale C. Muell. in
Linnaea, 36: 30 (1869); L. mulleri Levier in Par. in Index Bryol. Suppl. 228
(1900) nom. nud.; L. sikkimense Card. in Ren. & Card. in Bull. Soc. R. Bot.
Belg., 41: 29 (1905) nom. nud. in synon.; L. ferriei Card. in ibid.: 28 (1905).
Plants are in tufts, whitish green, up to 2 cm high. Leaves narrow,
rigid, erect spreading, up to 6 mm long, 3 mm wide, smooth on back.
Lamina cells hyaline, 9-12 rows at base, gradually decreasing in width
towards top. Sporophyte terminal, cylindrical, erect, seta long, reddish
brown, peristome teeth small and short, calyptra long (Plate 7).
Habitat: Corticolous in evergreen, semi-evergreen, deciduous and
degraded forests.
Specimens examined: Periashola (1400 m), 12-07-2003, RHTM 025;
Settur (1200 m), 03-07-2004, RHTM 049; Solakkadu (1200 m), 14-01-2006,
RHTM 117, 03-06-2006, RHTM 127.
6. Leucobryum mittenii Besch.
Leucobryum mittenii Besch. in. J. de Bot., 12: 287 (1898);
Schistomitrium gardnorianum Mitt, P. P. (Khasia plant only) in Musc. Ind.
Or., 26 (1859).
Chapter 5 Results & Discussion
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Studies on the Bryopsida of the Kolli Hills
79
Caespitose, unbranched plants, up to 1.5 cm long. Densely covered
with erect to erectopatent leaves, up to 3.5 mm long, ovate, partly
sheathing, concave, wide base which is more than 1/3 of the leaf length;
upper part lanceolate, concave, often becoming tubular by the inflexed
margins, apex acute. Costa wide, with one layer of chlorocysts and two
layers of leucocysts, a hyaline lamina, have thin walled with elongated and
irregular sized cells. Sporophyte not seen (Plate 8).
Habitat: Rupicolous and corticolous in evergreen forest.
Specimens examined: Kuzhivalavu (1450), 13-02-2005, RHTM 084;
Solakkadu (1200 m), 14-01-2006, RHTM 118.
Genus: OCTOBLEPHARUM
Plants tufted, glossy, whitish-green, tinged with brown; leaves
crowded, rigid, often fragile, lingulate, form an oblong or narrowly obovate,
concave base, limb of leaves flat or plano-convex at upper half; costa
broad and thick, occupying half of the leaf base and filling the upper part;
central and basal laminal cells irregularly rectangular; seta erect, less than
1 cm long; capsule erect, ovoid, symmetrical; pristome 8 teethed,
undivided, broadly lanceolate, peristomial teeth 16 in 8 pairs; calyptra
cucullate.
7. Octoblepharum albidium Hedw.
Octoblepharum albidium Hedw. in Sp. Musc.: 50 (1801); Bryum
albidum L. Sp. Pl.: 1583 (1753) nomenclature. inval.; B. albidum (Hedw.) P.
Beauv. in Prodr.: 45 (1805); Octoblepharum minus Hamp. in Vid. Medd.
Chapter 5 Results & Discussion
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Studies on the Bryopsida of the Kolli Hills
80
Naturh. For. Kjobenh. Ser. 4, 1: 83 (1879); O. cuspidatum C. Muell. in
Generation. Musc. Fr.: 88 (1900); O. martinicense Mitt. in Card. in Mem.
Soc. Sc. Nat. Cherbourg, 32: 44 (1901) nom. nud.; O. ekmanii Ther. in
Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat., 13: 220 (1939).
Autoicous, greenish white plant, up to 1 cm high, as small tufts on
tree trunks, short and simple stem; 5 mm high, not branched. Leaves
crowded, forming a rosette at apex, erect-spreading, rigid, not changed
when dry, narrowed, tubular 5 0.5 mm, acute tip, margin entire, wide
sheathing at base. Costa wide, smooth on back. Basal cells hyaline,
laminar cells chlorophyllous. Sporophyte not seen (Plate 9).
Habitat: Lignicolous and corticolous in evergreen forests.
Specimens examined: Semmedu (1220 m), 05-08-2004, RHTM 064,
19-07-2006, RHTM 134; Periasamykoil Shola (1300 m), 18-06-2006,
RHTM 131.
Order: FISSIDENTALES
Plants small. Leaves distichous, complanate with sheathing or
vaginant smaller lamina.
Family: FISSIDENTACEAE
Plants 1-5 mm high, rarely higher. Perichaetial leaves similar to
leaves, smaller or longer.
Chapter 5 Results & Discussion
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Studies on the Bryopsida of the Kolli Hills
81
Genus: Fissidens
Plants yellowish-green, small to medium sized, simple or dimorphic,
vertically placed; leaves distichous, differentiated into vaginant laminae
(sheath like part), a dorsal (behind the costa) and a ventral lamina (above
the vaginant lamina); capsule terminal or lateral, erect to inclined,
peristome single; spores spherical, smooth to lightly papillose.
8. Fissidens sylvaticus Griff.
Fissidens sylvaticus Griff. in Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 2: 507 (1842);
Bruehl. in Rec. Bot. Surv. India, 13(1): 18 (1931); Foreau in J. Bombay Nat.
Hist. Soc., 58: 16 (1961); Wadhwa in M. V. M. Patrika, 4: 91 (1969);
Gangulee, Moss. E. India, 1(2): 535 (1971); Mohamed & al. in J. Bombay
Nat. Hist. Soc., 83: 689 (1986); Type: India, Mumbre, Griffith s. n. (CAL). F.
circinalis Mitt., Musc. Ind. Orient., 138 (1859); Bruehl in Rec. Bot. Surv.
India, 13(1): 18 (1931); Type: India, Mount. supra Avam (NY); F. angustus
Thwaites & Mitt. in J. Linn. Soc. Bot., 13: 324 (1873); Bruehl in Rec. Bot.
Surv. India, 13(1): 18 (1931); Type: Ceylon, Thwaites s. n. (BM); F.
terminiflorus Thwaites & Mitt. in J. Linn. Soc. Bot., 13: 322 (1873); Type:
Ceylon, Thwaites s. n. (BM); F. arbogastii Renauld & Cardot in Rev. Gen.
Bot., 9: 289 (1891); Type: Madagascar (PC); F. coriaceifolius Mull. Hal. ex.
Dusen in Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Handl., 28: 6 (1895); Type: Africa,
Cameroon, ca 400 m, Jan. 1892, Dusen s. n. (S). F. subobscurus Paris,
Index Bryol., 487 (1896); Bruehl in Rec. Bot. Surv. India, 13(1): 18 (1931);
Type: Ceylon (REN, B, BH, JE); F. lutescens Broth. in Rec. Bot. Surv.
Chapter 5 Results & Discussion
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Studies on the Bryopsida of the Kolli Hills
82
India, 1(12): 315 (1899); Bruehl in Rec. Bot. Surv. India, 13(1): 18 (1931);
Foreau in J. Madras Univ., 2: 243 (1930); J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 61:
224 (1964); Wadhwa in M. V. M. Patrika, 4: 91 (1969); Type: India
(Karnataka), Coorg, near Verajpet, Walker 159 (US); F. elimbatus Broth. in
Rec. Bot. Surv. India, 1(12): 316 (1899); Bruehl in Rec. Bot. Surv. India,
13(1): 17 (1931); Type: India (Karnataka), Coorg, near Verajpet, Walker
151 (US); F. incurvescens Broth. in K. Schum. & Lauterb., Fl. Deutsch.
Schutzgeb. Sudsee, 81 (1900); Type: Kaiser, Wilhelms-Land, Butaueng,
Dec. 1884, Kaernbach s. n. (B, G, BM, PC), F. walker Broth. var. elimbatus
(Broth.) Dixon in J. Indian Bot., 2: 177 (1921); Foreau in J. Bombay Nat.
Hist. Soc., 58: 16 (1961); Wadhwa in M. V. M. Patrika, 4: 91 (1969); F.
angustilusculus Dixon & P. de la Varde in Arch. Bot. Bull. Mens. 1: 163
(1927); Bruehl in Rec. Bot. Surv. India, 13(1): 19 (1931); Foreau in J.
Madras Univ., 2: 242 (1930); J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 58: 15 (1961);
Wadhwa in M. V. M. Patrika, 4: 90 (1969); Type: India (Tamil Nadu), Palni
Hills, Parappar Torrent, near Villupatti paddy fields, Foreau 511 (RHT).
Plants small, up to 5 mm high. Leaves curled and crumpted when dry,
elongated oblong - lingulate, apiculate from a wide tip; up to 1.5 mm long
and 0.4 mm broad, dorsal lamina narrowed down to a slightly decurrent
base sheathing lamini usually unequal (open), terminating a little below
margin level, apical blade symmetrical, nerve orange at base, lighter
above. Costa excurrent - shortly mucronate, border row of cells corrugated
by conical protuberances at the leaf apex, smoothly crenulate below. Leaf
Chapter 5 Results & Discussion
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83
cells rounded hexagonal, up to 8 m broad, elongated rectangular ( 16 m
long) at the base of the sheathing lamini at nerve base (Plate 10).
Habitat: Rupicolous in deciduous forests and plantations.
Specimens examined: Periasamykoil Shola (1300 m), 18-06-2006,
RHTM 133.
Order: POTTIALES
Plants variable in size, tufted or mat forming, stem erect, rarely
procumbent. Leaves comose or spirall, curled or circinately curled when
dry, linear lanceolate to spathulate, sheathing to semi-sheathing at base,
alar region undifferentiated.
Family: POTTIACEAE
Stem erect, calyptra cucullate, capsule erect, cylindric to ovate--
cylindric. Operculum conic, rostrate. Peristome teeth absent or
haplolepidious, 16, spirally twisted, split into 32 filiform papillate segments
with basal membrane.
Key to Genus: Pottiaceae
1a. Leaves spathulate or lingulate, broad at base, apiculate Hyophila
1b. Leaves linear - Lanceolate, acuminata 2
2a. Leaf margin flat, pegged even when dry, leaves brittle Oxystegeus
2b. Leaf margin inrolved at base, not pegged, leaves not brittle Leptodontium
Genus: Hyophila
Plants dioicous, tufted or forming mats. Stem branched or not.
Leaves uniform or comose, curled or circinately curled with inrolled margin
Chapter 5 Results & Discussion
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Studies on the Bryopsida of the Kolli Hills
84
when dry, flat when wet. Perichaetial leaves smaller, sometimes
undifferentiated. Sporophytes apical. Capsules cylindric, Peristome absent.
Key to Species: Hyophila
1a. Leaf margin smooth upto apex, costa short excurrent with long arista
H. comosa
1b. Leaf margin serrated near the apex, costa strong with short arista
H. involuta
9. Hyophila comosa Dix. et Yarde.
Hyophila comosa Dixon & P. de la Varde in Arch. Bot. Bull. Mens. 1:
166 (1927); Bruehl in Rec. Bot. Surv. India, 13(1): 38 (1931); Foreau in J.
Madras Univ., 2: 246 (1930) and J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 58: 22 (1961);
Wadhwa in M. V. M. Patrika, 6: 73 (1971); Gangulee, Moss. E. India, 1(3):
687 (1972); Type: India, Beddome 706 ex Herb. Mitteni (NY).
Small, up to 1.2 cm high, forming a thick mat on the substratum,
erect, green, dichotomously branched. Leaves thick, sub-erect upto 3.2 mm
long, basal leaves distant and brown, inrolled when dry, spathulate from a
narrower base, acute, margin smooth. Costa strong, short excurrent with
small arista, 65 m wide. Upper laminar cells chlorophyllous, multipapillate,
rounded and hexagonal, cells at base hyaline, longitudinal rectangular,
length up to 20 m (Plate 11).
Habitat: Terri and rupicolous in evergreen forests and plantations.
Specimens examined: Shoolavanthi Shola (1020 m), 09-02-2005,
RHTM 092; Solakkadu (1200 m), 03-12-2006, RHTM 145.
Chapter 5 Results & Discussion
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Studies on the Bryopsida of the Kolli Hills
85
10. Hyophila involuta (Hook.) Jaeg.
Hyophila involuta (Hook.) Jaeg. in Ber. S. Gall. Naturw. Ges. 1871-
72: 356 (1873); Gymnostomum involutum Hook. in Musc. Exot., 2: 154
(1819); Gymnostomum tortula Schwaegr. in Sp. Musc. Suppl. 2: 78, 175
(1826); G. cylindricum Hook. in Icon. Pl. Rar., 1: 17 (1836); Barbula
spathulata Doz. & Molk. in Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. ser. 3, 2: 300 (1844);
Hyophila hookeri Hamp. in Bot. Zeit., 4: 267 (1846) nom. illeg.; H.
harveyana Hamp. in ibid same page nom. illeg.; H. tortula (Schwaegr.)
Hamp. in ibid same page; Pottia involuta (Hook.) C. Muell. in Syn., 1: 560
(1849); P. cylindrica (Hook.) C. Muell. in Syn., 1: 562 (1849); Desmatodon
involutus (Hook.) Mitt. in Musci Ind. Or.: 39 (1959); Pottia zollingeri C.
Muell. in Bot. Zeit., 14: 419 (1856); P. circinnata C. Muell. in Linn., 36: 38
(1869); P. riparia Aust. in Musci Appal., n. 112 (1870); Trichostomum
bescherelli Schimp. in Besch. in Mem. Soc. Sc. Nat. Cherbourg, 16: 477
(1872); Hyophila cylindrica (Hook.) Jaeg. in Ber. S. Gall. Naturw. Ges.
1871-72: 356 (1873); H. circinnata (C. Muell.) Jaeg. in Ber. S. Gall. Naturw.
Ges. 1870-72: 357 (1873); H. bescherelli (Schimp.) C. Muell. in Flora, 58:
538 (1875); Trichostomum warnstorfii Limpr. in Laubm. Deutschl., 1: 587
(1888) nom. illeg.; Leptodontium riparium (Aust.) E. G. Brit. in Bull. Torr.
Bot. Club, 19: 275 (1892); L. canadense Kindb. in Macoun. in Cat. Canad.
Pl., 6: 45 (1892); Hyophila micholitzii Broth. in Oefv. Finsk. Vet. Soc.
Foerh., 35: 39 (1893); Didymodon riparias (Aust.) Kindb. in Eur. N. Am.
Bryin., 2: 280 (1897); Hyophila stenocarpa Ren. et Card. in Bull. Soc. R.
Chapter 5 Results & Discussion
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Studies on the Bryopsida of the Kolli Hills
86
Bot. Belg., 38(1): 10 (1900); H. moutieri Par. et Broth in Rev. Bryol., 28: 38
(1901); H. commutata Broth. in Nat. Pfl., 1(3): 403 (1902); H. riparia (Aust.)
Fleisch. in Britt. in Bryologist, 7: 69 (1904); H. warnstorfii (Limpr.) Fleisch.
in Musci Fl. Buitenz., 1: 330 (1904); H. dozy-molkenboeri Fleisch. in ibid p.
328; H. tsunodae Broth. ex Yas. in Bot. Mag. Tokyo, 29: 151 (1915); H.
attenuata Broth. in Symb. Sin. 4: 37 (1929); H. subcylindrica Broth. in
Bruehl. in Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind., 13(1): 126 (1931) nom. nud.; H. sinensi Dix.
in Yang: Sc. Rep. Nat. Tsing Hua Univ. B. Biol., 2: 117 (1936) nom. nud.
Dioicous, gregarious, yellowish green, erect, upto 1.5 cm high,
branched from the base. Leaves distant at the base, brownish, comal tuft at
the tip, tongue shaped, apex sub-obtuse. Costa strong, single, smooth
margin, slightly serrated near the apex, percurrent, extended beyond apex
and form arista, 2 m long, 0.5 mm wide. Laminar cells rectangular, 8-10
m 5-6 m, cells near midrib large and towards margin short. Capsule
terminal, seta erect; long, brownish, peristome absent (Plate 12).
Habitat: Terricolous, rupicolous in semi-evergreen, degraded forest
and plantations.
Specimens examined: Kuzhivalavu (1450), 03-03-2003, RHTM 010;
Semmedu (1220 m), 10-03-2003, RHTM 012; Sottupparai (1250 m),
05-02-2005, RHTM 073; 06-02-2005, RHTM 079, RHTM 080; 12-02-2005,
RHTM 081; Arappuleeswarar, Kuttar (850 m), RHTM 090.
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Genus: OXYSTEGUS
Plants yellowish-green, stem prostrate to erect, branched or not with
indistinct or no central strand; leaves brittle, linear-lanceolate, apiculate,
margin flat, wavy, not inrolled, flat even when dry, crenulate by papillae;
lamina cells thin walled, coarse, rounded to quadrate, papillate above,
smooth at base, rectangular, hyaline; capsule erect, ovoid-cylindric,
peristome teeth usually undivided or irregularly split, deeply inserted,
without basal membrane.
11. Oxystegus cylindricus (Bruch ex Brid.) Hilp.
Oxystegus cylindricus (Bruch ex Brid.) Hilp., Beih. Bot. Centralbl., 50:
620 (1933); Gangulee, Moss. E. India, 1(3): 655 (1972); Weisia cylindrical
Bruch ex Brid., Bryol. Univ., 1: 806 (1827); Weisia tenuirostris Hook. &
Tayl., Musc. Brit. ed. 2: 83. Suppl. 3 (1827); Didymodon tenuirostris (Hook.
& Tayl.) Wils., Hook. J. Bot., 3: 378 (1841); Barbula longifolia Griff.,
Calcutta J. Nat. Hist., 2: 490 (1842); Didymodon longifolius Griff., Ibid., 2:
510 (1842); D. cylindricus (Brid.) Bruch, Schimp. & W. Guembel, Bryol. Eur.
2: 139 (1846); D. calyptratus Tayl., Lond. J. Bot., 7: 188 (1848);
Trichostomum cylindricum (Bruch ex Brid.) C. Muell., Synop. Musc. Frond.
1: 586 (1849); Tortula cylindrica (Bruch ex Brid.) Mitt., Musc. Ind. Orient. 28
(1859); T. longifolia (Griff.) Mitt., ibid. (1859); Trichostomum tenuirostre
(Hook. & Tayl.) Lindb., Oefv. K. Vet. Ak. Foerh., 21: 225 (1864); Mollia
tenuirostris (Hook. & Tayl.) Lindb., Musc. Scand., 21 (1879); Barbula
leptotortuosa C. Muell. in N. Giorn., Bot. Ital., 5: 179 (1898); B. leptotortella
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C. Muell., Hedwigia, 38: 110 (1899); Trichostomum leptotortuosum (C.
Muell.) Broth., Nat. Pflanzenfam., 1(3): 394 (1902); T. longifolium (Griff.)
Broth., Ibid., 1(3): 394 (1902); Tortella cylindrical (Bruch ex Brid.) Loeske,
Stud. Morph. Syst. Laubm., 97 (1910); Oxystegus longifolius (Griff.) Hilp. in
Beih., Bot. Centralb., 50(2): 667 (1933); O. leptotortella (C. Muell.) Hilp.,
ibid., O. leptotortuosum (C. Muell.) Hilp. ibid.
Yellowish green plants, in loose tuffs. Stem dark, slender, flexuose
upto 3 cm long. Leaves fragile in older plarts, comparatively lax, patent to
spreading, flexuose, curled when dry, lanceolate-lingulate, longer in the
upper region, length up to 5 mm and wide up to 0.3 mm, sheathing base,
margin pegged, somewhat crenulate with papillae above, acute apex costa
strong. Basal cells wide and rectangular, hyaline, thin wal1ed up to 60 20
m, shorter towards margin upper lamina cells rounded, quadrate, diameter
of 15 m, incrassate, multipapillate. Seta apical, erect, slightly twisted
when dry, capsule cylindrical, peristome teeth deep brown; up to 300 m
high (Plate 13).
Habitat: Rupicolous in evergreen forests.
Specimens examined: Shoolavanthi Shola (1020 m), 11-07-2005,
RHTM 107, RHTM 108.
Genus: LEPTODONTIUM
Dioicous (sometimes pseudoautoicous) study to slender plants in
yellow to brown tuffs. Stem without central strand, tomentose, scaly.
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Leaves flexuose or curled when dry, usually squarrose, carinate, elliptical
or oval margin reflexed at base, serulate above. Leaf base cells elongated
rectangular, upper ones small, papillose on both sides, incrassate.
Perichaetical leaves sheathing, erect, capsule cylindrical, sometimes
curved. Operculum conic - rostrate.
12. Leptodontium viticulosoides (P. de Beauv.) Wijk & Marg.
Leptodontium viticulosoides (P. de Beauv.) Wijk & Marg., Taxon. 9:
51 (1960), Neckera viticulosoides P. de Beauv., Prodr. Aethéogam. 78.
(1805), Leptodontium squarrosum (Hook.) Hampe in Lindb., Öfvers. Förh.
Kongl. Svenska Vetensk.-Akad. 21: 227 (1864), Didymodon squarrosus
Hook., Musci Exot. 2: 150 f. 1–8 (1819), Leptodontium squarrosum var.
abbreviatum (Dix.) P.-C. Chen, Hedwigia 80: 320 (1941), Leptodontium
viticulosoides var. abbreviatum (Dix.) Wijk & Marg., Taxon 11: 221 (1962),
Leptodontium abbreviatum Dix., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 19: 284,
f. 4 (1938), Leptodontium subdenticulatum (C. Müll.) Paris, Ind. Bryol. 732
(1894), Leptodontium squarrosum var. subdenticulatum (C. Müll.) P.-C.
Chen, Hedwigia 80: 320 (1941), Trichostomum subdenticulatum C. Müll.,
Syn. Musc. Frond. 2: 626 (1851), Leptodontium taiwanense Nog., J. Jap.
Bot. 20: 144 (1944), syn. nov. Type. China: Taiwan, Mt. Ari-Tataka, (8 Aug.
1932), H. Ozaki s.n. (holotype NICH).
Dioicous, yellow-green, robust plant in loose tufts, 4 cm high. Leaves
carinate, 3.5 mm long 1 m wide at base, ovate-lanceolate, lower part
sheathing, margin narrowly inrolled at base, serrulate at top. Costa light
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brown. Upper laminar cells rounded-quadrate, sometimes slightly
elongated, highly multipapillose and incrassate. Seta terminal, capsule
brown, erect, cylindrical from an ovoid base, 3.3 mm long, operculum
conic-rostate, 1.5 mm high, peristome teeth reddish brown (Plate 14).
Habitat: Corticolous in evergreen forests
Specimens examined: Solakkadu (1200 m), 05-02-2005, RHTM 071.
Order: FUNARIALES
Plants terricolous, acrocarpous. Stem branched or not, usually
without central strand. Leaves usually in terminal rosettes, broad, ovate or
spathulate, cells thin-walled, smooth. Capsules pyriform to cylindric.
Peristome teeth if present, diplolepideous or rudimentary.
Family: FUNARIACEAE
Plants small to medium-sized, terricolous, stem branched or not.
Leaves in terminal rosettes, caespitose. Leaf cells rhomboid to rectangular,
smooth. Capsule globose, ovoid, erect, smooth or sulcate, cleistocarpic.
Peristome teeth if present epicranoid, diplolepideous or rudimentary.
Key to Genus: Funariaceae
1a. Peristome well developed, operculam convex, capsule asymmetrical,
capsule, acullate Funaria
1b. Peristome absent, operculam beaked, calyptra not cuculate Physcomitrium
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Genus: FUNARIA
Plants yellowish, gregarious; leaves more or less erect to convolute,
forming a bud like structure of various shapes, acuminate; costa ending
below the apex to shortly excurrent; cells elongate, rectangular to
rhomboidal, sometimes elongate towards the margin forming a narrow
border; seta short or long, erect; capsule asymmetric, erect to pendulous,
peristome deeply inserted, double, single or absent, reddish to brownish,
mostly oblique, twisted towards right, inner peristome as long as outer or
shorter, calyptra persistent, long beaked, smooth with entire margin; spores
moderately large.
13. Funaria hygrometrica Hedw.
Funaria hygrometrica Hedw. in Sp. Musc.: 172 (1801); Minium
hygrometricum (Hedw.) With. in Syst. Arr. Br. Pl. ed. 4, 3: 787 (1801);
Funaria angustifolia Brid. in Sp. Musc., 3: 71 (1817); F. androgyna Brid. in
Bryol. Univ., 2: 58 (1827); F. ramificans Brid. in ibid.: 738 (1827); F.
campylopus Brid. in ibid.: 739 (1827); F. gracilescens Schimp. ex C. Muell.
in Bot. Zeit., 16: 154 (1858); F. marginata Kindb in Bih. K. Svensk. Vet. Ak.
Handl., 7: 79 (1883); F. megapoda C. Muell. in Bull. Herb. Boiss., 5: 175
(1897); F. globicarpa C. Muell. in Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. n. ser., 5: 161
(1898); F. lonchopelma C. Muell. in hedwigia, 38: 61 (1899).
Loosely tufted, green, about 1.5 cm high. Lower leaves smaller
sparsely arranged and with poorly developed costa, upper leaves large
upto 0.75 mm long, forming rosette on top, concave, oblong-ovate, erect
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spreading, shrunk when dry, margin entire, apex acute. Costa strong,
percurrent. Lamina cells thin walled, subhexagonal, more elongated at
base, smaller at apex; marginal row narrow. Seta apical, erect, capsule
horizontal to pendulous, asymmetrical with the narrower mouth oblique, 1
mm long with the apophysis, yellow with deep red mouth, sulcate when dry,
operculum convex, calypa cucullate, peristome teeth typical epicranoid,
outer teeth brown, spirally arranged (Plate 15).
Habitat: Rupicolous in semi-evergreen, deciduous and scrub forests.
Specimens examined: Kuzhivalavu (1450), 09-03-2003, RHTM 006;
Solakkadu (1200 m), 10-03-2003, RHTM 008; Pongaya Shola (1300 m),
03-12-2006, RHTM 146.
Genus: Physcomitrium
Erect, small to medium, yellow-green to pale green, usually
terrestrial, tufted to gregarious plants. Stems usually simple, with central
strand, rhizoids at base only. Leaves erect-spreading, rosette, concave,
ovate or spathulate (sometimes narrow), margin flat, or dentate above,
indistinctly or distinctly bordered by narrow, elongated usually acuminate.
Costa clear, ending below tip to excurrent. Lamina cells, perchymatous,
long or short rectangular, sometimes rhomboid. Capsule immersed to
exserted on a long seta. Capsule erect, symmetrical, turbinate or pyriform.
Peristom absent. Annulus present. Operculum apiculate or rostellate with
cells arranged straight lines from centre to circumference. Calyptra usually
erect, lobed at base cucullate, symmetrical, fugacious.
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14. Physcomitrium sps.
Plants small, slender, densely gregarious, bright green. Stem short,
4.5 mm, long, erect, soft, branched. Leaves lax, upper ones longer,
narrow, erectopatent, concave, lanceloate from ob-ovate base, acuminate,
margin serrate-dentate throughout, lower leaves 1.3 0.3 mm with nerve
vanishing well below apex. Costa ending below tip to excurrent. Leaf cells,
thin walled and rectangular at base, rhomboidal at top. Capsule erect,
symmetrical, turbinate to pyriform, peristome absent Operculum apicu llate,
celyptra erect, not cucullate (Plate 16).
Habitat: Rupicolous in evergreen forests
Specimen Examined: Solakkadu (1200 m), 11-07-2005, RHTM 101,
RHTM 103.
Order: EUBRYALES
Plants acrocarpic medium to robust, ceaspitose, stem branched or
not, erect. Leaves variable. Peristome teeth bryoid type (metacranoid),
endostome with basal membrane, keeled, slit or perforate with distinct or
rudimentary cilia, dorsal surface of exostome striolate.
Key to Family: Eubryales
1a. Leaves ovate; orbicular or lanceolate; margin entire or faintly to distinctly
toothed at apical margin; Sporophyte not lateral from plant base Bryaceae
1b. Leaf elongage; subulate; margin distinctly spinose; sporophyte lateral from
plant base Rhizogoniaceae
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Family: BRYACEAE
Plants variable in size, caespitose or tufted, stem erect, radiculose,
branched. Leaves in terminal rosettes, lax below, lanceolate, cells
rhomboid or linear above, rectangular to quadrate below. Capsules nodding
to pendulous, sometimes erect, fusiform or pyriform to clavate, apophysis
distinct. Peristome teeth 2-rowed. Operculum convex, mamillate or
apiculate, rarely rostrate. Calyptra narrow, cucullate, smooth caducous.
Genus: BRYUM
Plants small to robust, densely tufted, stem tomentose, mostly with
subapical innovations, simple or branched rhizoids numerous, brown,
tubers present in some; leaves large, bordered or non-bordered, ovate or
ovate- lanceolate, acuminata, lower leaves smaller, distant, upper larger;
cells sub-rectangular at base, narrow-rhomboidal above but not linear,
smooth, seta long, erect, mostly red, arcuate at tip; capsule clavate,
pyriform, with a distinct neck, sometimes broadly ovate, apophysis
tapering, peristome usually double; spores rounded, 10-15 m diagonally.
Key to Species: Bryum
1a. Plants glossy, silvery green, leaves closely imbricate, costa faint, ending far
below apex B. argenteum
1b. Plants yellowish green, brown or reddish, leaves, spreading, costa strong,
percurrent or excurrent 2
2a. Leaves spirally twisted when dry B. capillare
2b. Leaves not spirally twisted when dry 3
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3a. Plants small, upto 2 cm high B. medianum
3b. Plants large, upto 12 cm high B. wightii
15. Bryum argenteum Hedw.
Bryum argenteum Hedw., sp. Musc., 181 (1801); Broth., Rec. Bot.
Surv. India, 1(12): 320 (1899); P. Bruehl, Rec. Bot. Surv. India, 13(1): 52
(1931); Dixon, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 39: 779 (1937); Foreau, J.
Madras Univ. Sect. B., 2: 249 (1930) & J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 58: 25
(1961); Argyrobryum argenteum (Hedw.) Kindb., Bih. Kong. Svensk. Vet.
Akad. Handlinger, 7(9): 78 (1883); Brachymenium argenteoides Dixon,
Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh, 19: 289 (1938), B. brachyphyllum Taylor
in Mitt., J. Linn. Soc. Bot., 12: 302 (1869); B. candicans Taylor in Mitt., J.
Linn. Soc. Bot., 12: 303 (1869); B. corrugatum Hampe, Bot. Zeitung
(Berlin), 27: 868 (1869); B. leucurum C. Muell., Linnaea, 42: 479 (1879); B.
stenopyxis C. Muell., Linnaea, 42: 480 (1879); B. niveum Herzog, Biblioth.
Bot., 88: 13 (1920).
Plants small, densely tufted. Stems erect, very short, glossy, silvery
white, 2 cm in high. Leaves uniformly and densely arranged along the
stem, erectopatent, broadly ovate, concave, acuminata, 1.2 mm length
and 0.5 mm wide, flat margin. Costa percurrent, ending in a hyaline arista.
Leaf cells clearly differentiated into hyaline cells in the upper ⅓ of the leaf
and chlorophyllous cells below, upper hyaline cells narrowly rhomboidal,
colourless with firm wall and hexagonal in shape (Plate 17).
Habitat: Terri and Rupicolous in evergreen forests and plantations.
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96
Specimens examined: Kuzhivalavu (1450), 15-11-2003, RHTM 035,
Pongaya Shola (1300 m), 03-12-2006, RHTM 147.
16. Bryum capillare L. ex Hedw.
Bryum capillare L. ex Hedw. in sp. Musc.; 182 (1801); Bryum
squalidum Brid. in Bryol. Musc. Recognised., 2(3): 52 (1803); B. ferchelii
Funck ex Brid. in Bryol. Univ., 1: 847 (1827) as var.; B. elegans Nees in
Brid. in ibid.: 849 (1827) as var.; B. torquescens De Not. in Syll. n. 163
(1838) as var.; B. domingense C. Muell. in Linnaea, 17: 594 (1843) hom.
illeg.; B. philippianum C. Muell. in Linnaea, 18: 701 (1845) fid. Ochi; B.
creberrimum Tayl. in Lond. J. Bot., 5: 54 (1846) fid. Ochi; B. capillare var.
capense C. Muell. in Syn., 1: 281 (1848); B. pyrothecium C. Muell. & Hamp.
in Linnaea, 26: 495 (1855), B. cuspidatum Wils. in Kew. J. Bot., 9: 364
(1857) hom. illeg.; B. thomsonii Mitt. in Musci. Ind. or: 75 (1859) syn. nov.;
B. oreganum Suell. in U.S. Expl. Experiment. Wilkes Musci: 10 (1859); B.
baueri Hamp. in Linnaea, 30: 457 (1860); B. teneriffae Hamp. in C. Muell.
in Bot. Zeit., 20: 12 (1862) fid. Ochi; B. triste De Not. in Cronac. Briol. Ital.,
1: 26 (1866); B. chilense Reichd. in Reis. Oest. Freg. Novara Bot., 1: 75
(1870) fid. Ochi; Rhodobryum albolimbatum Hamp. & C. Muell. in Linnaea,
36: 517 (1870) fid. Ochi; Bryum pohliaeforme Schimp. in Besch. in Mem.
Soc. Sc. Nat. Cherbourg. 16: 198 (1872) hom. illeg.; B. botterii Mohr. ex. C.
Muell. in Linnaea, 38: 622 (1874); B. albo-limbatum (Hamp. & C. Muell.)
Jaeg. in Ber. S. Gall. Naturw. Ges., 1973-74: 191 (1875); B. rufonitens
Hamp. in Vid. Medd. Naurh. For. Kjobenh. Ser. 3, 9-10: 261 (1878) fid.
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Ochi; B. nanocoma C. Muell. in Linnaea, 43: 365 (1882); B. sawyeri Ren. &
Card. in Rev. Bryol., 15: 71 (1888); B. pusillum Broth. in Oefv. Finsk. Vet.
Soc. Foerh., 33: 99 (1890) hom. illeg., fid. Ochi; B. whiteleggei Broth. in
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 7: 277 (1892) nom. nud., fid. Ochi; B.
capillare ssp. heteroneuron C. Muell. & Kindb. in Macoun: Cat. Canad. Pl.,
6: 130 (1892); B. immarginatum Broth. in Oefv. Finsk. Vet. Soc. Foerh., 35:
50 (1893) fid. Ochi; B. heteroneuron (C. Muell. & kindb.) Ren. & Card. in
Rev. Bryol., 20: 3 (1893) nom. illeg.; B. floridanum Ren. & Card. in ibid.: 4
(1893).; B. sanguilentum Ren. & Card in ibid.: 31 (1893); B.
syntrichiaefolium C. Muell. in Broth. in Bot. Jahrb., 20: 88 (1894) nom.
nud.; B. speirophyllum Kindb. in Bull. Soc. Bot. Ital. 1895: 17 (1895); B.
squarrosum Kindb. in Roell in Hedwigia, 35: 66 (1896) hom. illeg.; B.
bernouillii C. Muell. in Herb. Boiss., 5: 183 (1897); B. vulcanicola C. Muell.
in ibid.: 184 (1897); B. ionianum var. floridanum (Ren. & Card.) Kindb. in
Eur. N. Am. Bryin., 2: 359 (1897); B. gemmascens Kindb. in ibid.: 360
(1897); B. streptophyllum Kindb. in ibid.: 359 (1897); B. tomentosum Kindb.
in ibid.: 361 (1897) hom. illeg.; B. trichophorum Kindb. in ibid.: 359 (1897);
B. plebejum C. Muell. in Hedwigia 37: 94 (1898) fid. Ochi; B. synoicum C.
Muell. in ibid.: 96 (1898) fid. Ochi; B. erythropyxis C. Muell. in ibid.: 101
(1898) fid. Ochi; B. nagasakense Broth. in Hedwigia 38: 219 (1899) as var.,
B. lonchopyxis Broth. in ibid.: 72 (1899); B. microsporum Broth. in Oefv.
Finsk. Vet. Foerh., 42: 100 (1899) hom. illeg.; B. flaccidifolium C. Muell. in
Generation. Musc. Fr.: 238 (1900) nom. nud., fid. Ochi; B. obconicum var.
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aristatum Roth in Eur. Laubm., 2: 152 (1904); B. pycnoloma C. Muell. in
Par. in Ind. Bryol. ed. 2, 1: 250 (1904) nom. nud., B. tomentosulum Par. in
ibid.: 264 (1904); B. subrepandocarpum Card. & Ther. in Bot. Gaz., 37: 374
(1904); B. baileyi Holz. in Bryologist, 8: 54 (1905) hom. illeg.; B. fosteri
Holz. in ibid.: 80 (1905); B. moravicum Podp. in Vestn. Klub. Prirod. Prost.,
8: 41 (1906); B. courtoisii Broth. & Par. in Rev. Bryol., 35: 41 (1908) as
var.; B. tosanum Card. in Bull. Soc. Bot. Geneve ser. 2, 1: 128 (1909); B.
rubrolimbatum Broth. in Philipp. J. Sci., 5C: 147 (1910) as var.; B.
validicostatum Card. & Dix. in J. Bot., 49: 4 (1919) fid. Ochi; B.
leptothecioides Besch. et Watts in Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 40: 374
(1915) fid. Ochi; B. yuennanense Broth. in Sitz. Ak. Wiss. Wien. Math. Nat.
KI., 133: 570 (1924); B. rhomboidale Ther. in Rev. Bryol. n. ser., 3: 37
(1930) fid. Ochi; B. vino-viride Bartr. in Bis. Mus. Bull., 101: 116 (1933) fid.
Ochi; B. spininervium Dix. in Not. R. Bot. Gard. Edin., 19: 291 (1938) fid.
Ochi; B. capense (C. Muell.) Podp. in Act. Ac. Sc. Nat. Morav., 22: 439
(1950); B. littorale Hamp. in Podp. nom. nud, in synon. in ibid.: 389 (1950);
B. capillare var. spininervium (Dix.) Podp. in ibid.: 461 (1950) fid. Ochi; B.
donianum var. spuarrosum Podp. in ibid.: 23: 26 (1951).
Small plant, green, forming cushion, with large capsule, branches up
to 5 mm high. Leaves small upto 0.5 mm, leathery, linear lanceolate,
acuminata, flat base, arranged in distal position, margin entire. Costa
strong, single, percurrent, forming arista. Thin walled hyaline lamina cells,
hexagonal elongated with length of 50 m and width of 25 m, basal cells
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rectangular. Seta erect, curved at tip, arise from the base of branches,
reddish brown, long up to 1.5 cm, capsule large size, horizontal or
dropping, bottle shaped 4 mm long. Peristome deep inserted, normal;
reddish at base, 380 m high and 83 m wide at base (Plate 18).
Habitat: Terri and Corticolous in evergreen forests.
Specimens examined: Koilur (1000 m), 04-07-2004, RHTM 051,
Mathikettan Shola (1400 m), 04-08-2004, RHTM 061.
17. Bryum medianum Mitt
Bryum medianum Mitt. in Musci Ind. Or., 74 (1859).
Plants large, tufted, green, stem erect upto 4 mm long, with 2 to 3
subfloral innovations, tomentose at base. Lower leaves small and lax,
upper leaves large, clustered in comal tuft, erect spreading to erectopatent,
spirally twisted when dry, ovate-spathulate 3 mm long and 1 to 1.5 mm
broad at middle, acuminata, margin flat, entire below, serrate-denticulate
above. Costa strong, excurrent in an arista 0.22 mm long. Leaf cells thin-
walled, lax-rhomboidal, 50 20 m at top, basal cells rectangular
(Plate 19).
Habitat: Tericolous in evergreen forests.
Specimen Examined: Kuzhivalavu (1450), 02-12-2006, RHTM 143.
18. Bryum wightii Mitt
Bryum wightii Mitt. in Musci Ind. Or., 74 (1859); Bryum strigosum
Wils. in Kew J. Bot., 9: 306 (1857); nom. nud.
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Plants robust large, densely tufted, green above, reddish below. Stem
erect, red, branched by several subfloral innovations, 3 cm long,
tomentose. Lower leaves smaller and distant, upper leaves large, clustered
in comal tufts, erectopatent to erect spreading, curled and cr ispate when
dry, ovate oblong spathulate, concave, 5 mm long and 1.2 mm wide,
acuminata, lower margin reflexed and entire, upper flat and serrulate-
dentate, older leaves reddish. Costa brown, strong, excurrent in a
denticulate arista 0.3 mm long. Leaf cells slightly thick walled, rhomboid
above and rectangular with thin walled below (Plate 20).
Habitat: Tericolous in evergreen forests.
Specimen Examined: Pongaya Shola (1300 m), 20-07-2006,
RHTM 141.
Family: RHIZOGONIACEAE
Plants medium to robust, inlax or close tufts. Stem with a central
strand, tomentose below. Leaves uniform, spreading linear, lanceolate, flat,
toothed, thickened at margin, costa excurrent, spinose on back. Cells
irregularly rounded - hexagonal, thick walled, smooth. Sporophyte lateral
from base. Capsule inclined or horizontal, ovoid - cylindric. Peristome teeth
bryoid.
Genus: PYRRHOBRYUM
Plants greenish above, brownish below; leaves linear-lanceolate, tip
incurved when dry, border thick, serrated, teeth often in pairs; costa
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percurrent, toothed on back above; cells incrassate, rounded to elongate,
smooth.
19. Pyrrhobryum spiniforme (L. ex Hedw.) Mitt.
Pyrrhobryum spiniforme (L. ex Hedw.) Mitt., J. Linn. Soc. Bot., 10:
174 (1868); Hypnum spiniforme L. ex Hedw., Sp. Musc., 236 (1801);
Rhizogonium spiniforme (L. ex Hedw.) Bruch in Krauss, Flora, 29: 134
(1846); Gangulee, Moss. E. India, 2(4): 1068 (1974); Mnium spiniforme (L.
ex Hedw.) C. Muell., Syn. Musc. Frond., 1: 175 (1848); Rhynchostegium
latifolium Aongstr., Oefv. K. Vet. Ak. Foerh., 29(4): 18 (1872); Rhizogonium
pervilleanum Besch., Ann. Sc. Nat. Bor. Ser., 6(10): 242 (1880); R. pervillei
Kindb., Enum. Bryin. Exot., 94 (1889).
Erect, greenish brown, gregarious, in dense tufts on decaying wood,
tomentose below, up to 4 cm height, flexuose. Leaves laxly arranged,
erectospreading, incurved tips when dry; lower leaves smaller, upper
leaves larger, linear-lanceolate, gradually acuminata, carinate-concave, up
to 7 mm long and 2 mm wide at base, margin serrated. Costa single,
percurrent. Leaf cells incrassate, smooth, oval or rounded quadrate to
hexagonal. Sporophyte lateral from plant base, seta long up to 4 cm,
capsule horizontal or inclined, 2 mm long (Plate 21).
Habitat: Corticolous in evergreen, Deciduous, Scrub forests and
Plantations.
Specimens examined: Peria Shola (1400 m), 06-07-2003, RHTM 022,
13-07-2003, RHTM 029; Settur (1200 m), 03-07-2004, RHTM 048, 05-08-
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2004, RHTM 067; Ellakkirai (1280 m), 04-07-2004, RHTM 054, 10-07-2004,
RHTM 056, RHTM 058; Koilur (1000 m), 11-07-2004, RHTM 060;
Kuzhivalavu (1450), 13-02-2005, RHTM 084.
Order: ISOBRYALES
Plants robust. Stem creeping, branches pendant or erect. Leaves
isophyllous. Sometimes a nisophylloous, symmetric, rarely asymmetric,
costa if present, single, forked at apex. Sporophytes lateral, hidden within
leaves. Calyptra mitriform. Campanulate to cucullate, smooth or in hairy.
Peristome teeth or not, if present one or 2 rowed.
Key to Family: ISOBRYALES
1a. Branches and leaves complanate; leaves mostly asymmetrical
Neckeraceae
1b. Branches and leaves not complanate; leaves mostly symmetrical 2
2a. Lamina cells papillose or incrassate Orthotrichaceae
2b. Lamina cells smooth 3
3a. Leaves 3-rowed with a smaller dorsal row Racopilaceae
3b. Leaves 2-many-rowed without a smaller dorsal row 4
4a. Secondary branches frondose to slenderly elongate; leaves neither recurved
not squarrose Pterobryaceae
4b. Secondary branches never frondose, slender and elongated; leaves either
recurved or squarrose Meteoriaceae
Family: NECKERACEAE
Sturdy, glossy plants. Primary stem filiform creeping, mostly without
central strand, secondary stems erect or pendulous, subpinnate, strongly
complanate. Leaves transversely undulate, short pointed. Costa single and
short. Leaf cells smooth, rhomboidal above, linear towards base.
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Key to Genus: Neckeraceae
1a. Plants glossy, papillae absent Homaliodendron
1b. Plant not glossy, rough papilliae in laminar cells Pinnatella
Genus: HOMALIODENDRON
Plants yellowish-green, robust, main stem creeping, microphyllose,
branched and often with stolons, secondary stems ascending, usually
complanate and flagelliform; leaves polymorphic, the lower stem leaves
small, appressed, lanceolate, apiculate, upper normal, leaves on small
branches complanate, 2-ranked, spreading, broad or oblong to spathulate-
lingulate, crenulate or coarsely toothed at the extreme apex, near the base
nearly revolute on one side; costa single, feeble, ending in the mid leaf,
cells smooth, firm walled, small, upper rounded polygonal, rhomboid in the
middle, near the base elongated, often pitted; alar cells rectangular to
ovate or quadrate, thick walled near the insertion; seta short, 2-3 mm long;
capsule erect to slightly inclined, symmetrical, ovoid, peristome teeth
narrow, lanceolate, pale greenish, papillose, calyptra cucullate, mostly
small with long hairs, sometimes naked; spores small, rounded.
Homaliodendron
1a. Leaves spreading, leaf tip rounded, costa strong H. flabellatum
1b. Leaves dense, leaf tip obtuse, costa weak H. obtusatum
20. Homaliodendron flabellatum (Sm.) M. Ferisch.
Homaliodendron flabellatum (Sm.) M. Ferisch. in Hedwigia, 45: 74
(1906); Foreau in Bruehl in Rec. Bot. Surv. India, 13(1): 77 (1931); Dixon in
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J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 39: 785 (1937); J. Madras Univ., 3: 121 (1931) &
J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 58: 34 (1961); Wadhwa in M. V. M. Patrika, 6:
72 (1971); R. S. Chopra, Tax. Indian Moss., 369 (1975); Gangulee, Moss.
E. India, 2(5): 1426 (1976); Hookeria flabellate Sm. in Trans. Linn. Soc.
London, Bot., 9: 280 (1808); Type: West Indies (LIV); Leskea flabellate
(Sm.) Schwagr., Sp. Musc. Frond. Suppl., 1(2): 164 (1816); Neckera
dentate Griff., Not. Pl. Asiat., 2: 463 (1849); Type: Pl. LXXXVIII, fig. II. N.
australasica Mull. Hal., Syn. Musc. Frond., 2: 42 (1850); Type: Australia,
Owyhee Is., 1793; Menzies s. n. (GH, H, JE, STU); Hypnum flabellatum
(Sm.) Dixon ex Mull. Hall., Syn. Musc. Frond., 2: 225 (1850); Neckera
flabellate (Sm.) Mitt., Musc. Ind. Orient., 118 (1859); Homalia flabellate
(Sm.) Bosch. & Sande Lac., Bryol. Jav., 2: 58 (1863); Broth. in Rec. Bot.
Surv. India, 1(12): 325 (1899); Porotrichum dendroides Mitt. in Seem.; Fl.
Vit., 397 (1873); Syntypes: Viti, Seemann s. n. (NY); Hawaii, Menzies &
Douglas s. n. (NY). Porotrichum flabellatum (Sm.) Mitt. in Trans. Linn. Soc.
London, Bot., 2, 3: 175 (1891); Homalia brachyphylla Renauld & Cardot in
Rev. Bryol. 23: 103 (1896); Type: Tjibodas forests, Massart s. n. (PC);
Homaliodendron dentatum (Griff.) M. Fleisch. in Hedwigia, 45: 75 (1906).
Robust, epixylic, pale to bright green, glossy plants in lax tufts.
Primary stem long, creeping, secondary stems inclined to horizontal, with
appressed small leaves on stipe, pinnate frondose, upto 5 cm long. Stems
without central strand. Leaves spreading horizontal to somewhat erect,
longitudinally plicate when dry, asymmetrically oblong - lingulate, upto
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3 mm long and 1.54 mm wide apex rounded. Costa single, ending below
apex, sometimes bifurcating at top in one specimen and bunch of
multicellular; ovate gemma is seen. Leaf cells incrassate, smooth,
rhomboidal polygonal (Plate 22).
Habitat : Corticolous in evergreen forests
Specimen Examined: Semmedu (1220 m), 31-03-2003, RHTM 126.
21. Homaliodendron obtusatum (Mitt.) Gangulee
Homaliodendron obtusatum (Mitt.) Gangulee, Moss. E. India, 2(5):
1416 (1976); Homalia obtusata Mitt. in J. Linn. Soc., Bot., 8: 38 (1864); R.
S. Chopra, Tax. Indian Moss., 371 (1975); Type: British Columbia, Lyell s.
n. (BM).
Main stem wiry, with small scaly leaves, creeping secondary
branches erect or creeping upto 1.5 cm long, sparsely pinnately branched,
complanate junger mannioid. Leaves dense, complanate, horizontally
spread, lightly longitudinally plicate when dry, asymmetrically oblong-
spathulae, 1.5 mm long and 0.8 mm wide at top; apex obtuse, not
apiculate, margin crenulate; inflexed on one side at base. Costa short
(about 1/3 leaf) and feeble. Leaf cells incrassate, smooth, quadrate -
polygonal at top, more elongated, rhomboid at lamina (Plate 23).
Habitat : Corticolous in evergreen forest.
Specimen Examined: Solakkadu (1200 m), 03-06-2006, RHTM 126.
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Genus: PINNATELLA
Plants slender to robust, not glossy, main stem creeping, secondary
stem usually erect, sometimes pendant, bipinnately branched to form a
dendroid form; leaves spreading, concave, broadly-ovate, short or long,
apiculate, upper often minutely toothed; costa strong, mostly ending near
the apex; cells thick walled, small, rounded-quadrate to hexagonal or
rhomboid, upper unipapillose, rough, near the edge often in several rows of
elongated cells; seta 3-5 mm long, yellow, somewhat rough; capsule erect,
ovoid; spores rounded, about 20 m diagonally.
22. Pinnatella sps.
Dull yellow-green, slendor to robust, rigid plants growing in lax tufts.
Primary stem creeping, 2 cm long, secondary stems scattered, usually
erect or inclined, bipinnately branched to form a frondose or dendroid head
form a woody stipe. Leaves spreading, concave, rarely transversely
undulate, longitudinally plicate, ovate to ligulate, 1.2 mm long and 0.5 mm
wide; leaf with a toothed, narrowed point. Costa strong, ending just below
apex. Leaf cells rounded hexagonal in lamina with coarse irregular papillae,
elongated at base (Plate 24).
Habitat: Corticolous in evergreen forests.
Specimen Examined: Semmedu (1220 m), 31-03-2003, RHTM 014.
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Family: ORTHOTRICHACEAE
Plants robust, tufted. Pale above, dark below. Stem creeping or erect,
without central strand. Leaves dense, appressed to stem, curled, wide-
spreading, linear to lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, cells papillate to
mamillate, incrassate. Calyptra mitriform, smooth or pilose. Operculum
rostrate. Peristome teeth, if present, one or 2 rowed.
Key to Genus: Orthotrichaceae
1a. Calyptra hairy, peristome lacking or rudimentary Macromitrium
1b. Calyptra not hairy, peristome single with truncate teeth Drummondia
Genus: MACROMITRIUM
Plants yellowish-green or brownish, slender to robust, in dense tufts;
stem long creeping, erect or ascending, simple or fasciculately branched;
leaves appressed when dry, sometimes spiraly twisted around the stem,
erect to spreading when moist, smooth to undulate, near the base often
concave, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acute; costa
moderately strong, ending below the apex or percurrent, sometimes shortly
excurrent in a hair like arista; cells rounded to quadrate or rounded
hexagonal at upper half, rich in chlorophyll, papillose to smooth, near the
base elongate, thickened, smooth to strongly papillose on the plicae,
sometimes all cells elongated; seta erect, usually elongate, rough; capsule
nearly spherical to oblong-ovoid, calyptra campanulate, plicate, mostly
covering the capsule, smooth or hairy, lobed; spores large of uneven size,
papillose.
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Key to Species: Macromitrium
1a, Leaf cells papillose M. moorcroftii
1b. Leaf cells not papillose 2
2a. Leaves spirally twisted when dry, capsule sulcate M. sulcatum
2b. Leaves curled when dry, capsule not sulcate Macromitrium sp.
23. Macromitrium moorcroftii (Hook. & Grev.) Schwaegr.
Macromitrium moorcroftii (Hook. & Grev.) Schwaegr. in Sp. Musc.
Suppl. 2(2): 67 (1826); Orthotrichum moorcroftii Hook. & Grev. in Edin. J.
Sc., 1: 116 (1824); Leiotheca moorcroftii (Hook. & Grev.) Brid. in Bryol.
Univ., 1: 727 (1826); Orthodon moorcroftii (Hook & Grev.) Griff. in Icon. Pl.
As., 1: 76 (1849); Macromitrium pileatum Wils. in Kew J. Bot., 9: 327 (1857)
nom. nud.; M. tortuosum Wils. in ibid. (1857) nom. nud.
Robust green plants, tufts on tree trunks, up to 4 cm long, erect
secondary branches up to 1 cm. Leaves dense, erectopatent, much curled
when dry, lanceolate, plicate at base, 3.5 mm long and 0.6 mm wide at
base, apex acute, margin little revolute at places. Costa single reaching the
apex and forming arista. Leaf cells thick walled, papil lose, upper cells
rounded-quadrate, 11.5 m wide, highly bulging mamillose, mid leaf cells
elongated, papillose, 15 9 m juctacostal cells at extreme base are
rectangular elongated with comparatively thinner and smooth. Seta apical,
erect on branches, capsule ovoid, narrow mouthed, peristome absent,
calyptra mitriform and hairy (Plate 25).
Habitat: Corticolous in Evergreen forests.
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Specimens examined: Settur (1200 m), 05-08-2004, RHTM 068,
Kuzhivalavu (1450), 13-02-2005, RHTM 085, RHTM 086.
24. Macromitrium sulcatum (Hook.) Brid.
Macromitrium sulcatum (Hook.) Brid. in Bryol. Univ., 1: 319 (1826);
Schlotheimia sulcata Hook. in Musci Exot., 2: 156 (1819); Macromitrium
neelgheriense C. Muell. in Syn. 1: 737 (1849) as var.; M. neilgherrense C.
Muell. in Bot. Zeit., 11: 61 (1853) as var.; M. corrugatum Wils. in Kew J.
Bot., 9: 328 (1857) nom. nud.; M. tersum Wils. in ibid.: nom. nud. as var.;
M. nilghiriense C. Muell. ex Mitt. in Musci Ind. Or.: 52 (1859); M.
ceylanicum Mitt. in Musci. Ind. Or.: 52 (1859) as var.: M. ramentosum
Thwait. et Mitt. in J. Linn. Soc. Bot., 13: 301 (1873) as asp.
Tufted plants on tree trunks, up to 2 cm high, giving rise to erect
secondary branches. Leaves dense, erect to erectopatent, usually carinate,
more appressed and hook-like or spirally twisted when dry, lanceolate, 2
mm long and 0.65 mm wide, apex acute apiculate, margin entire, flat. Costa
ending just behind tip. Leaf apical cells with highly thickened walls,
irregularly rounded, mid leaf cell are thick walled, juxtacostal cells show
elongated.
Capsule erect, oval with narrowed mouth, clearly sulcate, operculum
conic, long rostrate, peristome absent, calyptra mitriform, hairy (Plate 26).
Habitat: Rupicolous and corticolous in evergreen and semi-evergreen
forests.
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Specimens examined: Solakkadu (1200 m), 09-03-2003, RHTM 001,
RHTM 002, RHTM 003; Mettukkadu (1050 m), 31-03-2003, RHTM 016;
Semmedu (1220 m), 05-07-2003, RHTM 018, 07-02-2004, RHTM 044;
Kuzhivalavu (1450), 15-11-2003, RHTM 036; Settur (1200 m), 03-07-2004,
RHTM 047; Ellakkirai (1280 m), 10-07-2004, RHTM 057.
25. Macromitrium sp.
Plants yellowish-green, long, creeping, crowded, tomentose below,
branches very small, 6 mm long, leaves linear to lanceolate, upto 1.5 mm
long, curled when dry, tip pointed, margin entire, upper portion wavy, costa
yellowish-brown, strong ending below the tip, cells rounded to elongated,
upper rounded, Hexagonal, 7.5 m diagonally, not papillose, basal cells
elongated, 12.52.4 m, Seta lateral, erect, capsule erect, ovate operculum
conic to rostrate, calyptra hairy, peristome absent (Plate 27).
Habitat: Corticolous in evergreen forests.
Specimens examined: Solakkadu (1200 m), 03-06-2006, RHTM 128.
Genus: DRUMMONDIA
Plants creeping with erect branches as in Macromitrium. Dry leaves
erect and appressed on stem. Leaf cells mostly rounded, usually not
papillose. Capsule broad, Calyptra cucullate, not hairy.
26. Drummondia stricta (Mitt.) C. Muell.
Drummondia stricta (Mitt.) C. Muell. in Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. n. ser.
3: 106 (1896); Zygodon strictus Mitt. in Musci Ind. Or.: 47 (1859).
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Green plants in tufts, usually corticolous. Main stem is creeping upto
2 cm long and ascending with erect secondary shoots which are simple or
dichotomously branched. Leaves dense, erectopatent to spreading, erect
and appressed to stem when dry, elongate elliptical, 1.66 mm long and
0.5 mm broad, apex narrowly acute, margin flat and entire. Leaf cells thick
walled, smooth, tumescent, irregularly rounded-quadrate- hexagonal, 9-10
m wide; at extreme base cells are sub-rectangular, large (upto 39 11
m) at just costal region and smaller near margin. Capsule erect, ovate,
seta short, peristome not clear, calyptra cucullate (Plate 28).
Habitat: Terri and Corticolous in evergreen forests.
Specimen Examined: Solakkadu (1200 m), 11-07-2005, RHTM 102,
RHTM 105.
Family: RACOPILACEAE
Plants slender to robust olive green to brown-tinged. Stem creeping
with an indistinct central strand. Leaves 3-rowed, one dorsal and two
lateral, oblong-ovate, acuminate, long aristate at apex; cells rounded-
quadrate to rhomboidal. Costa single excurrent, Capsule exserted. Calyptra
cucullate, faintly pilose. Peristome teeth 2 rowed, hypnoid.
Genus: RACOPILUM
Plants olive green to brown tinged, prostrate, racticulose; leaves
dimorphic, large lateral leaves in two rows, dorsal leaves much smaller,
resembling amphigastria; costa strong, usually excurrent; cells rounded or
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hexagonal, chlorophyllose; seta elongate; capsule inclined, peristome
double, calyptra cucullate, hairy.
Key to Species: Racopilum
1a. Leaves show strong dentation in lateral, arista not long R. cuspidigerum
1b. Leaf dentation not strong in lateral, arista long R. orthocarpum
27. Racopilum cuspidigerum (Schwaegr.) Aongstr.
Racopilum cuspidigerum (Schwaegr.) Aongstr. Aongstr. in Oefv. K.
Vet. Ak. Foerh., 29 (4): 10 (1872); Hypnum cuspidigerum Schwaegr. in
Gaud. in Freyc.: Voyage Aut. Monde Oranie Phys. Bot.: 229 (1828);
Hookeria tomentosa (Hedw.) Arnott var. subintegrifolia Arnott in Mem. Soc.
Hist. Nat. Paris, 5: 250 (1897); Racopilum demissum Bosch & Lac. in Bryol.
Jav., 2: 18 (1861) as var.
Yellow green (brown below), epixylic in tufts with many fine rhizoids
on the main stem. Leaves dimorphic, lateral leaves 1.5 mm long and 0.85
mm wide, margin dentate strongly on top, arista 0.5 mm long. Costa
strong, excurrent. Leaf cells incrassate smooth or swelling to form a single
papilla on top of lumen, parenchymatous, quadrate, hexagonal to rhomboid
or rounded. Sporophyte not seen (Plate 29).
Habitat: Lignicolous in evergreen and semi-evergreen forests.
Specimen examined: Pongaya Shola (1300 m), 17-01-2004,
RHTM 041.
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28. Racopilum orthocarpum Wils. ex. Mitt.
Racopilum orthocarpum Wils. ex. Mitt., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. Suppl., 1:
136 (1859); Gangulee, Moss. E. India, 2(5): 1199 (1976); Madhus. & M. C.
Nair, J. Eco. Taxon. Bot., 28: 341 (2004).
Yellow green, in tufts, main stem prostrate or ascendant branches
upto 1.5 cm long. Leaves on branches, lax, dimorphic, in three rows, two
lateral and one dorsal, lateral leaves spreading, larger, ovate, acute tipped,
long aristate, 1.5 mm long and 0.75 mm wide, margin flat, dentate at top
but not strong. Costa strong, excurrent, dorsal or amphigastrial row much
smaller, appressed, erect or drooping with proportionally longer arista. Leaf
cell wall thickened, smooth, irregularly quadrate-rectangular. Seta erect
(spirally twisted when dry), capsule erect, cylindrical, operculum conic-
rostrate, peristome distinctly double, hypnoid (Plate 30).
Habitat: Corticolous in evergreen forests.
Specimens examined: Kuzhivalavu (1450), 09-03-2003, RHTM 004,
RHTM 005, RHTM 006, RHTM 007; Peria Shola (1400 m), 12-07-2003,
RHTM 024.
Family: PTEROBRYACEAE
Fairly robust, with flagelliform branches or not, branches erect or
pendant, stem without central strand. Leaves dense, on all sides of branch,
ovate, acuminate at apex. Costa if present single or double, leaf cells thick
walled, elongate, porose, usually smooth, alar often differentiated.
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Capsules within leaves to exserted. Calyptra smooth. Peristome teeth
2-rowed, the inner rudimentary.
Key to Genus: Pterobryaceae
1a. Costa single, covering at least half of the leaf Pterobryopsis
1b. Costa double, short, may be absent Symphysodentella
Genus: PTEROBRYOPSIS
Plants golden-yellowish to greenish, slender to robust, glossy; leaves
ovate-cordate, appressed to stem when dry, shortly and narrowly
acuminate from an ovate base, entire or toothed in the apical part; costa
single, mostly ending in the middle, rarely double or absent, cells smooth,
rhomboid to narrowly linear, at the base large, brown, pitted; alar cells
large, thick walled, often reddish-brown; capsule mostly raised, oblong,
orange-brown, operculum rostrate; spores large, rounded, papillose.
Key to Species: Pterobryopsis
1a. Leaves ovate - cordate, tip apiculate P. acuminata
1b. Leaves elongate - ovate, shortly acuminate P. orientalis
29. Pterobryopsis acuminata (Hook.) Fleisch.
Pterobryopsis acuminata (Hook.) Fleisch. in Hedwigia, 45: 59 (1905);
Neckera acuminata Hook. in Musci Exot., 2: 15 (1819); Meterorium
acuminatum (Hook.) Mitt. in Musci Ind. Or.: 86 (1859); Endotrichum
acuminatum (Hook.) Jaeg. in Ber. S. Gall. Naturw. Ges., 1875-76: 233
(1877); Garovaglia acuminata (Hook.) Par. in Index Bryol.: 507 (1896).
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Creeping, greenish brown, branched dendroid pinnate, about 4 cm
long, branches slender but rigid. Leaves dense, imbricate, erectopatent,
concave, ovate-cordate, tip apiculate up to 2 mm long, plicate, margin flat,
faintly denticulate, undulated obliquely from the base and in middle. Costa
single, ending at two thirds of leaf. Leaf cells thick walled, smooth,
elongate, linear, walls porose, alar cells deep red brown, rectangular up to
30 20 m. Sporophyte not seen (Plate 31).
Habitat: Corticolous in evergreen forests.
Specimen examined: Arappuleeswarar (Kuttar) (850 m), 13-02-2005,
RHTM 088; Solakkadu (1200 m), 14-01-2006, RHTM 119.
30. Pterobryopsis orientalis (C. Muell) Fleisch
Pterobryopsis orientalis (C. Muell) M. Fleisch., Hedwigia, 59: 217
(1917); Gangulee, Moss. E. India, 2(5): 1272 (1976); Neckera orientalis C.
Muell., Bot. Zeitung. Berlin, 14: 437 (1856); Meteorium foulkesianum Mitt.,
Musc. Ind. Orient., 85 (1859); Leucodon orientalis (C. Muell.) A. Jaeger,
Ber. Senckenberg. Naturf. Ges., 1875-76: 217 (1877); Endotrichum
foulkesianum (Mitt.) A. Jaeger, ibid., 76: 233 (1877); Garovaglia
foulkesiana (Mitt.) Paris, Index Bryol. Suppl., 508 (1896); Pterobryopsis
foulkesiana (Mitt.) M. Fleisch., Hedwigia 45: 60 (1905); P. yuennanensis
Broth., Sitz. Ak. Wiss. Wien Math. Nat. Kl., Abtl., 133: 573 (1924).
Yellow green plants with slender branches but secondary branches
are stiff, upto 6 cm. Leaves dense, imbricate, erectopatent to spreading
concave, elongate to ovate, plicate, tip shortly acuminate and cucullate,
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2.88 mm long and 1.28 mm broad; margin flat, faintly denticulate above.
Costa single, covering not more than half of the leaf. Leaf cells elongate
linear, thick walled, walls in cells below tip porose. 50 35 m, on top of
base 52 7 m (elongated rhomboid). Sporophyte on lateral shoots, seta
erect, capsule erect, ovate-cylinderical, peristome not seen (Plate 32).
Habitat: Corticolous in evergreen forests.
Specimen Examined: Kuzhivalavu (1450), 21-01-2006, RHTM 122.
Genus: SYMPHYSODENTELLA
Main stem long, creeping on bark. Branches pale green to brownish,
glossy, usually dendroid by pinnate or bipinnate branching, sometimes with
flagelliform branches, leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminata, concave. Costa
short, single or double. Leaf cells elongate, smooth, alar not differentiated.
Capsule immersed or exserted. Exostome teeth evenly spaced (not in
pairs). Endostome rudimentary or absent. Calyptra small, cucullate, naked.
Spores large, papillose.
31. Symphysodentella borii Dix.
Symphysodentella borii Dix. in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 39: 781
(1937).
Plants light green above, brownish below, pinnately branched, about
2 cm long. Leaves dense, imbricate, erect to erectopatent, concave,
plicate, ovate-lanceolate, up to 2 mm long and 0.75 mm wide, acute,
margin denticulate at tip. Leaf cells lightly incrassate, elongate linear,
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Ecosate, cells at stem coloured, alar cells differentiated, deep brown,
rectangular. Sporophyte on short lateral shoots, capsule erect, oval,
1 mm long and 0.8 mm in diameter, capsule erect, oval, 1 mm long and
0.7 mm diameter (Plate 33).
Habitat: Corticolous in evergreen forests.
Specimen examined: Kuzhivalavu (1450), 21-01-2006, RHTM 123.
Family: METEORIACEAE
Slender to robust plants, hanging from trees. Creeping, filiform,
secondary stem elongate, flexuose, pendant, branched, densely foliose.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate to subulate, cells rhomboid, smooth or
papillate, alar region indistinct. Capsule exserted. Peristome teeth 2-rowed.
Calyptra small, cucullate, pilose or not.
Key to Genus: Meteroiaceae
1a. Cells with two rows of papillae on the laminal cells Cryptopapillaria
1b. Cells with one central line of papillae on the laminal cells 2
2a. Plants not glossy, very delicate, feather like, cells multipapillate, cells distinct Flouribundaria
2b. Plants glossy, thick, strong cells smooth or papillate, alar cells differentiated 3
3a. Leaves squrrose to erectopatent, sporophyte on short side shoot
Aerobryidium
3b. Leaves spreading, sporophyte lateral 4
4a. Leaves sheathing, costa single, fruit ending near mid leaf Aerobryum
4b. Leaves half sheathing, costa single, prominent ends at upper half of the leaf Meteoriopsis
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Genus: CRYPTOPAPILLARIA
Plants yellowish-green, robust; secondary stems many, elongate;
leaves closely or distantly imbricate when dry, erecto-patent from a cordate
or auriculate base when moist, oblong to lanceolate, apex shortly or longly
acuminata or hair pointed, margin entire or minutely toothed, two rows of
papillae on the laminal cells; costa narrow, single, not percurrent; cells
rhomboidal to linear, two rows of papillae on the wall, at the base adjoining
the costa hyaline, smooth, auricular in oblique rows, alar cells not distinct;
seta very short, rough; capsule completely immersed or exserted, ovoid to
oblong-ovoid; peristome teeth yellowish-white, calyptra small, more or less
papillose.
32. Cryptopapillaria fuscescens (Hook.) A. Jaeger
Cryptopapillaria fuscescens (Hook.) A. Jaeger, Ber. Senckenberg.
Naturf. Ges., 1875-76: 270 (1877); Broth., Rec. Bot. Surv. India, 1(12): 323
(1899); P. Bruehl, Rec. Bot. Surv. India, 13(1): 71 (1931); Dixon, J. Bombay
Nat. Hist. Soc., 39: 783 (1937); Foreau, J. Madras Univ. Sect. B. , 3: 119
(1931) & J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 58: 33 (1961); Sundararagh &
Wadhwa, Bull. Bot. Surv. India, 10: 346 (1968); R. S. Chopra, Tax. Indian
Mosses, 333 (1975); Gangulee, Moss. E. India, 2(5): 1284 (1976); Madhus.
& Nair, M. C. J. Econ. Tax. Bot., 28: 341 (2004); Neckera fuscescens
Hook., Musc. Exot., 2: 157 (1819); Daltonia fuscescens (Hook.) Arn., Mem.
Soc. Linn. Paris, 5: 296 (1827); Pilotrichum fuscescens (Hook.) Brid., Bryol.
Univ., 2: 264 (1827); Neckera chrysoclada C. Muell., Syn. Musc. Frond., 2:
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139 (1850); Trachypus fuscescens (Hook.) Mitt., Musc. Ind. Orient., 128
(1859); Meteorium fuscescens (Hook.) Bosch & Sande-Lac., Bryol. Jav., 2:
93 (1864); Papillaria chrysoclada (C. Muell.) A. Jaeger, Ber. Senckenberg.
Naturf. Ges., 1875-76: 270 (1877); P. fuscescens (C. Muell.) A. Jaeger,
var. crassiramea Renauld & Cardot., Bull. Soc. Bot. Belgium, 38: 19 (1900);
P. feae C. Muell. ex M. Fleisch., Die Musci Fl. Buitenz., 3: 761 (1908); P.
Bruehl, Rec. Bot. Surv. India, 13(1): 23 (1931); P. fuscescens (C. Muell.) A.
Jaeger var. gracilis M. Fleisch., Die Musci Fl. Buitenz. 3: 761 (1908); P.
bamfothiae Broth. ex Dixon, J. Bot. (Morot), 50: 148 (1912).
Branches slender, erect to drooping, up to 12 cm long, greenish.
Leaves dense, erect, upto 2 mm long, imbricate oblong-lanceolate,
auriculate, apex acuminate, twisted, margin finely denticulate crenulate at
apex and base, costa single, ending at midleaf. Leaves undulate, leaf cells
small, linear-rhomboidal with single linear Papillae, shorter and rectangular
at auricle. Sporophyte not seen (Plate 34).
Habitat: Corticolous in evergreen forests.
Specimen examined: Semmedu (1220 m), 05-07-2003, RHTM 017.
Genus: FLORIBUNDARIA
Plants slender, in looser tufts, main stem prostrate, pinnately
branched, branches short or elongate; branch and branchlet leaves
distichous, widened from a small decurrent, rounded base, narrowly
lanceolate, hyaline, acuminate, margin plane or recurved near the base,
serrate; costa single, thin; cells narrow, linear-rhomboid, usually more or
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less papillose, near the base wider, alar cells nearly quadrate, smooth,
sometimes absent; stem leaves and those near the base smaller, base
broad, long acumen, alar cells distinct; seta 2-4 mm long; capsule erect,
inclined, ovoid or oblong-ovoid, calyptra cucullate, small, mostly sparsely
hairy; spores rounded, 15-25 m diagonally.
Key to Species: Floribundaria
1a. Plant large, costa strong, papillae few F. armata
1b. Plant small, costa very weak, papillae larger F. walkeri
33. Floribundaria armata Broth.
Floribundaria armata Broth. in Symb. Sin., 4: 83 (1929).
Green to brownish, secondary branches pendulous flexuose,
irregularly pinnately branched, up to 8 cm. Leaves in more than two rows,
erect to spreading, lanceolate, 3 mm long and 0.8 mm wide at base,
acuminata, somewhat cordate at base, margin finely denticulate, flat,
concave, longitudinally plicate. Leaf cells linear to elongate rhomboid,
moderately incrassate, lamina cells leave 1 to 3 small seriate papillae on
lumen and inner wall, leaf attachment cells rectangular, alar cells
differentiated by rectangular, deep red-brown cells. Sporophyte not seen
(Plate 35).
Habitat: Corticolous in evergreen forests.
Specimen examined: Pongaya Shola (1300 m), 20-07-2006,
RHTM 142.
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34. Floribundaria walkeri (Ren. & Card.) Broth.
Floribundaria walkeri (Ren. & Card.) Broth. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat.
Pflanzenfam. 1(3): 822 (1906); Bruehl in Rec. Bot. Surv. India, 13(1): 73
(1931); Wadhwa in M. V. M. Patrika, 4: 92 (1969); R. S. Chopra, Tax.
Indian Moss., 346 (1975); Gangulee, Mosses E. India, 2(5): 1306 (1976);
Papillaria walker Renauld & Cardot in Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belgique, 34: 70
(1896); Type: India (W. Bengal), Edentale Plantation near Kurseong, Nov.
1893, Walker s. n. (Herb. Cardot PC).
Creeping, yellowish brown, very delicate, slender, branched
pinnately, up to 2 cm long. Leaves arranged in distant, feather like,
concave, ovate lanceolate, apex narrow acuminata, base narrowed margin
flat, smooth, costa very weak, scarcely detectable, auriculate, leaf up to
2 mm long and 0.5 mm wide at base, narrow towards the top. Leaf cells
narrow, linear, incrassate, seriate multipapillate. Sporophyte on short
lateral shoots with perichaetial leaves. Seta erect, capsule cylindrical,
operculum conical ((Plate 36).
Habitat: Corticolous in evergreen forests.
Specimen examined: Koilur (1000 m), 04-07-2004, RHTM 052;
Semmedu (1220 m), 05-08-2004, RHTM 063; Settur (1200 m), 05-08-2004,
RHTM 070; Solakkadu (1200 m), 06-02-2005, RHTM 078.
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Genus: AEROBRYIDIUM
More or less robust, glossy plants with hanging secondary branches.
Leaves squarrose to erectopatent, usually ovate-lanceolate, acuminata
subulate, somewhat undulate or plicate. Costa single, incomplete. Leaf
cells linear elongate or rhomboid, unipapillate, with porose walls, lax and
wider in alar regions. Sporophyte on short side shoots. Seta long, slightly
papillose. Peristome double, exostome and endostome of same height,
teethwith median line, cilia rudimentary or absent, basal membrane
moderately high. Operculum obliquely rostrate. Calyptra cucullate, hairy.
35. Aerobryidium filamentosum (Hook.) Fleisch.
Aerobryidium filamentosum (Hook.) Fleisch. in Broth. in Nat. Pfl.,
1(3): 821 (1906); Neckera filamentosa Hook. in Musci exot., 2: 158 (1819);
Hypnum aureonitens Hook. ex Schwaegr. in Sp. Musc. Suppl., 3(1): 221
(1827); Pilotrichum filamentosum (Hook.) Brid. in Bryol. Univ., 2: 264
(1827); Daltonia filamentosa (Hook.) Arnott in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris. 5:
296 (1827); Pilotrichum punctulatum C. Muell. in Bot. Zeit., 12: 571 (1854);
Meteorium filamentosum (Hook.) Mitt. in Musci Ind. Or.: 91 (1859); M.
aureonitens (Schwaegr.) Mitt. in ibid.: 91 (1859); M. punctulatum (C. Muell.)
Mitt. in ibid.: 91 (1859); Aerobryidium aureonitens (Schwaegr.) Broth. in
Nat. Pfl., 1(3): 820 (1906); Chryphaedelphus filamentosus (Hook.) C. Muell.
in Fleisch. in Musci Fl. Buitenz., 3: 791 (1908) nom. nud. in synon.;
Aerobryidium punctulatum (C. Muell.) Dix. in J. Bot., 50: 150 (1911); A.
subfilamentosum Card. mss. in Chopra in Tax. Ind. Moss: 339 (1975).
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Plants robust, yellow green above, creeping upto 4 cm long brownish
below, secondary branches branched pinnately and hanging upto 2 cm
long. Leaves imbricate, squarrose, dense, oval-lanceolate, gradually
narrowing into a long subula, cucullate tipped leaf, up to 4.5 mm long and 2
mm wide in the base, base cordate, margin wavy at places, very faintly
denticulate. Costa single, covering ⅓ of the leaf. Leaf cells rhomboid or
elongate rhomboid, with a single papilla on the top of the lumen except at
tip and base, wider and smooth at base with a few quadrate and smooth at
the alar regions, basal cells with slightly porose thickened walls.
Sporophyte not seen (Plate 37).
Habitat: Terricolous in evergreen and semi-evergreen forests.
Specimen examined: Mathikettan Shola (1400 m), 12-07-2003, RHTM
023; Periasamykoil Shola (1300 m), 03-07-2003, RHTM 026; Kuzhivalavu
(1450), 06-12-2003, RHTM 040; 02-12-2006, RHTM 144; Semmedu
(1220 m), 19-07-2006, RHTM 136.
Genus: AEROBRYUM
Plants robust, glossy with long, sparingly branched, secondary stems
pendant, whole stem leafy; leaves squarrose, widely spreading, broadly
ovate, acuminata, margin serrate; costa single, faint, ending near the
midleaf; cells thin to thick walled, rhomboid-linear to elliptic-ovate, smooth;
alar cells absent or indistinct; sporophyte on ultimate branches; seta
slender smooth; capsule suberect, exserted, peristome double; spores
rounded, 15-20 m diagonally.
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36. Aerobryum speciosum Dozy & Molk.
Aerobryum speciosum Dozy & Molk., Ned. Kruidk. Arch., 2(4): 280
(1851); Gangulee, Moss. E. India, 2(5): 1347 (1976); Meteoriu specium
(Dozy & Molk.) Mitt., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. Suppl., 1: 87 (1859); Aerobryum
nipponicum (Nog.) Sak., Musc. Jap., 10 (1954); A. speciosum var.
nipponicum Nog J. Hattori Bot. Lab., 3: 98. 42 f. 3 (1948).
Pseudoautoicous. Stem upto 10 cm long; Leaves upto 2 mm long,
broady ovate form a subcordate base, narrowed to a short acuminate tip,
broadly inflexed on one or both sides, 3.2 mm long and 2.24 mm wide
margin finely denticulate. Costa single, covering half of the leaf. Leaf cells
linear, smooth, pellucid, walls mildly incrassate, porose at base, 39.5
6.5 m at tip, 80 8 m in lamina, 5 7.5 m at base, 75 18 m in the
alar region (Plate 38).
Habitat: Terricolous in evergreen forests.
Specimen Examined: Mettukkadu (1050 m), 30-03-2003, RHTM 011.
Genus: METEORIOPSIS
Plants slender to robust, secondary stems many, long, pendant,
pinnate, whole stem leafy; leaves ovate to nearly orbicular, arises from
half-sheathing or squarrose-spreading base, shortly pointed to long and
narrowly acuminata, whole margin minutely to strongly serrate; costa
single, ending in the upper half of the leaf, cells narrowly rhomboid to
linear, uni- to multi-papillose, sometimes smooth, near the base wide, alar
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cells not differentiated; seta short; capsule erect, ovoid to oblong, brown,
smooth, peristome teeth lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, long and narrowly
subulate, operculum with straight or oblique beak, calyptra covering only on
the upper part of the urn, many lobed and usually hairy, or rough near the
tip; fruiting not common.
Key to Species: Meteoriopsis
1a. Leaf tip deflexed, short pilose, cells with two small papillae M. squarrosa
1b. Leaf tip more reflexed, suddenly acuminata, cells with papillae except at
extreme tip and base M. reclinata
37. Meteoriopsis squarrosa (Hook.) M. Fleisch.
Meteoriopsis squarrosa (Hook.) M. Fleisch. in Broth., Nat.
Pflanzenfam. 1(3): 826 (1906), Gangulee, Moss. E. India 2(5): 1349 (1976),
Mohamed et al., J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 83: 689 (1986), Neckera
squarrosa Hook., Icon. Pl. Rar. 1: 22 (1836), Pilotrichum squarrosum
(Hook.) C. Muell., Syn. Musc. Frond. 2: 154 (1850), Meteorium squarrosum
(Hook.) Mitt., Musci. Ind. Orient. 87 (1859).
Plants robust, yellow-green, glossy plants in dense masses,
secondary shoot pendulous up to 15 cm long, irregularly pinnately
branched. Leaves dense, squarrose, with tips deflexed, ovate-lanceolate,
sheathing, cordate, quickly narrowed at top to a sharp point 2.5 mm long
and 1.5 mm wide, margin dentate. Costa single, ending above midleaf. Leaf
cells elongated, rhomboidal, chlorophyllous, near base more rhomboid with
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1 or 2 small papillae, cells on the short auricle smooth, rectangular with
porose walls at the alar region. Sporophyte not seen (Plate 39).
Habitat: Corticolous in evergreen, semi-evergreen, Decidous, Scrub
forests and Plantations.
Specimen examined: Semmedu (1220 m), 05-08-2004, RHTM 066;
Solakkadu (1200 m), 11-07-2005, RHTM 104; 14-01-2006, RHTM 116.
38. Meteoriopsis reclinata (C. Muell) M. Fleisch.
M. Fleisch. in Broth., Nat. Pflanzenfam. 1(3):826. 1906; P. Bruehl,
Rec. Bot. Surv. India 13(1): 74. 1931; Dixon, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 58:
17 (1961); R. S. Chopra, Tax. Indian Mosses, 351 (1975); Gangulee, Moss.
E. India, 2(5): 1354 (1976); Pilotrichum reclinatum C. Muell., Bot. Zeitung.
12: 572 (1854); Meteorium reclinatum (C. Muell.) Mitt., Musc. Ind. Orient.
87 (1859); Broth., Rec. Bot. Surv. India, 1(12): 322 (1899); M. phaeum
Bosch. & Sande-Lac., Bryol. Jav. 2: 86 (1864).
Plants yellowish-green, variously branched, secondary branches
pendulous upto 20 cm; leaves oblong-ovate, faintly serrated all around,
strongly deflexed at tips, leaves plicate, 2.5 mm long, 1 mm wide, curled
backwards both in fresh and dried; costa faint, single, ending far be low the
apex; cells narrow elongate, 35-40 5 m at apex, cells at basal half
irregularly rectangular, smooth, 60-75 5-7 m, 2-3 small papillae, except
at extreme base and tip; sporophyte not seen (Plate 40).
Habitat: Corticolous in plantations.
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Specimens examined: Shoolavanthi Shola (1020 m), 11-07-2005,
RHTM 106; Semmedu (1220 m), 11-07-2005, RHTM 109, RHTM 110.
Order: HOOKERIALES
Plants slender to robust, caespitose or forming mats. Stem creeping
to erect, irregularly branched, complanate or not, leaves in three rows,
asymmetrical or not, cells rhomboid to linear rhomboid, smooth with walls
pitted or not, costa single or double. Seta lateral.
Key to Family: HOOKERIALES
1a. Leaves 3-4 rowed with a distinct amphigastrial row Hypopterygiaceae
1b. Leaves 4-8 rowed without a distinct amphigastrial row Hookeriaceae
Family: HYPOPTERYGIACEAE
Plants slender to robust, stem creeping to erect, rhizomatous,
secondary stem dendroid. Leaves dimorphic, lateral rows complanate,
ovate, asymmetrical, serrate, one ventral row distinctly amphigastrial
smaller, more acuminate. Costa single. Leaf cells rhomboid to rhomboid-
hexagonal, capsule exserted.
Genus: HYPOPTERYGIUM
Plants slender to robust, main stem creeping, long, secondary stem
frondose or irregularly pinnately branched; leaves often recurved when dry,
sometimes strongly crumpled to one side, spreading when moist, lateral
leaves broadly ovate, ovate-oblong or ovate-lingulate, bordered, tip
serrated; amphigastrial leaves smaller, broadly ovate or suborbicular, with
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narrow acumen, bordered, margin serrate or entire above; costa single,
ending well below the apex, excurrent in the amphigastrial leaf; cells
rhomboid or rounded, six sided, smooth, near the base longer and wider;
seta elongate, smooth; capsule inclined to horizontal, ovoid to cylindrical,
thick necked, calyptra nacked, cucullate or conical; spores small, rounded.
39. Hypopterygium tamarisci (Sw.) Brid. & C. Muell.
Hypopterygium tamarisci (Sw.) Brid. & C. Muell., Syn. Musc. Frond. 2:
8 (1850); P. Bruehl, Rec. Bot. Surv. India, 13(1): 84 (1931); Foreau,
Madras Univ., 3: 121 (1931) & J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 58: 36 (1961);
Wadhwa, M. V. M. Patrika, 6: 74 (1971); R. S. Chopra, Tax. Indian Mosses,
397 (1975); Mohamed & H. Rob., Smith. Contr. Bot., 80: 37 (1991);
Hypnum tamarisci Sw., Fl. Ind. Occ., 3: 1825 (1806); H. laricinum Hook.,
Musc. Exot., 2(1): 35 (1818); Hypopterygium laricinum (Hook.) Brid., Bryol.
Univ., 2: 714 (1827); Hypnum scutellatum Taylor, London J. Bot., 6: 338
(1847); Hypopterygium flavescens Hampe, Linnaea, 20: 95 (1847); H.
scutellatum (Taylor) C. Muell., Syn. Musc. Frond., 2: 7 (1850); H. tenellum
C. Muell., Bot. Ztg. Regensburg, 12: 557 (1854); Mohamed & H. Rob.,
Smithsonian Contr. Bot., 80: 37 (1991); H. rigidulum Mitt., J. Linn. Soc.
Bot., 12: 329 (1869); H. sylvaticum Mitt., J. Linn. Soc. Bot., 12: 329 (1869);
H. argentinicum Lorentz & C. Muell., Linnaea., 42: 404 (1879); H. lehmanrii
Besch., Bull. Herb. Boissier, 2: 399 (1894); H. bolivianum Herzog, Beih.
Bot. Centralbl., 26(2): 81 (1909).
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Green plants, primary stem creeping, radiculose, secondary stem
erect, up to 2 cm high, dendroid. Leaves dimorphic, lateral leaves pinnately
spreading, 1.5 mm long and 0.1 mm wide, ovate with short acuminata
apexs, margin toothed in upper part, entire below, Costa distinct run upto
apex, amphigastgrial leaves 1 mm long and 0.55 mm wide, orbicular with
sharp apiculus, margin crenulate above, entire below, costa weakly
defined, median cells hexagonal, weakly bordered all around with 1-2 rows
of cells. Sporophyte not seen (Plate 41).
Habitat: Terricolous in evergreen and semi-evergreen forests.
Specimen examined: Semmedu (1220 m), 05-07-2003, RHTM 019;
Mettukkadu (1050 m), 06-07-2003, RHTM 020; Shoolavanthi Shola
(1020 m), 09-07-2005, RHTM 093.
Family: Hookeriaceae
Plants yellowish, dark greenish, irregularly to pinnately branched,
leaves 4-8 rowed, shape varies, mostly bordered, minutely serrated at
upper half, costa single, double or absent, cells smooth or papillose, wide,
alar cells not differentiated, seta on lateral branches, capsule inclined or
horizontal, peristome double, calyptra conical, lobed or fringed at base,
scabrouse or pilose.
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Genus: CYATHOPHORELLA
Dioicous. Medium-sized dull green plants in lax tufts, not dendroid.
Primary stem rhizomatous, densely tomentose. Secondary stems usually
simple, may be forked; terminal parts caudate, often with filamentous
gemmae clusters. Lateral leaves more or less asymmetrical. Amphigastria
in one row. Leaves bordered. Costa short, single or forked. Peristome
double, basal membrane low, cilia absent.
Key to Species : Cyathophorella
1a. Leaf border complete, margin of leaf smooth C. hookeriana
1b. Leaf border incomplete, margin of leaf dentate Cyathophorella sp.
40. Cyathophorella hookeriana (Griff) Fleisch.
Cyathophorella hookeriana (Griff) Fleisch. in Musci Fl. Buitenz., 3:
1094 (1908); Neckera hookeriana Griff. in Notul. Pl. Asiat., 2: 464 (1849)
(Pl. 84-II); Cyathophorum hookerianum (Griff.) Mitt. in Musci. Ind. Or., 147
(1859); C. marginatum Wils. in Mitt. in ibid., nom. nud. in synon.; C.
philippinense Broth. in Leafl. Philipp. Bot., 2: 657 (1909); Cyathophorella
densifolia Horik. in Bot. Mag. Tokyo, 48: 460 (1935); C. philippinense
(Broth.) Bartr. in Philipp. J. Sci., 68: 427 (1939) in synon.
Yellow green, rhizomatous, dichotomously branched, up to 1 cm high.
Leaves dimorphic, lateral leave arranged in two rows in equidistant,
asymmetric, ovate, up to 1.5 mm long and 0.8 mm wide at base, apex
apiculate, margin entire, completely bordered. Costa single, up to the
middle. Amphigastrial leaves at ventral side, short, symmetric, smooth
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margin, apiculate, ovate-cordate, costa single, run up to ⅓ of the leaf. Leaf
cells rhomboid irregular at base, porose. Sporophyte not seen (Plate 42).
Habitat: Corticolous in evergreen forests.
Specimen examined: Solakkadu (1200 m), 06-02-2005, RHTM 078;
Sottupparai (1250 m), 12-02-2005, RHTM 082.
41. Cyathoporella sps.
Main stem tomentose, short creeping, secondary branches erect,
loosely tufted, usually unbranched upto 2 cm long. Leaves, clusters lax,
widely spreading (shrunk but still widely spreading when dry) lateral leaves
little asymmetrical, oblong-ovate, acuminate, 4.5 mm long and 1.8 mm
broad; margin serrate - spinose, the sponous cells form a border; at base
where spines are not present. Costa forked, short, leaf cell rhomboid at
base, becoming narrower towards border (Plate 43).
Habitat: Corticolous in evergreen forests.
Specimen Examined: Solakkadu (1200 m), 03-06-2006, RHTM 125.
Order: HYPNOBRYALES
Plants slender, forming mats, dull or glossy, yellow-green to brown.
Stem creeping, irregularly to pinnately branched or not. Leaves complanate,
ovate, lanceolate, acuminate, cells linear-rhomboid, smooth or papillate, costa
half as leaf or longer, single or double. Sporophyte on main stem or branches.
Seta erect, smooth or papillose. Capsule horizontal. Peristome teeth 2 rowed,
hypnoid.
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Key to Family: HYPNOBRYALES
1a. Plants usually not glossy; branching regularly pinnate; frondose with
Paraphyllia Thuidiaceae
1b. Plants glossy; branching irregular to pinnate; not frondose, without
paraphyllia 2
2a. Leaf cells elongate to rhomboid; alar cells differentiated Entodontaceae
2b. Leaf cells linear, alar cells poorly differentiated 3
3a. Alar cells large, vesicular and coloured Sematophyllaceae
3b. Alar cells small, quadrate to subquadrate, not coloured 4
4a. Leaf cells linear, costa short or absent, alar cells poorly differentiated Hypnaceae
4b. Leaf cells elongate to rhomboid at tip, costa strong, leaf cells at middle
smooth or with projecting ends Brachytheciaceae
Family: THUIDIACEAE
Slender to robust, tufted, non-glossy, stem creeping, 1-3 times
pinnately branched, frondose, with paraphyllia. Leaves dimorphic, faintly
contorted, appressed when dry, ovate, acuminata, cells parenchymatous,
smooth or papillate, costa single.
Genus: THUIDIUM
Plants yellowish-green, robust; stem creeping, stiff, changing into
elongated stolons and again becoming leafy, bi- or tri-pinnate, often
flabellate; stem leaves strongly plicate, triangular to ovate-cordate, mostly
with recurved margin, upwards serrate; costa strong, broad in the basal
part, percurrent or ending below the apex, sometimes excurrent; branch
leaves ovate-lanceolate with shorter and fainter costa, never crumpled;
cells more or less thickened and mostly oblong to ovate six-sided,
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unipapillose over the lumen; seta long, smooth or rough, yellowish-orange;
capsule inclined to horizontal, ovoid-oblong, yellowish orange, smooth or
faintly papillose; spores brown, small, 8-16 m diagonally.
42. Thuidium tamariscellum (C. Muell) Bosch. & Sande-Lac.
Thuidium tamariscellum (C. Muell) Bosch. & Sande-Lac., Bryol. Jav.,
2: 20 (1865); Gangulee, Moss. E. India, 2(7): 1637 (1978); Hypnum
tamariscellum C. Muell., Bot. Zeitung. Berlin, 12: 573 (1854); Leskea
tamariscella (C. Muell.) Mitt., J. Proc. Linn. Soc., 2: 134 (1859).
Autoicous, slender to robust, filmy, yellow-green forming mats, stem
without central strand, creeping may be ascending, giving rise to irregular
bipinnate branches upto 6 cm long. Paraphyllia numerous, simple
filamentous. Stem leaves distant, larger, 0.5 mm long, oblong cordate base
with excurrent costa forming long arista. Branch leaves small, dense,
erectopatent, ovate lanceolate 0.25 mm long apex acute, margin crenulate.
Costa single, ending at the middle. Leaf cells rounded-rhomboid with a
single large papilla on both sides of lumen. Sporophyte not seen (Plate 44).
Habitat: Rupicolous in evergreen forests, Decidous and scrub forests.
Specimen examined: Arappuleeswarar Falls (Kuttar) (850 m),
13-02-2005, RHTM 089; Solakkadu (1200 m), 14-01-2006, RHTM 111;
Kuzhivalavu (1450), 21-01-2006, RHTM 121; Periasamykoil Shola
(1300 m), 19-07-2006, RHTM 138.
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Family: ENTODONTACEAE
Slender to robust, glossy, main stem prostrate, ramifying, irregularly
pinnate branches julaceous and terete. Leaf cells elongate, differentiated
into alar.
Genus: ENTODON
Plants yellowish-green, slender to robust, branched; stem leaves
close set, slightly decurrent, concave from narrow bases, ovate to ovate-
oblong, or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, rarely hair pointed, margin
plane or recurved near the base, entire or minutely toothed in the upper
part; costa double, short or absent; cells elongate, thin walled, not
papillose, basal cells large and strongly thickened, alar cells quadrate, thin
walled and hyaline; seta 1-3 cm, reddish or yellowish, when dry twisted;
capsule erect, straight or faintly curved; spores rounded, 12-20 m
diagonally.
Key to Species: Entodon
1a. Seta yellow, annulus absent E. scariosus
1b. Seta reddish, annulus present 2
2a. Costa absent in both stem and branch leaves E. myurus
2b. Costa present in branch leaves E. flavescens
43. Entodon scariosus Ren. & Card.
Entodon scariosus Ren. & Card. in Bull. Soc. R. Bot. Belg., 34(2):
75 (1896).
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Dioicous, yellow green, glossy, stem creeping, upto 3 cm long, stem
leaves wide ovate, shortly apiculate, 1.5 mm long and 1 mm wide. Branch
leaves small, dense erectopatent, concave, ovate-lanceolate, contracted at
base, margin crenulate at top. Costa absent in stem leaves; two short in
branch leaves. Leaf cells elongated rhomboidal, basal angle cells lax,
quadrate to irregularly rectangular, sporophyte not seen (Plate 45).
Habitat: Corticolous in evergreen forests.
Specimen Examined: Solakkadu (1200 m), 14-01-2006, RHTM 112.
44. Entodon myurus (Hook.) Hamp.
Entodon myurus (Hook.) Hamp. in Linnaea, 20: 82 (1847);
Pterogonium myurum Hook. in Musci. Exot., 2: 148 (1819); Pterigmadrum
myurum (Hook.) Brid. in Bryol. Univ., 2: 176 (1827); Neckera myura (Hook.)
Arnott in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, 5: 293 (1827); Stereodon gardneri Mitt. in
Musci Ind. Or., 107 (1859); Entodon gardneri Mitt. in Par., Index Bryol.
Suppl., 108 (1900).
Fairly robust, golden green, glossy plants in dense tufts. Main stem
creeping, upto 3.5 cm long, branches julaceous when dry. Leaves terete,
complanate, dense, erectopatent (appressed to stem when dry), concave,
ovate, with broad tip suddenly narrowed into a short point, 1.4 mm long
and 0.62 mm wide; margin dentate, crenulate below, reflexed on both
sides. Costa absent. Leaf cells narrow rhomboid, 44 6 m becoming
shorter and broader ( 25 9 m); cells at basal angles are lax, larger,
rectangular to quadrate. Sporophyte on main stem. Perichaetial leaves
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erect, seta erect, red, capsule erect, longly ovate cylindrical, operculum
conical, peristome double, normal (Plate 46).
Habitat: Corticolous in evergreen forests.
Specimen Examined : Semmedu (1220 m), 07-02-2004, RHTM 043.
45. Entodon flavescens (Hook.) Jaeg.
Entodon flavescens (Hook.) Jaegger, Ber. Senkenberg. Naturf. Ges.
1876-77: 293 (1879); Gangulee, Moss. E. India, 3(8): 1775 (1980); Neckera
flavescens Hook., Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., 9: 314 (1808); Stereodon
schwaegricheni Mitt., Musc. Ind. Orient., 108 (1859), S. rubicundus Mitt.,
Musc. Ind. Orient., 108 (1859); S. griffithii Mitt., ibid., 108 (1859); Entodon
rubicundus (Mitt.) A. Jaeger, Ber. Senckenberg. Naturf. Ges., 1876-77: 285
(1878); Gangulee, Moss. E. India, 3(8): 1781 (1980); Entodon griffithii
(Mitt.) A. Jaeger, Ber. Senckenberg. Naturf. Ges., 1876-77: 293 (1878); E.
ramulosus Mitt., Trans. Linn. Soc. Bot. Ser., 2(3): 179 (1891);
Cylindrothecium flavescens (Hook.) Paris, Index Bryol. Suppl., 298 (1894);
Entodon schwaegrichenii (Mitt.) Broth. in Paris, Index Bryol. Suppl. ed.,
2(5): 151 (1906); E. rubrissimus Sak., J. Jap. Bot., 28: 59 (1953).
Monoecious, creeping upto 4 cm long, pinnalely branched. Leaves
complanate triangular ovate, up to 1.8 mm long and 0.1 mm wide, branch
leaves erect to erectopatent, concave, tapering at base, apex acute, margin
almost smooth. Costa two short, on stem leaves, absent on branch leaves.
Leaf cells linear-rhomboidal. Sporophyte on main branches, seta smooth,
erect red, peristome double (Plate 47).
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Habitat: Corticolous in evergreen forests.
Specimen examined: Kuzhivalavu (1450), 09-07-2005, RHTM 814;
10-07-2005; RHTM 095, RHTM 096.
Family: SEMATOPHYLLACEAE
Slender to robust plants, in dense tufts, stem creeping or ascending,
without a central strand, irregularly or pinnately branched. Leaves ovate,
acuminate. Costa short and double. Leaf cells linear rhomboid, smoother,
papillate, alar cells large. Sporophyte on main stem. Seta erect, smooth or
papillose. Capsules horizontal to inclined. Peristome teeth 2-rowed.
Key to Genus: Semetophyllaceae
1a. Peristome teeth distinctly papillose Sematophyllum
1b. Peristome teeth non-papillose 2
2a. Leaves spreading, Ecostate, papillae one or more on lumen Trichostelium
2b. Leaves dense, costa double, papillae absent Trolliella
Genus: SEMATOPHYLLUM
Plants small to robust, glossy in dense mats; stem creeping,
branches crowded, densely foliate; leaves erect to spreading, ovate to
oblong-elliptic, obtuse, apiculate, gradually or abruptly long acuminate,
sometimes hair pointed, weakly toothed above; costa absent; cells rhombic,
alar cells large, oblong inflated, coloured; seta usually elongate, reddish;
capsule erect to horizontal, ovoid to oblong; spores small to medium sized.
Key to Species: Sematophyllum
1a. Branches shorter, leaves laxer S. phoeniceum
1b. Branches longer, leaves denser S. humile
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46. Sematophyllum phoeniceum (C. Muell.) Fleisch.
Sematophyllum phoeniceum (C. Muell.) Fleisch. in Musci Fl. Buitenz.,
3: 1266 (1923); Hypnum phoeniceum C. Muell. in Flora, 61: 85 (1878);
Rhaphidostegium phoeniceum Jaeg. in Ber. S. Gall. Naturw. Ges., 1877-78:
485 (1880); Aptychus phoeniceus C. Muell. in Fleisch.: Musci Fl. Buitenz.,
3: 1266 (1923) nom. nud. in synon
Yellow, glossy, plants forming in thin tufts, stem creeping upto 2-5 cm
long, branches short, erect at parallel. Leaves not very dense,
erectopatent, appressed imbricate when dry, concave, narrow ovat-
lanceolate, 1.5 mm long and 0.45 mm wide, apex acute, Margin feebly
crenulate at top, irregularly revolute at both the sides. Ecostate, leaf cells
linear. Alar cells three in number, large, inflated, ovate-oblong cells at leaf
angles, few smaller irregular cells on top. Sporophyte on mainstem, seta
erect, capsule erect, ovate-cylinderical, operculum long rostrate, peristome
teeth distinctly papillose, double (Plate 48).
Habitat : Terricolous in plantations.
Specimen Examined: Kuzhivalavu (1450), 21-01-2006, RHTM 124.
47. Semetophyllum humile (Mitt.) Broth.
Semetophyllum humile (Mitt.) Broth. in Nat. Pfl. ed. 2(11): 431 (1925);
Slereodon humilis Mitt. in Musci Ind. Or., 102 (1859); Hypnum humile Harv.
in Hool.; Icon. Pl. Rar., 1: 23 (1836) hom. illeg.; Rhaphidostegium humile
(Mitt.) Jaeg. in Ber. S. Gall. Naturw. Ges., 1876-77: 397 (1878).
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Yellow-green, glossy, in tufts, main stem creeping upto 2 cm long,
branching pinnately and long. Leaves dense, imbricate, erect (appressed
when dry), concave, ovate-lanceolate, 1.25 0.3 mm, apex acute, margin
smooth. Ecostate. Leaf cells rhomboid, lower cells showing papillose, alar
cells large at extreme angle. Sporophyte on main stem, seta slender, erect,
capsule horizontal, oblong, ovate. Peristome teeth. 2-rowed, distinctly
papillate (Plate 49).
Habitat: Terricolous in plantations.
Specimen examined: Semmedu (1220 m), 19-07-2006, RHTM 137.
Genus: TRICHOSTELIUM
Monoicous. Large to slender plants forming mats. Main stem
creeping, mostly regularly or irregularly pinnate branched. Leaves often
falcate, ovate-lanceolate, long or short acuminate, concave, margin usually
dentate above. Ecostate. Leaf cells linear to elliptic, mostly papillose, rarely
smooth, alar differentiated by large, inflated cells. Seta slender, long,
mostly papillose above. Capsule subcylindric, usually hanging. Peristome
normal, double. Operculum long acicular, rostrate. Calyptra cucullate.
Key to Species: Trichostelium
1a. Leaf cells pluripapillose T. puntipapillosum
1b. Leaf cells unipapillose T. boschi
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48. Trichostelium punctipapillosum Par. ex Gangulee
Trichostelium punctipapillosum Par. ex Gangulee. C. Muell. in Par.,
Index Bryol, 1314 (1898) nom. nud., Trichostaetium puatipapillosum Par. in
ibid. nom. nud.
Plant slender, yellow-green, glossy plants in lax patches, creeping
upto 10 cm, complanate. Leaves spreading (appressed to stem when dry),
concave, ovate-lanceolate, apex narrow subulate, 1.3 mm long and 0.35
mm wide, margin crenulate, by the papillae on cell tips and also revolute in
the lower leaf. Ecostate, leaf cells elongate elliptical, with several small
papillae on each cell. Alar distinguished by about three large oblong,
inflated, hyaline cells with some smaller irregular cells above (Plate 50).
Habitat: Terricolous in evergreen forests.
Specimen Examined: Kuzhivalavu (1450), 10-07-2005; RHTM 098.
49. Trichostelium boschii (Doz. & Molk) Jaeg.
Trichostelium boschii (Doz. & Molk.) Jaeg. in Ber. S. Gall. Naturw.
Ges., 1876-77: 421 (1878); Hypnum boschii Doz. & Molk. in Ann. Sc. Nat.
Bot. ser., 3(2): 306 (1844); Hypnum microcarpum Hook. in Icon. Pl. Rar.,
1: 23 (1836) hom. illeg., H. brachypelma C. Muell. in Syn., 2: 404 (1851);
Stereodon brachypelma (C. Muell.) Mitt. in Musci Ind. Or., 102 (1859);
Trichosteleum brachypelma (C. Muell.) Par. in Index Bryol., 656 (1897); T.
basilanense Broth. in Philipp. J. Sci., C13: 220 (1918).
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Autoicous, yellow green, glossy, main stem creeping, irregularly
pinnate, erect to ascending branches upto 2 cm long. Leaves complanate,
spreading upto 1 mm long, concave, elliptic-lancealate, gradually long
acuminate, margin smooth to faintly denticulate above, Ecostate. Leaf cell
rhomboidal-elliptic with one papilla, alar cells distinct with one row of large
oblong cells. Seta slender, erect, capsule horizontal to drooping, small
ovate, operculum conic apiculate, peristome double, non-papillose
(Plate 51).
Habitat: Terricolous in evergreen forests.
Specimen examined: Kuzhivalavu (1450), 10-07-2005, RHTM 097.
Genus: TROLLIELLA
Autoicuous, yellow-green to brownish, glossy corticolous plants in low
mats, main stem creeping, branching irregularly pinnately. Branches short,
attenuate, not complanate. Leaves dense, extectopatent, concave, ovate
lanceolate, apex narrow acuminate. Capsule erect to inclined, ovate-
cylindrical.
50. Trolliella euendostoma Herz.
Trolliella euendostoma Herz. in Arm. Bryol., 12: 9-13 (1939).
Autoicous, yellow green, semi-sturdy, glossy, forming mats, stem
creeping upto 2 cm long, branching irregularly pinnately. Leaves dense,
erectopatent upto 1.5 mm long concave, ovate-lanceolate, apex acuminate,
finely crenulate only at tip. Costa short, double, unequal. Leaf cells
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rhomboid, alar cells larger, irregularly rectangular, perichaetial leaves
narrower, convolute. Seta erect, twisted when dry, capsule erect to
inclined. Ovate-cylindrical, operculum short conical. Peristome teeth
2-rowed, non-papillose. Endostome teeth shorter (Plate 52).
Habitat: Corticolous in evergreen forests.
Specimen examined: Solakkadu (1200 m), 03-08-2003, RHTM 031;
Sottupparai (1250 m), 03-08-2003, RHTM 034; Semmedu (1220 m),
07-02-2004, RHTM 043.
Family: HYPNACEAE
Slender to robust, usually glossy, plants in mats, main stem creeping,
with an indistinct central strand. Paraphyllia absent. Leaves ovate,
acuminate, sometimes falcato-secund, costa short double or more, leaf
cells lenear, rarely papillose. Capsule horizontal.
Key to Genus: HYPNACEAE
1a. Leaves distinctly differentiated into stem and branch leaves, symmetrical;
capsule inclined to nearly horizontal Ctenidum
1b. Leaves slightly or not differentiated, symmetrical or asymmetrical, capsule
inclined or hanging 2
2a. Branches more or less complanate 3
2b. Branches not complanate 4
3a. Leaves in two rows; pseudoparaphyllia foliose Taxiphyllum
3b. Leaves not distinctly in two rows; pseudoparaphyllia filamentous
Isopterygium
4a. Leaves falcate, cells narrow linear Hypnum
4b. Leaves sharp, leaf cells broader, rhomboid six sided Vesicularia
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Genus: CTENIDIUM
Dioicous or phyllodioicous. Soft, usually slender, sometimes fairly
large plants in dense tufts. Stem with central strand, creeping, more or less
regularly pinnate branched. Stem and branch leaves differentiated. Leaves
lanceolate from a broad, cordate base, acuminate, margin dentate. Costa
absent or short double. Leaf cells linear, papillose at cell tips or smooth,
alar well differentiated by subquadrate cells. Seta slender, long, smooth.
Capsule inclined to horizontal, ovate-cylindrical, mostly curved at base.
Operculum conical, apiculate. Calyptra often pilose. Peristome double,
hypnoid.
51. Ctenidium lychnites (Mitf.) Broth.
Ctenidium lychnites (Mitf.) Broth. in Nat. Pfl., 1(3): 1048 (1909);
Stereodon lychnites Mitt. in Musci Ind. Or., 114 (1859); Hyoconium
lychniters (Mitt.) Mitt. in Trans. Linn. Soc. Bot. Lond. ser. 2(3): 177 (1899);
Hypnum lychniles (Mitt.) C. Muell. in Linnaea, 36: 8 (1869).
Dioicous, semi-robust, yellowish to golden green, in dense tufts, main
stem creeping upto 3 cm, branching is pinnate. Stem leaves larger, 1 mm
long, narrowed into slender, cordate, auriculate base, margin denticulate.
Ecostate. Leaf cells linear in lower leaf, alar distinct by hyaline quadrate-
rectangular cells, Seta slender, long, erect, capsule horizontal, cernuate
ovate-cylindrical, operculum conic (Plate 53).
Habitat: Terricolous in scrub forests.
Specimen examined: Solakkadu (1200 m), 05-02-2005, RHTM 072.
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Genus: TAXIPHYLLUM
Plants green, soft, glossy, branching irregular, pseudoparaphyllia
triangular to lanceolate in outline; leaves of branches and of main stem
alike, mostly complanate, leaves spreading in two rows, oblong or
sometimes ovate or oblong-lanceolate with short or long acumen, margin
faintly toothed, pseudoparaphyllia foliose; costa very short, double and
indistinct; cells narrow elongate or rhomboid, near the base thick walled;
alar cells not differentiated; seta long; capsule erect to suberect, with a
distinct neck, ovoid to oblong-ovoid or cylindric; spores rounded, dark
brown.
52. Taxiphyllum maniae (Ren. & Par.) Fleisch.
Taxiphyllum maniae (Ren. & Par.) Fleisch. in Musci Fl. Buitenz., 4:
1436 (1923); Isopterygium maniae Ren. & Par. in Rev. Bryol., 29: 84
(1902); Isopterygium taxirameoides C. Muell. in Levier. Rev. Bryol., 34: 55
(1907) nom. nud., fid. Fleisch.
Yellow green more or less glossy, creeping upto 4.5 cm leaves widely
spreading (though shrunk when dry), ovate lanceolate, narrower, short
acuminata; margin slightly serrated at apex, flat, ecostate. Leaf cells
narrow rhomboid to linear, more or less narrow papillose at cell tips, basal
marginal cells rectangular. Sporophyte not seen (Plate 54).
Habitat: Terricolous in semi-evergreen forests.
Specimen Examined: Arappuleeswarar (Kuttar) (850 m), 13-02-2005,
RHTM 087.
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Genus: ISOPTERYGIUM
Plants slender, glossy, flat mats; stem prostrate to ascending,
scarcely erect; leaves of branches and main stem alike, complanate, dorsal
and ventral leaves obliquely appressed, usually asymmetric, not in distinct
rows; leaves spreading in two rows in same plane, ovate-oblong or ovate-
lanceolate, short or long piliform acumen, margin entire or faintly toothed;
costa short or absent; cells narrow prosenchymatous, near the insertion
short and thick walled, alar cells not differentiated, pseudoparaphyllia
filamentous; seta long, twisted in dried condition; capsule suberect to
horizontal, ovoid to oblong-ovoid, operculum convex.
53. Isopterygium albescens (Hook.) A. Jaeger
Isopterygium albescens (Hook.) A. Jaeger, Ber. S. Gall. Naturw.
Ges., 1877-78: 433 (1878); Hypnum albescens Hook. in Schwaeger., Sp.
Musc. Suppl., 3(1): 226 (1828); Stereodon albescens (Hook.) Mitt., Musci
Ind. Orient., 104 (1859).
Autoicous, slender, yellow-green, glossy plants in low tufts, main
stem creeping upto 2.5 cm, branches pinnate. Leaves spirally arranged,
concave, ovate, erectopatent, short or long acuminata, 0.8 mm long and
0.3 mm wide, margin smooth to dentate at top. Ecostate. Leaf cells hyaline,
elongated rhomboidal 60 m long and 5 m wide, square alar cells at
angle. Seta slender, erect, capsule horizontal to drooping (Plate 55).
Habitat: Corticolous in evergreen and deciduous forests.
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Specimen examined: Sottupparai (1250 m), 03-08-2003, RHTM 033;
Sellur (1200 m), 03-07-2004, RHTM 050; Pongaya Shola (1300 m),
10-07-2005, RHTM 099; Solakkadu (1200 m), 03-06-2006, RHTM 130;
Periasamykoil Shola (1300 m), 19-07-2006, RHTM 140.
Genus: HYPNUM
Slender to robust, yellow to bright green, often glossy plants in
dense, interwoven mats. Stems with or without central strand, prostrate to
ascending. Leaves often strongly falcato-secund to circinate, concave,
ovate or oblong-lanceolate. Costa short double to absent. Paraphyllia
usually present, often broad, leafy, sometimes branched filamentous.
Median leaf cells linear to linear-flexuose, usually smooth. Seta long,
smooth. Capsule horizontal to suberect, sometimes cernuous. Annulus
usually present. Operculum conic, obtuse to rostrate. Calyptra cucullate,
smooth. Peristome perfect hypnoid.
54. Hypnum subimponens Lesq.
Hypnum subimponens Lesq. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser., 13: 14
(1865); Stereodon plumifer Mitt. in J. Linn. Soc. Bot., 8: 41 (1864); Hypnum
plumiferum (Mitt.) Jacg. in Ber. S. Gall. Naturw. Ges., 1877-78: 318 (1880).
Dioicous, robust, yellow-green, glossy forming dense tufts, main stem
creeping upto 2 cm, pinnately branched. Leaves dense, erectopatent with
falcato-secund to circinate tips, oblong-lanceolate, 1.3 0.3 mm, apex
acuminata, margin dentate at tip. Costa short. Leaf cells linear at lower
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leaf, alar distinguished by rectangular cells. Sporophyte not seen
(Plate 56).
Habitat: Terricolous in evergreen forests.
Specimen examined: Semmedu (1220 m), 08-02-2004, RHTM 045.
Genus: VESICULARIA
Plants yellowish-green, slender to robust; stem elongate, prostrate,
simple or branched, mostly regularly pinnate, branches spreading, mostly
small and simple; leaves broadly ovate or oblong-lanceolate, with short or
long hair like acumen, margin entire except apical part where it is distinctly
toothed; costa double, very short or absent; cells ovate or oblong to
elongate or rhomboid - six sided, smooth, chlorophyllose; alar cells not
differentiated; seta 1-2.5 cm long; capsule horizontal to pendulous, shortly
ovoid to oblong-ovoid, peristome normal, operculum apiculate or shortly
rostrate.
Key to Species: Vesicularia
1a. Plants larger, costate V. montagnei
1b. Plants smaller, ecostate V. vesicularis
55. Vesicularia montagnei (Bel.) Broth.
Vesicularia montagnei (Bel.) Broth. in Nat. Pfl., 1(3): 1094 (1908);
Pterygophyllum montagnei Bel. in Voyag. Ind. Or. Bot., 2(Crypt.) 85 (1834);
Hookeria meyeniana Hamp. in Icon. Musc.: 3 (1844); Hypnum montagnei
Schimp. in Mont.: Ramon de la Sagra, Hist. Fis. Cuba Bot. Pl. Cell., 9: 530
(1845); H. meyenianum (Hamp.) C. Muell. in Syn., 2: 233 (1851);
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Ectropothecium meyenianum (Hamp.) Jaeg. in Ber. S. Gall. Naturw. Ges.,
1877-78: 268 (1880); E. montagnei (Bel.) Jaeg. in ibid.: 269 (1880);
Vesicularia meyeniana (Hamp.) Broth. in Nat. Pfl., 1(3): 1094 (1908).
Autoicous, yellow-green, glossy and forming thin mat, main branches
irregular, spreading widely upto 2.5 cm long. Leaves erectopatent to
spreading, ovate, concave, 1.4 0.7 mm, apex acute, faintly denticulate
at top. Costa short double. Leaf cells lax, rhomboid to hexagonal at top, at
lower leaf, smooth, chlorophyllose. Sporophyte on main branches, capsule
pendulous, gibbous at base, ovate-cylindrical (Plate 57).
Habitat: Corticolous in evergreen forests.
Specimen examined: Ellakkirai (1280 m), 10-07-2004, RHTM 055;
11-07-2004, RHTM 059.
56. Vesicularia vesicularis (Schwaegr.) Broth
Vesicularia vesicularis (Schwaegr.) Broth., Nat. Pflanzenfam., 1(3):
1094 (1908); Hypnum vesicular Schwaegr., Sp. Musc. Suppl., 2(2): 167
(1827); Pterygophyllum montagnei Bel., Voyag. Ind. Or. Bot., 2: 85 (1834);
Hookeria meyeniana Hamp., Icon. Musc., 3 (1844); Hypnum montagnei
Schimp. in Montin, Ramon de la Sagra, Hist. Fis. Cuba Bot. Pl. Cell., 9: 530
(1845); H. meyenianum (Hamp.) C. Muell., Synop. Musc. Frond., 2: 233
(1851); Ectropothecium meyenianum (Hamp.) A. Jaeger, Ber. Senckenberg.
Naturf. Ges., 1877-78: 268 (1880); E. montagnei (Bel.) A. Jaeger, ibid., 269
(1880); Vesicularia montagnei (Bel.) Broth. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat.
Pflanzenfam., 1(3): 1094 (1908); Gangulee, Moss. E. India, 3(8): 2001
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(1980); Vesicularia meyeniana (Hamp.) Broth. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat.
Pflanzenfam., 1(3): 1094 (1908).
Yellowish-green, creeping, forming in mat, upto 16 cm long, irregular,
main branches and secondary branches are pinnately branched, leaves
ovate to ovate-oblong, upto 2 cm long, erectopatent when moist, tip acute,
smooth margin, faintly denticulate at apex, ecostate, cells rhomboid to
hexagonal (Plate 58).
Habitat : Corticolous in evergreen forests.
Specimen Examined: Semmedu (1220 m), 19-07-2006, RHTM 135.
Family: BRACHYTHECIACEAE
Pleurocarpous, glossy, yellowish green, irregularly branched, stems
with a central strand. Leaves often plicate, costate, sometimes strongly
concave, alar cells present, cells at median half smooth or with projecting
ends, leaf base usually with differentiated or few small alar cells, seta long,
rough; capsule erect.
Genus: BRACHYTHECIUM
Plants yellowish-green, prostrate, creeping, in large loose tufts;
leaves heterophyllous, mostly plicate, loosely imbricate to somewhat erect,
ovate to broadly triangular, apex acute, sometimes very long-acuminate;
costa strong, ends below apex; median cells long or short, elongate-
rhombic to linear; alar cells distinct with quadrate or rectangular cells; seta
rough, sometimes partially or entirely smooth, 1.5-2 cm long; capsule
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150
inclined to horizontal, brownish to reddish-brown; spores rounded,
brownish, 11-16 mm diagonally.
57. Brachythecium salebrosum (Web. & Mohr) B. S. G.
Brachythecium salebrosum (Web. & Mohr) B. S. G. in Bryol. Eur., 6:
20 (1 ??); Hypnum salebrosum Hoffm. ex Web. & Mohr in Bot. Taschenb.,
312 (1807); Hypnum plumosum Hoedw. ssp. salebrosum (Web. & Mohr) C.
Muell. in Syn., 2: 359 (1851); Brachythecium laevisetum Kindb. in Bull.
Torr. Bot. Cl., 17: 278 (1890); Chamberlainia salebrosa (Web. & Mohr)
Robins. in Bryologist, 65: 105 (1962).
Autoicous, yellow-green forming mats, main stem creeping upto 4 cm
with sub-pinnate, erect, to ascendant branches. Leaves terete, small,
lanceolate, plicate, up to l.75 mm long and 0.83 mm wide, apex apiculate,
margin dentate up to base. Costa single, strong, covering 32 of leaf length.
Leaf cells elongate rhomboid at tip, basal cells rectangular, alar present, all
basal cells are very lax. Sporophyte on main stem. Perichaetial leaves as
long as vegetative leaves. Seta erect, long and smooth. Capsule erect,
arcuate, oblong-ovate, operculum conical, beak somewhat long (Plate. 59).
Habitat: Corticolous in evergreen forest.
Specimen examined: Solakkadu (1200 m), 06-02-2005, RHTM 076,
RHTM 077.
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5.2 PHYTOGEOGRAPHY OF BRYOPSIDA OF THE KOLLI HILLS
From the phytogeographical analysis of the mosses with reference to the
Kolli hills, it is understood that mosses are familiar, attractive ingredients and
an important element for the diverse vegetation present there. It is interesting
to note that these mosses play an important role in the terrestrial ecosystems,
such as modification of habitat, nutrient cycling, maintenance of nutrient status
of the soil and primary production. They provide suitable environment for seed
and spore germination and subsequent seedling and sporeling growth for
several species of pteridophytes. Some of them also provide refuge to certain
hibernating invertebrates. Their matty coverings on branches and boulders
form a habitat other smaller plant species. A total of 57 species under 37
genera were identified (Table 5.1).
Mosses in the Kolli hills occur in a wide range of natural habitats; soil,
rock, bark, rotting wood, dung, animal carcasses and leaf cuticles. Terrestrial
mass communities are the most common in the study area. Most of the
species are corticolous (Table 5.2, Fig. 3). Fissidens are seen as aquatic or
near streams. Species such as Hyophile involuta are living in abundance in
termite mounds. Bryum argenteum and Hyophilaa involuta are also found in
creeks and crevices of rocks. According to the vegetation types, most of the
species (48 species) were found in evergreen forest (Table 5.3, Fig.4). The
mosses were distributed almost in all altitudes, ranges from 850 to 1450 m. But
occurrence is more in the ranges between 1020 and 1400 (Table 5.4, Fig.5).
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Table 5.1
List of Bryopsida Species in the Kolli Hills
S. № Genus Species Family
1. Pogonatum P. aloides Polytrichaceae
2. Campylopus Campylopus sps Dicranaceae
3. C. flexuosus
4. C. ericoides
5. Leucobryum L. nilghiriense Leucobryaceae
6. L. mitteni
7. Octoblepharum O. albidium
8. Fissidens F. sylvaticus Fissidentaceae
9. Hyophila H. comosa Pottiaceae
10. H. involuta
11. Oxystegus O. cylindricus
12. Leptodontium L. viticulosoides
13. Funaria F. hygrometrica Funariaceae
14. Physcomitrium Physcomitrium sps
15. Bryum B. argenteum Bryaceae
16. B. capillare
17. B. medianum
18. B. wightii
19. Pyrrhobryum P. spiniforme Rhizogoniaceae
20. Homaliodendron H. flabellatum Neckeraceae
21. H. obtusatum
22. Pinnatella Pinnatella sps
23. Macromitrium M. moorcroftii Orthotrichaceae
24. M. sulcatum
25. Macromitrium sps
26. Drummondia D. stricta
27. Racopilum R. cuspidigerum Racopilaceae
28. R. orthocarpum
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S. № Genus Species Family
29. Pterobryopsis P. acuminata Pterobryaceae
30. P. orientalis
31. Symphysodentella S. borii
32. Cryptopapillaria C. fuscescens Meteoriaceae
33. Floribundaria F. armata
34. F. walkeri
35. Aerobryidium A. filamentosum
36. Aerobryum A. speciosum
37. Meteoriopsis M. squarrosa
38. M. reclinata
39. Hypopterygium H. tamarisci Hypoterygiaceae
40. Cyathophorella C. hookeriana Hookeriaceae
41. Cyathoporella sps
42. Thuidium T. tamariscellum Thuidiaceae
43. Entodon E. scariosus Entodontaceae
44. E. myurus
45. E. flavescens
46. Sematophyllum S. phoeniceum Sematophyllaceae
47. S. humile
48. Trichostelium T. punctipapillosum
49. T. boschii
50. Trolliella T. euendostoma
51. Ctenidium C. lychnites Hypnaceae
52. Taxiphyllum T. maniae
53. Isopterygium I. albescens
54. Hypnum H. subimponens
55. Vesicularia V. montagnei
56. V. vesicularis
57. Brachythecium B. salebrosum Brachytheciaceae
Genus: 37 Total Species: 57 Family: 20
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Table 5.2
Species Occurrence in Different Habitat Types
Species Terri-
colous Rupi-
colous Ligni- colous
Corti-colous
Polytrichaceae
Pogonatum aloides + – – –
Dicranaceae
Campylopus sps – + – –
C. flexuosus – + – –
C. ericoides – + – –
Leucobryaceae
Leucobryum nilghiriense – – – +
L. mittenii – + – +
Octoblepharum albidium – – + +
Fissidentaceae
Fissidens sylvaticus – + – –
Pottiaceae
Hyophila comosa + + – –
H. involuta + + – –
Oxystegus cylindricus – + – –
Leptodontium viticulosoides – – – +
Funariaceae
Funaria hygrometrica – + – –
Physcomitrium sps – + – –
Bryaceae
Bryum argenteum + + – –
B. capillare + – – +
B. medianum + – – –
B. wightii + – – –
Rhizogoniaceae
Pyrrhobryum spiniforme – – – +
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Species Terri-
colous Rupi-
colous Ligni- colous
Corti-colous
Neckeraceae
Homaliodendron flabellatum – – – +
H. obtusatum – – – +
Pinnatella sps – – – +
Orthotrichaceae
Macromitrium moorcroftii – – – +
M. sulcatum – + – +
Macromitrium sps – – – +
Drummondia stricta – – – +
Racopilaceae
Racopilum cuspidigerum – – + –
R. orthocarpum – – – +
Pterobryaceae
Pterobryopsis acuminata – – – +
P. orientalis – – – +
Symphysodentella borii – – – +
Meteoriaceae
Cryptopapillaria fuscescens – – – +
Floribundaria armata – – – +
F. walkeri – – – +
Aerobryidium filamentosum + – – –
Aerobryum speciosum + – – –
Meteoriopsis squarrosa – – – +
M. reclinata – – – +
Hypoterygiaceae
Hypopterygium tamarisci + – – –
Hookeriaceae
Cyathophorella hookeriana – – – +
Cyathoporella sps – – – +
Thuidiaceae
Thuidium tamariscellum – + – –
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Species Terri-
colous Rupi-
colous Ligni- colous
Corti-colous
Entodontaceae
E. scariosus – – – +
Entodon myurus – – – +
E. flavescens – – – +
Sematophyllaceae
Sematophyllum phoeniceum + – – –
S. humile + – – –
Trichostelium punctipapillosum – – + –
T. boschii – – + –
Trolliella euendostoma – – – +
Hypnaceae
Ctenidium lychnites + – – –
Taxiphyllum maniae + – – –
Isopterygium albescens – – – +
Hypnum subimponens + – – –
Vesicularia montagnei – – – +
V. vesicularis – – – +
Brachytheciaceae
Brachythecium salebrosum – – – +
Total 15 13 4 32
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Terri-colous Rupi-colous Ligni-colous Corti-colous
15 13 4 32
Figure 3 Species Occurrence in Different Habitat Types
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158
Table 5.3
Species Occurrence in Different Vegetation Types
Species Evergreen
Forests
Semi- Evergreen
Forests
Deciduous Forests
Degraded/ Scrub
Forests
Planta-tions
Polytrichaceae
Pogonatum aloides – – + + –
Dicranaceae
Campylopus sps + + – – –
C. flexuosus + – – – –
C. ericoides + – – – –
Leucobryaceae
Leucobryum nilghiriense + + + + –
L. mittenii + – – – –
Octoblepharum albidium + – – – –
Fissidentaceae
Fissidens sylvaticus – – + – +
Pottiaceae
Hyophila comosa + – – – +
H. involuta – + – + +
Oxystegus cylindricus + – – – –
Leptodontium viticulosoides + – – – –
Funariaceae
Funaria hygrometrica – + + + –
Physcomitrium sps + – – – –
Bryaceae
Bryum argenteum + – – – +
B. capillare + – – – +
B. medianum + – – – –
B. wightii + – – – –
Rhizogoniaceae
Pyrrhobryum spiniforme + – + – +
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Species Evergreen
Forests
Semi- Evergreen
Forests
Deciduous Forests
Degraded/ Scrub
Forests
Planta-tions
Neckeraceae
Homaliodendron flabellatum + – – – –
H. obtusatum + – – – –
Pinnatella sps + – – – –
Orthotrichaceae
Macromitrium moorcroftii + – – – –
M. sulcatum + + – – –
Macromitrium sps + – – – –
Drummondia stricta + – – – –
Racopilaceae
Racopilum cuspidigerum + + – – –
R. orthocarpum + – – – –
Pterobryaceae
Pterobryopsis acuminata + – – – –
P. orientalis + – – – –
Symphysodentella borii + – – – –
Meteoriaceae
Cryptopapillaria fuscescens + – – – –
Floribundaria armata + – – – –
F. walkeri + – – – –
Aerobryidium filamentosum + + – – +
Aerobryum speciosum + – – – –
Meteoriopsis squarrosa + + + + +
M. reclinata – – – – +
Hypoterygiaceae
Hypopterygium tamarisci + + – – –
Hookeriaceae
Cyathophorella hookeriana + – – – –
Cyathoporella sps + – – – –
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Species Evergreen
Forests
Semi- Evergreen
Forests
Deciduous Forests
Degraded/ Scrub
Forests
Planta-tions
Thuidiaceae
Thuidium tamariscellum + – + + –
Entodontaceae
E. scariosus + – – – –
Entodon myurus + – – – –
E. flavescens + – – – –
Sematophyllaceae
Sematophyllum phoeniceum – – – – +
S. humile – – – – +
Trichostelium punctipapillosum + – – – –
T. boschii + – – – –
Trolliella euendostoma + – – – –
Hypnaceae
Ctenidium lychnites – – – + –
Taxiphyllum maniae – + – – –
Isopterygium albescens + – + – –
Hypnum subimponens + – – – –
Vesicularia montagnei + – – – –
V. vesicularis + – – – –
Brachytheciaceae
Brachythecium salebrosum + – – – –
Total 48 10 8 7 11
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Evergreen Semi- Deciduous Scrub Plantations
48
10
8 7
11
Figure 4 Species Occurrence in Different Vegetation Types
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162
Table 5.4
Altitude Range of Moss Plants of Kolli Hills
S. № Species Attitude Range (m)
1. Pogonatum aloides 1200-1300
2. Campylopus sps 1400
3. C. flexuosus 1220
4. C. ericoides 1220-1400
5. Leucobryum nilghiriense 1200-1400
6. L. mitten 1200-1450
7. Octoblepharum albidium 1220-1300
8. Fissidens sylvaticus 1300
9. Hyophila comosa 1020-1200
10. H. involuta 850-1450
11. Oxystegus cylindricus 1020
12. Leptodontium viticulosoides 1200
13. Funaria hygrometrica 1200-1450
14. Physcomitrium sps 1200
15. Bryum argenteum 1300-1450
16. B. capillare 1000-1400
17. B. medianum 1450
18. B. wightii 1300
19. Pyrrhobryum spiniforme 1000-1400
20. Homaliodendron flabellatum 1220
21. H. obtusatum 1200
22. Pinnatella sps 1220
23. Macromitrium moorcroftii 1200-1450
24. M. sulcatum 1050-1450
25. Macromitrium sps 1200
26. Drummondia stricta 1200
27. Racopilum cuspidigerum 1300
28. R. orthocarpum 1400-1450
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S. № Species Attitude Range (m)
29. Pterobryopsis acuminata 850-1200
30. P. orientalis 1450
31. Symphysodentella borii 1450
32. Cryptopapillaria fuscescens 1220
33. Floribundaria armata 1300
34. F. walkeri 1000-1200
35. Aerobryidium filamentosum 1220-1450
36. Aerobryum speciosum 1050
37. Meteoriopsis squarrosa 1200-1220
38. M. reclinata 1020-1220
39. Hypopterygium tamarisci 1020-1220
40. Cyathophorella hookeriana 1200-1250
41. Cyathoporella sps 1200
42. Thuidium tamariscellum 850-1450
43. Entodon scariosus 1220
44. E. myurus 1200
45. E. flavescens 1450
46. Sematophyllum phoeniceum 1450
47. S. humile 1220
48. Trichostelium punctipapillosum 1450
49. T. boschii 1450
50. Trolliella euendostoma 1200-1250
51. Ctenidium lychnites 1200
52. Taxiphyllum maniae 850
53. Isopterygium albescens 1200-1300
54. Hypnum subimponens 1220
55. Vesicularia montagnei 1250
56. V. vesicularis 1220
57. Brachythecium salebrosum 1200
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Figure 3: Altitude range of Moss Plants of Kolli Hills
Mosses
850
860
870
880
890
900
910
920
930
940
950
960
970
980
990
1000
1010
1020
1030
1040
1050
1060
1070
1080
1090
1100
1110
1120
1130
1140
1150
1160
1170
1180
1190
1200
1210
1220
1230
1240
1250
1260
1270
1280
1290
1300
1310
1320
1330
1340
1350
1360
1370
1380
1390
1400
1410
1420
1430
1440
1450
1. Pogonatum aloides
2. Campylopus sps
3. C. flexuosus
4. C. ericoides
5. Leucobryum nilghiriense
6. L. mitteni
7. Octoblepharum albidium
8. Fissidens sylvaticus
9. Hyophila comosa
10. H. involuta
11. Oxystegus cylindricus
12. Leptodontium viticulosoides
13. Funaria hygrometrica
14. Physcomitrium sps
15. Bryum argenteum
16. B. capillare
17. B. medianum
18. B. wightii
19. Pyrrhobryum spiniforme
20. Homaliodendron flabellatum
21. H. obtusatum
22. Pinnatella sps
23. Macromitrium moorcroftii
24. M. sulcatum
25. Macromitrium sps
26. Drummondia stricta
27. Racopilum cuspidigerum
28. R. orthocarpum
29. Pterobryopsis acuminata
30. P. orientalis
31. Symphysodentella borii
32. Cryptopapillaria fuscescens
33. Floribundaria armata
34. F. walkeri
35. Aerobryidium filamentosum
36. Aerobryum speciosum
37. Meteoriopsis squarrosa
38. M. reclinata
39. Hypopterygium tamarisci
40. Cyathophorella hookeriana
41. Cyathoporella sps
42. Thuidium tamariscellum
43. E. scariosus
44. Entodon myurus
45. E. flavescens
46. Sematophyllum phoeniceum
47. S. humile
48. Trichostelium punctipapillosum
49. T. boschii
50. Trolliella euendostoma
51. Ctenidium lychnites
52. Taxiphyllum maniae
53. Isopterygium albescens
54. Hypnum subimponens
55. Vesicularia montagnei
56. V. vesicularis
57. Brachythecium salebrosum
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165
A total of 57 species have been identified from 37 genera and 20
families. Among the genera 22 are monotypic (single species). There are
three genera represented by three species each (Campylopus,
Macromitrium and Entodon). There are 11 genera with two species each
Bryum has the maximum number of four species (Table 5.1).
By a comparative study of this 57 species in reference to several
national and regional flora, it is estimated that 19 species were common to
Shervaroy hills (Eastern Ghats, Namakkal District, Tamil Nadu) adjacent to
Kolli Hills, where 69 moss species were recorded recently by Senthilkumar
(2002). Both the hills together have a cumulative of 107 species
(Table 5.5, Fig.6). It is observed that 27 species of the Kolli Hills were
common to the list of 113 moss species enumerated (Wayanad Hills of
Western Ghats) from Kerala by Manju and Madusoodhanan (2005)
(Table 5.6, Fig. 7). When compared to the mosses recorded in the South-
western Ghats by Daniel (2003), out of 112 species enlisted 19 were
common to the Kolli hills (Table 5.7, Fig. 8).
The following taxa are new records to South India
Campylopus ericoides,
Drummondia stricta,
Floribundaria walkeri,
Cyathophorella hookeriana,
Sematophyllum phoeniceum and
Trolliella euendostoma.
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Table 5.5
List of the Mosses of Kolli Hills Common to Shervaroy Hills
S. № Genus Species Family
1. Pogonatum P. aloides Polytrichaceae
2. P. flexuosus
3. Leucobryum L. nilghiriense Leucobryaceae
4. Octoblepharum O. albidium
5. Hyophila H. comosa Pottiaceae
6. H. involuta
7. Funaria F. hygrometrica Funariaceae
8. Bryum B. argenteum Bryaceae
9. B. capillare
10. Macromitrium M. moorcroftii Orthotrichaceae
11. M. sulcatum
12. Drummondia D. stricta
13. Racopilum R. cuspidigerum Racopilaceae
14. Pterobryopsis P. acuminata Pterobryaceae
15. Aerobryidium A. filamentosum
16. A. scariosus
17. Sematophyllum S. phoeniceum Sematophyllaceae
18. S. humile
19. Vesicularia V. montagnei Hypnaceae
Genus: 13 Total Species: 19 Family: 10
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Table 5.6
List of the Mosses of Kolli Hills Common to Wayanad Hills (Kerala)
S. № Genus Species Family
1. Campylopus C. flexuosus Dicranaceae
2. C. ericoides
3. Octoblepharum O. albidium
4. Hyophila H. involuta Pottiaceae
5. Oxystegus O. cylindricus
6. Funaria F. hygrometrica Funariaceae
7. Bryum B. argenteum Bryaceae
8. B. capillare
9. B. wightii
10. Homaliodendron H. flabellatum Neckeraceae
11. Macromitrium M. moorcroftii Orthotrichaceae
12. M.sulcatum
13. Racopilum R. cuspidigerum Racopilaceae
14. R. orthocarpum
15. Pterobryopsis P. acuminata Pterobryaceae
16. P. orientalis
17. Cryptopapillaria C. fuscescens Meteoriaceae
18. Floribundaria F. walkeri
19. Aerobryum A. speciosum
20. Meteoriopsis M. squarrosa
21. M. reclinata
22. Hypopterygium H. tamarisci Hypoterygiaceae
23. Thuidium T. tamariscellum Thuidiaceae
24. Entodon E. flavescens Entodontaceae
25. Ctenidium C. lychnites
26. Isopterygium I. albescens
27. Vesicularia V. vesicularis Hypnaceae
Genus: 20 Total Species: 27 Family: 13
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Table 5.7
List of the Mosses of Kolli Hills Common to Southern Western Ghats
S. № Genus Species Family
1. Pogonatum P. aloides Polytrichaceae
2. Campylopus C. ericoides Dicranaceae
3. Leucobryum L. nilghiriense Leucobryaceae
4. Octoblepharum O. albidium
5. Fissidens F. sylvaticus Fissidentaceae
6. Hyophila H. comosa Pottiaceae
7. H. involuta
8. Bryum B. argenteum Bryaceae
9. B. capillare
10. Pyrrhobryum P. spiniforme Rhizogoniaceae
11. Homaliodendron H. flabellatum Neckeraceae
12. H. obtusatum
13. Macromitrium M. moorcroftii Orthotrichaceae
14. M. sulcatum
15. Racopilum R. cuspidigerum Racopilaceae
16. Floribundaria F. walkeri Meteoriaceae
17. Aerobryidium A. filamentosum
18. Meteoriopsis M. reclinata
19. Sematophyllum S. humile Sematophyllaceae
Genus: 15 Total Species: 19 Family: 12
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169
Table 5.8
List of the Mosses Common for All Four Hills
S. № Genus Species Family
1. Octoblepharum O. albidium Leucobryaceae
2. Hyophila H. involuta Pottiaceae
3. Bryum B. argenteum Bryaceae
4. B. capillare
5. Macromitrium M. moorcroftii Orthotrichaceae
6. M. sulcatum
7. Racopilum R. cuspidigerum Racopilaceae
Genus: 5 Total Species: 7 Family: 5
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170
P. aloides
P. flexuosus
L. nilghiriense
O. albidium
H. comosa
H. involuta
F. hygrometrica
B. argenteum
B. capillare
M. moorcroftii
M. sulcatum
D. stricta
R. cuspdigerum
P. acuminate
A. filamentosum
A. scariosus
S. phoeniceum
S. humile
V. montagnei
Mosses of Kolli Hills Common
to Shervaroy Hills
C. flexuosus
C. ericoides
O. albidium
H. involuta
O. cylindricus
F. hygrometrica
B. argenteum
B. capillare
B. wightii
H. flabellatum
M. moorcroftii
M.sulcatum
R. cuspdigerum
R. orthocarpum
P. acuminate
P. orientalis
F. walkeri
M. squarrosa
M. reclinata
A. speciosum
C. fuscescens
H. tamarisci
T. tamariscellum
E. flavescens
V. vesicularis
C. lychnites
I. albescens
Mosses of Kolli Hills Common to Wayanad Hills (Kerala)
Figure 6 Figure 7
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171
O. albidium
H. involuta
B. argenteum
B. capillare
M. moorcroftii
M. sulcatum
R. cuspdigerum
Mosses Common for
All Four Hills
P. aloides
C. ericoides
L. nilghiriense
O. albidium
F. sylvaticus
H. comosa
H. involuta
B. argenteum
B. capillare
P. spiniforme
H. flabellatum
H. obtusatum
M. moorcroftii
M. sulcatum
R. cuspdigerum
F. walkeri
M. reclinata
A. filamentosum
S. humile
Mosses of Kolli Hills Common to
Southern Western Ghats
Figure 8 Figure 9
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172
Some species are found to be indicators of high degree of habitat
degradation: Pogonatum aloides, Hyophila involuta, Funaria hygrometrica
and Bryum argenteum. Certain species cannot tolerate change in habitat
that are still not modified greatly: Drummondia stricta. Some mosses were
found to adapt themselves to all conditions and are commonly found
throughout the Kolli Hills: Pogonatum aloides, Campylopus flexuosus,
Leucobryum nilghiriense, Hyophila involuta, H. comosa, Funaria
hygrometrica, Bryum argenteum, Drummondia stricta, Macromitrium
moorcroftii, Racopilum cuspidigerum, etc. Species such as Pogonatum
aloides, Campylopus flexuosus, Leucobryum nilghiriense, Hyophila
involuta, H. comosa, Funaria hygrometrica, Bryum argenteum,
Macromitrium moorcroftii are also found in the Western Ghats.
There are only 11 species that are common to all the four hills
recently studied (Table 5.8, Fig. 9).
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173
5.3 ANTIMICROBIAL STUDIES
5.3.1 Antibacterial Studies
5.3.1.1 Streak Method
The results of various solvent extracts of different mosses on
selected test Bacteria has been studied and the results are given in the
Tables 5.9 to 5.12.
a) Leucobryum nilghiriense
The various solvent extracts of this moss did not show any significant
inhibitory effect on most of the bacteria studied by streak method. However,
the chloroform extract and ethyl acetate extracts showed partial inhibition
on the growth of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae at higher
concentrations (50%, 70% and 100%) (Table 5.9).
b) Pyrrhobryum spiniforme
Among the various solvent extracts of this moss, the chloroform
extract at higher concentration (75% and 100%) showed partial inhibition
on Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. The highest concentration
of ethyl acetate extract at 100% concentration showed inhibitory effect on
Bacillus cereus, Streptococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus
(Table 5.10).
c) Meteoriopsis squarrosa
The ethanolic extract of this moss exhibited to have inhibitory effect
on a number of bacteria such as Bacillus cereus, Streptococcus faecalis,
Chapter 5 Results & Discussion
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174
Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
There was partial inhibition at 75% concentration and strong inhibition at
100% concentration. Other extracts did not show significant effect on the
test organisms (Table 5.11, Plate 60).
d) Thuidium tamariscellum
The chloroform extract as well as the ethyl acetate extract of this
moss showed notable inhibitory effect on several bacteria. However the
effect was observed only at the highest concentration (100%). At this
concentration organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli
and Klebsiella pneumoniae were inhibited. The ethyl acetate extract
however produced inhibitory effect on all the tested bacteria except
Pseudomonas aeruginosa at the concentrations of 50%, 75% and 100%
(Table 5.12).
These results are correlated with the results obtained by Banerjee
and Sen (1979) who tested with ethanolic extracts of 52 species of
bryophytes and observed the antibacterial activity against 3 gram-positive
and 5 gram-negative bacteria.
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Studies on the Bryopsida of the Kolli Hills
175
Table 5.9
Sensitivity of the various extracts of Leucobryum nilghiriense against bacteria (Streak method)
Organism Ethanolic extract (%) Chloroform extract (%) Ethyl acetate extract (%) Aqueous extract (%)
C 25 50 75 100 C 25 50 75 100 C 25 50 75 100 C 25 50 75 100
Gram-positive bacteria:
Bacillus cereus 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
Streptococcus faecalis 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
Staphylococcus aureus 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
Gram-negative bacteria:
Escherichia coli 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 2+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
Proteus vulgaris 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
Enterobacter aerogenes 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
Salmonella typhi 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
Klebsiella pneumoniae 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 2+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
C : Control 3+ : Excessive growth (no inhibition) 2+ : Moderate growth (partial inhibition) 1+ : Trace growth (strong inhibition)
Chapter 5 Results & Discussion
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176
Table 5.10
Sensitivity of the various extract of Pyrrhobryum spiriforme against bacteria (Streak method)
Organism Ethanolic extract (%) Chloroform extract (%) Ethyl acetate extract (%) Aqueous extract (%)
C 25 50 75 100 C 25 50 75 100 C 25 50 75 100 C 25 50 75 100
Gram-positive bacteria:
Bacillus cereus 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
Streptococcus faecalis 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
Staphylococcus aureus 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
Gram-negative bacteria:
Escherichia coli 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 1+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
Proteus vulgaris 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
Enterobacter aerogenes 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
Salmonella typhi 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
Klebsiella pneumoniae 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 2+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
C : Control 3+ : Excessive growth (no inhibition) 2+ : Moderate growth (partial inhibition) 1+ : Trace growth (strong inhibition)
Chapter 5 Results & Discussion
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Studies on the Bryopsida of the Kolli Hills
177
Table 5.11
Sensitivity of the various extract of Meteoriopsis squarrosa against bacteria (Streak method)
Organism Ethanolic extract (%) Chloroform extract (%) Ethyl acetate extract (%) Aqueous extract (%)
C 25 50 75 100 C 25 50 75 100 C 25 50 75 100 C 25 50 75 100
Gram-positive bacteria:
Bacillus cereus 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 2+ 1+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
Streptococcus faecalis 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 1+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
Staphylococcus aureus 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
Gram-negative bacteria:
Escherichia coli 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 2+ 1+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
Proteus vulgaris 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
Enterobacter aerogenes 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 2+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
Salmonella typhi 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
Klebsiella pneumoniae 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
C : Control 3+ : Excessive growth (no inhibition) 2+ : Moderate growth (partial inhibition) 1+ : Trace growth (strong inhibition)
Chapter 5 Results & Discussion
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Studies on the Bryopsida of the Kolli Hills
178
Table 5.12
Sensitivity of the various extract of Thuidium tamariscellum against bacteria (Streak method)
Organism Ethanolic extract (%) Chloroform extract (%) Ethyl acetate extract (%) Aqueous extract (%)
C 25 50 75 100 C 25 50 75 100 C 25 50 75 100 C 25 50 75 100
Gram-positive bacteria:
Bacillus cereus 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 1+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
Streptococcus faecalis 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 2+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
Staphylococcus aureus 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
Gram-negative bacteria:
Escherichia coli 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 2+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
Proteus vulgaris 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
Enterobacter aerogenes 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 2+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
Salmonella typhi 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
Klebsiella pneumoniae 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
C : Control 3+ : Excessive growth (no inhibition) 2+ : Moderate growth (partial inhibition) 1+ : Trace growth (strong inhibition)
Chapter 5 Results & Discussion
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Studies on the Bryopsida of the Kolli Hills
179
5.3.1.2 Disc Diffusion Method
a) Leucobryum nilghiriense
The antibacterial activity of various extracts of Leucobryum
nilghiriense against the test bacteria by disc diffusion method has shown in
the Table 5.13. It is observed from the result that the chloroform extract
was found to have inhibitory effect against Escherichia coli and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the zone of inhibition was from 1.5 and 2.0
mm respectively.
However ethyl acetate extract showed inhibitory effect against
Bacillus cereus in addition to the above said two bacteria, with almost same
diameter of inhibition zone.
b) Pyrrhobryum spiniforme
The various solvent extracts of this plant were found to be inhibitory
against the growth of several bacteria. The chloroform as well as ethyl
acetate extracts showed partial inhibition against Bacillus cereus,
Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Maximum zone of inhibition (2.5 mm) was
produced by the chloroform extract on Escherichia coli.
The aqueous extract of this plant was found to have inhibitory effect
on Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Table 5.14).
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180
c) Meteoriopsis squarrosa
The ethanolic extract of this plant was effective on almost all bacteria
screened for antimicrobial activity. Inhibition zone was observed in the agar
plates of all tested bacteria except Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus
vulgaris and Salmonella typhi. Maximum zone (3.4 cm) was observed on
Escherichia coli. This observation is in agreement with the report of earlier
workers Singha et al. (2006), who reported that the alcoholic extract of
Plagiochasma appendiculatum (Marchantiales) showed significant
antibacterial activity against 11 bacterial including Staphylococcus aureus,
Proteus mirabilis and Salmonella typhimurium.
The chloroform extract showed inhibitory effect on gram-negative
bacteria only and the zone of inhibition was comparatively lesser than the
ethyl acetate extract (Table 5.15, Plate 61).
d) Thuidium tamariscellum
Ethanolic extract of this moss was found to have inhibitory effect on
all the tested bacteria except Salmonella typhi. The zone of inhibition
ranged from 0.4 to 2.5 mm. Maximum zone was observed on Bacillus
cereus and Enterobacter aerogenes. Chloroform extract showed little effect
on a few bacteria (Table 5.16).
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Studies on the Bryopsida of the Kolli Hills
181
Table 5.13
Antimicrobial activity of Leucobryum nilghiriense against various bacteria
(Disc diffusion method)
Organism
Diameter of inhibition zone in mm (Mean*)
Ethyl acetate extract
(30 g/ disc)
Chloroform extract
(30 g/ disc)
Ethanolic extract
(30 g/ disc)
Aqueous extract
(30 g/ disc)
Standard#
antibiotic
Gram-positive bacteria:
Bacillus cereus – – 1.5 0.5 – 4.2
Streptococcus faecalis – – – – 5.0
Staphylococcus aureus – – – – 4.0
Gram-negative bacteria:
Escherichia coli – 1.5 0.1 1.00.12 – 4.4
Proteus vulgaris – – – – 4.5
Enterobacter aerogenes – – – – 4.2
Salmonella typhi – – – – 2.4
Klebsiella pneumoniae – – – – 5.0
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
– 2.0 0.21 2.2
0.15
– 4.1
* : Mean of triplicate
: Standard Deviation # : Gentamycin (Hi-media) – : Absence of measurable inhibitory action
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Studies on the Bryopsida of the Kolli Hills
182
Table 5.14
Antimicrobial activity of Pyrrhobryum spiriforme against various bacteria
(Disc diffusion method)
Organism
Diameter of inhibition zone in mm (Mean*)
Ethyl acetate extract
(30 g/ disc)
Chloroform extract
(30 g/ disc)
Ethanolic extract
(30 g/ disc)
Aqueous extract
(30 g/ disc)
Standard#
antibiotic
Gram-positive bacteria:
Bacillus cereus – – 2.4 1.2 – 4.2
Streptococcus faecalis – – – – 5.0
Staphylococcus aureus – 2.2 0.4 1.8 0.5 – 4.0
Gram-negative bacteria:
Escherichia coli 2.2 1.5 2.5 0.8 1.8 0.4 – 4.4
Proteus vulgaris – – – – 4.5
Enterobacter aerogenes – – – – 4.2
Salmonella typhi – – – – 2.4
Klebsiella pneumoniae – 1.4 1.2 2.1 0.3 2.2 1.0 5.0
Pseudomonas aeruginosa – 2.0 1.4 2.0 0.4 3.0 0.9 4.1
* : Mean of triplicate
: Standard Deviation # : Gentamycin (Hi-media) – : Absence of measurable inhibitory action
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Studies on the Bryopsida of the Kolli Hills
183
Table 5.15
Antimicrobial activity of Meteoriopsis squarrosa against various bacteria
(Disc diffusion method)
Organism
Diameter of inhibition zone in mm (Mean*)
Ethyl acetate extract
(30 g/ disc)
Chloroform extract
(30 g/ disc)
Ethanolic extract
(30 g/ disc)
Aqueous extract
(30 g/ disc)
Standard#
antibiotic
Gram-positive bacteria:
Bacillus cereus – – 2.5 1.3 – 4.2
Streptococcus faecalis – 0.5 0.13 2.3 0.8 – 5.0
Staphylococcus aureus – – 0.4 0.1 – 4.0
Gram-negative bacteria:
Escherichia coli – – 2.2 1.0 – 4.4
Proteus vulgaris 0.2 1.0 – 0.4 0.1 – 4.5
Enterobacter aerogenes 0.2 0.01 1.5 0.16 3.0 1.2 – 4.2
Salmonella typhi – – – – 3.4
Klebsiella pneumoniae – 1.8 0.5 2.0 1.2 – 5.0
Pseudomonas aeruginosa – – 1.9 0.3 – 4.1
* : Mean of triplicate
: Standard Deviation # : Gentamycin (Hi-media) – : Absence of measurable inhibitory action
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Studies on the Bryopsida of the Kolli Hills
184
Table 5.16
Antimicrobial activity of Thuidium tamariscellum against various bacteria
(Disc diffusion method)
Organism
Diameter of inhibition zone in mm (Mean*)
Ethyl acetate extract
(30 g/ disc)
Chloroform extract
(30 g/ disc)
Ethanolic extract
(30 g/ disc)
Aqueous extract
(30 g/ disc)
Standard#
antibiotic
Gram-positive bacteria:
Bacillus cereus – – 2.8 1.5 – 4.2
Streptococcus faecalis – – 2.4 1.1 – 5.0
Staphylococcus aureus – – – – 4.0
Gram-negative bacteria:
Escherichia coli 2.4 1.2 2.8 0.3 3.4 1.2 – 4.4
Proteus vulgaris – – – – 4.5
Enterobacter aerogenes – 1.8 0.15 2.8 1.2 – 4.2
Salmonella typhi – – – – 2.4
Klebsiella pneumoniae – 2.5 0.4 3.0 1.0 – 5.0
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 0.4 0.12 1.8 0.4 2.9 1.3 0.4 0.2 4.1
* : Mean of triplicate
: Standard Deviation # : Gentamycin (Hi-media) – : Absence of measurable inhibitory action
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185
5.3.1.3 Agar Well Diffusion Method
a) Leucobryum nilghiriense
The various solvent extracts of this moss did not show any
significance result against most of the tested bacteria. However the ethyl
acetate extract produced little effect on Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas
aeruginosa and the diameter of inhibition zones were very less (Table 5.17)
b) Pyrrhobryum spiniforme
The ethyl acetate extract showed inhibitory effect on Escherichia coli,
Enterobacter aerogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Maximum zone
(3.2 mm) was observed in the agar plate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
The chloroform extract produced little effect on Staphylococcus
aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Table 5.18).
c) Meteoriopsis squarrosa
Various solvent extracts of this moss have shown significant result by
agar well diffusion method against the tested bacteria. The ethanolic
extract in particular showed inhibitory effect on almost all bacteria and the
zone of inhibition were found to be better than the other plants.
In Escherichia coli the diameter of the inhibition zone was higher
(2.5 mm) than the standard antibiotic (4.1 mm) which clearly reveals that
this result is highly significant, and this extract could be used to control
Escherichia coli after purification of the active compound. Similarly this
extract was also found to be effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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Studies on the Bryopsida of the Kolli Hills
186
also since it has produced greater zone of inhibition (4.4 mm) which is
closer to the standard value (5.1 mm).
Chloroform extract as well as ethanolic extract were also found to
have inhibitory effect on the tested bacteria to some extent. The ethanolic
extract produced inhibition zone against Pseudomonas aeruginosa where
the diameter of the inhibition zone in the experimental as well as in the
standard was found to be same (5.1 mm) (Table 5.19, Plate 62).
d) Thuidium tamariscellum
The ethanolic extract was found to possess inhibitory effect on almost
all bacteria. The inhibitory effect is significant on Escherichia coli and
Klebsiella pneumoniae where the diameter of the inhibition zone was higher
than the standard. It was 4.2 mm against the standard 4.1 mm and 5.6 mm
against the standard 5.2 mm respectively (Table 5.20).
Similar observations were made by Semra Ulhan et al. (2006) while
studying the antibacterial activities of Palustriella commutate against 11
bacteria, 1 yeast and 8 moulds.
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187
Table 5.17
Antimicrobial activity of Leucobryum nilghiriense against various bacteria
(Agar Well diffusion method)
Organism
Diameter of inhibition zone in mm (Mean*)
Ethyl acetate extract
(30 g/ ml)
Chloroform extract
(30 g/ ml)
Ethanolic extract
(30 g/ ml)
Aqueous extract
(30g/ml)
Standard#
antibiotic
Gram-positive bacteria:
Bacillus cereus – – – – 5.2
Streptococcus faecalis – – – – 4.0
Staphylococcus aureus – – – – 5.0
Gram-negative bacteria:
Escherichia coli – – 2.0 0.4 – 4.1
Proteus vulgaris – – – – 4.7
Enterobacter aerogenes – – – – 4.4
Salmonella typhi – – – – 4.8
Klebsiella pneumoniae – – – – 5.2
Pseudomonas aeruginosa – – 1.6 0.2 – 5.1
* : Mean of triplicate
: Standard Deviation # : Gentamycin (Hi-media) – : Absence of measurable inhibitory action
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Studies on the Bryopsida of the Kolli Hills
188
Table 5.18
Antimicrobial activity of Pyrrhobryum spiriforme against various bacteria
(Agar Well diffusion method)
Organism
Diameter of inhibition zone in mm (Mean*)
Ethyl acetate extract
(30 g/ ml)
Chloroform extract
(30 g/ ml)
Ethanolic extract
(30 g/ ml)
Aqueous extract
(30 g/ ml)
Standard#
antibiotic
Gram-positive bacteria:
Bacillus cereus – – – – 5.2
Streptococcus faecalis – – – – 4.0
Staphylococcus aureus – 2.4 0.2 – – 5.0
Gram-negative bacteria:
Escherichia coli – – 2.0 0.8 0.4 1.1 4.1
Proteus vulgaris – – – – 4.7
Enterobacter aerogenes – – 1.9 1.0 – 4.4
Salmonella typhi – – – – 2.8
Klebsiella pneumoniae – – – – 5.2
Pseudomonas aeruginosa – 1.1 0.3 3.2 1.4 – 5.1
* : Mean of triplicate
: Standard Deviation # : Gentamycin (Hi-media) – : Absence of measurable inhibitory action
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189
Table 5.19
Antimicrobial activity of Meteoriopsis squarrosa against various bacteria
(Agar Well diffusion method)
Organism
Diameter of inhibition zone in mm (Mean*)
Ethyl acetate extract
(30 g/ ml)
Chloroform extract
(30 g/ ml)
Ethanolic extract
(30 g/ ml)
Aqueous extract
(30 g/ ml)
Standard#
antibiotic
Gram-positive bacteria:
Bacillus cereus – – 3.0 1.4 – 5.2 2.1
Streptococcus faecalis – – 2.4 1.2 – 4.0 1.6
Staphylococcus aureus – 2.4 0.5 2.8 0.8 – 5.0 1.9
Gram-negative bacteria:
Escherichia coli 2.4 0.8 2.0 0.4 2.5 1.8 – 4.1 1.8
Proteus vulgaris – 2.1 0.6 2.4 0.7 – 4.7 1.3
Enterobacter aerogenes – – 2.9 0.4 – 4.4 2.0
Salmonella typhi – – – – 2.8 1.4
Klebsiella pneumoniae 3.4 1.5 2.2 1.2 2.2 1.0 2.4 1.6 5.2 2.1
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 5.1 1.2 5.0 1.4 3.4 1.2 4.4 1.2 5.1 1.7
* : Mean of triplicate
: Standard Deviation # : Gentamycin (Hi-media) – : Absence of measurable inhibitory action
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190
Table 5.20
Antimicrobial activity of Thuidium tamariscellum against various bacteria
(Agar Well diffusion method)
Organism
Diameter of inhibition zone in mm (Mean*)
Ethyl acetate extract
(30 g/ ml)
Chloroform extract
(30 g/ ml)
Ethanolic extract
(30 g/ ml)
Aqueous extract
(30 g/ ml)
Standard#
antibiotic
Gram-positive bacteria:
Bacillus cereus – – 1.8 1.0 – 5.2
Streptococcus faecalis – – 1.4 0.9 – 4.0
Staphylococcus aureus – – 2.1 0.8 – 5.0
Gram-negative bacteria:
Escherichia coli – – 3.1 1.2 – 4.1
Proteus vulgaris – – 0.4 0.1 – 4.7
Enterobacter aerogenes – – 2.5 0.5 – 4.4
Salmonella typhi – – – – 2.8
Klebsiella pneumoniae – 3.4 1.2 2.2 1.0 – 5.2
Pseudomonas aeruginosa – – 2.5 1.4 – 5.1
* : Mean of triplicate
: Standard Deviation # : Gentamycin (Hi-media) – : Absence of measurable inhibitory action
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5.3.2 Antifungal Studies
5.3.2.1 Streak Plate Method
Plants such as Leucobryum nilghiriense and Pyrrhobryum spiriforme
did not show any significant inhibitory effect against any of the fungal
organism screened for sensitivity test. However Meteoriopsis squarrosa
showed moderate inhibitory effect on Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus
and Geotricum candidum. Similarly Thuidium tamariscellum did not show
any inhibitory effect against all the fungal organisms except Aspergillus
flavus whole it showed moderate inhibition against fungus alone (Tables
5.21 to 5.24, Plate 63).
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Table 5.21
Sensitivity of the various extracts of Leucobryum nilghiriense against various fungi (Streak method)
Organism Ethanolic extract (%) Chloroform extract (%) Ethyl acetate extract (%) Aqueous extract (%)
C 25 50 75 100 C 25 50 75 100 C 25 50 75 100 C 25 50 75 100
Aspergillus niger 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
Aspergillus flavus 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
Aspergillus parasiticus 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
Aspergillus fumigatus 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
Candida albicans 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
Geotricum candidum 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
Microsporium gypseum 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
C : Control 3+ : Excessive growth (no inhibition) 2+ : Moderate growth (partial inhibition) 1+ : Trace growth (strong inhibition)
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Table 5.22
Sensitivity of the various extracts of Pyrrhobryum spiriforme against various fungi (Streak method)
Organism Ethanolic extract (%) Chloroform extract (%) Ethyl acetate extract (%) Aqueous extract (%)
C 25 50 75 100 C 25 50 75 100 C 25 50 75 100 C 25 50 75 100
Aspergillus niger 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 2+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
Aspergillus flavus 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 2+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
Aspergillus parasiticus 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
Aspergillus fumigatus 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
Candida albicans 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
Geotricum candidum 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
Microsporium gypseum 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
C : Control 3+ : Excessive growth (no inhibition) 2+ : Moderate growth (partial inhibition) 1+ : Trace growth (strong inhibition)
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Table 5.23
Sensitivity of the various extracts of Meteoriopsis squarrosa against various fungi (Streak method)
Organism Ethanolic extract (%) Chloroform extract (%) Ethyl acetate extract (%) Aqueous extract (%)
C 25 50 75 100 C 25 50 75 100 C 25 50 75 100 C 25 50 75 100
Aspergillus niger 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 1+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
Aspergillus flavus 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 2+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
Aspergillus parasiticus 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
Aspergillus fumigatus 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
Candida albicans 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
Geotricum candidum 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 1+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
Microsporium gypseum 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
C : Control 3+ : Excessive growth (no inhibition) 2+ : Moderate growth (partial inhibition) 1+ : Trace growth (strong inhibition)
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Table 5.24
Sensitivity of the various extracts of Thuidium tamariscellum against various fungi (Streak method)
Organism Ethanolic extract (%) Chloroform extract (%) Ethyl acetate extract (%) Aqueous extract (%)
C 25 50 75 100 C 25 50 75 100 C 25 50 75 100 C 25 50 75 100
Aspergillus niger 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
Aspergillus flavus 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 1+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 2+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
Aspergillus parasiticus 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
Aspergillus fumigatus 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
Candida albicans 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
Geotricum candidum 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
Microsporium gypseum 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
C : Control 3+ : Excessive growth (no inhibition) 2+ : Moderate growth (partial inhibition) 1+ : Trace growth (strong inhibition)
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5.3.2.2 Disc Diffusion Method
Mosses such as Leucobryum nilghiriense, Pyrrhobryum spiriforme did
not show any inhibitory effect on the fungal organisms tested. However the
ethanolic extract of Meteoriopsis squarrosa showed inhibitory effect on
Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Candida albicans (Plate 64a). The
diameter of the inhibition zone is only lesser than the standard antibiotic.
The moss Thuidium tamariscellum also produced only less effect
against the tested fungi. The ethanolic extract inhibited the growth of
Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Geotricum candidum. The
diameter of inhibition zone, however, was insignificant in all these plates
(Table 5.25 to 5.28).
This work confirm the previous report of Sabovljevica et al. (2006),
who established that ethanolic extract of moss plant Bryum argenteum
inhibited the growth of Aspergillus niger, Penicillium ochrochloron, Candida
albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophyes.
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Table 5.25
Antifungal activity of various extracts of Leucobryum nilghiriense
against various fungi (Disc diffusion method)
Organism
Diameter of inhibition zone in mm (Mean*)
Ethyl acetate extract
(30 g/ disc)
Chloroform extract
(30 g/ disc)
Ethanolic extract
(30 g/ disc)
Aqueous extract
(30 g/ disc)
Standard#
antibiotic
(30 g/ disc)
Aspergillus niger – – 1.8 1.0 – 8.2
Aspergillus flavus – – – – 5.4
Aspergillus parasiticus – – – – 4.5
Aspergillus fumigatus – – – – 7.2
Candida albicans – – – – 8.4
Geotricum candidum – – – – 8.0
Microsporium gypseum – – – – 6.5
* : Mean of triplicate
: Standard Deviation # : Nystatin – : Absence of measurable inhibitory action
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Table 5.26
Antifungal activity of various extracts of Pyrrhobryum spiriforme
against various fungi (Disc diffusion method)
Organism
Diameter of inhibition zone in mm (Mean*)
Ethyl acetate extract
(30 g/ disc)
Chloroform extract
(30 g/ disc)
Ethanolic extract
(30 g/ disc)
Aqueous extract
(30 g/ disc)
Standard#
antibiotic
(30 g/ disc)
Aspergillus niger 3.1 0.8 – 0.5 0.2 – 8.2
Aspergillus flavus – – – – 5.4
Aspergillus parasiticus – – – – 4.5
Aspergillus fumigatus – – – – 7.2
Candida albicans – – – – 8.4
Geotricum candidum – – – – 8.0
Microsporium gypseum – – – – 6.5
* : Mean of triplicate
: Standard Deviation # : Nystatin – : Absence of measurable inhibitory action
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Table 5.27
Antifungal activity of various extracts of Meteoriopsis squarrosa
against various fungi (Disc diffusion method)
Organism
Diameter of inhibition zone in mm (Mean*)
Ethyl acetate extract
(30 g/ disc)
Chloroform extract
(30 g/ disc)
Ethanolic extract
(30 g/ disc)
Aqueous extract
(30 g/ disc)
Standard#
antibiotic
(30 g/ disc)
Aspergillus niger – – 3.2 1.2 – 8.2
Aspergillus flavus – – 3.1 1.7 – 5.4
Aspergillus parasiticus – – – – 4.5
Aspergillus fumigatus – – – – 7.2
Candida albicans – – 2.9 1.4 – 8.4
Geotricum candidum – – – – 8.0
Microsporium gypseum – – – – 6.5
* : Mean of triplicate
: Standard Deviation # : Nystatin – : Absence of measurable inhibitory action
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Table 5.28
Antifungal activity of various extracts of Thuidium tamariscellum
against various fungi (Disc diffusion method)
Organism
Diameter of inhibition zone in mm (Mean*)
Ethyl acetate extract
(30 g/ disc)
Chloroform extract
(30 g/ disc)
Ethanolic extract
(30 g/ disc)
Aqueous extract
(30 g/ disc)
Standard#
antibiotic
(30 g/ disc)
Aspergillus niger 1.4 0.8 – 2.4 0.4 – 8.2
Aspergillus flavus – 1.5 0.3 – – 5.4
Aspergillus parasiticus 1.2 0.6 – – – 4.5
Aspergillus fumigatus – – – – 7.2
Candida albicans – – – – 8.4
Geotricum candidum – – 0.7 0.2 – 8.0
Microsporium gypseum – – – – 6.5
* : Mean of triplicate
: Standard Deviation # : Nystatin – : Absence of measurable inhibitory action
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5.3.2.3 Agar Well Diffusion Method
Antifungal activity of various solvent extracts of test mosses against
various fungi by agar well diffusion method has revealed that only the
ethanolic extract of all the mosses showed some notable effect, on
Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Geotricum candidum.
The ethanolic extract of Meteoriopsis squarrosa showed significant
effect on Aspergillus flavus and the diameter of the inhibition zone was
greater (6.2 mm) than the standard antibiotic (5.9 mm). Similar type of
result was observed in Thuidium tamariscellum where the ethanolic extract
produced greater zone of inhibition (4.8 mm) against the standard antibiotic
(5.9 mm) which is of greater significance. The other extracts did not show
any effect on most of the test organism (Tables 5.29 to 5.32, Plate 64b).
Similar type of work was previously done by Bodade et al. (2008),
who reported that the ethanolic, acetone and chloroformic extract of
Plagiochasma appendiculatum and Bryum argenteum caused growth
inhibition of several fungi such as Aspergillus niger.
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Table 5.29
Antifungal activity of various extracts of Leucobryum nilghiriense
against various fungi (Agar well diffusion method)
Organism
Diameter of inhibition zone in mm (Mean*)
Ethyl acetate extract
10 mg/ml
Chloroform extract
10 mg/ml
Ethanolic extract
10 mg/ml
Aqueous extract
10 mg/ml
Standard#
antibiotic 10 mg/ml
Aspergillus niger – – 4.0 1.5 – 8.2
Aspergillus flavus – – 1.8 1.4 – 5.9
Aspergillus parasiticus – – – – 6.5
Aspergillus fumigatus – – – – 5.0
Candida albicans – – – – 4.2
Geotricum candidum – – 1.5 0.6 – 8.2
Microsporium gypseum – – – – 8.5
* : Mean of triplicate
: Standard Deviation # : Griseofulvin – : Absence of measurable inhibitory action
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Table 5.30
Antifungal activity of various extracts of Pyrrhobryum spiriforme
against various fungi (Agar well diffusion method)
Organism
Diameter of inhibition zone in mm (Mean*)
Ethyl acetate extract
10 mg/ml
Chloroform extract
10 mg/ml
Ethanolic extract
10 mg/ml
Aqueous extract
10 mg/ml
Standard#
antibiotic 10 mg/ml
Aspergillus niger – – 2.8 0.4 – 8.2
Aspergillus flavus – 3.5 1.1 4.5 2.1 – 5.9
Aspergillus parasiticus – – – – 6.5
Aspergillus fumigatus – – – – 5.0
Candida albicans – – – – 4.2
Geotricum candidum – – 2.4 0.2 – 5.9
Microsporium gypseum – – – – 8.5
* : Mean of triplicate
: Standard Deviation # : Griseofulvin – : Absence of measurable inhibitory action
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Table 5.31
Antifungal activity of various extracts of Meteoriopsis squarrosa
against various fungi (Agar well diffusion method)
Organism
Diameter of inhibition zone in mm (Mean*)
Ethyl acetate extract
10 mg/ml
Chloroform extract
10 mg/ml
Ethanolic extract
10 mg/ml
Aqueous extract
10 mg/ml
Standard#
antibiotic 10 mg/ml
Aspergillus niger – 1.8 0.7 4.8 1.5 – 8.2
Aspergillus flavus – – 5.2 2.1 – 5.9
Aspergillus parasiticus – – – – 6.5
Aspergillus fumigatus – – – – 5.0
Candida albicans – – – – 4.2
Geotricum candidum – – 1.7 0.8 – 4.9
Microsporium gypseum – – – – 8.5
* : Mean of triplicate
: Standard Deviation # : Griseofulvin – : Absence of measurable inhibitory action
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Table 5.32
Antifungal activity of various extracts of Thuidium tamariscellum
against various fungi (Agar well diffusion method)
Organism
Diameter of inhibition zone in mm (Mean*)
Ethyl acetate extract
10 mg/ml
Chloroform extract
10 mg/ml
Ethanolic extract
10 mg/ml
Aqueous extract
10 mg/ml
Standard#
antibiotic 10 mg/ml
Aspergillus niger – – 4.5 1.0 – 8.2 2.2
Aspergillus flavus – 4.8 2.0 4.8 2.5 – 5.9 1.8
Aspergillus parasiticus – – – – 6.5 1.2
Aspergillus fumigatus – – – – 5.0 0.8
Candida albicans – – – – 8.2 2.5
Geotricum candidum – – 4.0 1.2 – 4.9 1.8
Microsporium gypseum – – – – 8.5 2.2
* : Mean of triplicate
: Standard Deviation # : Griseofulvin – : Absence of measurable inhibitory action
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5.4 PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDIES
The phytochemical study involves the qualitative analysis of ethanolic
extract of the moss plant Meteoriopsis squarrosa, since it has shown more
inhibitory actions against both bacteria and fungi when compared with all
other solvent extracts of the four plants chosen for antimicrobial studies.
The various components present in the ethanolic extracts of the
detected by the UV-Vis, FTIR, 1H and 13C-NMR and GC-MS are shown in
the following Figures and Tables 5.33 and 5.34
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Figure 10
ACIC
St. Joseph's College (Autonomous)
Tiruchirappalli - 620 002
Date: 26-06-2006
UV spectrum Spectrum Name: MET-E
Scan Speed : 960.00 nm/min
Slit Width : 2.0000 m
Date Created : Mon Jun 26 10:08:32 2006
Instrument Model : Lambda 35
Date Inverval : 1.0000 nm
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Figure 11
ACIC
St. Joseph's College (Autonomous)
Tiruchirappalli - 620 002
Date: 26-06-2006
FTIR spectrum Spectrum Name: MET-E
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209
Table 5.33
FTIR interpretation
Identification of compounds by FTIR in the given samples
S.№ Wave number cm
-1
[Test Sample] Wave number cm
-1
[Reference Article] Functional group
assignment
1. 652.08 700-600 (Ref-1) Aliphatic Bromo compounds, C-Br stretch
2. 3436.87
3490-3430 (Ref-1) Heterocyclic amine, N-H stretch
3. 1637.33 1650-1550 (Ref-1) Secondary amine, N-H Bend
4. 1414.96
1490-1410 (Ref-1)
Carbonate ion
5. 1610–1550
1559.07 Carboxylate
6. 3790.52 3917.82 3889.78
>3000 Unsaturated compounds, C=C
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Figure 12
MET-E
Chapter 5 Results and Discussion
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Figure 13
MET-E
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Figure 14
MET-E
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Figure 15
MET-E
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Figure 16
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Figure 17
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Figure 18
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Figure 19
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Figure 20
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Figure 21
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Figure 22
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Figure 23
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Figure 24
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Figure 25
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Figure 26
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Figure 27
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Figure 28
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Figure 29
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Figure 30
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Table 5.34
Phyto components identified in the ethanolic extract of the plant sample
S. №
RT Name of the compound Molecular Formula
MW % Peak
Area
1. 4.19 Benzene, 1,4-dichloro- C6H4Cl2 146 3.91
2. 9.30 1-Cyclohexene-1-methanol, 4-(1-methylethenyl)-
C10H16O 152 0.23
3. 9.94 Sucrose C12H22O11 342 3.40
4. 10.16 di-t-Butylacetylene C10H18 138 2.01
5. 10.56 1,6,10-Dodecatrien-3-ol, 3,7,11-trimethyl-, [S-(Z)]-
C15H26O 222 0.71
6. 11.26 p-Menth-3-en-9-ol C10H18O 154 5.76
7. 14.08 Aromadendrene C15H24 204 0.88
8. 14.80 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol
C20H40O 296 5.19
9. 15.42 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol
C20H40O 296 1.50
10. 16.55 n-Hexadecanoic acid C16H32O2 256 13.75
11. 18.86 Phytol C20H40O 296 2.35
12. 19.16 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester, (E,E)-
C19H34O2 294 4.20
13. 19.26 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, methyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)-
C19H32O2 292 15.85
14. 19.57 Oleic Acid C18H34O2 282 3.97
15. 32.71 Squalene C30H50 410 36.29
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Table 5.35
Activity of Phyto components identified in the Ethanolic extract of the plant sample
S. №
RT Name of the compound Molecular Formula
MW % Peak
Area Compound
Nature **Activity
1. 4.19 Benzene, 1,4-dichloro- C6H4Cl2 146 3.91 Aromatic compound
Antimicrobial
2. 9.30 1-Cyclohexene-1-methanol, 4-(1-methylethenyl)-
C10H16O 152 0.23 Alkene compound
No activity reported
3. 9.94 Sucrose C12H22O11 342 3.40 Sugar compound
Preservative
4. 10.16 di-t-Butylacetylene C10H18 138 2.01 Alkene compound
No activity reported
5. 10.56 1,6,10-Dodecatrien-3-ol, 3,7,11-trimethyl-, [S-(Z)]-
C15H26O 222 0.71 Sesquiterpene alcohol
Antimicrobial, Antiinflammatory
6. 11.26 p-Menth-3-en-9-ol C10H18O 154 5.76 Monoterpene alcohol
Insecticide, Sedative, Antiseptic, Antibacterial Nematicide, Antiacne, Termiticide, Anticancer, Anticarcinogenic
7. 14.08 Aromadendrene C15H24 204 0.88 Sesquiterpene Anti-tumor, Analgesic, Antibacterial, Antiinflammatory, Sedative, Fungicide
8. 14.80 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol
C20H40O 296 5.19 Terpene alcohol
Antimicrobial, Antiinflammatory
9. 15.42 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol
C20H40O 296 1.50 Terpene alcohol
Antimicrobial, Antiinflammatory
10. 16.55 n-Hexadecanoic acid C16H32O2 256 13.75 Palmitic acid Antioxidant, Hypocholesterolemic Nematicide, Pesticide, Lubricant, Antiandrogenic, Flavor, Hemolytic 5-Alpha reductase inhibitor
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S. №
RT Name of the compound Molecular Formula
MW % Peak
Area Compound
Nature **Activity
11. 18.86 Phytol C20H40O 296 2.35 Diterpene Antimicrobial Diuretic Antiinflammatory Anticancer
12. 19.16 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester, (E,E)-
C19H34O2 294 4.20 Linoleic acid Antiinflammatory, Hypocholesterolemic Cancer preventive, Hepatoprotective, Nematicide, Insectifuge, Antihistaminic Antieczemic, Antiacne, 5-Alpha reductase inhibitor Antiandrogenic, Antiarthritic, Anticoronary, Insectifuge
13. 19.26 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, methyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)-
C19H32O2 292 15.85 Linolenic acid Antiinflammatory, Hypocholesterolemic Cancer preventive, Hepatoprotective, Nematicide Insectifuge, Antihistaminic, Antieczemic, Antiacne, 5-Alpha reductase inhibitor Antiandrogenic, Antiarthritic, Anticoronary, Insectifuge
14. 19.57 Oleic Acid C18H34O2 282 3.97 Oleic acid Anti-inflammatory, Antiandrogenic, Cancer preventive, Dermatitigenic Hypocholesterolemic, 5-Alpha reductase inhibitor, Anemiagenic Insectifuge, Flavor
15. 32.71 Squalene C30H50 410 36.29 Triterpene Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Antitumor, Cancer preventive, Immunostimulant, Chemo preventive, Lipoxygenase-inhibitor, Pesticide
**Source: Dr.Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases
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The FTIR studies of the ethanolic extract of the plant showed that
the Aliphatic Bromo compound was present, by the wave number of
652.08 cm–1. The N-H stretching of Heterocyclic amine group was indicated
by the 3436.87 cm–1 wave number. Similarly others such as the secondary
amine, carbonate amine, carboxylate and unsaturated compounds were
also identified. Asakawa (2007) identified the presence of aromatic
compounds and terpenoids in liverworts.
And from the 1H and 13C NMR and GC-MS studies using the
alcoholic extract revealed the presence of 15 phytochemical compounds
such as Benzene, 1,4-dichloro- (Aromatic compound), 1-Cyclohexene-
1-methanol, 4-(1-methylethenyl)- Alkene compound, Sucrose, di-t-Butyl-
acetylene (Alkene compound), 1,6,10-Dodecatrien-3-ol, 3,7,11-trimethyl-,
[S-(Z)]- (Sesquiterpene alcohol), p-Menth-3-en-9-ol (Monoterpene alcohol),
Aromadendrene (Sesquiterpene), 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol
(Terpene alcohol), n-Hexadecanoic acid (Palmitic acid), Phytol (Diterpene),
9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester, (E,E)- (Linoleic acid), 9,12,15-
Octadecatrienoic acid, methyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)- (Linolenic acid),Oleic Acid and
Squalene. Some compounds mentioned above were also reported by
Saritasa et al. (2001) and sequiterpenes were identified by NMR and
GC-MS in Mnium hornum. Dr. Duke’s phytochemical and ethanobotanical
databases also confirmed that all the fifteen compounds enumerated above
possess a wide range of thereupetical activity.