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SECON D EDIT ION

AERODYNAMICS,AERONAUTICS, ANDFLIGHT MECHANICSB a rn e s W . Mc Co r m i c k , Ph .D .The Pennsylvania State UniversityDepartm ent of Aerospace Engineering

J O H N W IL E Y & S O N S , I N C .New York Chichester Brisbane To ron to Singapore

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CONTENTSChapter 1 INTRODUCTION

A B r i e f History 1Ai rp l a ne Geometry 6Instrument P a n e l 1 3Ai rp l a ne Performance 15P r o b le m s 2 0

f R e f e r e n c e s 2 1C h a p te r 2 F L UI D M E C H A N I C S 2 2

Flu i d S t a t i cs a n d t he Atmosphere 22Fluid Dynamics 26P o t e n ti a l F lo w 4 0Elementary Flow Functions 43S u m m a r y 5 4P r o b le m s 5 4R e f e r e n c e s 5 5

C h a p te r 3 L I FT 5 6W i n g Geometry 56Ai r fo i l s 58Ai r fo i l Families 66M o d e r n A ir fo i l Developments 68Thin Air fo i l Theory 73Maximum Lift 85T h e Lifting Characteristics o f a F in i te W i n g 1 09T h e Lifting Line M o d e l 1 1 2Lifting Surface M o d e l 1 19T h e Maximum L i f t o f a F i n i te W i ng 121B a s i c a n d Additional Lift 124Uncertainties i n th e C a lc u la t io n o f CLmax 125Ai r fo i l Characteristics a t L o w Reynolds Numbers 139P r o b l e m s 1 4 6R e f e r e n c e s 1 4 8

Chapter 4 DRAG// JIS k i n Friction D r a g 1 5 2Form D r a g 1 5 6D r a g o f Streamlined Shapes 160In t e r fe r e n c e D r a g 1 65I n d uc e d D r a g 1 68

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X CONTENTS

D r a g Breakdown a n d Equivalent Fla t -P la te Are a 175D r a g Counts 17 6A ve r a g e S k i n F r ic t io n Coefficients 17 6Example Estimates o f Drag Breakdown 17 8Trim D r a g 1 8 1Cooling D r a g 1 8 3D r a g Reduction 18 6D r a g Cleanup 206Total Airplane D r a g 2 0 7P r o b l e m s 2 0 9R e f e r e n c e s 2 1 0

C h a p te r 5 L IF T A N D D R A G A T H I GH M A C H N U M B E R S 21 2Qualitative Behavior o f Airfoils a s a Function o f M a c h N u m b e r 212Fundamentals o f Ga s Dynamics 21 8Transonic Air fo i l s 232Supersonic Air fo i l s 236L i n e a r i z e d Compressible P ot e n ti a l F lo w 2 40Three-Dimensional Wings 245Supersonic W i n g s 259E f fe c t o f M a c h Number o n th e Ze r o -L i ft Drag o f Two- a n d T h r e e -Dimensional Shapes 268P r o b le m s 2 81R e f e r e n c e s 2 8 2

C h a p te r 6 T H E P R O D U C T I O N O F T H R U S T 2 84A B r i e f History o f th e Piston Engine 28 4Piston Engine Characteristics 285P r o p e l l e r Analysis 29 1P r o p e l le r S e le c ti o n 3 16Design o f a N e w P r o p e l le r 3 17A B r i e f History o f th e Turboje t 319Description o f the Gas Turbine Engine 320Engine Ratings 324S o m e Considerations Rela t in g to Ga s Turbine Performance 325Qualitative Comparison o f th e Performance o f Turbojet, T u r b o f a n ,a n d Turboprop Engines 32 8S pe c i f i c Engine Characteristics a n d Performance 33 1Trends i n A i r c r a ft Propulsion 350P r o b le m s 3 55R e f e r e n c e s / 3 5 6

Chapter 7 AIRPLANE PERFORMANCE 357_I n t r oduct i on 3 5 7T a ke of f 3 5 7R a te o f C l im b , T i m e to C l im b , a n d Ceilings 369R a n g e 3 7 8Maximum Endurance 385

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CONTENTS XIDescent 386Landing 386Range Payload 389Operating Limitations 394Energy Methods fo r Optimal Trajectories 399Stealth 402The Art of Estimating and Scaling 405P roblem s - 408References 409

Chap ter 8 HELICOP TERS AND V/STOL AIRCRAFT 410Helicopters 410Helicopter Performance 428V/STOL 432' Basic V/STOL Aerodynamics 442Summary 470Problems 470References 471

Chap ter 9 STATIC STABILITY AND CONTROL 473Introduction 473Coordinate System: Forces, Moments, and Velocities 473Longitudinal Static Stability 474Longitudinal Control 484Lateral-Directional Static Stability and Control 513Problems 534References 537

Chap ter 10 OP EN-LOOP DYNAMIC STABILITY AND CONTROL 538Introduction 538Equations of Motion 538Longitudinal Motion 542Lateral-Directional Motion 560Flying Qualities 571Spinning . 577Problems 582References 586

Chapter 11 CONTROLLED MOTION AND AUTOM ATIC STABILITY 588yResponse to a Control Input 588Transfer Functions / 588Impulsive Admittance 589Indical Admittance 591Convolution Integral (Duhamel's Integral) 591Frequency Response 592Automatic Stability 595Feedback 596

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XII CONTENTS

L a t e r a l M o t io n w ith F e e d b a c k 5 97System a n d P a r a m e te r Identification 600S u m m a r y 600P r o b l e m s 6 0 0R e f e r e n c e s 6 0 1

A p p e nd ix * THE SI SYSTEM 603Appendix B STANDARD ATMOSP HERE 605Appendix C CHEROKEE 180 DA TA 607Appendix D SOLU TION OF NTH-ORDER LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL

EQU ATIONS WITH CONSTAN T COEFFICIENTS 610Appendix E THE LAPLACE TRANSFORMATION 614Appendix F AIRPLANE DA TA 616Appendix G NOM ENCLATU RE, ABBREVIATIONS, ACRON YMS 628I N D E X 639