5 Theories for Mental Health

7/27/2019 5 Theories for Mental Health

1/22

Theories for Mental

Health Practice

Adrianne Maltese, MN, APRN, BC,

CNS


2/22

Psychological Theorists

Freud

Erikson

Sullivan

Maslow

Rogers Skinner


3/22

Nursing Theorists

Peplau

Watson

Leninger


4/22

Freud

Theory of psychosexual development

All human behavior can be explained

Behavior motivated by subconsciousthoughts and feelings

treatment involves analysis of dreamsand free association to get atsubconscious material


5/22

Important contributions

of Freudian theory Personality components: Id, Ego,

Superego

Concept oftransference/countertransference

Ego defense mechanisms


6/22

Most frequently seen

defense mechanisms Denial

Displacement

Fixation

Projection

Rationalization Reaction formation


7/22

Erikson

Eight stages of psychosocialdevelopment

Biological maturation and social forcescompel individual to go through allstages, each of which may or may not

be successfully negotiated Failure to resolve a stage may lead to

psychological symptoms


8/22

Developmental Theories - Erikson

1. 0-1yr trust vs. mistrust

2. 1-3yr autonomy vs. shame anddoubt

3. 3-6yr initiative vs. guilt4. 6-11yr industry vs. inferiority

5. Puberty identity vs. role confusion

6. Young adult intimacy vs. isolation7. Middle age generativity vs. self

absorption

8. Old age integrity vs. despair


9/22

Harry Stack Sullivan

Described personality developmentimpacted by environment and

interpersonal relationships Humans are essentially social beings

Unsatisfying relationships are the basis

for all emotional problems

contributed the concept of milieutherapy and therapeutic community


10/22

Abraham Maslow

Theorist focused on wellness andfactors contributing to mental health

rather than focusing on factorscontributing to mental illness

The self actualized person is tolerant

or welcoming of uncertainty, selfaccepting, inner directed,spontaneous, creative, caring, open,

with a good sense of humor


11/22

Maslows Basic Human

Needs Model


12/22

Carl Rogers

Client centered theory

If a client receives unconditional

positive regard and empathicunderstanding from a genuine andcongruent therapist, then the client

will grow as an individual


13/22

BF Skinner and behaviorists

All behavior is learned

behavior has consequences (+ or -)

rewarded behavior tends to reoccur

positive reinforcement increases thefrequency of behavior, as does removal ofnegative reinforcers

treatment modalities based on this theoryinclude behavior modification, tokeneconomy, and systematic desensitization


14/22

Hildegard Peplau

Peplau describes nursing as a therapeuticinterpersonal relationship that provides agrowth opportunity for both nurse and

patient identified the phases of a therapeutic

relationship

identified the roles of a nurse: counselor,teacher, resource person, surrogate, leader

identified levels of anxiety: mild, moderate,

severe, panic


15/22

Psychological Model (Crisis

Intervention Model)-

AguileraHuman organism

State of equilibrium

State of disequilibrium

Need to restore equilibrium


16/22

Crisis Intervention Model- Aguilera

Need to restore equilibrium

Balancing factors present

+

Realistic perception+

Adequate copingmechanisms

Result in

Resolution of problem

Equilibrium regained

No crisis

1 or> Balancing factorsabsent

And/Or

Distorted perceptionAnd/Or

Inadequate supportResults in

Inadequate copingmechanisms

Problem unresolved

CRISIS


17/22

Psychological Influences

on stress response Control

Predictability

Perception

Coping responses


18/22

Ego Defense Mechanisms

Defense mechanisms are unconsciousbehaviors that offer psychological

protection from stressors. Defense mechanisms are used by

everyone from time to time

Defense mechanisms do not eliminatethe root cause of stress - they treatthe symptoms


19/22

Coping mechanisms

Contrary to defense mechanisms, copingmechanisms are conscious attempts to deal

with or mitigate stressors. Some coping mechanisms may get at the

root cause of the stress, while some, likedefense mechanisms may alleviate

symptoms without addressing the rootcause


20/22

Assessment: select

indicators of stressIrritability

Crying

LethargyLoss of interest

Burnout

Blockingpreoccupation

Emotional outbursts

Sighing

Making mistakesMental exhaustion

Forgetfulness

depression


21/22

Assessment: select

indicators of stressabsenteeism

inability to concentrate

decreased productivity

proneness to accidents

loss of motivationsubstance abuse


22/22

Select interventions for

clients with stress offer client unconditional positive regard

help establish simple routine

encourage rest, exercise, and diet as appropriate

encourage use of available supports

decrease # of new stressors

use therapeutic communication skills

encourage verbalization

explore coping skills

teach progressive relaxation techniques

mutually identify areas of strength

5 Theories for Mental Health

Documents

Transcript of 5 Theories for Mental Health