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Wib Or}we ]bq`dg

EG+ 8== EG+ ?==

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Rkgbq wib n`kox dl wib Or}we gpkexwp* ek bf}`qb ex ldqfbg wiew* `wi wq`arweqpxwewbx* gdf`kewbg fdxw dl kdqwibqk ekg kdqwi&hbkwqej @kg`e ldq e}}qdy`fewbjp

wd irkgqbg pbeqx* lqdf eadrw 850 EG* ibk wib Or}we bqe ex }qdhje`fbg rkw j

wib x`ywi hbkwrqp+

Hiekgqeor}we @ )he+ 850&882 ex }qdaeajp wib l qxw wd ewwe`k x`ok l hekw }dbq ekg

lefb ldq i`x j kb* }eqw`ejjp ehi`b|bg wiqdroi e feq`wej ejj`ekhb `wi wib Jhhie|`x dl

kdqwi&bexwbqk @kg`e ekg Kb}ej+

Rkgbq i`x xdk Xefrgqeor}we) he+ 882&8?

8/2/2019 5 the Gupta Period

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E hd`k dl Xefrgqeor}we/x gb}`hw`ko e idqxb&xehq`l`hb

!H qhe 882&89= EG+ E\ G`keq )?+ 1= ff+ Exi|efbgiewp}b+ Xehq l`h`ej idqxb xwekg`ko jblw abldqb

}bgbxwej `wi l jjbwbg pr}e}dxw* lqdf i`hi e aekkbq ljrwwbqx> !x`! dk lddwxwddj abjd $ Wib urbbk* kdw

k`faewb* xwekg`ko jblw dk jdwrx&ldqf few* idjg`ko hidrq` )ljp i`xn ekg hjdwi* xrhi )l`jjbwbg x}beq abldqb ibq+

Aqeif` jbobkg q `oiw3 Ex|efbgie}eqenqefe+!

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Xefrgqeor}we* k Nrxiek eww`qb*}bqldqfx e xehq`l`hb

!N`ko xwekg`ko* beq`ko e nrxiek xwpjb

hdew ekg wqdrxbqx* idjg`ko e wejj xwekgeqg

`k i`x jblw iekg* xehq l h`ko d|bq ek ejweq+ @k

wib l bjg wd i`x q oiw `x i`x oeqrgegi|ece+

Xefrgqeor}we* odjg g`keq* He+822&89=* Wib

Xnekib Hdjjbhw`dk* EHXEE+!

8/2/2019 5 the Gupta Period

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2wi Hbkwrqp EG+

Beqjp ]bq`dg 3 I`kgr Eq w )he|b xwqrhwrqbx )E+G 7==

Arggi`xw Eq w 3 Fewirqe ekg Xeqkewi

8/2/2019 5 the Gupta Period

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Rgepeo`q`+ He|b @+ Qek` Orf}ie+ 5xw hbkwrqp E+G+

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\`g`xieQbodk Eqw hbkwbq

Rgepeo`q

11 qdhn&hrw hiefabqx

@kxhq`}w`dk Hiekgqeor}we @\H

\`wej gdhrfbkwx

Beqj`bxw `kwehw adgp dl I`kgr eqw `k @kg`e

Hqpxwejj`xew`dk dl `hdkdoqe}ip

8/2/2019 5 the Gupta Period

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Rge`o`q` He|bx* Fegipe ]qegbxi*

@kg`e

Eadrw l`|b nf lqdf \`g`xieeqb

wbkwp Or}we he|b xiq`kbx hrw `kwd e

xekgxwdkb i jj+ Gew`ko lqdf 81= wd

fekp xw jj ie|b

heq|`kox* xhrj}wrqbx* ekg `kxhq`}w `dkx

`k ]ej + E irob feob dl \`xikr k i`x

adeq kheqkewdk egdqkx he|b 2+ Wib

n`ko Hiekgqeor}we @@ e}}eqbkwjp ieg

he|b ? hrw drw ldq i`x }bqxdkej rxb+

Dk wib wd} dl wib i`jj j`b wib qr`kx dl

e

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Leegb dl He|b

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Rgepeoq`* Fegipe ]qegbxi* Or}we }bq`dg* EG 7=5

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Arggi`xw Eqw dl wib 2wi Hbkwrqp EG+

Kdqwi&hbkwqej @kg`e 3 Xekhi`

@w `k|dj|bg adwi wib hqbew`dk dl wib kb fdkrfbkwx ekg wib

qblrqa`xi`ko dl wib djg

Hiekob `k wib xhrj}wrqej qb}qbxbkwew`dk dl Arggie

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Arggie* Xeqkewi* R+]+Or}we }bqdg* he 7?2

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Nq`xike aewwj`ko wib idqxb gbfdk Nbxi`*Or}we }bqdg )he+ 8152==* Rwweq ]qegbxi* @kg`eWbqqehdwwe> I+ 15 y _+ 5< `k+ )28+8 y 7=+< hf

Lrjxdfb ldqfx ekg bur`}d`xb eqb wp}`hejlbewrqbx dl Or}we xhrj}wrqb+ Wi`x xr}bqa }jeurb*i`hi gbhdqewbg e aq`hn wbf}jb/x bywbq`dq* `xhieqehwbq`xbg ap wx lrjxdfb l orqbx* gpkef`h}dxbx ekg |`odqdrx fdgbjko+ @w gb}`hwx ekb}`xdgb lqdf wib beqjp j lb dl wib odg Nq`xike*ek kheqkew`dk dl \xikr* id }bq`dg`hejjp

gbxhbkgx wd beqwi wd aewwjb wib ldqhbx dl b| j+Ibqb Nbxi * e f`oiwp gbfdk `k wib ldqf dl eidqxb* iex abbk xbkw wd gbxwqdp Nqxike+ Wibhdfaewekwx ojeqb ew behi dwibq* bpbx arjo`ko3Nq`xike/x lqdf wib `kwbkx`wp dl qbxdj|b* Nbxi /xlqdf wib xrq}q`xb dl gblbew* gdrajp `kg`hewbg ap

wib hdq}xb dl i`x idqxb abjd+

Xrhi wbqehdwwe `feobx xid e g`llbqbkw xgb dlwib Or}we wqeg`w`dk* i`hi `x qb}qbxbkwbgfe`kjp ap x`kojb* xwew h* i`bqew h l orqbx `k aqdksbdq xwdkb+

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Dq`o`kx dl wib KeoeqeWbf}jb

Wqrb Keoeqe wbf}jb eqhi`wbhwrqb gewbx lqdf wib Or}we }bq`dg+ ]q`dq wd wi`x* wibqb

ieg abbk hbkwrq`bx dl qbj o`drx ehw`|`wp exxdh`ewbg `wi xekhwreq`bx ibk lqdf

qdhn ejjx* }eqw`hrjeqjp k hbkwqej&bxwbqk @kg`e+ Efdko wib fdxw lefdrx byef}jbx

dl he|b wbf}jbx eqb wib Arggi`xw oqdwwdbx dl Ecekwe* i`hi bqb bkw`qbjp hrw drw

dl wib qdhn+ @k wib Or}we }bq`dg* wib ldqfew dl fekp @kg`ek wbf}jbx ldjjdbg e

xwekgeqg`sbg }jek wiew ex wd qbfek wib ajrb}q`kw ldq jewbq wbf}jbx+ Wib ibeqw dl

wib ar jg`ko ex wib hra`hej hbjje ibqb wib g`|`kb `feob ex }jehbg+ Qexbg

xj oiwjp dk e jd }jewldqf* `w ex x`wrewbg `kx`gb e xureqb qddf `wi ek

ekwbhiefabq+ E }exxeob xrqqdrkgbg wib xiqkb ldq wib q wrej ejn eqdrkg wib

xehqbg `feob+ Wib eqhi wqe|bx ekg cefax dl wib bkwqekhb }dq wej bqb dlwbk q`hijp

gbhdqewbg `wi }jekw fdw`lx ekg wib fejb ekg lbfejb l`orqbx dl wib wbf}jb

}qdwbhwdqx+ @feobx dl wib I`kgr gb`w`bx ejxd egdqkbg wib ejjx+

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Wbf}jb dl \xikr* Gbdoeqi*Rwweq ]qegbxi* xbhdkg iejl dl

wib l`lwi hbkwrqp+ Wi`x wbf}jbqb}qbxbkwx wib xwekgeqg gbx`okdl wbf}jbx `k wib ldqfew`|bOr}we }bq`dg+

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F`kdq `kheqkew dkx dl \`xikr* gb}`hw ko }behb ekg gb|dwdk

Adqk wd Gieqfe )q`oiwbdrxkbxx ekg Ei`fxe )kdk&|`djbkhb

Exhbw`h kewrqb `kg`hewbg ap wib jehn dl cbbjjbqp cewefrnrwe

]behblrj ewwq`arwbx qdxeqp

Rq|exi` & hbjbxw`ej kpf}i* hqbewbg ap Keqepekedk i`x wi`oi

8/2/2019 5 the Gupta Period

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Feieadgi`Wbf}jb* Adgi OepeLdrqwi & l`lwi hbkwrqp

8/2/2019 5 the Gupta Period

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Xwqrhwrqb dl wib xiq`kb

Hbkwqej xiq`kb* xrqfdrkwbg ap e i`oi wdbq* xrqqdrkgbg ap ldrq xfejjbqxiq`kbx

]ekhiepeweke }jek gb|bjd}bg grq`ko wib Or}we }bq`dg

]qbxbkw wdbq `x jeqobq wiek wib dq`o`kej

Aq`hn dqn ekg rxb dl |erjw`ko wbhik`urbx @qek`ek fbwidgx )@kwqdgrhbgap Nrxiekex

8/2/2019 5 the Gupta Period

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8/2/2019 5 the Gupta Period

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Bjb}iekwe He|bx

F`g x`ywi hbkwrqp

Dkb dl wib lkbxw byef}jb dl Xie`| wb he|bx

Wib fek bkwqekhb x dk wib kdq wi xgb* ejwidroi hdkhb}wrejjp dk wib bexw+ wbhikhej g`ll hrjwp wd ie|b ek bexweqg&dq`bkwbg }jek

D}bk hdrq wpeqg Bexw

Xdrwi Bkwqekhb

_bxw ekdwibq hdrqwpeqg

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Fe`k wbf}jb

]jjeqbg fekge}e } jjeqx ie|b e arjadrx hdrxi`dk he} wejx efje

Lqbbxwekg`ko xureqb xiq`kb wd wib bxw bkg dl wib iejj& hdkwekx e j koe ekge pdk`* wx bkwqekhb iex g|eqe}eje

Qbjblx o`oekwh `k xhejb