VALLURUPALLI NAGESWARA RAO VIGNANA JYOTHI

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGYApproved by A.I.C.T.E., Autonomous (UGC), Accredited by NBA, NAAC (A Grade)

Bachupally, Nizampet (S.O.), Hyderabad – 500 090Website: www.vnrvjiet.ac.in E-mail: postbox@vnrvjiet.ac.in

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT (2015 – 16)

Name : T.HARISH

Reg. No. : 12071A0155

Discipline : CIVIL ENGINEERING

Year/ Sem : 4TH B.TECH/ 1ST SEM

Training Company : INDUS PROJECTS LTD.

Area of Training : MIYAPUR

Period of Training : 3RD JUNE TO 28TH JUNE

pg.no 1

VALLURUPALLI NAGESWARA RAO VIGNANA JYOTHIINSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Approved by A.I.C.T.E., Autonomous (UGC), Accredited by NBA, NAAC (A Grade) Bachupally, Nizampet (S.O.), Hyderabad – 500 090

Website: www.vnrvjiet.ac.in E-mail: postbox@vnrvjiet.ac.in

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING LOG BOOK

Name : T.HARISH

Reg. No. : 12071A0155

Discipline : CIVIL ENGINEERING

Year/Sem : 4TH B.TECH/ 1ST SEM

Training Company : INDUS PROJECTS LTD.

pg.no 2

VNR VIGNANA JYOTHI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SUBJECT Page no.

Chapter 1 Backgrounds of Company 12

Chapter 2 Summary of Duties 13-232.1 Introduction 132.2 Job Responsibility 142.3 Demand of Houses - Overview 14-23

Chapter 3 Working Experiences 24-30 3.1 Projects carried out 24-263.2 Supervisory works 27-303.3 Problems encountered 313.4 Problems solving process, approach 31

Chapter 4 Conclusion 32

References 33Appendices 34Appendix 1 34Appendix 2 34

pg.no 3

TRAINING INFORMATION

pg.no 4

Personal Details

Student Name : T.HARISH

Reg. No. : 12071A0155

Email : harish_t12@vnrvjiet.in

Discipline of Study : CIVIL ENGINEERING

Year / Sem : 4TH B.TECH/ 1ST SEM

Date of Start Training : 3RD JUNE

Date of End Training : 28TH JUNE

Company Details

Company Name : INDUS PROJECTS LTD.

Company Address : 7-1-26, GREENLANDS, BEGUMPET,

HYDERABAD - 16

Company Contact Person: B.GAUTAM (MANAGING DIRECTOR)

Contact Number : 040-66687755

WEEKLY TRAINING LOG BOOKTraining Week: 3rd June to 28th June 2015

Date Time Activity

3rd June10.00 am –

4.00 pm Site Inspection

4th June -6th

June

10.00 am –

4.00 pm Form work

7th June-10th

June

10.00 am –

4.00 pm Reinforcement of Slab

11th June-

16th June

10.00 am –

4.00 pm Concreting of Slab

17th June-

23rd June

10.00 am –

4.00 pm Brick Work and Lintels Construction

24th June-

27th June

10.00 am –

4.00 pmPlastering and Other Fixtures

28th June10.00 am-

1.00pm Project Report Preparation

DeclarationI hereby declare that all information provided above is true

_________________________ T.Harish 28th-June-2015(Signed by trainee) (Date)

pg.no 5

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this mini project report “DETAILED STUDY OF

STRUCTURAL MEMBERS OF A RESIDENTIAL BUILDING” is the

bonafide work of “T.Harish (12071A0155)” who carried out the mini

project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE

Dr. B.N.M Rao Professor,Head Of The DepartmentCIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENTVNR VIGNANA JYOTHI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY,BACHUPALLY,NIZAMPET(S.O)HYDERABAD-500090

SIGNATURE

G.A.V Sairam Sandeep Kumar Assistant Professor,Mini Project Guide

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENTVNR VIGNANA JYOTHI INSTITUTE OF

ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGYBACHUPALLY,NIZAMPET(S.O)

HYDERABAD-500090

pg.no 6

DECLARATION

I, the Undersigned declare that the mini project report on “DETAILED

STUDY OF STRUCTURAL MEMBERS OF A RESIDENTIAL

BUILDING” written and submitted by me is an original work done under the

guidance of Dr. BNM Rao, Professor & Head. The Matter herein is not

reproduced from any other source.

SIGNATURE T.Harish 12071A0155

pg.no 7

VNR VIGNANA JYOTHI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

PROJECT REPORT ON DETAILED STUDY OF

STRUCTURAL MEMBERS OF A RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

(According to practical principals)

MINI PROJECT REPORT

Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the

Requirements for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology

In Civil Engineering

By

M.SRIVANI (12071A0126) P.JOYTHI (12071A0143)

G.PRANATHI (12071A0154) T.HARISH (12071A0155)

Department of Civil engineeringVNR VIGNANA JYOTHI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

2015

pg.no 8

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our sincere thanks to Dr. B.N.M Rao, Head of Civil Engineering department

for his support and guidance for doing the project.

We express our indebtness and gratitude to our guide Sri G.A.V Sairam Sandeep Kumar, Assistant professor, Department of Civil Engineering, VNR VIGNANA JYOTHI

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, for his guidance and care taken by him in helping us to complete the project work successfully.

We express our deep gratitude to Mr. B.GAUTAM (MANAGING DIRECTOR), INDUS

PROJECTS PVT.LTD. Hyderabad for his valuable suggestions and guidance rendered in

giving shape and coherence to this endeavour. We are also thankful to his team members for

their support and guidance throughout the period of project.

pg.no 9

ABSTRACT

Increasing urbanisation and population have increased the need for housing. But the area

available for housing is very less in the prime localities of the city. For this reason to provide

housing for a greater population in the prime localities or close to the prime localities within

an affordable range multi-storey buildings are adopted.

As an Engineer it is our responsibility to maintain quality while coming up with innovative

ideas for solving the housing problem.

Our three week internship dealt with detailed study of certain structural members of a

residential building.

pg.no 10

STUDY AREA:

Our proposed site is situated at Miyapur village, Serlingampally, Hyderabad. The main road

near to site is Kondapur road near NH-9. The total area of the site is about 234.08 sq.m the

residential building consists of two bed room flats.

Objectives

The main objective of this project is to supervise the progress of construction work.

To acquire practical knowledge.

To monitor site work during construction process.

To decrease wastage of materials.

To optimize use of time and manpower.

To make the project economical.

CHAPTER 1

pg.no 11

BACKGROUNDS OF COMPANY

COMPANY OVERVIEW

Indus Projects Pvt.ltd. was incorporated in the year 2001 to focus on projects in private

sector which require specialized skills in fast track and high standards of execution

PROJECTS UNDERTAKEN BY INDUS

Indus Projects specialize in areas of site grading works, embankment formation /

roadway works, large-scale mining, breakwater construction, barge loading, stockpile

management, rock bund and Industrial construction.

Their Clients / Principals include Indian Navy, Bangalore International Airport,

Gangavaram Port Ltd, Karnataka PWD, Maytas Infra, Stamlo Hotels, Diana Hotels,

and Ocimum Bio-solutions etc.

Address: Green lands, Begum pet Hyderabad-16. Ph: 04067069999

pg.no 12

CHAPTER 2

2.1 INTRODUCTION

The basic needs of human existence are food, clothing & shelter. From times immemorial

man has been making efforts in improving their standards of living. The point of his efforts

has been to provide an economic and efficient shelter. The possession of shelter besides being

a basic need gives a feeling of security, responsibility and shows the social status of man.

Every human being has an inherent liking for a peaceful environment needed for his pleasant

living, this objective is achieved by having a place of living situated at the safe and

convenient location, such a place for comfortable and pleasant living requires:

• A Peaceful environment.

• Safety from all natural calamities and climatic conditions

• General facilities for community of his residential area.

The engineer has to keep in mind the municipal conditions, building bye laws, environment,

financial capacity, water supply, sewage arrangement, aeration, ventilation etc., in suggestion

a particular type of plan to any client

PROJECT INTRODUCTION:

A five storied residential building has two parts. These are sub-structure and super-structure.

In a construction process both theoretical knowledge and practical work are equally

important.

The longevity of construction work depends on monitoring of a ‘Site Engineer’. So he is an

important person of a project.

2.2 Job Responsibility

Preparing materials requisition.

pg.no 13

Monitoring the total construction work. Inform the top management about daily work

progress.

Quality control of during construction work.

Labor maintaining.

2.3 DEMAND OF HOUSES - OVERVIEW

The house is the first unit of the society and it is the primary unit of human habitation. The

house is built to grant the protection against wind, weathers, and to give insurance against

physical insecurity of all kinds.

The special features of the demand for housing depend on its unique nature and it depends on

the following factors.

• Availability of cheap finance

• Availability of skilled labors.

• Availability of transport facility.

• Cost of labors and materials of construction.

• Predictions of future demand.

• Rate of interest on investment e. g., low rates of interest with facilities of long term payment

may facilities investment in housing.

• Rate of population growth and urbanization.

• Supply of developed plots at reasonable prices.

• Taxation policy on real estates.

• Town planning and environmental conditions.

pg.no 14

CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS BASED ON OCCUPANCY

GROUP-A RESIDENSIAL BUILDINGS

GROUP-B

EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS

GROUP-C

INSTITUTIONAL BULIDINGS

GROUP-D

ASSEMBLY BUILDINGS

GROUP-E

BUSINESS BUILDINGS

GROUP-FMERCANTILE BUILDINGS

GROUP-GINDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS

GROUP-HSTORAGE BUILDINGS

GROUP-IHAZARDOUS BUILDINGS

Table1: building classification

RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS:

These buildings include any building in which sleeping accommodation is provided for

normal residential purposes, with or without cooking and dining facilities. It includes single

or multi-family dwellings, apartment houses, lodgings or rooming houses, restaurants,

hostels, dormitories and residential hostels.

EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS:

These include any building used for school, college or day-care purposes involving assembly

for instruction, education or recreation and which is not covered by assembly buildings.

INSTITUTIONAL BUILDINGS:

pg.no 15

These buildings are used for different purposes, such as medical or other treatment or care of

persons suffering from physical or mental illness, diseases or infirmity, care of infants,

convalescents or aged persons and for penal detention in which the liberty of the inmates is

restricted. Institutional buildings ordinarily provide sleeping accommodation for the

occupants.

ASSEMBLY BUILDINGS:

These are the buildings where groups of people meet or gather for amusement, recreation,

social, religious, assembly halls, city halls, marriage halls, exhibition halls, museums, places

of work ship, etc.

BUSINESS BUILDINGS:

These buildings are used for transaction of business, for keeping of accounts and records and

for similar purposes, offices, banks, professional establishments, court houses, libraries. The

principal function of these buildings is transaction of public business and keeping of books

and records.

MERCANTILE BUILDINGS:

These buildings are used as shops, stores, market, for display and sale of merchandise either

wholesale or retail, office, shops, and storage service facilities incidental to the sale of

merchandise and located in the same building.

INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS:

These are buildings where products or materials of all kinds and properties are fabrication,

assembled, manufactured or processed, as assembly plant, laboratories, dry cleaning plants,

power plants, pumping stations, smoke houses, laundries etc.

STORAGE BUILDINGS:

These buildings are used primarily for the storage or sheltering of goods, wares or

merchandise vehicles and animals, as warehouses, cold storage, garages, trucks.

HAZARDOUS BUILDINGS:

pg.no 16

These buildings are used for the storage, handling, manufacture or processing of highly

combustible or explosive materials or products which are liable to burn with extreme rapidity

and/or which may produce poisonous elements for storage handling, acids or other liquids or

chemicals producing flames, fumes and explosive, poisonous, irritant or corrosive gases

processing of any material producing explosive mixtures of dust which result in the division

of matter into fine particles subjected to spontaneous ignition.

SELECTION OF PLOT AND STUDY

Selection of plot is very important for building a house. Site should be in good place where

there is a community and service is convenient but not so closed that becomes a source of

inconvenience or noisy. The conventional transportation is important not only because of

present need but for retention of property value in future closely related to are transportation,

shopping, facilities also necessary. One should observe the road condition whether there is

indication of future development or not in case of undeveloped area.

The factors to be considered while selecting the building site are as follows:-

• Access to park and play ground.

• Agriculture polytonality of the land.

• Availability of public utility services, especially water, electricity & sewage disposal.

• Contour of land in relation to the building cost.

• Distance from places of work.

• Ease of drainage.

• Location with respect to school, college and public buildings.

• Nature of use of adjacent area.

• Transport facilities.

• Wind velocity and direction.

RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

pg.no 17

Requirement for residential accommodation are different for different classes of people and

depends on the income and status of the individual a highly rich family with require a

luxurious building, while a poor man we satisfied with a single room house for even poor

class family. A standard residential building of bungalow type which has drawing room,

dining room, office room, guest room, kitchen room, store room, pantry, dressing room, bath

room, front verandah, stair case etc., for other house the number of rooms may be reduced

according to the requirements of many available.

LIMITATION OF BUILT UP AREA

Area of plot up to 200sq.m (240sq.yd)area

maximum permissible built up

Ground and first 60% of site area on floor only.

201 to 500sq.m (241to 600sq.yd) 50% of the site area. 501 to 1000sq.m (601 to 1200sq.yd) 40% of the site area

More than 1000sq.m 33% of the site area.Table2: built up area limitations

MINIMUM FLOOR AREA & HEIGHT OF ROOMS

pg.no 18

(According to Indian standards)

FLOOR AREA HIEGHT

(m)

LIVING 10sqm (100sqft)

(Breadth min 2.7 m or 9’)

3.3(11’)

KITCHEN 6sqm (60sqft) 3.0(10’)

BATH 2sqm (20sqft) 2.7 (9’)

LATTRINE 1.6sqm (16sqft) 2.7 (9’)

BATH & WATER CLOSET 3.6sqm (36sqft) 2.7 (9’)

SERVANT ROOM

10sqm (100sqft) 3.0

(10’)

GARAGE 2.5*4.8 m (8’*16’) 3.0(10’)

MIN. HIEGHT OF PLINTH

FOR MAIN BUILDING ------- 0.6(2’)

SERVANT QUARTES ------- 0.3(1’)

MIN. DEPTH OF FOUNDATION ------- 0.9 (3’)

THICKNESS OF WALL 20cms to 30cms

(9” to13.5”)

------

pg.no 19

DAMP PROOF COURSE 2cms to 2.5cms

(3/4” to1”)

thick full width of

plinth wall

Table3: Indian standard specifications

BUILDING BYE LAWS AND REGULATIONS

• Line of building frontage and minimum plot sizes.

• Open spaces around residential building.

• Minimum standard dimensions of building elements.

• Provisions for lighting and ventilation.

• Provisions for safety from explosion.

• Provisions for means of access.

• Provisions for drainage and sanitation.

• Provisions for safety of works against hazards.

• Requirements for off-street parking spaces.

• Requirements for landscaping.

• Special requirements for low income housing.

• Size of structural elements.

ARRANGEMENT OF ROOMS

LIVING ROOM

KITCHEN

STORE ROOM

BED ROOM

OFFICE ROOM

BATH & W C

DRESSING ROOM

VERANDAH

STAIR CASE

LIVING ROOMS:

pg.no 20

This is the area for general use. Hence the living and drawing room should be planned near

the entrance south east aspects. During colder day the sun is towards the south and will

receive sunshine which is a welcoming feature. During summer sunshine through the

northern side and entry of sunrays from southern or south – east aspects do not arise.

KITCHEN:

Eastern aspects to admit morning sun to refresh and purify the air.

READING ROOM/ CLASS ROOM:

North aspects this makes more suitable since there will be no sun from north side for most

part of the year.

BED ROOM:

Bed may also be provided with attached toilets, there size depends upon the number of beds,

they should be located so as to give privacy & should accommodate beds, chair, cupboard,

etc., and they should have north or – west south – west aspect.

BATH & W.C:

Bath and w.c are usually combined in one room & attached to the bed room and should be

well finished. This should be filled with bath tub, shower, wash-hand basin, w.c, shelves,

towels, racks brackets, etc., all of white glazed tiles. Floor should be mosaic or white glazed

files. Instead of providing all bed room with attached bath and W.C separated baths &

latrines may also be provided.

VERANDAH:

There should verandah in the front as well as in the rear. The front verandah serves setting

place for male members & weighting place for visitors. The back verandah serve a ladies

apartment for their sitting, working controlling, kitchen works etc., verandah project the room

against direct sun, rain & weather effect. They used as sleeping place during the summer and

rainy season & are used to keep various things verandah also give appearance to the building.

The area of a building may vary from 10% to 20% of the building.

STAIR CASE:

pg.no 21

This should be located in an area easily accessible to all members of the family, when this is

intended for visitors it should be in the front, may be on one side of verandah. It meant for

family use only, the staircase should be placed the rear. The stair case should be well

ventilated & lighted the middle to make it easy & comfortable to climb. Rises & threads

should be uniform through to keep rhythm while climbing or descending.

Some helpful points regarding the orientation of a building are as follows:-

• Long wall of the building should face north south, short wall should face.

• East and west because if the long walls are provided in east facing, the wall.

• Absorb more heat of sun which causes discomfort during night.

• A verandah or balcony can be provided to wards east & west to keep the rooms cool.

• To prevent sun’s rays & rain from entering a room through external doors & windows

sunshades are required in all directions.

ORIENTATION

After having selected the site, the next step is proper orientation of building. Orientation

means proper placement of rooms in relation to sun, wind, rain, topography and outlook and

at the same time providing a convenient access both to the street and back yard.

The factors that affect orientation most are as follows.

• Solar heat

• Wind direction

• Humidity

• Rain fall

• Intensity of wind site condition

• Lightings and ventilation

SOLAR HEAT:

Solar heat means sun’s heat; the building should receive maximum solar radiation in winter

and minimum in summer. For evaluation of solar radiation, it is essential to know the

duration of sunshine and hourly solar intensity on exposed surfaces.

WIND DIRECTION:

pg.no 22

The winds in winter are avoided and are in summer, they are accepted in the house to the

maximum extent.

HUMIDITY:

High humidity which is common phenomenon is in coastal areas, causes perspiration, which

is very uncomfortable condition from the human body and causes more discomfort.

RAIN FALL:

Direction and intensity of rainfall affects the drainage of the site and building and hence, it is

very important from orientation point of view.

INTENSITY OF WIND:

Intensity of wind in hilly regions is high and as such window openings of comparatively

small size are recommended in such regions.

SITE CONDITIONS:

Location of site in rural areas, suburban areas or urban areas also effects orientation,

sometimes to achieve maximum benefits, the building has to be oriented in a particular

direction.

LIGHTING:

Good lighting is necessary for all buildings and three primary aims. The first is to promote

the work or other activities carried on within the building. The second is to promote the

safety of people using the buildings. The third is to create, in conjunction to interest and of

well beings.

VENTILATION:

Ventilation may be defined as the system of supplying or removing air by natural or

mechanical mean or from any enclosed space to create and maintain comfortable conditions.

Operation of building and location to windows helps in providing proper ventilation. A

sensation of comfort, reduction in humidity, removal of heat, supply of oxygen is the basic

requirements in ventilation apart from reduction of dust

CHAPTER 3

pg.no 23

3.1 WORKING EXPERIENCES

PROJECT OVERVIEW

MATERIALS USED:

Reinforcement Bars

Aggregates

Cement

Brick

Sand

Fine sand

PLANS OF SITE:

Fig1: martigag floor plan

pg.no 24

Fig2: ground floor plan

Fig3: typical floor plan

pg.no 25

PROJECTS CARRIED OUT

SLAB:

Form work procedure:

After completed the column casting work, start slab with beam centering.

Use bamboo posts @ 2' c/c for slab centering.

After that use timber for slab centering.

Fix the end of steel sheet with wood by nails.

Level the form of slab.

Fig4: centering of a slab

3.2 SUPERVISORY WORKS

pg.no 26

REINFORCEMENT PLACING:

Bottom layer: Binding for bottom layer reinforcement, mainly use two categories.

First one is short direction reinforcement. Second one is long direction reinforcement.

Fig5: reinforcement of slab

CRANK BAR:

pg.no 27

Crank bar should be used in both way of slab.

Extra top bar: Extra top bar are to be used on every crank bar.

Clear cover: Clear cover 1" was taken in every slab.

At first slab casting by concrete.

After that concrete place in column and beam joint, then concrete place over whole

slab.

Carefully compaction of concrete by vibrating machine.

BRICK WORK:

WORKING PROCEDURE OF BRICK WALL:

Select the first class bricks.

Chip and clean the surface and layout is made.

Joint mortar was properly compacted by steel trowel. 

Fig6: brickwork of a wall

Supervision:

pg.no 28

English bond was ensured.

Vertical and horizontal alignment was maintained.

Curing for 14 days was ensured.

LINTEL WORK

WORKING PROCEDURE OF LINTEL:

After completed 7' height brick wall, lintel is mainly made above the door and

window.

For large span lintel use bamboo posts.

According to wall width complete the centering and shuttering.

Fix the end of wood with brick wall by nails.

Use reinforcement in lintel.

Casting should be done properly in the proportion of 1:2:4.

Proper curing should be done at least for 7 days.

PREPARATION OF MORTAR:

Mortar: - Mortar is a homogeneous mixture, produced by intimately mixing cementitious

materials, water and inert materials, such as sand, to the required consistency for use in

building together with masonry units.

Different works proportions were different.

For RCC ceiling surface proportion was 1:4, brick wall surface proportion was 1:5.

Cement and sand mixture were uniform.

APPLICATION OF MORTAR:

Preparation of Cement Mortar:-

Mixing shall be done preferably in a mechanical mixer.

If done by hand, the operation shall be carried out on a clean watertight platform.

Cement and sand shall be mixed dry in the required proportions to obtain a uniform

colour.

The required quantity of water shall then be added and the mortar mixed to produce a

workable consistency.

pg.no 29

In the case of mechanical mixing, the mortar shall be mixed for at least three minutes

after addition of water; in the case of hand mixing, the mortar shall be hold back and

forth for 5 to 10 minutes with addition of water.

Generally, only as much quantity of cement mortar as would be sufficient for 30

minutes, works shall be mixed at a time.

Fig7: mortar preparation

3.3 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED

pg.no 30

So many unskilled labors were in my construction site. 

Suppliers didn’t supply good quality sand, during plastering work. 

3.4 PROBLEMS SOLVING PROCESS, APPROACH

Standard quality of material should be ensured first.

Leakage into joints of formwork should not be allowed.

Unclean reinforcement should not used.

During casting vibrator should be straight instead of inclined.

Before casting vertical and horizontal levels should be checked for all formworks.

Every day before closing of works, the site should be cleaned.

CHAPTER 4

CONCLUSION:

pg.no 31

Durability of a building depends mainly on proper supervision construction process

and proper use of materials.

We have supervised slab work, brick work, plaster work etc.

After supervision of the construction site, we have learned a lot about theoretical

background and achieved practical experience.

We learnt that the practical knowledge is essential to be an efficient engineer.

REFERENCES:

National Building Code of India 2005 (NBC 2005)

pg.no 32

IS 456-2000 Plain and Reinforced Concrete - Code of Practice

IS 2212:1991 Code of practice for brick works.

IS 2250:1981 Code of practice for preparation and use of masonry mortars

IS :2260-1981 ( reaffirmed 2000 ) code of practice for preparation and use of masonry

mortars.

IS 965:1963 Equivalent metric units for scales, dimensions and quantities in general

construction work.

IS 1414:1989 Code of practice for fixing of wall coverings.

IS 883:1994 Code of practice for design of structural timber in building.

IS 1834:1984 Specification for hot applied sealing compound for joints in concrete

IS 1905:1987 Code of practice for structural use of unreinforced masonry.

IS 2110:1980 Code of practice for in-situ construction of walls in building with soil-cement.

IS 2366:1983 Code of practice for nail-jointed timber construction.

APPENDICES :

APPENDIX 1

pg.no 33

EXHIBIT DESCRIPTION PAGE NO :

Table1 building classification 15

Table2 built up area limitations 18

Table3Indian standard spécifications 19-20

APPENDIX 2

EXHIBIT DESCRIPTION PAGE NO :

Fig1martigag floor plan 24

Fig2 ground floor plan 25

Fig3typical floor plan 25

Fig4centering of a slab 26

Fig5reinforcement of slab 27

Fig6 brickwork of a Wall 28

Fig7 mortar préparation 30

pg.no 34

pg.no 35